APES sem. 1 chapter 12 set

The graph below shows the change in hog farming in the United States from 1955-2015. The hog-farming industry maintains production levels to satisfy the demand for pork. Which of the following methods of meat production would provide the most likely explanation for the information represented in the graph above? a- free- range grazing b- organic meat production c- individual transferable quotas d- concentrated animal feeding operations

Concentrated animal feeding operations

Glyphosates are herbicides that are often applied to genetically modified (G M) crops to kill weeds without harming the crop itself. Which of the following statements best explains the relationship shown on the graph? a- Increased use of glyphosate herbicides kills more weeds and thus leads to higher crop yields. b- The use of glyphosate herbicides has decreased because it has been shown to be ineffective in killing weeds. c- The use of glyphosate has selected for herbicide resistance in weed populations. d- The use of glyphosate herbicides has decreased because the cost of the herbicides has increased. e- Increased use of glyphosate herbicides correlates to increased agricultural profit.

The use of glyphosate has selected for herbicide resistance in weed populations

Which of the following is the most likely result from clearing mature, forested land and converting it into agricultural land that would be used for cattle grazing? a- There will be a decrease in the amount of runoff into nearby streams. b- There will be a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. c- There will be an increase in the diversity and size of primary producers. d- There will be a reduction in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

There will be a reduction in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Glyphosates are herbicides that are often applied to genetically modified (G M) crops to kill weeds without harming the crop itself. Which of the following statements identifies a concern associated with the increased proportion of GM crops being grown? a- Use of GM seeds can lead to loss of genetic diversity in crops. b- GM crops cannot be grown in marginal soils. c- Runoff from GM crop fields can lead to increased eutrophication. d- GM crops cannot withstand herbicide application, reducing crop yield.

a- Use of GM seeds can lead to loss of genetic diversity in crops

A major environmental problem caused by using the agricultural practice of tilling is... a- eutrophication from excess fertilizer use b- ozone depletion from fossil fuel use c- intercropping by traditional farmers d- compaction of soil from adding compost

a- eutrophication from excess fertilizer use

Overfishing of stocks of fish species, like salmon and cod, in an effort to meet a growing global demand has become an international concern. A recent estimate indicates that the average annual consumption of fish globally in 2014 was about twice the consumption in 1960. Because of increased concerns about the impact of overfishing, fishery managers are looking for ways to protect wild populations while still satisfying global demand for food for human consumption.Which of the following techniques could best reduce the harmful effects of overfishing if it were to be widely adopted by the fishing industry? a- increased use of large-mesh gill nets for harvesting salmon and trout b- greater reliance on bottom trawling in costal waters for harvesting shrimp and sole c- Increased use of long-line fishing techniques in the open ocean for harvesting swordfish and halibut d- Widespread application of cyanide in tropical waters for harvesting tuna and cod

a- increased use of large-mesh gill nets for harvesting salmon and trout

One way that farmers can help to reduce soil erosion is by using soil conservation methods. Which of the following is an example of a soil conservation method? a- one or two crops are planted together in rows between trees or shrubs, which provide shade as well as fruits or nuts b- cutting down trees to allow sunlight and rain to reach the soil c- Native plants are plowed up to make room for crops, and after the crops are harvested, land is plowed and left bare until the next growing season. d- Frequent flood irrigation of agricultural land, whereby the water flows in ditches through the fields. e- Frequent irrigation so water accumulates under the ground and, when the water table rises, supplies constant water to the plant roots.

a- one or two crops are planted together in rows between trees or shrubs, which provide shade as well as fruits or nuts

overgrazing public land by privately owned livestock is an example of the a- tragedy of the commons b- right of eminent domain c- rule of seventy d- principle of manifest destiny e- swapping of debt for nature

a- tragedy of the commons

All of the following are true about aquaculture EXCEPT a- china raises 70% of the world's fishes using aquaculture methods. b- farmed fishes are safe from contamination by toxins such as PCBs because their cages do not allow them to swim deep enough into the water c- algae and other plants are the most common food eaten by fishes raised in aquaculture environments. d- also called the blue revolution, this method involves raising fishes in ponds, lakes, rice paddies,and underwater cages in oceans or estuaries. e- about 37% of the wild marine fishes caught are used to provide food to farmed fishes.

b- farmed fishes are safe from contamination by toxins such as PCBs because their cages do not allow them to swim deep enough into ocean water

Which of the following statements best explains the graphs? a- the price of cotton is high because the cotton growing uses a lot of water b- fruits and vegetables give the greatest monetary return per water usage c- raising cattle for consumption uses few resources d- the amount of livestock exceeds the amount of fruits and vegetables e- people consume more vegetables than they do rice

b- fruits and vegetables give the greatest monetary return per water usage

Switching from customary large-scale agriculture practices to which of the following is most likely to reduce the exposure of farmworkers and nearby residents to toxic chemicals. a- no-till cultivation b- integrated pest management c- contour plowing d- crop dusting e- use of cover crops

b- integrated pest management

Vegetarianism is often cited as a partial solution to the growing problem of deforestation and other types of habitat destruction as the human population continues to grow. The reason for this is a- vegetarians are healthier due to lack of animal fat in their diets b- more people can be fed using less agricultural land because vegetarians eat at a lower trophic level c- vegetarians consume fewer calories per person and therefore require fewer acres of farmland d- vegetarian diets often recommend consuming large amounts of tree nuts as a source of protein, which preserves forest habitats e- vegetarians often support conservation efforts that promote forest conservation

b- more people can be fed using less agricultural land because vegetarians eat at a lower trophic level

which of the following is an example of an environmental benefit of aquaculture? a- Raising large numbers of fish in a small area near the shore will increase the profitability of the fish harvest. b- Raising fish using aquaculture and feeding human populations with the harvest reduces the number of fish caught from the ocean. c- Aquaculture supports the food supply for humans, and the fish can also be released into the wild to repopulate the ocean. d- Aquaculture results in large amounts of fish that can feed large numbers of people and help to increase human population growth.

b- raising fish using aquaculture and feeding human populations with the harvest reduces the number of fish caught from the ocean

Based on the information shown in the graph, which of the following statements is most likely to be true? a- Streams in watershed I experience substantially more algal blooms than those in watershed IV. b- When precipitation varies, streams in watershed II experience the greatest fluctuations in water volume. c- Watershed III has the highest percentage of impervious surfaces. d- The water quality of streams in watershed IV is excellent because of the abundance of nutrients available to aquatic organisms. e- Low dissolved oxygen is a severe problem in the streams in watershed I because of the inability of light to penetrate the forest canopy.

b- when the precipitation varies, streams in watershed II experience the greatest fluctuations in water volume

The Next Green Revolution Half a century ago disaster loomed just as ominously (as today). Speaking about global hunger in 1959, one economist said, "At best the world outlook for the decades ahead is grave; at worst it is frightening."Before those visions could come to pass, the green revolution transformed global agriculture, especially wheat and rice. [S]elective breeding created a dwarf variety of wheat that put most of its energy into edible kernels rather than long, inedible stems. The result: more grain per acre. Similar work in the Philippines dramatically improved the productivity of the grain that feeds nearly half the world. From the 1960s through the 1990s, yields of rice and wheat in Asia doubled.To keep doing that between now and 2050, we'll need another green revolution. There are two competing visions of how it will happen. One is high-tech, with a heavy emphasis on continuing breeding better crops, but with modern genetic techniques. "The next green revolution will supercharge the tools of the old one." Scientists, he argues, can now identify and manipulate a huge variety of plant genes, for traits like disease resistance and drought tolerance. That's going to make farming more productive and resilient.The signature technology of this approach—and the one that has brought both success and controversy to Monsanto—is genetically modified, or GM, crops. First released in the 1990s, they've been adopted by 28 countries and planted on 11 percent of the world's arable land, including half the cropland in the U.S. About 90 percent of the corn, cotton, and soybeans grown in the U.S. are genetically modified. Americans have been eating GM products for nearly two decades. But in Europe and much of Africa, debates over the safety and environmental effects of GM crops have largely blocked their use.A recent study by the U.S. Department of Agriculture found that pesticide use on corn crops has dropped 90 percent since the introduction of Bt corn, which contains genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that help it ward off corn borers and other pests. Reports from China indicate that harmful aphids have decreased—and ladybugs and other beneficial insects have increased—in provinces where GM cotton has been planted.Which of the following is an assumption made by the author regarding the use of genetically modified crops? a- Eventually, pests will become resistant to the Bt gene, and pesticide use will increase in the near future. b- The amount of arable land will remain relatively constant, and the growing human population will have enough food if more crops can be harvested from the same amount of land. c- Farmers in more-developed countries will grow fewer genetically modified foods in the near future because they are not cost effective. d- Current agricultural practices are effective enough to feed the global population, but improvements in technology will help crops such as cotton and tobacco.

c- Farmers in more-developed countries will grow fewer genetically modified foods in the near future because they are not cost effective.

Glyphosates are herbicides that are often applied to genetically modified (G M) crops to kill weeds without harming the crop itself.Which of the following statements best explains the relationship shown on the graph? a- Increased use of glyphosate herbicides kills more weeds and thus leads to higher crop yields. b- The use of glyphosate herbicides has decreased because it has been shown to be ineffective in killing weeds. c- The use of glyphosate has selected for herbicide resistance in weed populations. d- The use of glyphosate herbicides has decreased because the cost of the herbicides has increased. e- Increased use of glyphosate herbicides correlates to increased agricultural profit.

c- The use of glyphosate has selected for herbicide resistance in weed populations.

The data table below shows the annual anchovy catch and average sea surface temperature off the coast of Peru from 1995 through 2001. The low anchovy catch in 1998 was most likely the result of a- an increase in the number of hurricanes b- an increase in the population of anchovy predators c- reduced ocean upwelling along the coast d- reduced surface runoff due to drought e- unusually strong trade winds

c- reduced ocean upwellings along the coast

which of the following best describes environmental damage caused by slash and burn farming in tropical rainforests? a- nitrogen and phosphorus enter streams and reduce the growth of algae b- the soil loses fertility after a short period of time and will be ineffective for farming use c- the bare soil is exposed and becomes dried out, killing valuable soil bacteria d- there is an increase in biodiversity as areas that were previously forested areas are converted into agricultural fields.

c- the bare soil is exposed and becomes dried out, killing valuable soil bacteria

one way to successfully incorporate genetic engineering is to a- add pesticides to the DNA of the crop plant b- cross a crop plant with a native variety c- bring in hormones to control developmental processes at different stages. d- use biological control by importing natural predators. e- get on the pesticide treadmill

cross a crop plant with a native variety

Overfishing of stocks of fish species, like salmon and cod, in an effort to meet a growing global demand has become an international concern. A recent estimate indicates that the average annual consumption of fish globally in 2014 was about twice the consumption in 1960. Because of increased concerns about the impact of overfishing, fishery managers are looking for ways to protect wild populations while still satisfying global demand for food for human consumption.Various nations have adopted policies designed to combat overfishing. Which of the following approaches is commonly used to combat the problem of overfishing? a- reducing the limits on the numbers of commercial fish species that can be caught b- banning the use of sonar as a means for capturing fish in the open ocean waters c- promoting fishing in estuaries and breeding grounds rather than in open ocean d- enforcing minimum-size requirements for the capture of some commercial species

d- enforcing minimum-size requirements for the capture of some commercial species

Humans consume a variety of protein products, each with a different carbon footprint based on a variety of factors.Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph? a- Feedlot beef is the most sustainable protein because it has low requirements for fossil fuels, requires small pastures, and produces a large amount of protein for human consumption with low levels of pollution released. b- Beans and soy products provide the least amount of protein for human consumption because they are plant-based foods. They require large amounts of land and have a high carbon footprint. c- Seafood harvested from aquaculture has a larger carbon footprint than seafood harvested from fisheries. Aquaculture requires large amounts of fossil fuels and releases more greenhouse gases than fisheries do because the fish are more concentrated. d- grass-fed beef has the highest carbon-equivalent footprint because of land-use changes to create pasture land combined with contributions from transportation, processing, manure treatment, making fertilizer, and digestive fermentation processes

d- grass-fed beef has the highest carbon-equivalent footprint because of land-use changes to create pasture land combined with contributions from transportation, processing, manure treatment, making fertilizer, and digestive fermentation processes

Which of the following statements is consistent with the graphs below? a- per capita meat consumption in african will increase as the population in africa increases b- North American meat production is expected to decrease as population increases. c- Per capita meat consumption in Europe will decline because population in Europe is projected to decrease. d- people in north america consume more meat per capita than people in other regions of the world do e- By 2050 Asia will have the greatest per capita meat consumption because Asia has the greatest projected increase in population.

d- people in north america consume more meat per capita than people in other regions of the world do

The land on a 100-acre farm is equally suited for grazing cattle and growing corn. Of the following ways of distributing land use, which would produce the greatest number of calories of human consumption? a- 100 acres of grazing cattle, 0 acres of growing corn b- 80 acres of grazing cattle, 20 acres of growing corn c- 50 acres of grazing cattle, 50 acres of growing corn d- 20 acres of grazing cattle, 80 acres of growing corn e- 0 acres of grazing cattle, 100 acres of growing corn

e- 0 acres of grazing cattle, 100 acres of growing corn

Which of the following is a negative consequence of aquaculture? a- protein-rich food is provided to billions of people b- pressure of wild fish populations is reduced c- excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus can leak from the location d- other species (by catch) may be accidently removed during harvest

excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus can leak from the location