APES midterm

If the population of a country grows at a rate of approximately 5 percent per year, the number of years required for the population to double is closest to

15 years

Which of the following annual population growth rates is paired with the correct doubling time?

2% . . 35 years

Approximately what percent of the water on Earth is freshwater (liquid and solid)?

2.5%

What is the population doubling time in years for a country with an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent?

20

The country of Sudan has an estimated annual growth rate of 2 percent. At this rate of growth, approximately how many years will it take for the population of Sudan to double

35 years

If the population of a country is growing at a rate of 1.75 percent per year, the population will double in approximately how many years?

40 years

Which of the following best explains why terrestrial trophic pyramids usually do not have levels higher than tertiary consumers?

A large proportion of energy is lost as heat as it is transferred up the pyramid, so there is not enough energy available to support another level.

Which of the following best shows the process of evolution?

A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide.

Which of the following statements about levels of biodiversity is correct?

A population with high genetic biodiversity is better able to respond to environmental stressors.

Marine sediments that form limestone are a major sink for this element.

Carbon

Which letter correctly identifies a process of the hydrologic cycle in which the phase of water is changed from a liquid to a gas?

B (evaporation)

Which of the following statements best describes the trends in the data shown in the graph above?

C More-developed countries tend to have lower total fertility rates than less-developed countries.

Which environment is most likely to be characterized by dry scrub with frequent fires?

C (low precip. high temp)

How does the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the net increase in atmospheric carbon?

Carbon that has been sequestered underground is added to the carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the biosphere.

Exemplified by moss growing on a tree trunk in a forest

Commensalism

Which of the following age structure diagrams represents a population that most likely has a negative growth rate?

D ( looks like coffin)

Of the following organisms, which occupies the lowest trophic level?

Deer

Which of the following is an example of a carbon sink?

Deposition of organic matter on the deep ocean floor

This biome contains plants that are adapted to prevent water loss due to the low average rainfall and high temperatures year-round.

Desert

The diagram above illustrates how the number of individuals in a population changed with time as a result of external stresses and resource limitations. Which lettered portion of the curve most likely corresponds to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem?

E

Which of the following best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires, can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem?

Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity

Which of the following best describes the movement of energy in an ecosystem?

Energy is harnessed by producers, and available energy decreases with each trophic level transfer.

Which of the following pairs of statistics would most likely indicate the highest quality of life in a country?

High life expectancy and low infant mortality

Living organisms must acquire energy from their environment. Examples of adaptations that help organisms acquire this energy include which of the following?

I and II only (The dark, heat-absorbing coloration of a reptile and The fangs and claws of a lion)

Countries undergoing rapid populations growth include which of the following?

I only ( sharp pyramid)

Which of the following is most likely to be the direct result of lack of genetic diversity in a food crop such as corn?

Increased susceptibility on plant disease.

Which of the following is most likely the primary cause of high death rates in phase I?

Infant and childhood mortality

Cycads are gymnosperms that were diverse and abundant during the Mesozoic era. Extant species of cycads share many traits with those from the Mesozoic era. Cycads bear cones, are long-lived with slow growth rates, show late reproductive maturity, and have very few offspring. Based on this description, the cycads are

KK-strategists with a Type I survivorship curve

The greatest amount of fresh water is found in which of the following?

Polar ice caps and glaciers

Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following events occurred after the glacial retreat?

Primary succession

Raccoons eat a variety of foods and can live in a variety of habitats, including locations near humans. Tiger salamanders eat an abundance of worms and insects and require wetland habitats so they do not dry out. Which of the following best identifies the two different species?

Raccoons are generalists, and salamanders are specialists.

Which of the following would be categorized as a cultural ecosystem service of forests?

Recreation and scenic areas for tourism.

Which of the following is most typically associated with the transition from a rural to an urbanized society?

Reduced birth rates

Salamanders, ospreys, snapping turtles, and beavers all live in aquatic habitats. Salamanders lay their eggs in small freshwater pools and feed on insects. Osprey habitats include rivers, bays, and swamps and the birds feed on fish and other animals in the water or on land. Snapping turtles live in fresh or brackish water and feed on plants, fish, frogs, and snakes. Beavers build lodges on islands, pond banks, and lake shores and eat a variety of shrubs, grasses, and crops. Based on the information provided above, which of the following species would best be classified as a specialist?

Salamanders

This biome is characterized by long dry seasons and is dominated by grasses, shrubs, and grazing animals.

Savanna

The increase in the size of Earth's human population in the last century has been dramatic. Which of the following identifies two major contributors to this increase?

The Industrial Revolution and modern medicine

The graph below shows the change in sea level from the Cambrian period to today compared to today's sea level Which of the following statements correctly describes the trends seen in the data?

The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period.

Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following is the most likely reason that an island in the ocean that is 5 kilometers from a continent would have a higher number of species than one that is 15 kilometers from a continent?

There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers.

Which of the following best explains why decomposers in soils and water are important to ecosystems?

They recycle nutrients.

The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water vapor is released from leaves into the atmosphere is called

Transpiration

In 1950, a country had a total fertility rate of 5.9. In 2010, the total fertility rate of the country was 2.3. Which of the following is most likely the reason for the change in total fertility rate?

Women had increased educational opportunities and had children later in life.

Factors that affect the total fertility rate of a human population include which of the following? 1 Cultural traditions 2 Government policies and economic incentives 3 Education level and economic opportunities for females

all of them

Traveling southward from the Arctic regions of Canada to the tropics of Panama, one passes through several biomes - tundra, coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, and tropical rain forest. This pattern of change in vegetation is primarily the result of

an increase in both mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation

All of the following are negative externalities EXCEPT

bees pollinating vegetables in addition to creating honey

Which of the following species is most likely to provide extensive parental care to its offspring?

bobcat

In the graph below charting the growth of a population of organisms, the line labeled K represents the...

carrying capacity of the population

The K-selection reproductive strategy maximizes survival of offspring by producing

few offspring with high levels of parental care

Although the fertility rate for women in the United States has declined in recent years to a value below replacement level, the United States population is still increasing because of

immigration

A country with an age distribution like that shown in the figure above, is most likely a country that

is experiencing slow or no population growth

Which of the following species is most likely to be an invasive species if introduced into a favorable new habitat?

oyster

Zero population growth is associated with

phases I and IV

The two major processes involved in the carbon cycle are

photosynthesis and respiration

Members of an r-selected species characteristically

reach sexual maturity quickly

In a certain country, the birth rate is high, the death rate is high, and there are many children that are part of the workforce. The country is most likely in which of the following stages of the demographic transition?

stage 1

During which stage of the demographic transition shown above does a population begin to experience an explosive increase in growth?

stage 2

Phytoplankton are most abundant in the upper few hundred feet of most bodies of water because

sunlight does not penetrate to great depths in water

Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with a country that demonstrates the age structure in the diagram shown above? ( triangle pyramid)

there is a high fertility rate

Which of the following is generally true of K-strategist species as compared to r-strategist species?

they have longer life spans