APES CHAPTER 3 Test Review

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

A British naturalist, renowned for his theories of evolution and natural selection.

ecologist

A person who studies ecology

How does the Type III survivorship curve reflect the reproductive strategy of r-selected species?

It affects the r-selected species because they generally produce more offspring to consumate for the lower survival rate due to the type of survivorship they have.

A survivorship curve is

a line that displays the relative survival rates of a cohort—a group of individuals of the same age—in a population, from birth to the maximum age reached by any one cohort member.

natality

births within the population

morality

deaths within the population

mass extinction events

episodes that killed off massive numbers of species at once

r-selected characteristics

small offspring, produce a lot of offspring at once, quickly mature sexually,density-dependent, a lot of fluctuation in population size, low parental care

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and nonliving entities that occur and interact in a particular area at the same time.

phylogenetic tree

A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

natural selection

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

fossil

A trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock.

niche

An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.

logistic growth

Growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth. To be at the carrying capacity

exponential growth

Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate. In J-shaped curve

Examples of type 1 survivorship type

Humans and Elephants

Name two generalist species:

Humans and raccoon

What are some natural selection types?

Overproduction, Competition, Adaptations/variations, survival of the fittest.

convergent evolution

Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments

ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Which type of species is most in danger of decline due to the effects of climate change? Explain your reasoning.(specialist or generalist)

Specialists are more in danger of decline due to the effects of climate change because they are less adaptable to different habitats and they primarily only eat on food. This means if the food they eat is gone, they wither.

Extinction

The disappearance of all members of a species from Earth

True or False: do Humans altered their environment to increase its carrying capacity for our population.

True

Pop growth rate equation

[ (year 2/ year 1)-1 ] x 100

Alfred Wallace (1823-1913)

developed and theory of natural selection essentially identical to Darwin's. Published his paper (which Darwin edited) before Darwin, July 1,1858

Life History Theory

explains how natural selection influences reproduction, survival, and lifespan

True or False: A rapidly growing population will, as a rule, have a lower proportion of younger people compared to stable or declining population

false; they will have a higher proportion

Example of type 3 survivorship

fish and plants

Adaptation

inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival

K-selected species are typically -(more or less)-----adversely affected by invasive species than r-selected species, which are minimally affected by invasive species.

more

Emigration

movement of individuals out of a population

Specialist

narrow niches

endemic

native or confined to a particular region or people

artificial selection

selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits in offspring

generalist

species that can utilize a wider variety of resource

13. Density dependent

the condition of limiting factor whose effects on a population become stronger or weaker depending on the population density.

4. Age structure

the relative numbers of individuals of different ages within a population.

What are some medical advances that have resulted in our knowledge of evolution?

How infectious disease spreads and lose or gain potency, Tracking strains of viruses and diseases, and detection of the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

Name two specialist species:

Koalas and Panda

K-selected characteristics

Long lifespan, bigger offspring, slow population growth, stable population, high parental care, and less offspring

immgration

Moving into a population

In your own words, what happens to the offspring of Type III species over time?

The Type 3 species overtime have a lower percentage rate of survival. Many may die off and only a few of the offspring will survive.

background extinction rate

The average rate at which species become extinct over the long term

fossil record

The cumulative body of fossils worldwide, which paleontologists study to infer the history of past life on Earth.

community ecology

The study of how interactions between species affect community structure and organization

What about the r - selected strategy allows them to be successful in a foreign environment)?

They have the ability to adapt quickly because the offspring have little to none parental care. So those species if live past early years are able to survive and adapt this makes them more like to survive in foreign environments Adaptations occur to help suit them to survive in foreign environment

True/False:Forest fires decrease carrying capacities for most animals.

True

How does the Type I survivorship curve reflect the reproductive strategy of K-selected species?

Type 1 curve reflects that offspring survive more in the earlier years than the late years when they get older. The parental care to offspring.

In your own words, what happens to the offspring of Type I species over time?

Type 1 offspring have a higher survival rate due to the less offspring and more parental nurturing; this means that they have a better chance of surviving while young and then dying off when older.

species

a classification of organisms whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

10. Limiting factors

a physical, chemical, or biological characteristic of the environment that restrain population growth.

Mutation

a random error in gene replication that leads to genetic variation individuals.

demographer

a social scientist who studies the characteristics of populations and analyzes data such as numbers, births, deaths, diseases, and other vital statistics

5. Demographers

a social scientist who studies the size; density; distribution; age structure; sex ratio; and rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration of human populations.

Examples of type 2 survivorship type

birds

what are the four key population factor studied by demographers?

nataility, morality, immigration, emigration

18. Type II Survivorship Curve

survival rates are equivalent regardless of an organism's age.

17. Type I Survivorship Curve

survival rates are high when organisms are young and decrease sharply when organisms are old.

8. Population growth rate percentage (formula)

take answer form population growth rate and divide by number of years to get the percentage.

14. Density independent

the condition of limiting factors whose effects on a population are independent of (not affected by) population density.

Speciation

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

9. Exponential growth

the increase of population (or of anything ) by a fixed percentage each year.Thus results in a J-shaped curve on a graph.

11. Carrying capacity

the maximum population size of a given organism that a given environment can sustain.

1. Population size

the number of individual organisms present at a given time in a population.

2. Population density

the number of individuals within a population per unit area.

12. Logistic growth

the pattern of population growth that results as a population at first grows exponentially and then is slowed and finally brought to a standstill at carrying capacity by limiting factors. results in a S-shaped curve on a graph.

Ecotourism

the practice and business of recreational travel based on concern for the environment

habitat selection

the process by which organisms select habitats from among the range of options they encounter.

habitat use

the process by which organisms use habitats from among the range of options they encounter

3. Sex ration

the proportion of males to females in a population.

7. Population growth rate (formula)

the rate of change in population's size per unit time. ( generally expressed in percent per year )

6. Rate of natural increase (formula)

the rate of change in population's size resulting from birth and deaths alone, excluding migration.

habitat

the specific environment in which organism lives , including both biotic and abiotic elements

population ecology

the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease

landscape ecology

the study of how landscape structures affects abundance, distribution, and interaction of organism

ecosystem ecology

the study of how the living and nonliving components of ecosystems interact.

Biodiversity

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Biotic potential refers

to the maximum reproductive rate of a population in ideal conditions

organism that are a mix of r-selected and k-selected species are:

trees and Turtles both live long lives but have no parental care

19. Type III Survivorship Curve

were most morality takes place at young ages, and survival rates are higher at old ages.

15. r-selected species

were there so many offspring, few survivors are enough to sustain a population. they are adapted to do well in variable or unpredicted environments. the "r" denotes the per capita rate at which population increases in the absence of limiting factors.

overshoot

when there are more organisms than resources which leads to population die off.

16. K-selected species

where their populations tend to stabilize nearing capacity, commonly abbreviated as K. -1/2