APES CHAPTER 3 Test Review
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
A British naturalist, renowned for his theories of evolution and natural selection.
ecologist
A person who studies ecology
How does the Type III survivorship curve reflect the reproductive strategy of r-selected species?
It affects the r-selected species because they generally produce more offspring to consumate for the lower survival rate due to the type of survivorship they have.
A survivorship curve is
a line that displays the relative survival rates of a cohort—a group of individuals of the same age—in a population, from birth to the maximum age reached by any one cohort member.
natality
births within the population
morality
deaths within the population
mass extinction events
episodes that killed off massive numbers of species at once
r-selected characteristics
small offspring, produce a lot of offspring at once, quickly mature sexually,density-dependent, a lot of fluctuation in population size, low parental care
Ecosystem
A biological community of interacting organisms and nonliving entities that occur and interact in a particular area at the same time.
phylogenetic tree
A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
natural selection
A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
fossil
A trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock.
niche
An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.
logistic growth
Growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth. To be at the carrying capacity
exponential growth
Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate. In J-shaped curve
Examples of type 1 survivorship type
Humans and Elephants
Name two generalist species:
Humans and raccoon
What are some natural selection types?
Overproduction, Competition, Adaptations/variations, survival of the fittest.
convergent evolution
Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
ecology
Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment
Which type of species is most in danger of decline due to the effects of climate change? Explain your reasoning.(specialist or generalist)
Specialists are more in danger of decline due to the effects of climate change because they are less adaptable to different habitats and they primarily only eat on food. This means if the food they eat is gone, they wither.
Extinction
The disappearance of all members of a species from Earth
True or False: do Humans altered their environment to increase its carrying capacity for our population.
True
Pop growth rate equation
[ (year 2/ year 1)-1 ] x 100
Alfred Wallace (1823-1913)
developed and theory of natural selection essentially identical to Darwin's. Published his paper (which Darwin edited) before Darwin, July 1,1858
Life History Theory
explains how natural selection influences reproduction, survival, and lifespan
True or False: A rapidly growing population will, as a rule, have a lower proportion of younger people compared to stable or declining population
false; they will have a higher proportion
Example of type 3 survivorship
fish and plants
Adaptation
inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
K-selected species are typically -(more or less)-----adversely affected by invasive species than r-selected species, which are minimally affected by invasive species.
more
Emigration
movement of individuals out of a population
Specialist
narrow niches
endemic
native or confined to a particular region or people
artificial selection
selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring
generalist
species that can utilize a wider variety of resource
13. Density dependent
the condition of limiting factor whose effects on a population become stronger or weaker depending on the population density.
4. Age structure
the relative numbers of individuals of different ages within a population.
What are some medical advances that have resulted in our knowledge of evolution?
How infectious disease spreads and lose or gain potency, Tracking strains of viruses and diseases, and detection of the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
Name two specialist species:
Koalas and Panda
K-selected characteristics
Long lifespan, bigger offspring, slow population growth, stable population, high parental care, and less offspring
immgration
Moving into a population
In your own words, what happens to the offspring of Type III species over time?
The Type 3 species overtime have a lower percentage rate of survival. Many may die off and only a few of the offspring will survive.
background extinction rate
The average rate at which species become extinct over the long term
fossil record
The cumulative body of fossils worldwide, which paleontologists study to infer the history of past life on Earth.
community ecology
The study of how interactions between species affect community structure and organization
What about the r - selected strategy allows them to be successful in a foreign environment)?
They have the ability to adapt quickly because the offspring have little to none parental care. So those species if live past early years are able to survive and adapt this makes them more like to survive in foreign environments Adaptations occur to help suit them to survive in foreign environment
True/False:Forest fires decrease carrying capacities for most animals.
True
How does the Type I survivorship curve reflect the reproductive strategy of K-selected species?
Type 1 curve reflects that offspring survive more in the earlier years than the late years when they get older. The parental care to offspring.
In your own words, what happens to the offspring of Type I species over time?
Type 1 offspring have a higher survival rate due to the less offspring and more parental nurturing; this means that they have a better chance of surviving while young and then dying off when older.
species
a classification of organisms whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
10. Limiting factors
a physical, chemical, or biological characteristic of the environment that restrain population growth.
Mutation
a random error in gene replication that leads to genetic variation individuals.
demographer
a social scientist who studies the characteristics of populations and analyzes data such as numbers, births, deaths, diseases, and other vital statistics
5. Demographers
a social scientist who studies the size; density; distribution; age structure; sex ratio; and rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration of human populations.
Examples of type 2 survivorship type
birds
what are the four key population factor studied by demographers?
nataility, morality, immigration, emigration
18. Type II Survivorship Curve
survival rates are equivalent regardless of an organism's age.
17. Type I Survivorship Curve
survival rates are high when organisms are young and decrease sharply when organisms are old.
8. Population growth rate percentage (formula)
take answer form population growth rate and divide by number of years to get the percentage.
14. Density independent
the condition of limiting factors whose effects on a population are independent of (not affected by) population density.
Speciation
the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
9. Exponential growth
the increase of population (or of anything ) by a fixed percentage each year.Thus results in a J-shaped curve on a graph.
11. Carrying capacity
the maximum population size of a given organism that a given environment can sustain.
1. Population size
the number of individual organisms present at a given time in a population.
2. Population density
the number of individuals within a population per unit area.
12. Logistic growth
the pattern of population growth that results as a population at first grows exponentially and then is slowed and finally brought to a standstill at carrying capacity by limiting factors. results in a S-shaped curve on a graph.
Ecotourism
the practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment
habitat selection
the process by which organisms select habitats from among the range of options they encounter.
habitat use
the process by which organisms use habitats from among the range of options they encounter
3. Sex ration
the proportion of males to females in a population.
7. Population growth rate (formula)
the rate of change in population's size per unit time. ( generally expressed in percent per year )
6. Rate of natural increase (formula)
the rate of change in population's size resulting from birth and deaths alone, excluding migration.
habitat
the specific environment in which organism lives , including both biotic and abiotic elements
population ecology
the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease
landscape ecology
the study of how landscape structures affects abundance, distribution, and interaction of organism
ecosystem ecology
the study of how the living and nonliving components of ecosystems interact.
Biodiversity
the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
Biotic potential refers
to the maximum reproductive rate of a population in ideal conditions
organism that are a mix of r-selected and k-selected species are:
trees and Turtles both live long lives but have no parental care
19. Type III Survivorship Curve
were most morality takes place at young ages, and survival rates are higher at old ages.
15. r-selected species
were there so many offspring, few survivors are enough to sustain a population. they are adapted to do well in variable or unpredicted environments. the "r" denotes the per capita rate at which population increases in the absence of limiting factors.
overshoot
when there are more organisms than resources which leads to population die off.
16. K-selected species
where their populations tend to stabilize nearing capacity, commonly abbreviated as K. -1/2