APGOPO MIDTERM REVIEW
Which of the following is least likely to support a conservative candidate for political office? -A white voter -A voter of the age of 65 -A Rural voter -An Evangelical Christian voter. -A Woman voter
A Woman voter
The founding fathers had successfully rebelled against a unitary form of government. They had tried a confederation which was not working. Thus, they developed a _____________ form of government -Constitutional Monarchy -Federal -Fascist -Socialist -Popular Democratic
Federal
In 1934, Congress created which body to regulate the use of the airwaves? - Federal Trade Commission - Equal Opportunity Commission - Federal Communications CommissionThis answer is correct. - Department of Media Communications
Federal Communications Commission
Which of the following forms of fiscal federalism allows the states the broadest financial discretion? -foreign assistance -categorical grants -mandates -block grants -US Military Funding
block grants
What kind of public policy involves the legislative enactment of taxes and expenditures? -congressional statute -budgetary choice -regulation -court decision
budgetary choice
Government -is the procedures and institutions by which a people government and rule themselves -is defined as the study of "who gets what, when, and how." -was initially conceived by Thomas Hobbes as a means to ensure control of society by aristocrats. -was made illegal with the ratification of the U.S. Constitution -includes citizens, interest groups, the media, and other actors in society.
is the procedures and institutions by which a people government and rule themselves
Which of the following examples demonstrates the "revolving door"? - Ambassadors meet with high-level officials from a foreign country on behalf of the president. - A judge who served as a state or federal justice is promoted to U.S. Supreme Court based on her political leanings and beliefs. - A candidate running for president is caught collaborating with her SuperPac, violating federal election laws. - A lobbyist meets with several members of Congress within one legislative session, increasing the impact her firm has over a contentious law. - A U.S. Senator decides not to run for another term, and immediately takes a job as a lobbyist for an interest group that used to fund his campaign.
A U.S. Senator decides not to run for another term, and immediately takes a job as a lobbyist for an interest group that used to fund his campaign.
Which of the following best describes the correlation between the media and trust in government? - As the availability of news has increased, trust in government has decreased - There is no relationship between the two. - The media has caused trust in government to rise. - News stories are supportive of political leaders and lead to increased trust. - The media has caused trust of local government to decrease more than trust of national government.
As the availability of news has increased, trust in government has decreased
In a presidential election, electoral votes are always cast during the month of: - November - January - February - December - June
December
Which of the following generalizations about contemporary voting patterns is false? -Voters in the South are more prone to vote for a conservative candidate. -African American voters are more prone to vote Democratic. -Women are more prone to voter for a liberal candidate as opposed to men. -Urban voters are more prone to vote for a liberal candidate -Hispanics are more prone to vote for conservative candidates.
Hispanics are more prone to vote for conservative candidates.
In which of the following ways have interest groups gained greater access to the policy making process? - Selective-benefits - Increased limits on campaign contributions - Casework - The polarization of the political parties - Increased access to technology
Increased access to technology
Where is the first caucus held? - South Carolina - Florida - Washington D.C. - Iowa - New Hampshire
Iowa
Which of the following is true of gerrymandering? - It guarantees that all voters will be equally represented in Congress - It was once used to disenfranchise minority voters, but no longer happens. - It results in more Republicans winning elections. - It results in more Democrats winning elections. - It continues to be used by Democrats and Republicans in state legislatures to draw districts favoring their political party.
It continues to be used by Democrats and Republicans in state legislatures to draw districts favoring their political party.
Which of the following is the only TRUE statement regarding campaign financing? - The influence of PACs is on the decline. - It has been very difficult to pass campaign finance reform over the past few decades. - Congressional reform of campaign finance law has been ongoing and effective over the last decade. - Today's presidential candidates are more likely to accept public funds when running for office than private contributions. - 527 groups (aka "issue advocacy" groups, or "independent expenditure" groups) are expressly allowed to exist thanks to the ban on soft money.
It has been very difficult to pass campaign finance reform over the past few decades
After the Electoral College has voted, the electoral votes are counted in: - January - November - February - December - June
January
This individual stated: "The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions." -Hobbes -Rousseau -Montesquieu -Locke -Voltaire
Locke
Voting data in the United States typically supports which of the following statements? -Males are more likely than females to identify with the Republican Party -Voters in large cities tend to support Republicans. -Most voters with an undergraduate college education or higher tend to identify with the Republican party. -Voters in rural areas are more likely to favor Democratic candidates -African American voters typically favor candidates that are fiscally conservative.
Males are more likely than females to identify with the Republican Party
This individual stated, "government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another." -Locke -Voltaire -Hobbes -Rousseau -Montesquieu
Montesquieu
When an incumbent is running for re-election, voters are most likely to examine which characteristic(s) in the candidate? -Staff organization -Achievements outside of political office. -Sources of campaign funds -Success in reforming the bureaucracy. -Past actions and achievements in office
Past actions and achievements in office
Over one week in July, the media focuses on a wave of shark attacks." Thanks to this coverage, the average listerner believes this is a serious and unprecedented concern. However, the reality may be that shark attacks are actually on the decline or at a plateau. It is simply the media attention or coverage which has risen. Which of the following media effects describes this phenomenon? - Slant - Horse Race Journalism - Priming - Filtering - Framing
Priming
Which of the following statements about political socialization is NOT true? -Mass media can play a role in helping individuals form a political views. -Parents play a key role in shaping their children's political beliefs. -Schools often play a minimal role in shaping children's political beliefs. -Religious affiliation is a significant factor in shaping a person's political views. -Friends and neighbors influence a person's political beliefs.
Schools often play a minimal role in shaping children's political beliefs.
Richard Nixon's __________ attempted to bring conservatives over to the Republican Party in what was a Democratic stronghold at the time. - Southern strategy - Western strategy - suburban strategy - urban strategy
Southern strategy
In this method of choosing citizens for polling, individuals are chosen according to demographic characteristics. -Stratified sampling -Random sampling -Sampling error -Margin of error. -Tracking poll
Stratified sampling
Which of the following statements provides the most accurate description of democracy as practiced in the United States? -The people govern through elected officials -The will of the people is checked by nothing -The people govern through mandates -The will of the majority always prevails -The people directly govern themselves
The people govern through elected officials
Which of the following was an effect of the 23rd Amendment (1961) to the US Constitution? -Literacy tests were outlawed throughout the US -African American gained the right to vote -Poll taxes were outlawed in the US. -The residents of the District of Columbia received Electoral College votes -Voters aged 18-21 were granted suffrage.
The residents of the District of Columbia received Electoral College votes
All of the following can be accurately stated about sound bites EXCEPT: - They are the way many citizens learn about their candidates - They provide detailed policy information - They are 15 seconds or shorter - They are used by advertisers as well a politicians. - Presidential candidates use them to state a theme of the campaign.
They provide detailed policy information
Why does the media typically have little influence on public opinion? - Typically, people only pay attention to media coverage that is consistent with their own political preferences - The media are required to present both sides of a story, leaving little room to influence public opinion. - Public opinion is static and seldom changes. - People tend to ignore all political information from the media due to its well-known biases. - The media are owned by the same corporations that conduct public opinion polls.
Typically, people only pay attention to media coverage that is consistent with their own political preferences.
Which of the following describes the pluralist theory of interest groups? - Various interest groups exist, though one or two generally dominate in certain issue areas. - Interest groups try to influence as many citizens as possible. - Interest groups strive to influence as many members of Congress as possible. - Interest groups generally try to influence multiple levels of government. - Interest groups involve a great diversity of citizens.
Various interest groups exist, though one or two generally dominate in certain issue areas.
This individual stated there should be a separation between religion and government. -Voltaire -Montesquieu -Locke -Rousseau -Hobbes
Voltaire
Which of the following is true of the voter registration process in the United States? -All US citizens are automatically registered to vote at age 18. -All licensed drives in the US are automatically registered to vote at the state DMV -Voter registration is conducted by local precincts in conjunction with the major political parties. -Voter registration is controlled by state governments in their individual state -Voter registration is controlled by the federal government in all the states and territories
Voter registration is controlled by state governments in their individual state
Which newspaper broke the Watergate Scandal? - New York Times - Chicago Tribune - Washington Post - USA Today - Wall Street Journal
Washington Post
Which of the following best explains "logrolling"? - When legislators hold their votes until they see which way their party is voting - When legislators swap votes on bills to get their own bills passed - It is used only in the Senate when a party whips in either chamber rally their Congressmen to vote a certain way on a bill. - It is used only in the Senate - It is used only in the House
When legislators swap votes on bills to get their own bills passed
Which of the following is a reason why interest groups with large operating budgets do not always have policy success in the American political system? - When one interest group begins to mobilize its resources, an opposing group will match those resources leaving the policy in a stalemate - Regardless of money, if the special interest is of no importance to a member of Congress's life, no action will be taken. - They are not spending enough money on lobbying members of Congress. d. When the president doesn't support the interest, a large operating budget has no influence anyway. - "Purchasing" the votes of Congress members has never been a successful tactic.
When one interest group begins to mobilize its resources, an opposing group will match those resources leaving the policy in a stalemate.
Hard money is used by ______________, in order to______________advocate for or against a candidate. -527s; directly -Democrats; indirectly -a campaign; directly -Super PACs; indirectly -a political party; indirectly
a campaign; directly
What best describes a linkage institution? -the formation of a special interest group -a channel through which people's concerns become part of the political agenda -an environment where one learns about the political process -a location to express a political opinion
a channel through which people's concerns become part of the political agenda
What is an event called that is purposely staged for the media and that is significant just because the media are there? - a think tank - a pork-barrel project - a media event - a round-robin event
a media event
The shift in political coalitions that stemmed from the 1896 presidential election resulted in __________. - a critical election - a party realignment - a party dealignment - the New Deal coalition
a party realignment
The withdrawal of American troops from Iraq resulted from which of the following? -a presidential action -a congressional statute -a regulation -a budgetary choice
a presidential action
Which of the following is typically the first committee a bill assigned to in the House or Senate? - a subcomittee - A rules committee - a conference committee - a standing committee - a joint committee
a standing committee
Increasing public attention to specific problems is a core feature of the media's __________ power. - watchdog - investigative - agenda-setting - score-keeping
agenda-setting
What is public policy? -all government decisions -the public's political issues -only legislation enacted by Congress -the root causes of political culture
all government decisions
Which type of poll is most likely to be used by the media to predict the outcome of an election? - a focus group poll - a benchmark poll - a purposive poll - an exit poll - a matchup poll
an exit poll
Both the national and states' government can establish court systems. This an example of -fiscal federalism -reserved powers -full faith and credit clause -a mandate -concurrent powers
concurrent powers
The United States operates under a system of -totalitarianism -direct democracy -judicial activism -executive superiority -constitutional democracy
constitutional democracy
The most effective way a lobbyist influences a member of Congress is by - communicating with interest group members regarding policy. - making financial contributions to candidates. - creating informational reports for legislators.This answer is correct. - submitting amicus curiae briefs. - making campaign ads to support a candidate.
creating informational reports for legislators.
Which theory contends that American society is divided along class lines? -policy gridlock -elitism -balance of power -pluralism
elitism
A tactic members of Congress use to become more popular among their constituents and win re-election is - conducting legislative oversight - spending on on attack ads - engaging in casework - conducting a filibuster - gaining a leadership role in Congress
engaging in casework
Free speech and a free press are essential to which principle of traditional democratic theory? -enlightened understanding -equality in voting -inclusion -effective participation
enlightened understanding
Which theory argues that special interest groups have essentially become sovereign, and the government is merely their servant? -hyperpluralism -pluralism -federalism -majority rule
hyperpluralism
PAC money gives the greatest advantage to - challengers - Supreme Court justices - cabinet nominees - incumbents - the president's party
incumbents
The ways in which people get involved in politics make up their political __________. -participation -ideology -party -opinions
participation
What is the theory that argues that group competition results in a rough approximation of the public interest in public policy? -pluralism -elitism -balance-of-power theory -elite-and-class theory
pluralism
Civil rights activists in the 1960s used the media to show Americans the injustice of the treatment of minorities, successfully placing the civil rights issue onto the __________. - press conference - news beat - policy entrepreneur - policy agenda
policy agenda
People who invest their political capital in an issue are called __________. - agenda setters - policy entrepreneurs - lobbyists - gatekeepers
policy entrepreneurs
Basic functions common to all national governments include all of the following EXCEPT: -socializing young citizens -providing universal healthcare -maintaining a national defense -collecting taxes -preserving order.
providing universal healthcare
A law passed by Congress and the adoption of a regulation by an agency are examples of which of the following? -red tape -government rule -public policies -collective action
public policies
All of the following are core political ideas in the United States EXCEPT -socialism -equality -self-government -liberty -individualism
socialism
Political Contributions raised in unlimited amounts by - soft money - loans - illegal - hard money - independent expenditures
soft money
A major basis Congressional power is the implied power it holds. The basis for these implied powers -the Supreme Court's decision in Marbury vs Madison -The Equal Protection Clause -the Necessary and Proper Clause -the fact that Congress was the first branch of government created -federalism
the Necessary and Proper Clause
What are policy impacts? -government institutions that are charged with taking action on political issues -issues that attract serious attention of public officials -systems of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences -the effects that a policy has on people and on society's problems
the effects that a policy has on people and on society's problems
The fiscal relationship between the national and state governments involves complex relationships. Which would least likely be favored by state governments. -revenue sharing -unfunded mandates -block grants -categorical grants -formula grants
unfunded mandates
Superdelegates are - not able to vote as conservatives - used to maintain party discipline. - used by Democrats to ensure a voice for party officials and for particular constituencies - staff of national parties - used more often by Republicans than by Democrats
used by Democrats to ensure a voice for party officials and for particular constituencies
Part of Anthony Downs's rational-choice model is that __________. - voters are acting rationally when they vote against their self-interest - party identity will lose its importance over the next 100 years - logic and reason always prevail in the American electorate - voters want to maximize the chance that their preferred policies will be adopted by government
voters want to maximize the chance that their preferred policies will be adopted by government
Which of the following age groups is the least likely to vote in a general election in the United States? -40-45 -47-51 -over 65 years of age -25-32 -18-21
18-21
Which of the following is the best definition of pluralism? - A multitude of interest groups have the ability to form and survive. - A multitude of groups compete for and share power at any given time. - The number of groups continues to increase as society becomes more complicated. - Groups are multiplying and getting more intense. - Several small, single-issue groups tend to hold power.
A multitude of groups compete for and share power at any given time.
How are critical elections and party realignments interrelated? - A party realignment occurs before one or more critical elections and may be characterized by gradual or dramatic change. - A party realignment is a larger version of a critical election. - A party realignment occurs as a result of one or more critical elections and may be associated with a national crisis. - A party realignment is a smaller version of a critical election.
A party realignment occurs as a result of one or more critical elections and may be associated with a national crisis.
Which is the best example of a trial balloon? - A leading newspaper endorses a candidate early in the process to gauge public opinion. - A president interviews a nominee for a federal judicial appointment. - A citizen launches a fake story on a website to criticize a politician - Special interest groups testify in order to block a confirmation - A presidential nominee leaks the name of one of his choices for vice president to gauge public opinion
A presidential nominee leaks the name of one of his choices for vice president to gauge public opinion
Before the McCain- Feingold Act (2002), what role did soft money play in politics? - According to the FEC, it could be legally used for a specific candidate's campaign. - A, B, and C - According to the FEC, there was a limit on how much soft money a candidate could receive. - According to the FEC, it could be legally used for campaign ads for a specific candidate - According to the FEC, it could be legally used for party building and voter registration.
According to the FEC, it could be legally used for party building and voter registration.
In the 1936 presidential election, what large group of voters realigned their party affiliation and strongly supported the Democratic Party? -African Americans -Voters in US territories and possessions. -Hispanic Americans -Voters with a high socioeconomic status. -Asian Americans
African Americans
Which demographic group was a key part of the New Deal coalition? - African Americans - rural voters - the wealthy - Protestants
African Americans
Which of the following is a benefit of the pluralism? - One or a few interest groups can control the government to give it clear direction. - Because there are so many interest groups competing, no one group will dominate society. - Only powerful interest groups will have a say in government. - Americans have plenty of choices when it comes to joining interest groups. - Both A and C
Because there are so many interest groups competing, no one group will dominate society.
In terms of legislation, which of the following is true about pork? - It is valuable to Congressmen seeking reelection. - It is often done through the use of riders. - It only happens when Congress has a surplus of funds to spend. - Both A and B - A, B, and C
Both A and B
Which of the following could happen, theoretically, in a blanket primary? - A voter could vote for any party. - Independent voters would always be allowed to participate - Only voters registered as Republicans or Democrats could vote. - Only Independents would be able to vote in the election. - Both A and B.
Both A and B.
Which of the following is NOT a way that interest groups commonly influence policy? -Campaigning directly for specific candidates in elections -By submitting an amicus curiae brief to the Supreme Court -By donating money to political candidates -By providing technical information to congressmen. -By holding protests, marches, or rallies in support of or against, a policy.
Campaigning directly for specific candidates in elections
Which of the following refers to the refusal to obey a law or follow a policy believed to be unjust as an alternative form of political participation? -Civil disobedience -Affirmative action. -The exclusionary rule -Political efficacy -The bully pulpit.
Civil disobedience
Which of the following is generally true of Latino voters? -Cuban Americans generally are socially conservative -Religious concerns are generally unimportant to Latino voters. -Latino voters consistently have supported the Republican Party -Social concerns are generally unimportant to Latino voters. -Latino voters are a unified voting bloc consistent support for one party over the other
Cuban Americans generally are socially conservative
Which of the following is NOT true about the electoral college? - Generally, a state's popular vote will predict how the electors from that state will vote. - Electors are bound by the Constitution to vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state. - Electors are generally bound by party etiquette to vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state. - The Electoral College is part of the Constitution. - Electors gather to vote after the popular vote.
Electors are bound by the Constitution to vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state.
Interest groups work to promote the interests of a minority of people in America with a common goal or desired outcome. Many interest groups request support, particularly in the form of paying dues. As a result, rather than joining and paying dues, many people who might agree with the objectives of the interest group are likely to act as free riders. In other words, they reap the benefits of the interest group are likely to act as free riders. In other words, they reap the benefits of the interest group's work without contributing to its success. Interest groups can overcome the "free rider" effect with all of the following techniques EXCEPT - Solidarity benefits. - Coercion - Exclusion. - Selective incentives - purposive benefits
Exclusion.
A major party realignment occurred during the initial election of President __________. - Barack Obama - George W. Bush - Franklin Roosevelt - Herbert Hoover
Franklin Roosevelt
Which of the following statements regarding American voter behavior is true? -Voter turnout is lower for those in the electorate that are more highly educated -Voters of the age 65 are less likely to vote due to physical difficulties in reaching the polls. -Since 1992, women have tended to support Republican presidential candidates. -General elections typically have higher voter turnout than primary elections -There is higher voter turnout in city and county elections than in presidential elections.
General elections typically have higher voter turnout than primary elections
The power of the national government to regulate interstate commerce was expanded in the landmark case of -McCulloch v. Maryland -Plessy vs Fergusson -Gibbons vs Ogden -Marbury vs Madison -Miranda vs Arizona
Gibbons vs Ogden
What individual stated: "[In a state of nature, with no government, there would be] no Knowledge of the face of the Earth; no account of Time; no Arts; no Letters; no Society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; And the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." -Montesquieu -Hobbes -Rousseau -Voltaire -Locke
Hobbes
This refers to coverate of elections that avoid concrete policy discussion and differences between the candidates and instead focuses on who's leading in the polls and who is likely to win. For example, in the 2016 Republican primary, the media has focused on Donald Trump's strong lead, who is rising to challenge him for the nomination, and whose numbers are plummeting, rather than actually focusing on issues or policy stances of the crowded field of candidates. - Filtering - Framing - Horse Race Journalism - Priming - Slant
Horse Race Journalism
The following scenario best describes which of the following theories of interest group politics? An environmental interest group wants their policy proposal on reducing pollution to become law. Manufacturing interest groups send their lobbyists to fight against the policy due to expense of the new policy. Congress passes the new law but businesses, along with their manufacturig interest groups, immediately take federal agencies to court over the law. This delays implementation of the new law for months. - Pluralism - Free-Rider - Iron Triangles - Elitism. - Hyperpluralism
Hyperpluralism
According to pluralist theorists, which of the following statements describe the American political system? I. The public interest is normally served in the United States through a process of bargaining and compromise. II. Organized interest groups fairly shape the public agenda by broadly representing the interests of Americans. III. Multiple small groups among the wealthiest one percent of the public are in some way responsible for most policymaking. IV. Policymaking reflects the desires of those who control many of the largest corporations in the United States. -III and IV -II and III -II and IV -I and II -I and III
I and II
Government has grown to be big and active because I The public expects government to solve problems II. it is hard to cut programs such as Social Security and national defense III. Democrats, the "party of big government," have been in power in recent years. IV. the government is committed to reducing income inequality -I, II, and III -II and IV -III and IV -II and III -I and II
I and II
The case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1809) ruled that I. The federal government could exercise only the enumerated powers of the Constitution II. The implied powers in Article I of the Constitution allowed Congress to create a nationally chartered bank. III. The State governments could levy taxes on national government institutions. IV. Neither states nor the Federal government could tax one another. V. The state courts had sole jurisdiction over regulatory affairs within their boundaries. -I, III, and IV -II and III -I and IV -II and IV -IV and V
II and IV
Which of the following is true of open primaries? - A registered voter never has to choose a political party for which to vote. - Voters can vote as many times as they wish. - Independent voters may participate.This answer is correct. - A voter can vote for more than one party. - Voters can only vote for he party for which they are registered to vote.
Independent voters may participate.This answer is correct.
Which of the following best describes the "free-rider problem"? -Too many earmarks are placed on a bill. -Individuals have a difficult time funding jobs during economic downturns. -The VP does not normally campaign much during presidential elections, as he or she would simply be elected if their running mate is elected presidency. -Individuals do not bother to join an interest group because they receive the same benefits as the people who work to support the interest group. -Members of Congress do not try to learn much about the bills being introduced as they normally vote in line with the platform of the party they belong to.
Individuals do not bother to join an interest group because they receive the same benefits as the people who work to support the interest group
What is a disadvantage of divided government? - It acts as a check and balance across institutions. - It often expands the scope of government. - It does not allow for clear accountability on policy. - It often stunts economic growth.
It does not allow for clear accountability on policy.
Which of the following describes the idea of "front-loading" of primaries by states? - It has led most states to want to return to the caucus method. - It has come about because most states want their primaries less expensive. - It has come about because states want their primary to be more important than other states primaries. - It has come about because voters are more likely to vote when a primary is earlies rather than later. - It has created a shorter, more efficient primary season.
It has come about because states want their primary to be more important than other states primaries.
What does it mean to refer to a bill as a Christmas tree? - The bill is for a superficial issue that Congress does not need to address. - It means it is too complicated and will take long to discuss. - It is a bill that Congress is trying to pass in a hurry right before winter recess. - It implies that the many riders attached to the bill are there just for decoration, not a necessity.
It implies that the many riders attached to the bill are there just for decoration, not a necessity.
Which of the following statements is true about the Electoral College? - Actual physical electors no longer exist in the Electoral College. - It is possible to win the national popular vote and lose the electoral vote in the Electoral College - Each state's electors are chosen by political parties during - Political parties have no input as to who the electors will be from their state. - The Electoral College was added on the Constitution in 1900's
It is possible to win the national popular vote and lose the electoral vote in the Electoral College
In which of the following ways has American Political culture affected political parties? -It has led to an increase in national parties. -It encourages political parties to work with interest groups in order to pass legislation. -It has decreased the influence of parties in federal legislature. -It has decreased the influence of parties at the state level. -It limits the number of parties that can actually win an election
It limits the number of parties that can actually win an election
During a 1976 presidential debate, President Ford made a mistake by saying that the Soviet Union was not the dominant force in Eastern Europe. The statement was given much press coverage, and polls indicated that most viewers did not recognize the error until they learned of it on the news. What effect did this reporting have on public opinion? - It made Ford more personally likable. - It made Ford seem less vulnerable. - It made Ford seem more qualified. - It made Ford seem less qualified.
It made Ford seem less qualified.
Which of the following is true of the Bi-Partisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002? - It made soft money contributions illegal. - It limited the amount of soft money that can be given to a political party. - It reduced the amount of hard money contributions a PAC or individual may give a candidate. - Both A and C - Both B and C
It made soft money contributions illegal.
In the United States, pluralism suggests which of the following? -Many groups vie for power with no one group dominating politics -Too many influential groups cripple government's ability to govern. -Because most citizens fail to pay attention to serious issues, government has become an elite institution. -Congress is stronger and more influential than the presidency.
Many groups vie for power with no one group dominating politics
According to their website, the AARP is an interest group with over 35 million members. These members who are 50 years old and up, pay annual dues in return for financial discounts, benefits, and the groups' lobbying efforts on their behalf. The AARP is an example of which of the following? - Peak Association - Free Riders - Trade Association - Latent Group - Mass Association
Mass Association
How does the increasing focus of media conglomerates on making a profit affect television news? - The quality of news reporting has increased considerably in an attempt to sway more viewers and more advertisers. - A study of a set of major newspapers found that the total number of foreign news stories in U.S. newspapers doubled between 1985 and 2014. - Media organizations have cut back on their foreign bureaus and on international news. - Television news is increasingly viewed as a public service that benefits the media conglomerate by generating goodwill with viewers.
Media organizations have cut back on their foreign bureaus and on international news
All of the following are insider strategies that interest groups use EXCEPT - Aid in drafting laws. - Testifying before Congress. - Direct lobbying. - Taking the government to court using litigation. - Mobilizing voters to approve a referendum.
Mobilizing voters to approve a referendum.
In a presidential election, the popular vote always takes place in: - January - December - June - February - November
November
Which statement best describes the functioning of party machines in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? - Parties provided policy support to rural electorates in exchange for votes. - Parties provided jobs to rural electorates in exchange for votes. - Parties provided patronage jobs to loyal supporters, especially in urban areas. - Parties provided cash handouts to rural electorates in exchange for jobs.
Parties provided patronage jobs to loyal supporters, especially in urban areas.
Which of the following describes the day to day tasks of a lobbyist? - Providing information to the general public and holding press conferences. - Influencing members of Congress and acting as a watchdog against your enemy interest groups. - Providing information to members of Congress about specific issues and treating federal officials to lunch. - Giving gifts and money to federal officials, and educating the public about specific issues. - Persuading Congressmen to vote a certain way and providing them with information about specific issues.
Persuading Congressmen to vote a certain way and providing them with information about specific issues.
Which of the following describes the process of influencing one's political ideology? -Political Socialization -Political party affiliation -Public opinion -Political campaigns -The representational view
Political Socialization
All of the following are outsider strategies that an interest group might utilize to achieve their policy goals EXCEPT - Electioneering. - Mobilizing support for an initiative on the ballot. - Grassroots lobbying. - Providing data and research to members of Congress - Working with the media.
Providing data and research to members of Congress.
The years 1860-1928 saw the dominance of which party? - Democratic-Republicans - Democrats - Federalists - Republicans
Republicans
This individual stated that, "A country cannot subsist well without liberty, nor liberty without virtue." -Hobbes -Voltaire -Locke -Montesquieu -Rousseau
Rousseau
All of the following are examples of public policy EXCEPT: -The Federal Trade Commission writes a rule that corporate claims in television ads be true. -Congress writes a law requiring lobbyists to disclose which interest groups employ them. -The President issues an executive order requiring corporations doing business with the government to have affirmative action hiring plans. -The Supreme Court upholds the death penalty for a murder conviction. -The American Association of Retired Persons passes a rule giving access to their insurance policies only to dues paying members
The American Association of Retired Persons passes a rule giving access to their insurance policies only to dues paying members
Which of the following federal laws was passed in 1993 to enhance voting opportunities and simplify the voter registration process? -The Civil Rights Act of 1993 -The 24th Amendment to the US Constitution -The Easy Access Act of 1993 -The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 -The Voting Rights Act of 1993
The National Voter Registration Act of 1993
Which of the following describes the bandwagon effect during a primary season? - The advantage of candidates who do well in early primaries. - The advantages of candidates who do well late in primaries. - It makes late primaries more important than early primaries. - It is a direct result of frontloading. - Both B and C
The advantage of candidates who do well in early primaries
Which of the following was NOT a tactic used by states to keep African Americans from voting? -The blanket primary -The poll tax -The literacy test -The grandfather clause -The White primary
The blanket primary
The term "revolving door" refers to: - The high turnover rate of members of Congress (incumbents failing to get reelected). - The relationship between lobbyists and interest groups in which there is a constant turnover in the lobbyists hired by interests groups. - The relationship between judges who become lobbyists and lobbyists who become judges. d. The constant visits by lobbyists to legislators in Congress. - The constant hiring of former federal government officials as lobbyists for interest groups.
The constant hiring of former federal government officials as lobbyists for interest groups.
Which of the following explains why many Americans do not join interest groups? -The high cost of joining -There are too few interest groups to address the high number of issues -The social stigma of joining an interest group -The free rider problem -The ineffectiveness of interests groups in affecting public policy
The free rider problem
Which of the following best illustrates the elite theory? -The idea that contending interest are so strong within the United States that government is often weakened -the idea that large interest groups such as AARP (American Association of Retired Persons) dominate government decision making -The idea that a small group of wealthy individuals dominate government policy making -The fact that more than 20,000 special interests groups lobby Congress each year. -The idea that because of technologies such as the Internet and television, Americans are increasingly isolated from their government, jeopardizing the strength of traditional groups in society.
The idea that a small group of wealthy individuals dominate government policy making
All of the following statements about majoritarianism in the United States are true EXCEPT -Policy Makers often ignore the opinion of the majority when making policy decisions -Public policy tends to change with the changes in majority opinion on major issues -The public is interested in and well-informed on all policy issues -The majority of public supports general statements about civil liberties but are less likely to support specific applications -Majorities do sometimes rule in the American political arena.
The public is interested in and well-informed on all policy issues
Which of the following was a result of a Constitutional Amendment and expanded electorate? -Imposing a two-year term limit on the president. -The rules for voter registration -The right to not be discriminated against due to race, sex, or age. -The right to vote at age 18 -The right to petition government officials .
The right to vote at age 18
Which of the following statements regarding political action committees (PAC's) is TRUE? - They are restricted in the number of candidates they may contribute to during and election year. - They may make soft money contributions under current election campaign laws. - They are currently contributing less money today to campaigns than ten years ago. - They raise private money for campaign contributions. - They cannot make campaign contributions.
They raise private money for campaign contributions.
Which of the following explains why the Founding Fathers created the Electoral College? - They were copying a system long's established in Great Britain, France, and Germany. - They wanted a filter between the will of the people and the actual election of a president - They thought all regular citizens were incompetent - There was no alternative method for choosing the president . - A majority of the American people disagreed with the concept of democracy
They wanted a filter between the will of the people and the actual election of a president
A caucus is: - held at the national level to select a nominee. - a meeting of members of Congress - a court hearing - a closed-door meeting of party regulars - open to all who want to participate.
a closed-door meeting of party regulars
Which of these is an electoral "earthquake" where new issues emerge, new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority party may be displaced by the minority party? - a critical election - a midterm election - a coalition election - a seismological election
a critical election
What is democracy? -a system that grants a status of privilege to the most active and informed voters -a system that selects policymakers and organizes government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences -a system that ensures freedom, justice, and peace to all citizens -a system that perpetuates the status quo and upholds the values of the party in power
a system that selects policymakers and organizes government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences
Who is at the center of all theories of elitism? -ordinary citizens -Congress -political parties -big business
big business
Party dealignment is associated with __________. - an increase in labor unions - increasingly politicized evangelical congregations - an increase in divided government - a rising number of Democrats
an increase in divided government
All of the following can create public policies EXCEPT: -the bureacracy -the courts -Congress -the President -an interest group
an interest group
Members of single interest groups: -are reluctant, usually, to compromise on the issue that defines their narrowly defined goal -work to limit the bias in national laws favoring married couples. -have bound together in recent years to "bundle" soft money contributions to presidential candidates. -regulate the discount rate that the government charges to banks for the loans that they choose to make. -lobby the government to enact laws limiting the percentages that credit card companies can charge to finance monthly balances.
are reluctant, usually, to compromise on the issue that defines their narrowly defined goal
In covering military conflicts, the majority of TV news stories usually originate from correspondents posted at __________ including the White House, the Pentagon, and the State Department. - associated presses - networks - trial balloons - beats
beats
How does government usually protect its national sovereignty? -by maintaining armed forces -by collecting taxes -by politically socializing the young -by maintaining schools, libraries, hospitals, and highways
by maintaining armed forces
Which principle of traditional democracy theory is violated in circumstances in which the wealthy have influence over the government's policy agenda that far exceeds what would be expected based on their numbers? -equality in voting -effective participation -enlightened understanding -citizen control of the agenda
citizen control of the agenda
Retrospective voting will help and incumbent candidate if: -there were high number of bills passed during the previous year. -he or she is from a "red" state. -More Democrats turn out to vote than Republicans -he has strong ties to conservative interest groups -citizens believe the economy is strong or showing improvement.
citizens believe the economy is strong or showing improvement
What is an example of a collective good? -medical care -food stamps -clean air -a college education
clean air
All of the following are examples of constitutional powers granted exclusively to Congress EXCEPT - confirming judicial nominations - determining the constitutionality of laws - appropriating money - declaring war - ratifying treaties
determining the constitutionality of laws
Federalism as a form of government helps accommodate -citizens who want uniform policies across their political system -differences across states -citizens who want a strong government -citizens who do not want policies to change over time -governments in small geographical areas
differences across states
Research suggests that the overriding bias in the news is one toward stories that __________. - favor liberals - favor conservatives - draw the largest audience - put the president in a good light
draw the largest audience
The system of federalism that allowed states to do most of the fundamental governing from 1789 to 1937 was -regulated or "marble cake" federalism -dual federalism -home rule -cooperative federalism -shared powers
dual federalism
A primary is - either open or closed - a meeting of members of Congress - held at the national level to select a nominee - a court hearing - a closed-door meeting of party regulars
either open or closed
The Constitution grants Congress the power to establish post offices and post roads. This is an example of: -concurrent powers -enumerated powers -implied powers -reserved powers -inherent powers
enumerated powers
All of the following are examples of "horse-race journalism" EXCEPT - Which candidate has received the most celebrity endorsement. - which candidate has the most TV ads. - which candidate is raising the most money - explaining a candidate's position on the issues - which candidate is ahead in the polls
explaining a candidate's position on the issues
Polls that show very low levels of trust in the government often mean that overall, Americans have very low levels of -political ideology -political culture -incumbency -external efficacy -political agenda
external efficacy
A news source chooses to omit a news story on an earthquake in Southeast Asia and instead focus on the latest poll in the Republican primary. The editors and journalists, by making this decision of what to cover and what to omit, are making a judgment that impacts their viewers. This is known as - filtering - slant - framing - priming - horse race journalism
filtering
If there is a tie in the presidential electoral vote, the first step in the tie-breaking procedure - for both houses of Congress to break the tie. - for the House of Representatives to break the tie. - for the current vice-president to break the tie. - for the Senate to break the tie - for the Supreme Court to break the ties
for the House of Representatives to break the tie.
If a media outlet provides context and explanations in a way that influences public opinion, that is a media effect known as: - Slant - framing - priming - Filtering - Horse Race Journalism
framing
The constitutional provision that makes same-sex marriage controversial is: -full faith and credit clause -due process clause -judicial review -unfunded mandates -privileges and immunities clause
full faith and credit clause
What are the institutions that make public policy decisions for a society collectively known as? -political culture -the courts -government -Congress
government
All of the following are characteristic beliefs associated with American Political culture EXCEPT -equality of opportunity -political equality -individualism -government regulation of the economy -liberty.
government regulation of the economy
Contributions given to candidates and party committees that are limited and committed to candidate-specific electoral activity are known as - independent expenditures - illegal funds - hard money - soft money - salaries
hard money
Most of business of Congress takes place - in congressional districts - in committees and subcommittees - during evening social functions - in the Rules Committee - on the floor of the House and Senate
in committees and subcommittees
America's adversarial spirit can be traced to our belief in -republican democracy -individual rights -national cooperation -social equality -checks and balances
individual rights
The Constitution provides for the power of extradition. Extradition is an example of: -formula grants. -interstate relations -grants-in-aid -categorical grants -state's taxing powers
interstate relations
The use of in-depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes, at times putting reporters in adversarial relationships with political leaders, is referred to as __________ journalism. - beat - gatekeeping - investigative - law-and-order
investigative
Politics -is a process which exists only in the United States -is a process for annual public evaluation of leaders -is a process based on tyranny of the majority -is a process that determines the leaders selected and the policies they choose -is a process created by Constitution
is a process that determines the leaders selected and the policies they choose
Critics of the responsible party model claim that __________. - it is unwise because it is not subject to constitutional constraints - it has contributed to the vilification of the word compromise - it causes unneeded tension between Democrats and Republicans - it is too simple for the complexity and diversity of American society
it is too simple for the complexity and diversity of American society
The U.S. preference for __________ economic policies helps to explain why we have a smaller and more limited government than do most other advanced industrialized countries. -pluralist -egalitarian -laissez-faire -populist
laissez-faire
Although interest groups have formed to advocate for millions of people with varied interests, many Americans might share political goals remain unrepresented. These groups are known as - trade associations - grassroots organizing - free riders - latent - mass associations
latent
Which of the following is an output of the American political system? -a general election -the judiciary appointment process -law passed by Congress -executive bureaucracy -a primary election
law passed by Congress
All of the following are considered inputs into the American Political System EXCEPT -letters to representatives -the activities of interest groups -voting in elections -laws passed by Congress -the activities of political parties
laws passed by Congress
Democratic Theory includes which of the following? -a bicameral Congress -freedom of religion -a republican form of government -"one person, one vote" -majority rule
majority rule
The __________ principle is that, in a democracy, policies should reflect the will of more than half of the voters. -enlightened rule -pluralism -representation -majority rule
majority rule
The primary interest of privately owned media is __________. - making a profit - serving the public interest - spreading propaganda - informing the public
making a profit
Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other forms of communication are collectively referred to as the __________. - mass media - media conglomeration - partisan press - fifth estate
mass media
The increased number of news and infotainment options has resulted in __________ in which media outlets focus on a particular interest and aim at a particular audience. - investigative journalism - watchdog journalism - narrowcasting - selective exposure
narrowcasting
The levels of government recognized specifically in the Constitution are -national, state, and local -states and cities -counties and regional government -national and state -states and people
national and state
According to the Downs model, candidates are ideologically likely to place themselves __________. - near the center - as far to the left or right as possible - at the center - somewhat close to the extremes
near the center
Which of the following is the best example of a media event? - signing bipartisan legislation - the State of the Union Address - assassination attempts - private meeting with lawmakers to discuss an issue. - news report of a presidential candidate reading to elementary school students
news report of a presidential candidate reading to elementary school students
What most closely exemplifies equality in voting? -one person, one vote -freedom of speech and of the press -universal citizenship -inclusion
one person, one vote
What condition occurs when interests conflict and no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy, yet each may be strong enough to thwart the will of the others? -separation of powers -hyperpluralism -policy gridlock -divided government
policy gridlock
A set of values widely shared within a society is referred to as which of the following? -government -politics -public policy -political culture
political culture
The characteristics and beliefs of a particular people about government and politics is known as -scientific socialism -elitism -political culture -pluralism -capitalism
political culture
The nurturing process through which people learn their knowledge, feelings, and evaluations about the political world is called? - political ideology - public opinion. - political socialization - political efficacy - propaganda acquisition
political socialization
What determines whom we select as our governmental leaders and what policies these leaders pursue? -politics -the media -public policy -public opinion
politics
An individual who has a/an ___________________ ideology believes the government works to serve the needs of common people. -populist -conservative -libertarian -republican -liberal
populist
In a confederation, -the sovereignty within a nation is held entirely by the central government. -power is divided between a central government and regional governments -regional government hold sovereignty regarding domestic policy while the national government holds sovereignty in national security policy. -sovereignty is shared at the national, state, and local levels -power is held at the regional level, with the central government exercising only such influence as the the regional government gives it
power is held at the regional level, with the central government exercising only such influence as the the regional government gives it
Liberals are likely to support all of the following except: - freedom of choice in abortions - prayer in schools - increased taxes on the rich - social welfare programs - government regulation
prayer in schools
A power delegated to the national government is the power to -establish the Drinking age -regulate foreign and interstate commerce -established educational systems -regulate marriage and divorce -police citizens
regulate foreign and interstate commerce
All of the following are functions of interest groups, EXCEPT: - teaching the public--and legislators--about their issue. - running a candidate for office. - acting as a watchdog over opposing interest groups. - making campaign donations to a candidate through their PAC. - mobilizing their members to vote for a certain candidate.
running a candidate for office.
Interest groups enter the policy process in all of the following ways EXCEPT - creating a PAC - Lobbying state government officials. - filing a class action lawsuit. - electioneering for a Congressional candidate. - running their own candidate for public office
running their own candidate for public office
In democracies, the primary interest of publicly owned media is __________. - reducing recidivism - serving the public interest - promoting the government - entertaining viewers
serving the public interest
One effect of the American political system's use of checks and balances is -the absolute guarantee that governmental power will not be abused -that policy mistakes are completely avoided -the fact that the three branches operate independently of one another -an unusually expedient decision making process -severe fragmentation of the governing authority
severe fragmentation of the governing authority
A journalist interviews a conservative Republican who is critical of President Obama's work at an international climate conference, but does not bring in someone from the other side to discuss the merits of the talks. This Media effect is known as a - slant - priming - framing - horse race journalism - filtering
slant
The notion that when state and federal laws conflict, the national laws will prevail, is the -full faith and credit clause -extradition clause -privileges and immunities clause -necessary and proper clause -supremacy clause
supremacy clause
What is narrowcasting? - targeting media programs at specific segments of the population - the increasing reliance of the media on political pundits - the tendency of the media to frame political events using well-established stereotypes - political coverage that is superficial - the tendency of the media to focus on domestic events rather than international events
targeting media programs at specific segments of the population
An example of a concurrent power is -establish educational systems -establish the drinking age -tax -declare war -regulate marriage and diviorce
tax
Two ways in which interest groups try to influence public policy are: - submitting amicus curiae briefs to the courts and making financial contributions to Supreme Court justices. - making contributions to media companies and making donations to political parties. - telling their members how to vote and raising money to be spent on political purposes. - grassroots campaigning and organizing political party activities. - hiring lobbyists and running candidates for offices.
telling their members how to vote and raising money to be spent on political purposes.
The American belief that federal power should be limited is best reflected in: -the Bill of Rights -chief Justice Marshall's interpretation of the Necessary and Proper clause in McCulloch v. Maryland -the two-party system -the powers of the federal bureaucracy -the growth of affirmative action programs
the Bill of Rights
Which characteristic of American politics is concerned with the rights of the minority? -the Bill of Rights guarantee of civil liberties -the election process -the president altering his policy proposals in response to public opinion -interest group bargaining and compromising on political issues -the congressional policymaking process
the Bill of Rights guarantee of civil liberties
While lobbying can be an effective interest group tactic used to alter the policymaking process, it is most effective when - the Congress member is facing re-election. - the Congress member supports the cause of the group. - the lobbyist offers to campaign on behalf of the Congress member. - the lobbyist contributes PAC money to a Congress member's campaign. - the lobbyist promises the Congress member financial gifts.
the Congress member supports the cause of the group
Dual Federalism refers to the fact that -there is a distinct line between policies surrounding public education and private education in the states -the Constitution provides two layers of government in the nation-the national and the state -there are two major forms of aid from the national government to the states-categorical and block -both the national and state governments can levy taxes on the people -there are two distinct eras in American history-the era before cooperative federalism and the era since the development of cooperative federalism
the Constitution provides two layers of government in the nation-the national and the state
The cozy relationship between politicians and the press in the twentieth century lasted until when? - the Iran Hostage Crisis - World War II - the beginning of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency - the Vietnam War and Watergate
the Vietnam War and Watergate
The loyal opposition in the era of Democratic President Andrew Jackson was __________. - Republican party - Federalist - the Whig Party - the progressive party
the Whig Party
What is agenda setting? - the tendency to remember only those news stories that are consistent with one's predispositions. - the media's focus on scandal and corruption. - the public's ability to determine which issues the media covers. - the ability of the media to influence public opinion about which issues the government should address. - the ability of the media to influence the public's opinions on issues.
the ability of the media to influence public opinion about which issues the government should address.
What makes up the government's policy agenda? -the issues that are asked about on public opinion polls -all of the issues that candidates talk about on the campaign trail -the issues that concern single-issue interest groups -the issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other political actors
the issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other political actors
According to the original Constitution, U.S. Senators were chosen by: - the governor of each state - the people from their state - the Supreme Court - the legislatures from each state - the members of the House of Representatives
the legislatures from each state
One of the consequences of two-party government is __________. - greater fluidity of representation - the increased likelihood of coalition government - the increased likelihood of proportional representation - the moderation of political conflict
the moderation of political conflict
"Enumerated" powers are those given to -the military -the national government -the federal bureaucracy -the Supreme Court -state governments
the national government
National policies override state policies when there is a conflict and the Constitution gives the national government power n the policy area. This is a statement of -the equal protection clause -the full faith and credit clause -the due process clause -the supremacy clause -privileges and immunity clause
the supremacy clause
All of the following are true of interest groups EXCEPT - They have been around since the beginning of the US - they have a direct influence on policy making - they are persuasive - they are generally anti-majoritarian. - they are often based on specific issues.
they have a direct influence on policy making
How does our government respond to the priorities of its people? -through political science -through a policymaking system -through political tolerance -through linkage institutions
through a policymaking system
In the case of Buckley vs Valeo, the Supreme Court set the precedent that campaign donations could only be partially limited because of a citizen's rights -to habeas corpus -to civil rights -the freedom of religion -to vote -to freedom of speech and assembly
to freedom of speech and assembly
The Chamber of Commerce is an interest group that has no actual members (no individual people at least). Rather, it is a collection of businesses and corporations that band together to form an interest group. Among other things, the Chamber of Commerce works at lobbying Congress and local community governments to pass legislation that is friendly to businesses. This is an example of a - mass association - trade association - 527 organization - grassroots organization - latent group
trade association
What is Retrospective Voting? -voting for a candidate or party based on their past performance -voting for non-incumbents in order to bring fresh ideas to government. -voting for the same candidates as your parents, grandparents, etc... -voting for candidates who have more conservative or "retro" views on economic issues. -voting for candidates who have more conservative or "retro" views on social issues.
voting for a candidate or party based on their past performance