APES: Things to Know for Unit #7 Test (Ch. 14-17)

According to the textbook, the best way to reduce sulfurous smog is: • a. scrubbers b. coal gasification • c. conservation of fossil fuels • d. fluidized bed combustion • e. improved education

A

Atmospheric inversion conditions over urban areas pose a problem primarily because: • a. pollutants are trapped and concentrated • b. the conditions are conducive to photochemical smog • c. the inhabitants can be cut off from oxygen • d. many sensitive plants and animals freeze to death • e. CFCs are concentrated and destroy protective ozone

A

Most often cited as the causative factor for acid deposition. • a. sulfur dioxide • b. lead • c. ozone • d. hydrocarbons • e. particulates

A

Ozone blocks ultraviolet light. What becomes of the UV radiation afterwards? • a. it becomes heat in the stratosphere • b. it becomes infrared radiation • c. it is reflected to space • d. it is scattered so that its effects on the surface are reduced • e. it combines with ozone to form water vapor

A

Particulate pollutants introduced into the atmosphere may have which of the following effects? I. reflect incoming sunlight, lowering the temperature at the surface II. absorb incoming sunlight, raising the temperature in the atmosphere III. act as condensation nuclei, decreasing precipitation • a. I only • b. II only • c. III only • d. I and II • e. I, II, and III

A

The major human health problem related to radon accumulation is: • a. lung cancer • b. heart disease • c. pancreatic cancer • d. cataracts • e. malignant melanoma

A

Which of the following is a product of radioactive decay that has the greatest mass and travels the shortest distance before being stopped by other matter? • a. alpha particles • b. beta particles • c. gamma particles • d. electrons • e. radon

A

Which of the following is an example of carbon-dioxide sequestration? • a. the injection of carbon dioxide into subsurface geological reservoirs • b. smoke stack emissions • c. reversal of global warming • d. scrubbing carbon dioxide out of power plant emissions • e. emissions trading

A

asbestos

A mineral once used in insulation and other materials that can cause respiratory diseases

risk management

A systematic and structured approach to managing the potential for loss that is related to a threat.

Asbestos is __________. It is considered a dangerous substance because _________. • a. a chemical substance; it has toxic effects on the respiratory system • b. a natural mineral than has very thin fibers; these fibers can become trapped in the lungs and cause cancer •c. a naturally occurring byproduct of carbon combustion; it is known to cause lung cancer • d. a commonly used building material; it been found to emit potentially dangerous radiation • e. a common insulator; when released into the air, it is highly toxic to humans and animals

B

Furniture stuffing, paneling, particle board, and foam insulation may be sources of • a. chloroform • b. formaldehyde • c. carbon monoxide • d. asbestos

B

Implicated in human neurological damage. • a. sulfur dioxide • b. lead • c. ozone • d. hydrocarbons • e. particulates

B

Lichens are particularly useful for indicating • a. water pollution • b. air pollution from sulfur dioxide • c. toxic waste sites • d. pesticides • e. air pollution from carbon monoxide

B

Ozone is the only known gas that absorbs: • a. UVA radiation • b. UVB radiation c. UVC radiation • d. all of the above • e. none of the above

B

Since 1987, the EPA has focused on particulate matter less than 10 microns. If you worked for the air pollution division of EPA, you would be least likely to focus on • a. tobacco smoke • b. pollen • c. insecticide dusts • d. oil smoke

B

Tall smokestacks on power plants were designed to • a. allow exhaust to cool before entering the atmosphere • b. disperse pollutants, so they wouldn't cause harmful effects in the immediate area • c. trap sulfur emissions • d. augment the chimney effect in the area around the plant • e. inhibit the reactions that form sulfuric acid

B

Which of the following areas would be least likely to have a temperature inversion? • a. an area near the coast • b. an area in the central plains • c. a valley surrounded by mountains • d. the leeward side of a mountain range

B

Which of the following places the layers of the atmosphere in the correct order from lowest to highest? • a. thermosphere, troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere • b. troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere • c. thermosphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, troposphere • d. stratosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, troposphere

B

epidemiology

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people.

Acid deposition is properly defined as the ____ deposition of ____ pollutants onto Earth's surface. • a. wet, secondary • b. dry, secondary • c. wet and dry, secondary • d. wet and dry, primary

C

All of the following are greenhouse gases EXCEPT • a. water vapor • b. carbon dioxide • c. oxygen • d. methane • e. nitrous oxide

C

All of the following are primary products of fossil fuel combustion EXCEPT • A) SOX • B) NOX • C) O3 • D) CO2 • E) CH4

C

All of the following are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) except • a. methane • b. chlorofluorocarbon • c. carbon monoxide • d. benzene

C

Considered harmful in the troposhpere but beneficial in the stratosphere. • a. sulfur dioxide • b. lead • c. ozone • d. hydrocarbons • e. particulates

C

In addition to their role in ozone depletion, CFCs play a role in global warming by: • a. reducing the albedo of the Earth • b. destroying ozone which cools the earth • c. absorbing earthshine in the 10 micron region • d. absorbing solar radiation • e. blocking ultraviolet radiation

C

In the 1952 London smog crisis, dark and cold weather drove people to burn more coal. Burning more coal caused the weather to get darker and colder. This type of process, in which an initial stimulus causes itself to be amplified, is known as: • a. a negative feedback loop • b. compound interest • c. a positive feedback loop • d. a negative threshold • e. negative albedo effect

C

Many scientists maintain that a rise in sea level has occurred in the last hundred years as a result of global warming. If this is true, which of the following factors best explains such a rise? • a. increased precipitation • b. increased cloud cover • c. thermal expansion of the ocean

C

Which of the following statements concerning the Coriolis force is true? • a. air and water particles in the northern hemisphere are deflected to the left • b. the coriolis effect applies to the direction water moves in a flushed toilet • c. currents move counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere • d. a particle moving from the equator toward the pole travels in a straight line • e. none of these are true

C

Which wavelength of ultraviolet (UV) radiation has enough energy to break down diatomic oxygen into two individual oxygen atoms? • a. UVA • b. UVB • c. UVC • d. UVA, UVB, UVC • e. UVA, UVB

C

About 99% of all air in the Earth's atmosphere is found in: • a. troposphere • b. tropopause • c. stratosphere • d. troposphere and stratosphere • e. air bubbles in glacial ice

D

Air pollution in the United States has most seriously affected trees • a. along the shores of lakes • b. lining major interstate highways • c. in low lying swamps in the Southeast • d. on high-elevation slopes facing moving air masses

D

How could a homeowner reduce the "chimney effect" in their home? • a. sub-slab construction • b. keep house warm • c. insulate walls • d. caulk windows and doors • e. install exhaust fan on the roof

D

One solution for reducing the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide would be to: • a. increase oceanic temperatures to enhance carbon dioxide uptake • b. increase the rate of removal of tropical rain forests • c. decrease the total area of rice paddies • d. decrease use of fossil fuels • e. decrease the production of chlorofluorocarbons

D

Photochemical smog is formed when primary pollutants interact with • a. water vapor • b. sulfur dioxide • c. oxygen • d. sunlight

D

The ______________addressed global warming and CO2 emissions while the ___________ addressed aerosol production and ozone depleting contaminants. • A) Montreal Protocol; Kyoto Protocol • B) Clean Air Act; Kyoto Protocol (your response) • C) Montreal Protocol; Clean Air Act • D) Kyoto Protocol; Montreal Protocol

D

The damaging pollutants in the 1952 London smog event were: • a. CO2 and SO2 • b. particulates and NO2 • c. NO2 and SO2• d. SO2 and particulates • e. none of these

D

When does the Antarctic ozone hole occur? • a. during formation of the polar stratospheric clouds • b. at the peak of the sunspot cycle • c. Antarctic winter • d. Antarctic spring • e. all year round

D

Is the major pollutant that electrostatic precipitators are designed to remove from power-plant smokestack emissions • a. sulfur dioxide • b. lead • c. ozone • d. hydrocarbons • e. particulates

E

The annual fluctuation in carbon dioxide concentration can best be explained by the • a. seasonal use of fossil fuels • b. regularity of volcanic activity • c. deforestation in the tropics • d. El Nino events • e. seasonal photosynthetic activity of green plants

E

The combustion of one gallon of gasoline produces about 5 pounds of carbon (in carbon dioxide). Two autos are making a trip of 600 miles. The first auto gets 20 miles per gallon, and the second gets 30 miles per gallon. Approximately how much LESS carbon (in carbon dioxide) will be produced by the second auto on this trip? • a. 300 lbs. • b. 150 lbs. • c. 100 lbs. • d. 75 lbs. • e. 50 lbs.

E

Which of the following will occur if the trend of global temperature increase continues? • a. Night temperatures will decrease as day temperatures increase • b. Tropical areas will become cooler than they currently are • c. Sea levels will drop due to increased evaporation • d. The incidence of insect-borne diseases will decrease • e. The troposphere will contain more water vapor

E

Which of the following would be the strongest evidence in support of a scientist's contention that a local area was experiencing acid deposition? (Hint: It's not choice A! ) • a. a sudden die-off of all the fish in a local stream • b. a gradual increase in the temperature of a local lake • c. an increase in the rate of photosynthesis of aquatic plants in a local lake • d. a long-term increase in the pH of a local pond • e. an increase in the concentration of heavy metals in a local pond

E

ED 50

amount of a chemical that causes an effect in 50% of the animals in a test population

carcinogens

cancer causing agents

pathogens

disease producing microorganisms

risk assessment

evaluation of the short-term and long-term risks associated with a particular activity or hazard

Coal combustion

releases air pollutants including carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, toxic metals, and particulates

toxicology

study of poisonous substances and their effects upon body parts

LD50

the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population

non-point source

water pollution that does not have a specific point of origin