MCAT 10 most commonly missed concepts course

mixed

A type of inhibitor that binds to the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex with unequal affinities?

higher

The lower or higher reduction potential for an element will mean it as a higher tendency for it to be reduced

lungs, exhaled

How does carbon dioxide leave the blood - the bicarbonate rich blood reaches the lungs and will be converted into CO2 and then it will diffuse from the blood into the ______ and be _____?

kcat

Michaelis-Menten: The speed at which a single enzyme can go --> Answers how many substrates can a single enzyme convert into product during a certain time period?

Km

Michaelis-Menten: a constant that is the concentration of substrate that is added in order to reach half of Vmax

hypothalamus

Seeks to maintain homeostasis by controlling the Pituitary Gland. It also is heavily involved in regulating hunger. It says to the Pituitary Gland, "you must obey me!"

positive

The anode in a electrolytic cell is negative or positive?

negative

The anode in a galvanic cell is negative or positive?

galvanic

What type of cell uses energy from a spontaneous reaction to do something?

electrolytic

What type of cell uses energy to drive a non-sponanteous reaction?

hyperbolic

What type of curve does a Michaelis-Menten plot have?

Michaelis-Menten

What type of graph determines how much substrate we need to add before a reaction can no longer proceed any faster.

real, inverted

What type of image does a converging system (a concave mirror or a convex lens) create when the object is placed beyond the focal point?

virtual, upright

What type of image does a diverging system (a convex mirror or a concave lens) create when the object is placed inside the focal point?

competitive (competition for the same spot)

What type of inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme, which is where the substrate would normally bind?

non-competitive (think NON and E/ ES - same number of letters)

What type of inhibitor binds to the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex with equal affinities?

uncompetitive (think UN and ES (enzyme-substrate)

What type of inhibitor binds to the enzyme-substrate complex? It then prevents the substrate from ever becoming a product and knocks the enzyme-substrate complex out of ocmission

not change, increase

What will a competitive inhibitor do what to the values for Vmax? Km? (not change, decrease, increase)

refraction

When a ray of light enters a new medium and bends toward the normal line when the index of refraction is greater than the new medium.

reflection

When a ray of light hits another surface and "bounces" off at the same angle to the normal line

decrease

When capacitors are added in series with one another does the overall capacitance decrease or increase?

increase

When capacitors are added parallel to one another does the overall capacitance decrease or increase?

inverse adds together

When capacitors are in series what is the equation we use to depict the relationship?

adds together

When capacitors are parallel what is the equation we use to depict the relationship?

greater

When refraction occurs a ray of light enters a new medium and bends toward the normal line when the index of refraction is _______ (lower/greater) than the new medium.

normal to surface

what is the dotted line is this image?

hi/ho = -di/do

what is the magnification equation for thin lens?

Km/Vmax

what is the slope of a lineweaver burke plot?

1/Vmax

what is the y intercept of a lineweaver burke plot?

7.35-7.45 (below 7 is too acidic)

blood pH levels

left

hemisphere that is largely responsible for Language and Logic (science and math).

loss

oxidation is the _______ of electrons

reticular formation

plays a central role in states of consciousness like alertness and sleep. Without this part of your brain, you'd have a hard time focusing on anything.

bicarbonate ion

most important buffer in human blood, a third method of transport for CO2 through he blood along with being carried by hemoglobin and dissolving as a gas into the blood.

capacitor

A metal plate on which charge can build up - positive on one plate and negative on the other. Can store changer

decrease, increase or decrease

A mixed inhibitor will do what to the values for Vmax? Km? (not change, decrease, increase)

decrease, not change

A noncompetitive inhibitor will do what to the values for Vmax? Km? (not change, decrease, increase)

enzyme (increasing substrate concentration will NOT increase Vmax)

An increase in what is typically the only way to increase Vmx?

decrease, decrease

An uncompetitive inhibitor will do what to the values for Vmax? Km? (not change, decrease, increase)

increases

As the slope of the Lineweaver-Burk plot decreases will the efficiency decrease or increase?

glomerulus, bowman's capsule

Blood is filtered through the __________, a specialized capillary that is impermeable to proteins, into __________ ________________

impermeable

Blood is filtered through the glomerulus, a specialized capillary that is permeable or impermeable to proteins, into bowman's capsule?

anti-nodes

Both the crests and the troughs of a wave are also known as nodes or anti-nodes?

brainstem

Contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla. Primarily involved in autonomic functions like breathing and heart rate. Without these parts of the brain, you would immediately die like a seriously ill patient who throws their meds into a pond.

cerebellum

Coordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity. Without this part of your brain, you'd fall on your belly.

postitive

Does a converging lens/mirror have a negative or positive focal point?

negative

Does a diverging lens/mirror have a negative or positive focal point?

high

Does a non effective enzyme have a low or high Km? (This is an enzyme with a low affinity)

oxidation

Does oxidation or reduction happen at the anode?

reduction

Does oxidation or reduction occur at the cathode?

low

If an enzyme has a high affinity (a strong attraction) for its substrate (ligand) then the Km will be low or high?

decrease

If you increase the distance between two capacitor places will it decrease or increase the capacitance?

anode to cathode (negative to positive)

In a galvanic cell what direction do electrons flow?

concentration

Is Km a concentration or rate?

concentration, Vmax

Km is the __________ of substrate that is added in order to reach half of ______.

competitive inhibition

Lineweaver-Burk plot for what type of enzyme inhibition?

noncompetitive

Lineweaver-Burk plot for what type of enzyme inhibition?

uncompetitive

Lineweaver-Burk plot for what type of enzyme inhibition?

hemoglobin

Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells - oxygen is primarily carried by this or it is directly dissolved in the blood

occipital lobe

Process information related to sight. O is the shape of an eye.

temporal lobe

Process information relating to sound and speech comprehension (contains Wernicke's Area). They are located just behind your temples which are next to your ears.

thalamus

Receives sensory information relating to seeing, hearing, touching, and tasting and sends this information to the related parts of the brain. Think of this part of your brain like a sensory command tower, receiving signals and then sending them out.

amygdala

Responsible for emotions such as anger and aggression. Think of a little toddler who is angrily shaking their "dal" (doll).

frontal lobes

Responsible for speaking (contains Broca's Area), planning, judging, abstract thinking, movement (as they contain the motor cortex), and some aspects of personality. We'd think of these functions as being the most important; thus, it makes sense to call this brain area the frontal lobe.

hippocampus

Responsible for the formation of long-term memories. It helps long-term memories set up camp in your brain.

parietal lobe

Responsible for your sense of touch (as they contain the somatosensory cortex), and body position. Imagine a parrot pecking on your leg.

negative

The cathode in a electrolytic cell is negative or positive?

positive

The cathode in a galvanic cell is negative or positive

pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. HORMONES

Vmax

The point on a Michaelis-Menten plot when the enzyme is not able to convert the substrate into product any faster - when all the enzymes will be "saturated" (filled) with substrate

speed

What property of an enzyme is kcat?

hemoglobin, gas, bicarbonate

What are the three ways CO2 can be carried by the blood: 1. Carried by _______ 2. Dissolved as a _____ into the blood 3. Converted into the _________ ion

s^-1

What are the units for kcat?

store charge

What can batteries and capacitors both do?

resistor

What do electrons flow through in a galvanic cell?

voltage source (battery)

What do electrons flow through in an electrolytic cell?

anode to cathode (positive to negative)

What does the voltage source in electrolytic cells drive the movement of electrons in the direction of?

blood pH levels

What is one of the purposes of the bicarbonate buffer system besides creating a bicarbonate ion?

n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2

What is snell's law

Vo = Vmax [S] / Km + [S]

What is the Michaelis-Menten equation?

Vmax/[E]

What is the equation for Kcat?

C = eA/d (e = permittivity of dielectric, A = area, d = distance)

What is the equation for capacitance?

kcat/km

What is the equation for catalytic efficiency?

generate metal

What is the goal of an electrolytic cell?

discharge rapidly

What is the main difference between batteries and capacitors?

1/f = 1/do + 1/di

What is the thin lens equation?

1/[S]

What is the x-axis for a Lineweaver-Burk plot?

-1/Km

What is the x-intercept equal to on a Lineweaver-Burk plot?

1/Vo

What is the y-axis for a Lineweaver-Burk plot?

Vo (initial velocity of the reaction)

What is the y-axis of a Michaelis-Menten graph

battery

When you hear Galvanic cell what should you think?

diprotic acid

an acid that can donate two protons per molecule ex: carbonic acid (H2CO3)

CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3-

bicarbonate buffer system equation

E + S -> E-S -> E + P

enzyme catalysis reaction

carbonic anhydrase

enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid

nodes

equilibrium position of a wave is the point at which there is zero displacement. Where waves intersect the equilibrium position are known as nodes or anti-nodes?

right

hemisphere that is largely responsible for visuospacial information, music, and emotions. Think of it like the artsy-side of the brain that would say, "That is so aight bro!" Corpus Callosum - Connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain.

gain

reduction is the ______ of electrons

oxygen, carbon dioxide

the blood's primary function is to deliver _______ to and remove _______ from the tissues

[S]

x axis of Michaelis-Menten graph