APES chapter 3 & 8
In the graph below charting the growth of a population of organisms, the line labeled K represents the...
carrying capacity of the population
Which of the following are the major factors that determine a population's growth rate?
birth rate, death rate, emigration, immigration
Recent research suggests that ________ has/have contributed to the large drop in fertility rates in Brazil over the past several decades.
soap operas
If the population of a country grows at a rate of approximately 5 percent per year, the number of years required for the population to double is closest to
15 years
In 2007 in the United States there were approximately 480 cars for every 1,000 people. The total number of cars in the United States in 2007 was closest to
150,000,000
The annual global growth rate of the human population peaked at 2.1% in the ________ and has been declining ever since.
1960s
The current global human population is about 6.1 billion and is growing at an annual rate of 1.35 percent. If world population were to grow at this rate for the next year, approximately how many people would be added?
8 × 10^7
What two main factors would best indicate the quality of life of a country's population?
The life expectancy and the infant mortality rate
According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ________.
increases environmental impact
The world population growth rate in 2015 is about 1 percent. It is expected to drop to 0.5 percent by 2050, partly because of increased access to birth control in developing nations. Another likely cause for the expected decline is
increasing numbers of women entering the workforce in developing nations
The transitional stage in the demographic transition model is initiated by ________.
industrialization
The age structure diagram of Canada suggests that its total fertility rate (TFR) is ________.
less than replacement rate
The carrying capacity is the ________.
maximum sustainable population that a given environment can support
Which of the following best describes human population growth from early times to the present day?
slow, uneven growth until the 1800s, then rapid growth
At what stage is the U.S. in the demographic transition model?
the postindustrial stage
The "sensitivity factor" in the model used to represent human environmental impact denotes ________.
the sensitivity of an environment to human pressures
Fertility rates decline as _______.
there is an increase in family planning and birth control
Populations in which the probability of dying is constant at every age exemplify ________.
type II survivorship
In 2016, the population of the United States was approximately 325 million people, with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.7%. If the population of the U.S. were to continue to grow at this rate, the population of the U.S. would double around the year ________.
2116
Which of the following best illustrates a type I survivorship curve, with higher death rates at older ages?
large mammals such as gorillas
A population that is NOT growing will have a TFR of ________.
2.1 or lower
What is the population doubling time in years for a country with an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent?
20
Which of the following measures would be most likely to promote fertility above replacement level?
Public housing priority for families with more than two children
Which of the following is most typically associated with the transition from a rural to an urbanized society?
Reduced birth rates
Which of the following best describes the change in the carrying capacity of the human population if growth is limited by conditions set forth by the Malthusian theory?
The carrying capacity will increase, and the human population size will grow exponentially.
A small developing country with negligible rates of immigration and emigration is going through a demographic change. Thirty years ago the crude birth rate was 44 per thousand per year and the crude death rate was 17 per thousand per year. Now the crude birth rate is 16 thousand per year and the crude death rate is 5 per thousand per year. Which of the following statements about the country now is most likely to be true?
The country is at the postindustrial stage of the demographic transition.
What social and economic challenges are faced by rapidly growing populations and by aging populations?
They are facing rapid population growth in the poorer countries and in the richer countries there is a decrease in the population growth. The women are also not have as many kids because they are entering the workforce.
Which of the following is generally true of K-strategist species as compared to r-strategist species?
They have longer life spans.
Why are diseases such as AIDS, which reduce population density, undermining the ability of developing countries to make the transition to more modern, industrialized societies?
They are causing "demographic fatigue," which leaves these countries without a professional class.
According to the graph above, the global human population will most likely
be growing exponentially in 2100
Why do we study demography?
because it investigates the relationship between population ecology and population changes
When a population approaches its carrying capacity, its resources ________.
become more scarce as population growth rate decreases
The figure depicts age structure diagrams of the global human population in 1970 and 2014. All of the following ________.
there were more people on the planet in 2014 than in 1970
Population growing exponentially
B
What is the population in Canada likely to experience soon?
more senior citizens
Zero population growth is associated with
phase IV only
Based on the data in Figure 1, which of the following is the best estimate of the carrying capacity of the moose population?
1,500
In the demographic transition model, a country's highest population growth rate is likely to occur during ________.
stage 2, the transitional stage
If a city of population 10,000 experiences 100 births, 40 deaths, 10 immigrants, and 30 emigrants in the course of a year, what is its net annual percentage growth rate?
0.4%
Approximately what percent of the population in Country II is under age 15?
1%
The world population growth rate is currently approximately ________%.
1.2
In 2016, the population of the United States was approximately 325 million people, with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.7%. If the population of the U.S. were to continue to grow at this rate, what would be the approximate population size of the U.S. in the year 2216?
1.3 billion
If a population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be close to ________%.
1.4
If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is
1.6%
The United Nations currently predicts that Earth will be home to almost ________ billion people by the year 2050.
10
Scientists determined that a species of a reptile dinosaur cohort had 20% survivorship during the first two years of life, but then the survivorship of those individuals that survived to age 2 had a 70% survivorship to middle age. Survivorship declined later in life. Which of the following best illustrates the shape of the survivorship curve for this species?
3
The country of Sudan has an estimated annual growth rate of 2 percent. At this rate of growth, approximately how many years will it take for the population of Sudan to double?
35 years
If the population of a country is growing at a rate of 1.75 percent per year, the population will double in approximately how many years?
40 years
A country currently has a population of 100 million and an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent. If the growth rate remains constant, what will be the population of this country in 40 years?
400 million
The richest one-fifth of the world's population possesses approximately ________ times the income of the poorest one-fifth, and the richest one-fifth uses over 86% of the world's resources.
80
Population growing at a decreasing rate
A
Which of the countries listed in the chart above is most likely to have limited educational opportunities for women?
A
Which statement most accurately describes the population control efforts in China?
A one-child policy enforced through taxation and penalties may have been too successful in controlling population growth.
Which of the following scenarios best describes a density-dependent factor limiting population growth?
A particularly dry summer shrinks and dries up many ponds in central Canada, causing increased aggression and competition for limited nest sites among female common goldeneyes (ducks).
Demographically speaking, the effects of AIDS are most significant because ________.
AIDS sickens and kills the youngest and most productive members of society
By the year 2050, world population is expected to approach 10 billion. If the current population trends continue, which region of the world will most likely experience the majority of the growth?
Africa and Asia
Define ecological footprint and differentiate between the ecological footprint of a developing country and that of the United States. Support or challenge the following statement: "The population problem does not lie entirely with the developing world."
An ecological footprint is a certain countries impact on the earth. Many factors help make up the ecological footprint. Some include pollution, resources, and food sources. The United States a developed country has a much higher footprint then a developing country like, Ethiopia. The United States adds to pollution with cars, other transportation, factories, and machines. These things are scares of developing countries. United States also natural resources like fuels, gases, and energy sources; as well as over animals. I agree with the statement that the developing countries aren't all at fault for the population problem. Countries like china, US, and India, al have extremely high populations and are developed.
Which area on the map has the highest infant mortality rate?
C
Which area on the map is experiencing the highest population growth rate?
C
Which of the countries listed in the chart above is most likely experiencing a population decline?
C
Which of the following graphs best displays population size over time of an rr-selected species that has just colonized a new habitat with abundant resources?
C
The country with the highest population density is
China
The nations with the highest rate of contraceptive use (84%) are ________.
China and United Kingdom
Population growth is at the root of many serious environmental problems. From the ancient Babylonians thousands of years ago, to Thomas Malthus hundreds of years ago, to present day neo-Malthusians, humans have always seemed to possess an awareness of Earth's limitations in the face of growing populations. Today, our ability to accurately quantify, monitor, and control population growth is very sophisticated. We can measure growth and make predictions about world growth with mathematical and computer models. Can we prevent disaster?Because of the success of China's population control programs, ________.
China's population growth rate has dropped below replacement levels
Which factors contribute to population growth and which factors lead to population decline?
Countries with low per capita income (poor countries) have high population growth rates.
Which of the following countries is most likely represented in the age structure diagram shown above?
Country B
Which of the following countries has achieved replacement-level fertility?
Country C
Population decreasing at greatest rate
D
The location where the size of the human population is the most stable
D
Which area on the map is experiencing a negative population growth rate?
D
Which of the following age structure diagrams represents a population that most likely has a negative growth rate?
D
In a human population undergoing the demographic transition, which of the following generally decreases first?
Death rate
What is a demographic transition? What are its four stages? State why each stage is important and what the consequence is for population growth. Do all countries go through the demographic transition?
Demographic transition is a transitional model that determines the declining death rates and birth rates. The four stages are the pre-industrial stage which birth rates and death rates are high, the transitional stage where the death rate declines due to increased food production and improved medical care, the industrial stage where birth rates= declines due to increased opportunities for women and access to birth control, and the post-industrial stage which birth rate and death rate are low. Yes all countries go through the demographic transition.
The diagram above illustrates how the number of individuals in a population changed with time as a result of external stresses and resource limitations. Which lettered portion of the curve most likely corresponds to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem?
E
Which area on the map has the highest population density?
E
Which graph best illustrates a population that was growing and has reached its carrying capacity?
E
Which of the following can be inferred from the figure?
For countries in which >50% of females attend secondary school, there is no relationship between TFR and the education of women.
Which of the following pairs of statistics would most likely indicate the highest quality of life in a country?
High life expectancy and low infant mortality
Briefly explain how the status of women affects population growth.
Higher status of women in society usually results in lower population growth. Increased female literacy is strongly associated with reduced birth rates in many nations. Studies show that educated women have better access to contraceptives, marry later, and have fewer children, keeping population growth low. In societies where females have little power, there are more unintended pregnancies.
What three-factor model is used for representing the impact of humans on the environment? What is a fourth factor that could be added to this? Give a simple explanation for each factor.
I = P x A x TIPAT model: a formula that represents how humans' total impact (I) on the environment results from the interaction among three factors: population (P), affluence (A), and technology (T)Population: increased population intensifies impact on the environment as more individuals take up more space and generate more waste.Affluence: increased affluence magnifies environmental impact through the greater per capita resource consumption that generally accompanied enhance wealth.Technology: tech that enhances our abilities to extract materials , fossil fuels, old-growth forests, or fisheries generally increase impact; tech that reduces emissions, harness renewable energy, and improve manufacturing efficiency can decrease impact.Sensitivity: denotes how sensitive a given environment is to human pressures.I = P x A x T x S
Countries undergoing rapid populations growth include which of the following?
I only
Factors that affect the total fertility rate of a human population include which of the following? - Cultural traditions - Government policies and economic incentives - Education level and economic opportunities for females
I, II, and III
The country with a population about three times that of the United States is
India
Which of the following statements is best supported by the population doubling times indicated on the map?
India has a higher population growth rate than China and Australia have.
Which of the following is most likely the primary cause of high death rates in phase I?
Infant and childhood mortality
Which of the following characteristics in the table best supports the claim that Country AA is a more developed country and that Country BB is a less developed country?
Infant mortality rate
Which of the following is a true statement about replacement-level fertility?
It is greater in countries with high infant-mortality rates than in countries with low infant-mortality rates.
What is the sex ratio in China because of the one child policy?
It is skewed toward more males causing a slowing in population growth.
A graph of world population growth over the past 500 years most closely resembled the letter ________.
J
All of the following are among the world's top five most populous nations EXCEPT ________.
Japan
Cycads are gymnosperms that were diverse and abundant during the Mesozoic era. Extant species of cycads share many traits with those from the Mesozoic era. Cycads bear cones, are long-lived with slow growth rates, show late reproductive maturity, and have very few offspring. Based on this description, the cycads are
K-strategists with a Type III survivorship curve.
Differentiate between exponential and logistic growth curves. Give examples of the conditions under which each would occur.
Logistic growth occurs when there are limited resources due to competition; it slows, stops, and has a period of exponential growth. Exponential growth occurs when there is unlimited resources due to little competition; individuals produce at a constant rate.
Briefly describe the population control program that China instituted in the 1970s. Explain why it was instituted, how it was enforced, and why it was controversial.
Mao - 1965- population good thing,when died in 1976 China had 850 million people and birth rate of 25Successors - Two child policy because country consuming half of GDP; government provided services including abortion that promoted policy. This resulted in a birth rate of 19.5 by late 19701979 - Xiapong - instituted the on child policy - incentives and penalties to assure only one child. Examples, late marriages, free contraceptives, abortion and sterilizations. fines on couples with second child1984 - policiy relaxed in rural areas where child labor important1986 - birth rate at 182002 - reinstated in rural areas because of lack of reportingProblems with policyfemale infanticide - killing of baby girlsthis has made population skewed towards male
Which of the following statements best describes the trends in the data shown in the graph above?
More-developed countries tend to have lower total fertility rates than less-developed countries.
Which of the following describes the changes in a country's demographics as it begins its transition from a preindustrial state to an industrial state?
Population increases rapidly, birth rate remains high, death rate decreases
During which stage of the demographic transition shown above does a population begin to experience an explosive increase in growth?
Stage 2
In a certain country, the birth rate is high, the death rate is high, and there are many children that are part of the workforce. The country is most likely in which of the following stages of the demographic transition?
Stage 1
A population of quail lives in an area of prairie grasslands. In good years, a pair of quail can have four clutches of young, with as many as 12 to 14 eggs in each clutch. Despite this, the population size remains stable over the long term. Discuss the population structure, its potential for growth, and its possible limiting factors, using at least four of the terms you learned in this chapter.
Students might discuss the r-selection strategy of quail and their potential for exceeding the carrying capacity in a year with good weather and plentiful food, an exponential growth rate. They might talk about the population distribution (clumped). They might choose to discuss the survivorship curve (type III), involving the large number of eggs and chicks and the rapid loss of young. Density-independent factors would include things such as weather and drought or floods. Some density-dependent factors might be disease, predators, available nesting sites, and the amount of food available.
The increase in the size of Earth's human population in the last century has been dramatic. Which of the following identifies two major contributors to this increase?
The Industrial Revolution and modern medicine
The rate of population growth starts to slow down at which point?
The beginning of phase III
A country has a birth rate of 35/1000 individuals and a death rate of 13/1000 individuals. The death rate was 37/000 individuals in 1950, 28/1000 individuals in 1970, and 21/1000individuals in 1990. Which of the following statements best explains why the country has a declining death rate?
The country is in stage 3 of the demographic transition, and more women are entering the workforce and shifting to having children later in life.
A certain species of dinosaur laid large numbers of eggs, and the hatchlings had high mortality early in life. But if they survived, the young dinosaurs were able to grow at a rapid pace and disperse into the environment in order to thrive. Based on this information and the graph above, which of the following best characterizes this species of dinosaur?
The dinosaurs were KK-strategists and exhibited a Type II survivorship curve.
Which of the following can you determine from the figure provided?
The population in Nigeria is growing more rapidly than Canada.
Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with a country that demonstrates the age structure in the diagram shown above?
There is a high total fertility rate.
The total fertility rate in country A was 6.8 in 1980. Which of the following statements best supports the change in the total fertility rate in country A between 1980 and 2015?
The total fertility rate decreased as a result of a delay in age of first marriage and increased contraceptive use.
As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which phase?
The transitional
In 1950, a country had a total fertility rate of 5.9. In 2010, the total fertility rate of the country was 2.3. Which of the following is most likely the reason for the change in total fertility rate?
Women had increased educational opportunities and had children later in life.
Which of the following would best represent a clumped population distribution pattern?
a pod of 40 migrating gray whales in the Bering Sea
The crude growth rate, r , of a population is calculated by
adding the crude birth rate to the crude death rate
Zero population growth occurs in a population when ________.
birth rate equals death rate, and there is no migration
Which of the following species is most likely to provide extensive parental care to its offspring?
bobcat -2
The maximum population size that a given environment can sustain is the _______.
carrying capacity
Most of the world population growth in the near future will be in ________.
developing countries
Population growth is at the root of many serious environmental problems. From the ancient Babylonians thousands of years ago, to Thomas Malthus hundreds of years ago, to present day neo-Malthusians, humans have always seemed to possess an awareness of Earth's limitations in the face of growing populations. Today, our ability to accurately quantify, monitor, and control population growth is very sophisticated. We can measure growth and make predictions about world growth with mathematical and computer models. Can we prevent disaster?Besides contraception, what can humans do to control population growth's negative effects on the environment?
discourage population movement into sensitive environmental areas
Consider a population of fish in the ocean. Which of the following would be a limiting factor for such a population?
dissolved oxygen levels
Which term describes the amount of cumulative amount of land and water required to provide the raw materials a person or population consumes and to dispose of the waste that is produced?
ecological footprint
Unregulated populations tend to increase by ________.
exponential growth
The K-selection reproductive strategy maximizes survival of offspring by producing
few offspring with high levels of parental care
Which of the following pairs lists an r-selected organism followed by a K-selected organism?
grasshopper; whale
According to the IPAT model, which of the following would most likely reduce the environmental impact of a society?
greater use of birth control by most members of a society
Although the fertility rate for women in the United States has declined in recent years to a value below replacement level, the United States population is still increasing because of
improved health care
High population density can ________.
increase the incidence of disease transmission
A country with an age distribution like that shown in the figure above, is most likely a country that
is experiencing slow or no population growth
According to the figure, Nigeria has a ________ population size than Canada, with a ________ median age and a ________ proportion of the population at postreproductive age.
larger; lower; smaller
The invasive European buckthorn invades a local forest preserve. Initially, the population of buckthorn rapidly increases, and then it begins to level off. This pattern of population growth most closely resembles ________.
logistic growth
Population distribution describes ________.
the spatial arrangement of individuals of a single species within a particular area or ecosystem
Which of the following has experienced the greatest decline in population growth rate from 1950-2010?
more developed regions
Population growth is at the root of many serious environmental problems. From the ancient Babylonians thousands of years ago, to Thomas Malthus hundreds of years ago, to present day neo-Malthusians, humans have always seemed to possess an awareness of Earth's limitations in the face of growing populations. Today, our ability to accurately quantify, monitor, and control population growth is very sophisticated. We can measure growth and make predictions about world growth with mathematical and computer models. Can we prevent disaster?Thomas Malthus warned that ________.
overpopulation could greatly harm humanity
What are the limiting factors to population growth?
physical, chemical, and biological attributes of the environment that act as bounds for population growth
The Cornucopian view held by many economists suggests that resource depletion due to greater numbers of people ________.
poses no problem if new resources can be found to replace depleted ones
What characteristics do humans share with r-selected species?
rapid population growth that is largely unchecked
Members of an r-selected species characteristically
reach sexual maturity quickly
Which of the following factors drives TFR down?
social and economic security
Population growth is at the root of many serious environmental problems. From the ancient Babylonians thousands of years ago, to Thomas Malthus hundreds of years ago, to present day neo-Malthusians, humans have always seemed to possess an awareness of Earth's limitations in the face of growing populations. Today, our ability to accurately quantify, monitor, and control population growth is very sophisticated. We can measure growth and make predictions about world growth with mathematical and computer models. Can we prevent disaster?Despite dire predictions in the past, humans still inhabit Earth. Some economists would argue that this is because ________.
technological developments have alleviated some of the strain on Earth's resources
The most populous countries in the world are China, India, and
the United States
The term demographic transition refers to ________.
the decline in death rates and subsequent decline in birth rates that occur as a country economically develops
Declining population growth rates in developing countries can be partially attributed to ________.
the education of women
