Sociology ch 1

____________ was the first university to create a department of sociology in the United States. A. University of Chicago B. Harvard University C. University of Virginia D. Yale University

A

Three theoretical frameworks that developed in contemporary sociology include A. critical theory, feminism, and postmodernism. B. feminism, functionalism, and neolocalism. C. critical theory, feminism, and posthumanism. D. postmodernism, theoreticalism, and neoculturalism.

A

__________ refers to processes of social life that pattern institutional development and have to do with social change. A. Social dynamics B. Social statics C. Organic solidarity D. Mechanical solidarity

A

A researcher must take abstract concepts and translate them into a form that allows them to be measured. This is the development of a(n) A. operational definition. B. theoretical model. C. conceptual abstraction. D. experiment.

A

A variable that causes an effect is called a(n) A. independent variable. B. dependent variable. C. control variable. D. spurious variable.

A

Herbert Spencer viewed society as a system, having important similarities with A. a biological organism. B. a finely tuned automobile. C. a modern factory. D. a jigsaw puzzle.

A

In general, the first step in the scientific method is to A. select a researchable problem. B. review the literature. C. formulate a hypothesis. D. collect data.

A

In the early Twentieth Century, the women's world of sociology was centered at A. the University of Chicago. B. Hull House, a Chicago settlement house. C. Smith College. D. Vassar College.

B

Karl Marx focused on ______________ as a primary cause of the evolution of history. A. physical environments B. class conflict C. genetic behavioral codes D. the psychology of the individual

B

A predictive statement or question regarding a possible relationship between variables is called a(n) A. theory. B. hypothesis. C. sample. D. experimental design.

B

A representative sample A. is an impossible research goal to achieve. B. is a sample that accurately reflects the composition of the people being studied. C. means the researcher hand-picks the research subjects. D. is the technique most apt to result in sampling bias.

B

Ann Meier's investigations supports the hypothesis that states A. students who are more religious are less likely to engage in sexual activity. B. students who have more positive attitudes about sex are more likely to engage in sexual activity. C. students who had had their first sexual experiences became less religious. D. All the above were supported.

B

Auguste Comte and Harriet Martineau both presented sociology as a A. component of the liberal arts. B. science. C. religion. D. philosophy of humanism.

B

Durkheim found in his study of suicide that A. Protestants, people who were unmarried, and soldiers had lower suicide rates than did Catholics, people who were married, and civilians. B. Protestants, people who were unmarried, and soldiers had higher suicide rates than did Catholics, people who were married, and civilians. C. there was no statistically significant difference in the suicide rates of the above mentioned groups. D. None of the above is correct.

B

Max Weber's term verstehen describes an approach for understanding A. objective reality. B. subjective meanings people attach to their actions. C. people's behavior rather than their values. D. the social structure outside the individual.

B

The _______ theoretical perspective focuses on the concepts of wealth, status, and power. A. functionalism B. conflict theory C. interactionism D. behaviorism

B

The scientific study of social interactions and of social organization is called A. psychology. B. sociology. C. sociometry. D. socialism.

B

When sociologists discover a correlation between variables, they have A. established causation. B. not established causation. C. proven all hypotheses. D. demonstrated generalization.

B

A correlation exists when A. a dependent variable causes change in an independent variable. B. a lack of control is evident in an experimental research design. C. a change in one variable is associated with a change in another variable. D. None of the above is correct.

C

A majority of Liebow's "streetcorner men" were A. drug addicts and AIDS carriers. B. unemployed. C. employed. D. white derelicts.

C

A tool that provides sociologists with a set of assumptions, concepts, and statements about the relationship of various social phenomena is called a(n) A. hypothesis. B. experiment. C. theoretical perspective. D. social structure.

C

The "sociological perspective" points out that A. we have absolutely no control over our individual behavior. B. there is scientific agreement that the subconscious is the principal source of behavioral motivation. C. as we look beyond outer appearances at what lies beneath, we encounter new levels of social reality. D. written rules and regulations are the unquestionable roots of behavior.

C

The _______ theoretical perspective focuses on the "micro" or small-scale aspects of social life. A. functionalism B. conflict theory C. interactionism D. behaviorism

C

The concept that represents the main features of a phenomenon such as bureaucracy is called A. verstehen. B. Gemeinschaft. C. an ideal type. D. objectivity

C

Which of the following was NOT one of Ann Meier's operational hypotheses? A. More permissive attitudes toward having sex will increase the probability of having sex. B. Having sex will result in adolescents having more permissive attitudes about having sex. C. Higher levels of religiosity will increase the probability of having sex. D. All the above were among Meier's operational hypotheses.

C

________ research design best meets the scientific need to control all relevant variables in a study. A. The survey B. Archival C. The experiment D. Participant observation

C

_________ research design provides the best opportunity for researchers to obtain data to accept or reject a hypothesis. A. The survey B. Archival C. The experiment D. Participant observation

C

__________ involves aspects of social life that have to do with order, stability, and social organization that allow societies and groups to hold together and endure. A. Social dynamics B. Organic solidarity C. Social statics D. Mechanical solidarity

C

____________ uses existing records produced by people or organizations other than the researcher. A. Experimental design research B. Participant observation research C. Archival research D. Unobtrusive observation.

C

A 2002 study showed _________ was a major contributor to death and disease around the world? A. smoking B. practicing unsafe sex C. eating improperly D. All the above are correct.

D

American sociologists assumed a critical role in the development of sociology during the A. Middle Ages. B. Industrial Revolution. C. American Revolution. D. Twentieth Century.

D

Experiments, surveys, observation, and archival research represent A. theories. B. hypotheses. C. samples. D. research designs.

D

Which of the following is a core assumption of symbolic interactionism? A. People respond to elements in their environment on the basis of the meanings attached to such elements. B. Meaning attached to environmental elements develop from social interaction. C. Shared cultural meanings continually emerge and change. D. All the above are correct.

D

Wright Mills noted that A. one's personal troubles and public issues are intertwined. B. we cannot simply look to the "personal character" of individuals to explain changes in their lives, such as employment circumstances. C. the social forces of life play a large role in determining our life experience. D. All the above are correct.

D

_________, a common but important idea that we use to understand social life, originated in the work of Max Weber. A. Economic determinism B. The Trinity C. Suicide D. The Protestant ethic

D

_________________ is commonly credited with being the founder of sociology. A. Max Weber B. Emile Durkheim C. Harriet Martineau D. Auguste Comte

D

A simple, small tribal society would coincide with Durkheim's concept of ______, whereas a modern, complex society would coincide with his concept of ________. A. rural; urban B. organic solidarity; mechanical solidarity C. mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity D. utopian; rational

C

Ann Meier's project is best described as a(n) A. experiment. B. survey. C. secondary data analysis. D. observational study.

C

Correlation A. is synonymous with cause and effect. B. exists if one variable changes and the other remains constant. C. is not necessarily the same as causation. D. is the equivalent of spuriousness.

C

Early American sociology A. developed a rather pessimistic approach to the study of human behavior. B. believed that American society was in a lot of trouble. C. used a generally optimistic, forward-looking approach that was rooted in a belief in progress. D. A and B are correct.

C

Emile Durkheim focused his sociological perspective on A. why social classes always seem to be in conflict with one another. B. the way societies seem to be made up of tiny relationship units. C. how societies hold together and endure. D. None of the above is correct.

C

Examining how the aging of the American population affects jobs and promotions for younger people in an historical context would be an example of using A. social psychology. B. microsociology. C. macrosociology. D. clinical psychological analysis.

C

For Durkheim, social facts are A. individual properties in reality. B. the tangible, brick-and-mortar institutions of society, like prisons. C. aspects of social life that cannot be explained in terms of either biological or mental characteristics of people. D. similar to the Freudian concepts of the Id and Ego.

C

Herbert Spencer applied the concept of survival of the fittest to the social world, an approach termed social A. hedonism. B. organicism. C. Darwinism. D. Freudianism.

C

In a research investigation that focused on nannies, sociologist Julia Wrigley combined _____________ research methods. A. survey and interview B. experiment and archival C. intensive interviewing and participant observation D. participant observation and survey

C

In surveying the research literature, Ann M. Meier discovered that which of the following is/are important influences on adolescent sexual behavior? A. being more religious B. being uneducated C. having more permissive attitudes about sexual activity D. All the above are correct.

C

Karl Marx sought to A. prove the value of science in the study of human behavior. B. prove the value of maintaining the status quo in societies. C. narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. D. show the value of capitalism in developing a more humanitarian society.

C

Max Weber emphasized the importance of a A. culturally biased sociology. B. personally defined sociology. C. value-free sociology. D. subjective sociology.

C

Microsociology is the study of A. the family in America. B. large-scale, long-term social processes. C. up-close and personal studies of people in real-life settings. D. cultures and societies.

C

Symbolic interactionists say that we experience the world as a(n) __________ reality. A. objective B. experimental C. constructed D. solid

C

The "new breed" of sociologists of the 1960s and 1970s often A. emphasized scientific objectivity in their work. B. were actually major supporters of traditional sociology. C. rejected the scientific neutrality view because it was insensitive to social problems and human suffering. D. despised the theoretical work of C. Wright Mills because they felt it was too reactionary.

C

Critical theory A. grew out of dissatisfaction with Marxism. B. criticized sociology because it viewed individuals as passive and helpless entities locked in social structures. C. grew out of conflict theory. D. All the above are correct.

D

Elliot Liebow's study of streetcorner men in Washington, D.C., found that A. the conventional stereotypes of such people were accurate. B. their lifestyles were surprisingly middle class. C. these men believed that success was inevitable. D. many of our stereotyped images of people are wrong or inaccurate.

D

Feminism A. is viewed as an intellectual movement in the humanities and social sciences. B. examines women's roles and experiences in society. C. attempts to avoid theories developed through the experiences and situation of women. D. A and B are correct.

D

Feminist research methods include a commitment to A. include women's lives in social research. B. reduce inequality. C. minimize research exploitation. D. All the above are correct.

D

Founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, the Hull House A. promoted women's suffrage, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of working women. B. promoted civic, recreational, and education programs. C. invented the research techniques of community case study and demographic mapping. D. All the above are correct.

D

Harriet Martineau was A. an author concerned with the role of values in American life. B. a defender of women's rights. C. a supporter of the study of society as a separate scientific field. D. All the above are correct.

D

In answer to the question of how society is possible, A. functionalists say that consensus regarding core values and norms is the key. B. conflict theorists say that society is held together in the face of conflicting interests. C. interactionists say that society isn't possible; small groups are the only reality holding people together. D. A and B are correct.

D

In regard to value-free sociology, Max Weber A. argued for experimental research. B. rejected the scientific model as a basis for sociology. C. felt that sociologists must see the world as they believe it should be, not as it is. D. argued for objectivity and control of personal biases.

D

In viewing theory and research, A. theory must be emphasized over research. B. hard research is the primary emphasis of science; theory tends to be an afterthought. C. theory is mainly an "educated guessing game." D. both theory and research are necessary for the scientific enterprise.

D

Observation becomes a scientific technique when it A. serves a clear research objective. B. is done in a systematic manner. C. is carefully recorded. D. All the above are correct.

D

Science A. makes the assumption that every event is caused by other events. B. assumes that under identical conditions, the same cause will always produce the same effect. C. is a process, and it is a form of social behavior. D. All the above are correct

D

Something that influences or is influenced by something else is referred to by scientists as a(n) A. theory. B. hypothesis. C. survey. D. variable.

D

The origins of sociology are linked to A. the French Revolution. B. the Industrial Revolution. C. Neither of the above is correct. D. A and B are correct.

D

The research dilemma confronting sociologists includes A. how to avoid the distortion of their findings. B. how to avoid the manipulation of data. C. the obligation to consider people as ends and not means. D. All the above are correct.

D

The women of Hull House are credited with using _________ as research procedures? A. experiments and surveys B. participant and nonparticipant observation C. archival and comparative research methods D. community case studies and demographic mapping

D

Theory A. helps to provide explanations for specific social phenomena. B. stands in opposition to research. C. often brings about research that can support or disprove it. D. A and C are correct.

D

W. E. B. Du Bois A. was a leading African-American sociologist. B. was one of the founders of the NAACP. C. helped promote the importance of investigative field work in sociology. D. All the above are correct.

D

Which of the following is NOT a major theoretical perspective of sociology? A. functionalism B. conflict theory C. interactionism D. behaviorism

D

Durkheim found that A. individuals enmeshed in a web of social bonds are less inclined to suicide than individuals who are weakly integrated into group life. B. individuals dependent on a web of social bonds are more inclined to suicide than individuals who have a stronger, more self-sufficient sense of self. C. individuals from cultures emphasizing individual worth are less inclined to suicide than individuals from cultures emphasizing group worth. D. individuals from cultures with greater economic opportunities are less inclined to suicide than individuals from cultures with fewer economic opportunities.

A

Max Weber's term verstehen suggests that A. sociologists must put themselves in the shoes of others to know how they think and feel. B. sociologists, to be objective, must avoid putting themselves in the shoes of others. C. sociologists must engage in criticism of self in order to understand others. D. ideal types must be refuted to make sociology a real science

A

Postmodernism A. is an intellectual view that suggests deep distrust of science and the research principle of objectivity. B. is no different from the views of critical theory. C. assumes the modern period of history is an ongoing, never-ending process. D. supports the idea that we are entering an age dominated by a goods-producing economy.

A

Sociologists, like other scientists, assume that ________________ relationships dominate the universe. A. cause-and-effect B. primary and secondary C. genetic D. physical and psychological

A

Spurious correlations A. are those where the apparent relationship between two variables is actually produced by a third variable. B. are an ideal toward which researchers strive. C. are nonexistent in true scientific research. D. have no bearing on the researcher's search for truth.

A

Studies of people's values, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions most frequently use A. the survey method. B. experimental methods. C. participant observer techniques. D. archival research.

A

Such social policies that we take for granted in modern societies as the limited work day or factory safety rules can be traced to the ideas of A. Karl Marx. B. Herbert Spencer. C. William Graham Sumner. D. William J. Wilson.

A

The "sociological imagination" allows us to explore the relationship between personal problems and A. social and historical events. B. the global climate. C. genetic heritage. D. the psyche.

A

The _______ theoretical perspective of sociology views society as a system. A. functionalism B. conflict theory C. interactionism D. behaviorism

A

The ways we think, feel, and act are A. shaped by our interaction with others. B. largely determined by our genes. C. mainly a result of our unique individuality, rather than of society. D. B and C are correct.

A

____________ is not an ethical consideration in sociology? A. Choosing a biased sample B. Abusing power as a researcher C. Misleading subjects as to the research purpose D. Exposing subjects to personal harm

A

Emile Durkheim is often remembered for his scientific study of A. consumerism. B. suicide. C. dialectical materialism. D. political attitudes.

B

When sociologists investigate the "big picture" of social groups and societies, they are said to be engaging in A. microsociology. B. macrosociology. C. ethnomethodology. D. nonscientific research.

B

When testing hypotheses, A. scientists try to use their biases to the best advantage. B. scientists try to determine the connection that exists between dependent and independent variables. C. scientists are uninterested in variables. D. scientists are focused on establishing spurious correlations.

B

_________ is a general framework or perspective that provides an explanation for a specific social phenomenon. A. A research method B. Theory C. Science D. Observation

B