Apes Unit 2

Describe the general pattern of ecological succession for a pond.

1. A depression in the ground fills with water 2. Fills with sediment over time 3. Eventually gets shallow enough for plants to grow across 4.Dries up completely

Explain how estuaries are different from other marine zones

1. Brackish water- salinity varies with tide 2. Important habitat- nursing ground for many species

Provide examples of ways that flowers and their pollinators have coevolved.

Bee weight- flower opens up Length of flower throat= equals length of proboscis Colors

Explain what is meant by a "biodiversity hotspot" and explain why some conservationists believe these areas are most worth preserving.

Biodiversity hotspots are the places of high biodiversity that should be preserved because they support a lot of life

Describe current trends in biodiversity.

Biodiversity is decreasing due mostly to habitat destruction.

Describe some of the threats to coral reefs

Climate Change Pollution Fishing Techniques

Explain how climate affects the type of biome in an area.

Climate and precipitation affect the types of plants and animals that can live in that area.

Use +, -, and 0 signs to represent the impact on species in a specific type of relationship.

Competition (-/-) Prediation (-/+) Parasitism (+/-) Herbivory (+/-) Mutualism (+/+) Comensaism (+/0) Amensalism (-/0)

Explain how competition can be beneficial to a population from an evolutionary standpoint.

Competition evolves more advantagous traits within a species.

Provide examples of each type of species interaction.

Competition- Pollination Prediation- Humans and animals Parasitism- Tapeworms Herbivory- Deer and grass Mutualism- Coral and Zooxanthellae

Explain why coral reefs are found only in clear, shallow water

Corral need to be where sunlight can reach them so their zooxanthellae can photosynthesis

Differentiate between habitat and niche.

Habitat- the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism. Niche- An organism's role in the community

Differentiate between a marsh and a swamp

Marshes are wetlands without trees. Swamps are wetlands with trees

Explain the problems associated with a decrease in genetic diversity in a species or population.

More at risk for mutations

Explain how genetic variation and adaptations may arise.

Mutations in genetics Favored traits

Provide examples of overharvesting and explain how it is related to the loss of biodiversity.

Overharvesting threatens biodiversity by degrading ecosystems and eliminating species of plants, animals, and other organisms.

Describe the mutualistic relationship between coral and zooxanthellae

Photosynthetic algae (zooxanthellae) live inside the coral in a mutualistic relationship: Zooxanthellae provide coral with oxygen, coral provide zooxanthellae with carbon dioxide.

Describe the overall trend in population sizes as measured by the Living Planet Index.

Populations are decreasing

Distinguish between primary succession and secondary succession and describe disturbances that might lead to each.

Primary Succession- soil is formed from bare rocks Secondary succession- soil remains after a disturbance

Explain ways that some communities are dependent on fire.

Some require fire to enrich the soil Get rid of litter that smothers new growth Some trees need fire to reproduce

Describe the abiotic conditions (temperature, dissolved oxygen, nutrients) at each zone in a stream/river system

Source Zone: a. Cold, clear, swift moving, not a lot of nutrients Transition Zone a. Warmer, gentler slopes, slower flow, less dissolved oxygen Floodplain Zone: a. Warm, murkey and nutrient-rich water,

Describe the benefits and drawbacks of being a specialist.

Specialists: Do not do well with competition or when threatened Can avoid competition Generalists: Can survive in a wide variety of conditions There's more competition

Use a phylogenetic tree to determine relative relationships amongst species (which are more closely related than others).

Species are more closely related when the have the most recent common anscestor

Provide examples of keystone species.

Starfish and clams, oysters, mussels

Explain why salinity varies at different locations in the ocean

When water freezes/evaporates leaves behind salt Salt is less in areas where freshwater enters the ocean

Provide examples of organisms that may be found at each zone in a stream/river system

1. Fish spawning grounds, not a lot of plants 2. Ideal for organisms 3. Plants

Provide a figure for the estimated number of species on the planet.

1.7 Million named and described

List the approximate age of Earth

4.6 Billion Years

Explain why habitat selection is nonrandom.

A habitat

Differentiate amongst the three types of selection and explain the effect of each on a population.

A. stabilizing selection- intermediate trait is favored B. directional selection- trait at one extreme is favored C. disruptive selection- traits at both extremes are favored

Explain how territoriality and allelopathy are related to competition.

Allelopathy- Involves production and release of chemical growth inhibitors or toxins. Territoriality- The aggressive behavioral exclusion of organisms from specific units of defended space.

Differentiate between allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation.

Allopatric Specialization- When species evolve separably

Explain the trends in species diversity and complexity over geologic time

Animals began to evolve, creating new species.

Compare and contrast the two forms of mimicry.

Batesian- Animal shares similar patterns/colors with another dangerous animal Mullerian- Two dangerous animals share characteristics.

Write the balanced chemical equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration

C6H1206+02= 6CO2+6H2O

Describe some ways that new species may be unintentionally introduced to an area.

Carried over by animals (feces) Seeds carried by wind Animals swept there by natural phenomenon

Explain the importance of marine snow to organisms living in the benthic zone

Marine snow is where they get their nutrients

Describe the abiotic conditions (light, temperature, nutrients, dissolved oxygen) at each layer in a deep lake

Darker, colder in deeper areas Most oxygen and in the upper layers (little nutrients at the top)

Describe how Darwin's voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle influenced the development of his ideas about the origin of species.

Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle took him to the Galapagos Islands, where he discovered many varieties of finches. While all the finches seemed to be related, they are where adapted to different food sources on the different islands because certain traits where favored.

Describe the latitudinal pattern of change in biodiversity and explain possible reasons for the pattern.

Differences in temperature= differences in reproductive opportunities

Explain why it is difficult to know the total number of species on the planet.

Some have not been discovered yet

Explain how ecotones and edges may differ from the core of an ecosystem.

Eco tones are the transition zones between ecosystems.

Explain why some islands have many endemic species.

Endemic species are on islands because they can't spread out. There tends to be more evolution and unique species on islands.

Distinguish characteristics of keystone species.

Exert an especially strong influence over the composition of the community Removal lowers biodiversity Large predators are often keystone species

Differentiate between freshwater and marine systems

Freshwater-They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands marine-They include oceans, salt marsh and intertidal ecology, estuaries and lagoons, mangroves and coral reefs, the deep sea and the sea floor. Freshwater-less salt content Marine-more salt content

Differentiate between a population's fundamental niche and realized niche.

Fundamental niche is the entire set of conditions under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself. Realized niche is the set of conditions actually used by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species (predation and especially competition) have been taken into account.

Provide examples of organisms that are generalists and organisms that are specialists.

Generalists- Rats Racoons Cockroaches Specialist- Koala Pandas

Describe an event that could lead to allopatric speciation.

Geographic separation

Differentiate between gross primary production and net primary production

Gross primary production- total energy captured by photosynthesis per year NPP- turned into biomass g/m^2/year

Describe how habitat fragmentation occurs and why it can result in a loss of biodiversity.

Habitat fragmentation is when one part of an ecological community is separated from the other, resulting

Give examples of some invasive plant and animal species in the U.S.

Himalayan Blackberry Mongoose in Hawaii Africanized Bees

Explain the importance of floodplains

In addition, floodplains are important because of storage and conveyance, protection of water quality, and recharge of groundwater.

Interpret a climatogram

In climate graphs: bars = precipitation lines = temperature Trees require more water than grasses. Deciduous trees lose their leaves during times of year when conditions make photosynthesis difficult. "Tropical" = hot, "Temperate" = mild

Differentiate between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition.

Interspecific- between two species Intra- within a species

Describe how kelp forests and coral reefs support biodiversity

Kelp- Provides food and habitat Coral Reefs- Provides habitat

Explain the role of lichen in primary succession.

Lichen breakes down rocks and creates soil.

Describe some organisms that play an important role in the process of succession.

Lichen- break down rocks to extract nutrients Small plants that can survive on thin soil

Describe the conditions of early Earth

Lots of greenhouse gasses (methane, ammonia, water vapor) No Ice High Temperature

Describe the importance of mangrove forests

Mangrove Forest- 1. Lines coastlines in the tropics and subtropics 2. Dense vegetation and tangled roots reduce damage from storms and tsunamis. 3. Provides

Describe the situation involving perch and cichlids in Lake Victoria.

Not Fully Needed

Identify the layers of the water column in the open ocean and describe the abiotic conditions (light, temperature, nutrients, dissolved oxygen) at each layer

Ocean Littoral Zone- Very top Zone Photic Zone (0-200 meters)- Where light penetrates Mesopelagic- Middle Area Abyssal Zone- Deep zone Benthic-Bottom Hadal- Below ground level Deep lakes have four zones a. littoral zone- shallow water close to shore b. limnetic zone- sunlit surface water away from shore c. profundal zone (aphotic zone)- deep water where light doesn't penetrate d. benthic zone- bottom of the lake

Recognize similarities and differences between predation, parasitism, and herbivory.

One species benefits while the other faces a negative impact

Differentiate amongst the scientific hypotheses for the origin of life on Earth (primordial soup, extraterrestrial)

Primordial Soup: The conditions of earth were so different than they are today, that the first cells could have originated from non-living things. The earth was more chemically active. Extraterrestrial: Life originated from outer space (could have come on an asteroid).

Explain why sea otter populations declined and how this affected the kelp forests off the California coast.

Sea otters eat sea urchins which eat kelp. Without the otters, the sea urchins eat all the kelp.

Restate the second law of thermodynamics and explain how it applies to energy transfer from one trophic level to another

Second law of thermodynamics- energy conversions result in a loss of useful energy

List some of the challenges presented to organisms living along the rocky intertidal zone

Shore exposed at low tide, covered at high tide Challenging abiotic conditions

Explain why similar biomes are found at various locations around the globe

Similar patterns of temperature and precipitation are found in various parts of the world.

Describe ways that organisms living in the same area may become reproductively isolated from one another.

Sympatric Speciation: Different reproductive times Difference in mating spots

Describe the relationship between NPP and biodiversity.

The higher rate of photosynthesis, the more diversity there is.

Explain why different color patterns were advantageous to moths in highly industrialized areas than in rural areas.

The pollution turned the trees darker, so the darker moths could camouflage and got eaten less.

Explain what leads most scientists to believe that the planet is at the beginning of the sixth mass extinction event.

The rate of extinction now is moving at 100-100 times the background rates

Explain why some introduced species may thrive.

There are not predators to the new species and abudant food sources

Explain why most introduced species do not survive well without human care.

There may be a predator in the new environment that can wipe out the species There may not be an adequate food source Not adequate for reproduction Used to a different climate

Explain why phytoplankton are restricted to the photic zone

They are photosynthetic and need light to survive

For each of the major terrestrial biomes, describe the location, climate (precipitation and temperature), soil, dominant plant species and their adaptations, representative animal species and their adaptations

Tropical Rain Forest: Warm year-round, abundant precipitation, thin nutrient poor soil, high biodiversity, tall broadleaf evergreen plants & epiphytes Tropical Deciduous Forest: Deciduous trees, warm year round, long wet season, short dry season Temperate Rainforest: Large coniferous trees, moderate to cool year-round, abundant precipitation year round, acidic soil Temperate Deciduous Forest: deciduous trees, cold winter, warm summer, abundant precipitation year round, thick loamy soil Temperate Grassland: Annual grasses and other herbaceous plants, cold winter, warm summer, short wet season and long dry season, thick loamy soil Boreal Forest: large coniferous trees, cool summers, cold winters, light to moderate precipitation year-round Tundra: small ground-hugging shrubs, cold year-round, light precipitation year-round, thin soil above permafrost Desert: Sparse, small plants adapted to conserve water, variable temp.- some hot, some cold, very low precipitation, sandy, porous soil Savanna (Tropical Grassland)- warm year round, long dry season, short wet season, grasses and scattered deciduous trees.

Identify ecosystems that are declining in diversity and abundance.

Tropical Rain forest- because of agricultural conversion Temperate Decidous Rain Forest- Urbanization Almost every ecosystem is declining except for dessert

Explain the five major points of reasoning Darwin used to support his ideas about evolution by natural selection.

Variation- differences exist in populations and can be inherited Overproduction- more produced that can survive, leads to competition. Adaptation- Changes made over time to survive in an environment Heritability- adaptations become more common Adaptations become more prevalent over time

Explain how human activities contribute to the accelerated evolution of bacterial populations.

We use a lot of antibacterial that produces more resistant bacteria

Explain how and why the removal of sea stars ("starfish") affects tide pools.

Without starfish, the clam, oyster and mussels had no predator, so they became to abundant and didn't allow other species to thrive.

Provide several examples of organisms that have undergone artificial selection.

Wolves to dogs Crops

Identify several ecosystem services provided by wetlands

a. Reduce flooding b. improve water quality c. recharge groundwater d. support biodiversity e. recreation