APES Review

(Graph showing monthly average of CO2 concentration) According to the graph, the increase in CO2 concentration, in parts per million, between 1970 and 1990 is closest to (*Make sure to look at graph and make sure it isn't different, it shouldn't be but just in case*) a.5 ppm b.30 ppm c.50 ppm d.340 ppm e.355 ppm

30 ppm

26. In 1900 the amount of carbon dioxide gas released into the atmosphere by human activity was estimated to be 250 million metric tons per year. By the year 2000, this amount had increased to just over 350 million metric tons per year. What is the approximate percent increase in carbon dioxide concentration from 1900 to 2000? 20% 40% 80% 120% 150%

40%

Initially passed in 1970, the Clean Air Act regulates ground level ozone criteria air pollutants stratospheric ozone A and B only A, B, and C

A, B, and C

31. Increased levels of atmospheric CO2 result in the greenhouse effect and thus affect global climatic warming. The graph below shows the effect of these changes on photosynthesis. Which of the following statements about these processes is FALSE? (image) For most plants, temperatures over 40℃ reduce photosynthesis At temperatures below 20℃, high atmospheric CO2 concentrations reduce photosynthesis to values below those seen for plants growing in normal CO2 concentrations One result of increased levels of atmospheric CO2 will be to increase rates of photosynthesis in most plants At high CO2 concentrations, the highest rates of photosynthesis are measured at temperatures between 30℃ and 35℃ CO2 concentration is normally a limiting factor for photosynthesis

At temperatures below 20℃, high atmospheric CO2 concentrations reduce photosynthesis to values below those seen for plants growing in normal CO2 concentrations

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas that is emitted by domestic livestock? NO2 CH4 O3 CO SO2

CH4

25. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions can be reduced in motor vehicles using which of the following methods? Irradiation by UV light electrostatic precipitating filters Catalytic Converters liquid chromatography exhaust-stream aeration

Catalytic Converters

In which area(s) do winds predominantly blow from east to west? I.Tropics II.Temperate regions III.Polar regions I only II only III only I and II I and III

I and III

Which group most likely would address the trends in CO2 concentration represented in the graph? a.US Forestry Service b.International Panel on Climate Change c.Montreal Protocol d.US Fish and Wildlife Service e.Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

International Panel on Climate Change

Of the following cities, which regularly experiences the worst levels of photochemical smog that is enhanced by thermal inversions? New York City, New York Los Angeles, California Portland, Oregon Atlanta, Georgia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Los Angeles, California

Which of the following best illustrates point-source pollution? toxic sediments in the delta of a major river increase in NOx in a traffic clogged city Dust blowing off unpaved roads Smoke emitted from forest fires Smokestack emissions from a large smelting company

Smokestack emissions from a large smelting company

Of the following, which is true of noise pollution? Noise pollution is an insignificant occupational hazard Noise at 100 decibels has twice the noise at 50 decibels Hearing damage occurs most quickly when the intensity level of the sound is low In urban areas, few individuals are exposed to noise pollution Sudden or persistent noise may lead to permanent hearing loss

Sudden or persistent noise may lead to permanent hearing loss

Which of the following describes the heat-island effect? Urban areas trap more heat than rural areas do Tropical islands reflect heat back into the atmosphere Warm water in the Pacific causes excessive evaporation into the atmosphere Lakes retain heat and provide warmth for landmasses nearby Rapid decomposition in swamps releases a large amount of heat

Urban areas trap more heat than rural areas do

Smoke from forest fires is most likely to affect air quality over larger areas for many days when smog is produced due to chemical reactions in the atmosphere a persistent atmospheric inversion exists in the region oak trees are burned, releasing terpenes into the atmosphere primary, rather than secondary, forests are burned vegetation in the region is green and burns more slowly

a persistent atmospheric inversion exists in the region

If Earth had no atmosphere, the mean surface temperature would be approximately -15℃. With our present atmosphere, Earth's mean temperature is approximately -15℃. Which of the following is the best explanation for this difference? a. absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases, such as CO2 b. absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer c. reflection of incident solar radiation by clouds d. scattering of visible radiation by aerosols e. the breakdown of oxygen molecules in the thermosphere

a. absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases, such as CO2

Rising sea levels due to global warming would be responsible for all of the following except destruction of coastal wetlands beach erosion increases in storm flood damage increased salinity of estuaries and aquifers all would be the result of rising sea levels

all would be the result of rising sea levels

Which of the following is a positive feedback process that contributes to the greenhouse warming of the Earth? a. Decreased air temperature and subsequent formation of clouds b. Decreased incidence of sunspot activity c. Decreased size of the snowpack d. Increased emissions of particulates and aerosols from industrial activity e. Increased volcanic activity

c. Decreased size of the snowpack

36. The majority of atmospheric mercury is produced by medical waste incinerators volatilization of lead-based paint coal-burning power plants runoff from thermometer factories municipal waste incinerators

coal-burning power plants

Although ozone in the stratosphere has been decreasing in recent years, ozone near Earth's surface is on the increase. This ozone near the surface is undesirable because it a. absorbs ultraviolet light. b. accelerates rates of photosynthesis in plants. c. has a different chemical structure than stratospheric ozone. d. is a strong oxidant and respiratory irritant. e. reacts with hydrocarbons to form CFCs

d. is a strong oxidant and respiratory irritant.

Which of the following is not an effect of El Nino? a loss of nutrients in the affected ocean waters a warming of the waters off the western coast of South America dryer conditions in the Eastern United States, Peru, and Ecuador a cooling cycle known as La Nina dryer conditions in the philippines, indonesia, and australia

dryer conditions in the Eastern United States, Peru, and Ecuador

The primary cause of Earth's seasons is the a. ... b. ... c. ... d. ... e. Tilt of Earth's rotational axis with respect to the plane of its orbit around the Sun.

e. Tilt of Earth's rotational axis with respect to the plane of its orbit around the Sun.

Which of the following human activities is most closely associated with the depletion of stratospheric ozone a. Agricultural b. Burning fossil fuels c. Harnessing wind energy d. Mining of coal e. Use of refrigerants in refrigerators and air conditioners (CFCs)

e. Use of refrigerants in refrigerators and air conditioners (CFCs)

Which of the following is most likely a significant cause of the general trend indicated by the graph? a.reduction of ozone concentrations in the atmosphere b.reduction in the size of polar ice caps c.increase in energy output of the Sun d.increase in evaporation of ocean water e.increase in consumption of fossil fuels

increase in consumption of fossil fuels

The three main anthropogenic sources of gaseous air pollutants in the United States are soil erosion, volcanoes, and forest fires soil erosion, volcanoes, and energy production industry, construction, and agriculture industry, transportation, and energy production industry, transportation, and agriculture

industry, transportation, and energy production

Ground-level ozone in most major United States cities results primarily from burning coal burning fuel for cooking producing electric power industrial emissions motor-vehicle exhaust

motor-vehicle exhaust

Which CAP(s) (Criteria Air Pollutants) can lead to acid rain? lead and ozone lead and particulate matter sulfur dioxide and particulate matter nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide nitrogen oxides and lead

nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide

Which of the following is a secondary pollutant? particulate matter ozone sulfur dioxide carbon monoxide carbon dioxide

ozone

. Which of the following would be the most effective in decreasing acid rain and acid deposition problems? using higher smokestacks reducing use of fossil fuels developing acid-resistant crops adding lime to acidified lakes relocating power plants to areas of lower population density

reducing use of fossil fuels

Which of the following actions would be the most effective in decreasing acid rain and acid deposition problems using higher smokestacks reducing use of fossil fuels developing acid-resistant crops adding lime to acidified lakes relocating power plants to areas of lower population density

reducing use of fossil fuels

Which of the following most likely explains the periodic fluctuations of the curve? daily variation in air temperature daily variation in sea level seasonal variations in photosynthetic activity seasonal variations in ocean water temperature seasonal variations in human industrial activity

seasonal variations in photosynthetic activity

In which later is UVC radiation filtered out?

stratosphere

Pollution is considered an external cost when it has harmful effects borne only by the people who purchase the products that cause the pollution the cost to the environment is not reflected in the price of the products that produce the pollution it has a significant impact on the consumer's decision to buy a product that pollutes it is a hidden cost that would result in a greater demand for the product if the consumer were aware of the hidden cost it is produced in the external environment by a malfunction in the operation of the product

the cost to the environment is not reflected in the price of the products that produce the pollution

Acid decomposition would most likely result in which of the following the release of aluminum ions from soils an increase in populations of mollusks the death of species tolerant of low pH levels an increase in the buffering of lake water by sulfates an increase in the pH of unbuffered water

the release of aluminum ions from soils

35. Global climate change occurs because increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the troposphere absorb outgoing IR radiation the stratosphere absorbs outgoing IR radiation the troposphere absorb incoming UV radiation the stratosphere absorbs incoming UV radiation

the troposphere absorb outgoing IR radiation

In which layer is climate change occurring?

troposphere

In which layer is most of the Earth's air mass located?

troposphere