MCAT 10 most commonly missed concepts course
mixed
A type of inhibitor that binds to the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex with unequal affinities?
higher
The lower or higher reduction potential for an element will mean it as a higher tendency for it to be reduced
lungs, exhaled
How does carbon dioxide leave the blood - the bicarbonate rich blood reaches the lungs and will be converted into CO2 and then it will diffuse from the blood into the ______ and be _____?
kcat
Michaelis-Menten: The speed at which a single enzyme can go --> Answers how many substrates can a single enzyme convert into product during a certain time period?
Km
Michaelis-Menten: a constant that is the concentration of substrate that is added in order to reach half of Vmax
hypothalamus
Seeks to maintain homeostasis by controlling the Pituitary Gland. It also is heavily involved in regulating hunger. It says to the Pituitary Gland, "you must obey me!"
positive
The anode in a electrolytic cell is negative or positive?
negative
The anode in a galvanic cell is negative or positive?
galvanic
What type of cell uses energy from a spontaneous reaction to do something?
electrolytic
What type of cell uses energy to drive a non-sponanteous reaction?
hyperbolic
What type of curve does a Michaelis-Menten plot have?
Michaelis-Menten
What type of graph determines how much substrate we need to add before a reaction can no longer proceed any faster.
real, inverted
What type of image does a converging system (a concave mirror or a convex lens) create when the object is placed beyond the focal point?
virtual, upright
What type of image does a diverging system (a convex mirror or a concave lens) create when the object is placed inside the focal point?
competitive (competition for the same spot)
What type of inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme, which is where the substrate would normally bind?
non-competitive (think NON and E/ ES - same number of letters)
What type of inhibitor binds to the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex with equal affinities?
uncompetitive (think UN and ES (enzyme-substrate)
What type of inhibitor binds to the enzyme-substrate complex? It then prevents the substrate from ever becoming a product and knocks the enzyme-substrate complex out of ocmission
not change, increase
What will a competitive inhibitor do what to the values for Vmax? Km? (not change, decrease, increase)
refraction
When a ray of light enters a new medium and bends toward the normal line when the index of refraction is greater than the new medium.
reflection
When a ray of light hits another surface and "bounces" off at the same angle to the normal line
decrease
When capacitors are added in series with one another does the overall capacitance decrease or increase?
increase
When capacitors are added parallel to one another does the overall capacitance decrease or increase?
inverse adds together
When capacitors are in series what is the equation we use to depict the relationship?
adds together
When capacitors are parallel what is the equation we use to depict the relationship?
greater
When refraction occurs a ray of light enters a new medium and bends toward the normal line when the index of refraction is _______ (lower/greater) than the new medium.
normal to surface
what is the dotted line is this image?
hi/ho = -di/do
what is the magnification equation for thin lens?
Km/Vmax
what is the slope of a lineweaver burke plot?
1/Vmax
what is the y intercept of a lineweaver burke plot?
7.35-7.45 (below 7 is too acidic)
blood pH levels
left
hemisphere that is largely responsible for Language and Logic (science and math).
loss
oxidation is the _______ of electrons
reticular formation
plays a central role in states of consciousness like alertness and sleep. Without this part of your brain, you'd have a hard time focusing on anything.
bicarbonate ion
most important buffer in human blood, a third method of transport for CO2 through he blood along with being carried by hemoglobin and dissolving as a gas into the blood.
capacitor
A metal plate on which charge can build up - positive on one plate and negative on the other. Can store changer
decrease, increase or decrease
A mixed inhibitor will do what to the values for Vmax? Km? (not change, decrease, increase)
decrease, not change
A noncompetitive inhibitor will do what to the values for Vmax? Km? (not change, decrease, increase)
enzyme (increasing substrate concentration will NOT increase Vmax)
An increase in what is typically the only way to increase Vmx?
decrease, decrease
An uncompetitive inhibitor will do what to the values for Vmax? Km? (not change, decrease, increase)
increases
As the slope of the Lineweaver-Burk plot decreases will the efficiency decrease or increase?
glomerulus, bowman's capsule
Blood is filtered through the __________, a specialized capillary that is impermeable to proteins, into __________ ________________
impermeable
Blood is filtered through the glomerulus, a specialized capillary that is permeable or impermeable to proteins, into bowman's capsule?
anti-nodes
Both the crests and the troughs of a wave are also known as nodes or anti-nodes?
brainstem
Contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla. Primarily involved in autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate. Without these parts of the brain, you would immediately die like a seriously ill patient who throws their meds into a pond.
cerebellum
Coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity. Without this part of your brain, you'd fall on your belly.
postitive
Does a converging lens/mirror have a negative or positive focal point?
negative
Does a diverging lens/mirror have a negative or positive focal point?
high
Does a non effective enzyme have a low or high Km? (This is an enzyme with a low affinity)
oxidation
Does oxidation or reduction happen at the anode?
reduction
Does oxidation or reduction occur at the cathode?
low
If an enzyme has a high affinity (a strong attraction) for its substrate (ligand) then the Km will be low or high?
decrease
If you increase the distance between two capacitor places will it decrease or increase the capacitance?
anode to cathode (negative to positive)
In a galvanic cell what direction do electrons flow?
concentration
Is Km a concentration or rate?
concentration, Vmax
Km is the __________ of substrate that is added in order to reach half of ______.
competitive inhibition
Lineweaver-Burk plot for what type of enzyme inhibition?
noncompetitive
Lineweaver-Burk plot for what type of enzyme inhibition?
uncompetitive
Lineweaver-Burk plot for what type of enzyme inhibition?
hemoglobin
Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells - oxygen is primarily carried by this or it is directly dissolved in the blood
occipital lobe
Process information related to sight. O is the shape of an eye.
temporal lobe
Process information relating to sound and speech comprehension (contains Wernicke's Area). They are located just behind your temples which are next to your ears.
thalamus
Receives sensory information relating to seeing, hearing, touching, and tasting and sends this information to the related parts of the brain. Think of this part of your brain like a sensory command tower, receiving signals and then sending them out.
amygdala
Responsible for emotions such as anger and aggression. Think of a little toddler who is angrily shaking their "dal" (doll).
frontal lobes
Responsible for speaking (contains Broca's Area), planning, judging, abstract thinking, movement (as they contain the motor cortex), and some aspects of personality. We'd think of these functions as being the most important; thus, it makes sense to call this brain area the frontal lobe.
hippocampus
Responsible for the formation of long-term memories. It helps long-term memories set up camp in your brain.
parietal lobe
Responsible for your sense of touch (as they contain the somatosensory cortex), and body position. Imagine a parrot pecking on your leg.
negative
The cathode in a electrolytic cell is negative or positive?
positive
The cathode in a galvanic cell is negative or positive
pituitary gland
The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. HORMONES
Vmax
The point on a Michaelis-Menten plot when the enzyme is not able to convert the substrate into product any faster - when all the enzymes will be "saturated" (filled) with substrate
speed
What property of an enzyme is kcat?
hemoglobin, gas, bicarbonate
What are the three ways CO2 can be carried by the blood: 1. Carried by _______ 2. Dissolved as a _____ into the blood 3. Converted into the _________ ion
s^-1
What are the units for kcat?
store charge
What can batteries and capacitors both do?
resistor
What do electrons flow through in a galvanic cell?
voltage source (battery)
What do electrons flow through in an electrolytic cell?
anode to cathode (positive to negative)
What does the voltage source in electrolytic cells drive the movement of electrons in the direction of?
blood pH levels
What is one of the purposes of the bicarbonate buffer system besides creating a bicarbonate ion?
n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2
What is snell's law
Vo = Vmax [S] / Km + [S]
What is the Michaelis-Menten equation?
Vmax/[E]
What is the equation for Kcat?
C = eA/d (e = permittivity of dielectric, A = area, d = distance)
What is the equation for capacitance?
kcat/km
What is the equation for catalytic efficiency?
generate metal
What is the goal of an electrolytic cell?
discharge rapidly
What is the main difference between batteries and capacitors?
1/f = 1/do + 1/di
What is the thin lens equation?
1/[S]
What is the x-axis for a Lineweaver-Burk plot?
-1/Km
What is the x-intercept equal to on a Lineweaver-Burk plot?
1/Vo
What is the y-axis for a Lineweaver-Burk plot?
Vo (initial velocity of the reaction)
What is the y-axis of a Michaelis-Menten graph
battery
When you hear Galvanic cell what should you think?
diprotic acid
an acid that can donate two protons per molecule ex: carbonic acid (H2CO3)
CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3-
bicarbonate buffer system equation
E + S -> E-S -> E + P
enzyme catalysis reaction
carbonic anhydrase
enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid
nodes
equilibrium position of a wave is the point at which there is zero displacement. Where waves intersect the equilibrium position are known as nodes or anti-nodes?
right
hemisphere that is largely responsible for visuospacial information, music, and emotions. Think of it like the artsy-side of the brain that would say, "That is so aight bro!" Corpus Callosum - Connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
gain
reduction is the ______ of electrons
oxygen, carbon dioxide
the blood's primary function is to deliver _______ to and remove _______ from the tissues
[S]
x axis of Michaelis-Menten graph