Art 108 Final
At the end of the 1700s, the sublime became very popular. What was "the sublime?"
A quality aimed at the emotions of the viewer, meant to produce emotions of terror, overwhelm, and wonder
Deconstructivist architecture as demonstrated by Frank Gehry's Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, demonstrates:
A sense of disorder, fragmentation, and energy
The first major style to emerge in the 20th century was
Abstract Expressionism
Joseph Mallord William Turner's work can be described as:
Abstract and expressionistic with atmospheric blurs of color replacing detail
De Kooning shocked the art world in 1953 when he showed:
Abstract expressionist work with a recognizable image
The process Jackson Pollock used for his later paintings evolved into what is now called:
Action or gesture painting
How does Albrecht Altdorfer's The Battle of Issos create meaning and connection for its 16th century viewers?
All of the above
Neoclassicism was driven by a growing interest in Greece and Rome. What spurred this interest?
All of the above
Which of the following is characteristic of Baroque sculpture?
All of the above
Which of the following is true of German Expressionism?
All of the above
Georges Braque's The Portuguese is an example of
Analytical cubism
Why do we consider Baroque art an introduction to the Early Modern Period?
Baroque art explores similar themes as the Early Modern Period, such as gender, class, and sexuality
Joshua Reynolds advocated for painting "in the Grand Manner." How did he "elevate" the portrait to "Grand Manner" status?
By putting subjects in classical poses and settings, and adding additional classical references
Formalist Abstraction only dealt with:
Color, texture, shape of field and composition
Postmodernism emphasizes the role of what?
Context
Tintoretto's The Last Supper is best described as:
Dark, expressive, and dramatic, with naturalism at the table and the supernatural erupting above
BONUS QUESTION: Angelica Kauffmann's Papirius Praetextatus Entreated by His Mother includes both Neoclassical and Rococo characteristics. What are the Rococo elements in this Enlightenment period work?
Delicate, elegant figures with delicate facial features and a lush palette
The artist Caravaggio was set apart by:
Dramatic use of light/shadow and an emphasis on naturalism
Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson is an example of:
Earth art
What is the overall insinuation of the word "Rococo" when applied to art?
Excessively ornate with a lack of meaning and seriousness
In 1793, Francisco Goya's work shifted. What was his new focus?
Exploring the human condition
Unlike Baroque art, Rococo artwork is characterized by:
Fantasy and playfulness
Rachel Ruysch was the daughter of a botanist, so it makes sense that she became one of the time's leading:
Flower painters
A generation after Watteau, Jean-Honoré Fragonard painted The Swing, an example of an intrigue. What did such works emphasize?
Frivolity, flirtation, and licentiousness among the rich
Two artists who were intensely critical of "academic art" and almost single-handedly began the dismantling of the French Art Academy's strict genre hierarchy were:
Gustav Courbet and Édouard Manet
In the Northern Dutch Republic, artists:
Had trouble supporting themselves, but survived and were a freer community of artists
Tintoretto admired the work of both Titian and Michelangelo. How did he incorporate that admiration into his own work?
He absorbed their later, more dramatic styles
What overall impact did Rubens have on the Baroque period?
He made the Baroque style an "International Style" and brought international notice to the art of Antwerp
Which of the following is true of the work of architect Palladio?
He shifted architecture toward revival of ancient Greek and Roman styles that are still used today
Pieter Aertsen's The Meat Stall appears to be a secular painting typical in the Netherlands at this time. What makes it different?
In the far background, it includes two small vignettes that carry a religious/moral message.
Alan Kaprow's "happenings" were:
Installations that the viewer was supposed to walk through and experience
Which of the following is true about Post-Impressionism?
It built on the Impressionists, emphasizing work that was more abstract than representational
What happened to painting as a result of Postmodernism?
It died
What was shocking about Courbet's Burial at Ornans?
It elevated an ordinary provincial event to a status worthy of history painting
Which of the following best describes the Dada art movement?
It embraced a kind of nonsense art
BONUS QUESTION: When discussing "ideal landscapes" of the type painted by Nicolas Poussin, above, what do we mean by the label "ideal?"
It highlights the fact that these landscapes did not represent an actual place but instead suggested a rational arrangement of a spiritual world.
Around 1848, Realism began to replace Romanticism in France. What were some of the Realists criticisms of Romanticism?
It ignored the harsh social and economic reality of modern life
El Greco's painting The Burial of Count Orgaz (1586) is notable because:
It uses realism for the burial scene, but takes a Mannerist approach for the scene in the heavens above
Which of the following best describes the qualities of Art Nouvea?
It was a new, modern style, based on biomorphic forms and motifs, suggesting growth and evolution
How did art of this period come to be called "Baroque"?
It was initially intended as a derogatory term, but was later adopted
powerful ruling families as well as the Church
It was initially well-received, but a new conservative Pope felt it was immoral and had the nudity covered by another painter
Where does the name "Rococo" come from?
It's a disparaging term that combines the French word for pebble with the Portuguese word for Baroque.
Which of the following is true of Thomas Cole's The Oxbow (View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm)?
It's a political painting, offering a commentary on a national argument over Jeffersonian agrarian society versus Jacksonian empiricism.
BONUS QUESTION #1: Which of the following is true of Romantic Art?
It's not a style but instead an attitude that can be expressed in different styles
In Rome, patrons of Baroque art sought to:
Make the city the most beautiful in the Christian World
The dominant artists of the Italian High Renaissance were:
Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael
Two of the major art styles of the Enlightenment were Neoclassicism and Romanticism. How did they differ?
Neoclassicism was influenced by logic and Greek and Roman ideals, while Romanticism was based on emotion and intuition
Which artist contributed the most to the rise of Classicism in France?
Nicolas Poussin
Albrecht Durer's Adam and Eve is a fusion of what elements?
Northern European love of detail, and Italian ideal proportions
Short answer: Describe one example of unification of multiple arts from the Baroque period. (do not merely list the name of an artwork!)
One clear example of unification of multiple arts from the Baroque period is Triumph in the Name of Jesus. This ceiling painting makes use of architectural features and spills out of them onto adjoining surfaces, with detailed painting by Gaulli and integrated sculpture by Raggi. Painting, sculpture and architecture all interact and enhance one another.
Paolo Veronese's The Feast in the House of Levi (1573) originally had another name. Why was it changed?
Originally called The Last Supper, its depiction of a sumptuous banquet resulted in Veronese being called before and questioned by the Inquisition.
Cubism was developed by
Pablo Picasso and George Braques, working together
English Architect Inigo Jones was deeply influenced by:
Palladio
We see the earliest elements of Cubism in:
Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
What inspired Romantic painters in Britain?
Poets like Shelley and Wordsworth who steeped themselves in nature
Georges Seurat invented
Pointilism
Vasily Kandinsky believed that art should:
Show the abstract qualities of spirituality
Which of the following best defines Baudrillard's beliefs about contemporary American culture?
That it was based on an artificial world constructed from mass media that was more real than reality
Michelangelo's Pieta was first celebrated then later criticized. Why?
The Counter-Reformation created a change in focus and church authorities now considered Mary too young-looking and the body of Jesus too relaxed.
The room at Versailles that best demonstrates Baroque opulence and classicism is:
The Hall of Mirrors
The Poussinists were one faction of a disagreement in the French Royal Art Academy. What was the other faction?
The Rubenists
Baroque Classicism in architecture embodied what ideals?
The absolute power of the monarchy as well as pride in and the glory of the nation
In England and France, political issues also influenced artistic development. How?
The art of both nations was dominated by Classicism, and Royal Courts were the primary patrons
what elements of the Louvre renovation emphasized the Classical?
The design, which Claude Perrault based on a Roman temple front
In France, Antoine-Jean Gros painted:
The drama, glory, valor and adventure of the Napoleonic wars
The French Art Academy created a special classification so it could admit Jan-Antoine Watteau. What was it?
The fêtes galante, outdoor amusements of the rich
What political circumstance is French Rococo associated with?
The newly relaxed attitude of the aristocracy
Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe was rejected by the art world but embraced by the public. Why?
The public loved what they felt was an opportunity to witness the general's sacrifice for his country
The term "Impressionism" came from
The title of a Monet painting, initially singled out by a hostile critic
Which of the following is true about the relationship between Neoclassicism and Romanticism between 1789 and 1948?
The two approaches thrived side by side during the period.
Édouard Manet's Olympia is based on a historical tradition of the reclining nude. Why was it considered scandalous?
The woman depicted is a contemporary prostitute who confronts the viewer aggressively, rather than an idealized slave girl.
Which of the following is NOT TRUE of Italian Futurism?
They saw Cubism as an abomination and rejected it outright
BONUS QUESTION #2: The goal of Pictorialist photographers like Julia Margaret Cameron, Edward Steichen, and Gertrude Käsebier was:
To create photographs that imitated or closely referenced Old Master paintings
What changes in the attitude of the public gave rise to the age of Romanticism?
Turning away from rationalism and logic to emotion, imagination and nature.
Preeminent Baroque artist Peter Paul Rubens was able to do what with his artwork?
Unite the natural and supernatural to attain the hallmark Baroque theatricality and drama
Why did Mannerism become popular?
Wealthy ruling families became important patrons of the arts, and they preferred this style and subject matter to religious paintings
Themes in Northern Dutch art:
Were dominated by secular images, including individual and group portraits, cityscapes, still life, and genre paintings
Surrealist Jean Miró uses a minimal (visual) vocabulary including color as well as form, to create:
a mythic image evoking primal conditions.
1940's Abstract Expressionism was preoccupied with:
a search for universal truths
The art produced in Europe and the US from 1880 to 1914:
all of the above
The Surrealist Movement was intended as:
an intensive, positive exploration of the unconscious
Franz Hals' approach to portraiture combined portrait with genre painting, resulting in work that appeared:
animated, informal, and spontaneous
The Baroque period is also most associated with
ceiling paintings done in churches and private residences
Georges Seurat was the only major Post-Impressionist who:
continued to present images of modernity
Margaret Bourke-White's Fort Peck Dam, Montana:
declares technology to be the new classicism
Primary characteristics of Baroque art include
dynamic, exuberant, and expressive
In pursuit of Impressionsim, Manet and his friends:
made painting outside (en plein air) the norm
In Le Bonheur de Vivre (The Joy of Life) Matisse presents:
nonrealistic colors and a suspension of logical space and scale
Bernini's Ecstasy of Saint Teresa makes the saint's reported experience seem:
sensuously real
Enlightenment Romanticism in Rome was typified by the work of engraver Giovanni Battista Piranesi. His vedute, like the one pictured above, was intended to have what effect?
to astonish and potentially even frighten the viewer
America's first Art Movement, the Hudson River School:
was based on landscape painting and emphasized harmony with nature
At what point did New York Surrealism become Abstract Expressionism?
when all the symbols disappeared
Which of the following best describes Color-Field Paintings?
works using large, meditative planes of color, to project the sublime human condition as the artists felt it
Rembrandt became known for what ability?
All of the above
Some defining characteristics of Mannerism are:
All of the above
What are some of the motivations underlying the production of Baroque art?
All of the above
Which of the following became common after the advent of Postmodernism?
All of the above
Which of the following best describes how politics impacted art in the Southern Netherlands (Flanders) in the 17th century?
Artists relied on Church commissions, but wealthy merchants and the aristocracy were also important patrons
When King Louis XIV decided to build Versailles, he turned the Louvre into a residence for
Artists who worked for him
BONUS QUESTION 2: Which of the following is true of how the Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation) came to view art?
As an excellent way to spread the teachings of the saints and the church
Short Answer: How did religious attitudes in the Netherlands in the 16th century change both the subject matter and the process of selling artwork there?
As church commissions dried up, artists in the Netherlands began seeking out new customers who were interested in secular subjects rather than religious ones. Artists also began selling their work at open air markets as an impulse purchase for passers-by.
What impact did religious reforms have on art in 16th century Europe?
As religious patrons declined, artists turned to secular themes which appealed to patrons in the cities and courts
Major Post-Impressionist artists include:
Cezanne, van Gogh, and Gauguin
Edvard Munch's Symbolist work was influenced by:
Gauguin's mysterious sinuous patterning and abstraction
Which of the following best describes Salvador Dali's process of creation?
He would begin a painting with a single object in mind, then add by responding to the original object
BONUS QUESTION 1: Swiss pastor Ulrich Zwingli is a noted figure in the Protestant Reformation. What impact did he have on art?
His literal reading of the Bible led him to denounce the visual arts
Artists flourished in what Italian cities other than Rome during the Late Renaissance?
Mantua, Parma, Cremona, Venice
Raphael's The School of Athens presented what scene?
Many of the great thinkers, writers, and philosophers of ancient Greece together in a single scene
The New York Dadaists were led by:
Marcel Duchamp
Dominant artists of the Late Renaissance were:
Michelangelo, Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto
In what way did Matthias Grünewald's Isenheim Altarpiece show sensitivity to the needs of the people who were most likely to view it on a regular basis?
Painted for a chapel associated with a hospital, it depicts the cycle of salvation, as well as the forms of therapy recommended for the hospital's patients: music, herbs, baths and light
The rough organic quality in Auguste Rodin's sculptures is a result of:
Rodin working the surface extensively with his bare hands
Which of the following is true of the work of Edgar Degas?
The images have a spontaneous quality, and innovative composition places the viewer in the center of the action
What was the attitude of religious reformers of the 16th Century toward art?
What was the attitude of religious reformers of the 16th Century toward art?
Parmigianino's Madonna with the Long Neck is a departure from Renaissance ideals in what way?
by replacing the Renaissance ideal of stable composition with a more dramatic one
Two major influences on art worldwide during the 1920s and 30s were:
World War I and Sigmund Freud
The Zurich Dadaists began a nightclub called the Cabaret Voltaire where:
artists and writers could meet to protest the absurdity and wastefulness of war
Genre painting in the middle of the 1600s:
began to reveal more complex narratives and subject matter ranging from the comical to the deeply introspective
Who were the major art patrons during the Italian High Renaissance?
powerful ruling families as well as the Church
Symbolism was first defined by the poet Gustave Kahn. What did he claim the movement's essence was?
rejecting the everyday world in favor of dreams that abstractly expressed sensations, moods, fears, and desires
Goya's piece The Third of May is about:
the brutality of war and the atrocities perpetrated by human beings against one another
When Marcel Duchamp came to New York City in 1915, he pronounced sky scrapers to be:
the epitome of modernity