APES SE

Based on the second law of thermodynamics, how much biomass of phytoplankton would be needed to produce 1 kilogram (kg) of large fish in this food web?

1,000kg

If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is?

1.6%

Directions: The following questions(s) refer to the following graph. At which time after clear-cutting does the ecosystem exhibit the greatest species richness?

100 Years

If the population of a country is growing at a rate of 1.75 percent per year, the population will double in approximately how many years?

40 years

Population growing exponentially

A

Which box represents a carbon sink that holds carbon compounds for the shortest period of time?

A

Which of the following best shows the process of evolution?

A population of mosquitoes develops resistance to a pesticide.

Symbiotic relationships are critical in the success of ecosystems. The most common symbiotic relationship is ______________?

Commensalism

Which of the following would be most likely to occur in the scenarios that have experienced habitat loss and/or fragmentation in the diagram?

Decrease in the number of specialist species

The total rate of photosynthesis in a given area.

Gross primary productivity

It is crazy to think but Humans are the one organism that defies the natural order of population growth vs. carrying capacity. How has our species been able to avoid a carry capacity thus far?

Having the ability to eat at multiple trophic levels has provided the energy necessary for humans to continue to populate the planet

In reef ecosystems, corals often have microalgae living inside them. The algae supply the corals with nutrients, and the coral give shelter to the algae. Which of the following interactions best describes the relationship between the corals and the algae?

Mutualism

The tropical rain forests are known to have a large variety of animals. One example is the orchid mantis that is highly camouflaged when standing on a certain species of orchid found in tropical environments. Another species, the tropical cockroach, can live anywhere in the rainforest where it can find water and a food source. Which of the following statements best describes why it is predicted that the orchid mantis will be more affected by global climate change than the tropical cockroach will be?

Orchid mantises tend to be advantaged in habitats that remain constant; the Rainforest habitat is likely to shift because of global climate change.

Which of the following best explains the change in the moose population from 1995 to 1997?

Plants in the area could not support the large population of moose in 1995.

Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following events occurred after the glacial retreat?

Primary succession

Which of the following best describes the flow of energy in most terrestrial and near-surface marine ecosystems?

Producers use energy from the sun to make organic matter, such as sugars, from Carbon dioxide and water are then consumed by organisms higher in the food chain.

Which of the following correctly describes the disruption of an ecosystem service by anthropogenic activity?

Provisioning services are disrupted by increased combustion of fossil fuels, which leads to an increase in air pollution.

Based on the data shown in the graph, which of the following best describes how ecologists could determine when this ecosystem is approaching a climax community?

Record the number and type of producers present every year after the eruption

Which of the following would be categorized as a cultural ecosystem service of forests?

Recreation and scenic areas for tourism

This freshwater biome is characterized by fast-flowing water that can originate from underground springs or runoff, which carries sediment and organic material.

Rivers

Salamanders, ospreys, snapping turtles, and beavers all live in aquatic habitats. Salamanders lay their eggs in small freshwater pools and feed on insects. Osprey habitats include rivers, bays, and swamps and the birds feed on fish and other animals in the water or on land. Snapping turtles live in fresh or brackish water and feed on plants, fish, frogs, and snakes. Beavers build lodges on islands, pond banks, and lake shores and eat a variety of shrubs, grasses, and crops.Based on the information provided above, which of the following species would best be classified as a specialist?

Salamanders

A certain species of dinosaur laid large numbers of eggs, and the hatchlings had high mortality early in life. But if they survived, the young dinosaurs were able to grow at a rapid pace and disperse into the environment in order to thrive. Based on this information and the graph above, which of the following best characterizes this species of dinosaur?

The dinosaurs were r-strategists and exhibited a Type III survivorship curve

Which of the following best describes what is represented by the arrows in the food web?

The flow of energy

Which of the following best describes the frog species' range of tolerance to acidic conditions?

The frogs can tolerate a pH between 4.5 and 6.

Which of the following describes the most likely change to terrestrial biomes resulting from warmer average global temperatures?

The global distribution of midlatitude biomes, such as grasslands and temperate rainforests, would increase.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the trends seen in the data?

The lowest sea level occurred during the Paleogene period.

The Devils Hole pupfish is one of the world's rarest fishes, spending most of its life in the top few meters of very warm waters of a cavern located in the middle of the Mojave Desert. Devils Hole, a geologic pool, is the only naturally occurring habitat for the endangered Devils Hole pupfish. This fish's habitat is one of the smallest natural ranges known for any vertebrate. Devils Hole is an extreme environment, with water temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations near the lethal limits for most fish species. Which of the following statements best explains why the Devils Hole pupfish are able to live in this environment?

The pupfish are well adapted to the habitat of Devils Hole and can thrive in conditions that are outside of the range of tolerance for most other species.

Which of the following characteristics is most closely associated with a country that demonstrates the age structure in the diagram shown above?

There is a high total fertility rate.

Study Finds Aardvarks Suffering as African Climate Heats Up Little is known about Africa's elusive aardvarks, but new research says they are vulnerable to climate change like many other species. Hotter temperatures are taking their toll on the aardvark, whose diet of ants and termites is becoming scarcer in some areas because of reduced rainfall. Drought in the Kalahari Desert killed five out of six aardvarks that were being monitored for a year, as well as 11 others in the area. The aardvarks' body temperatures plummeted during the night because they were not getting enough energy from diminished food sources. They tried to conserve energy by looking for insects during the warmer daytime, but their efforts to adapt could not save them. Researchers said some birds, reptiles and other animals use aardvark burrows to escape extreme temperatures, reproduce, and hide from predators. They could have fewer refuges available if aardvark populations shrink because of rising temperatures, they said. The aardvark, which lives in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, is identified as an animal of "least concern" on an international "red list" of threatened species. There are no indications that the population is changing significantly in southern Africa, though it is speculated that numbers may be declining elsewhere because of habitat destruction, the bushmeat trade and other factors. "Study Finds aardvarks suffering as African climate heats up," Christopher Torchia, Phys.org, July 31, 2017.Which of the following best identifies the author's claim?

Aardvarks are a keystone species and their decline could have a trophic cascade effect on the ecosystem.

The snowshoe hare (a member of the rabbit family) is the primary prey for the Canadian lynx. The Canadian lynx is a wild feline that is slightly larger than a bobcat. Scientists plan to investigate the relative sizes of the hare and the lynx populations over a 3-year period. Based on predator-prey dynamics, which of the following identifies the hypothesis most likely to be supported by the study?

An increase in the lynx population size will lead to a decrease in the hare population size.

The majority of the nitrogen on Earth can be found in which of the following reservoirs?

Atmosphere

Which of the following best exemplifies population momentum?

Continued growth of a population after fertility drops to replacement level

The diagram above illustrates how the number of individuals in a population changed with time as a result of external stresses and resource limitations. Which lettered portion of the curve most likely corresponds to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem?

E

The data table below shows plant biodiversity of different ecosystems in Glacier National Park. In parts of the park, the glacier is receding leading to succession. Based on the data in the table, which ecosystem is in the earliest stages of succession?

Ecosystem B

Which of the following best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires, can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem?

Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity.

This biome contains a nutrient-rich environment created by falling leaves and trapped organic materials from the large trees, and it provides the ecosystem service of filtering pollutants from water.

Freshwater wetlands

Which of the following smaller reservoirs of freshwater are missing from the diagram?

Ice Caps

Energy is transferred along food chains from one stage to the next. Which statement best explains how the energy is transferred?

If a primary producer stores 10,000kcal of energy, then a tertiary consumer will have 10kcal of energy available.

The many finch species of the Galápagos Islands evolved from a single species that immigrated to the islands from the coast of South America. These species differ primarily in beak shape, which is closely related to the type of food each species specializes in eating. Which of the following best explains why each of the finch species on the Galápagos Islands evolved to be specialists?

Islands have limited food resources, forcing species to feed on a small range of food items.

Which of the following is a true statement about replacement-level fertility?

It is greater in countries with high infant-mortality rates than in countries with low infant-mortality rates.

Which of the following processes is illustrated by the downward arrows from the atmosphere that show the conversion of nitrogen gas into usable forms available to producers?

Nitrogen Fixation

Which of the following graphs best displays population size over time of an r -selected species that has just colonized a new habitat with abundant resources?

Option 1

Which of the following calculation methods would determine the percent change in the crude birth rate from 1994 to 2019 ?

Option 2

The K-selection reproductive strategy maximizes survival of offspring by producing

few offspring with high levels of parental care

Small populations of animals, such as those typically found on islands, are prone to extinction because...

they are more vulnerable to unpredictable events