APHG Chapter 11 review

increased

OPEC _______________oil prices

Canada and Saudi Arabia

2 countries from which the U.S gets petroleum

oil sands, hydraulic fracturing

2 current examples of unconventional resources

1) labor leaders fear that more manufacturers will relocate production to Mexico to take advantage of lower wage rates 2)environmentalists fear that NAFTA encourages firms to move production to Mexico because laws there governing air and water quality standards are less stringent than in the U.S and Canada

2 fears generated by integration of NA industry

climate change and ozone damage

2 global-scale issues

availability of skilled labor and rapid delivery to market

2 location factors influence industries to remain in traditional regions

water-using manufacturers, municipal sewage

2 main point sources of water pollution

-proximity to inputs (raw materials) -proximity to markets

2 situation factors

directly and indirectly

2 types of active solar energy

ferrous and nonferrous

2 types of alloys

passive and active

2 types of solar energy

fields yet to be developed, fields yet to be discovered

2 ways potential reserves can be converted to proven reserves

coal, petroleum , natural gas

3 fossil fuels 5/6ths of the world's energy needs are supplied by

natural hazards, traffic, labor unrest

3 issues resulting from reliance of just in time delivery

land, labor, capital

3 site factors

teams, problem solving , leveling, productivity

4 types of work rules distinguish post-fordist lean production

ship, rail, truck, air

4 ways inputs and products are transported

1)mining 2)concentration 3)smelting 4)refining 5)manufacturing

5 steps of copper smelting

human actions, especially the burning of fossil fuels

Earth's increase in temperature is linked to..

bulk-gaining

beverage bottling is an exampmle of a ___________ industry

iron, transportation, textiles, chemicals, food processing

first industries impacted by industrial revolution

hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides

form photochemical smog in the presence of sunlight

Northern England and Southern Scotland

hearth of modern industry in 2nd half of eighteenth century

developed countries

highest per capita consumption of energy

animate power-power supplied by animals or people

historically, people relied on what kind of power

Canada-60%

hydro. power in developed countries

spacecrafts, light-powered calculators

in developing countries, solar-generated electricity is used in

includes the 2 billion who lack electricity

in developing countries, the largest market for photovoltaic cells

particulates

include dust and smoke particles

solar radiation first converted to heat then to electricity

indirect electric conversion

Europe, north America, east asia

industry is concentrated in these 3 regions

steam engine

invention most important to development of factories invented by James Watt

-Russia to Europe -Southwest Asia to Europe to Japan

largest flows of oil

U.S, Philippines, Indonesia

leaders of geothermal power

ferrous alloy contains iron, and a nonferrous one does not

main difference between ferrous and nonferrous alloys

nonmetallic, metallic

minerals are either ___________ or _____

non metallic

more than 90% of the minerals humans use are

labor

most important site factor

South Asia

most of the 20 most polluted cities are in

brazil

most populous country to depend primarily on hydro electric power

OPEC-organization of the petroleum exporting countries

originally formed to enable oil-rich countries to gain more control over their resource

electronics

outsourcing is especially important in the ________ industry

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

ozone layer is threatened by

smaller, control

point source pollutants are usually ________ in quantity and much easier to _________ than nonpoint source pollutants

-inefficiency -biomass serves other purposes -reduces forest fertility

potential for increasing use of biomass for fuel is limited for what 3 reasons

agriculture

principal nonpoint source is

home-based manufacturing, cottage industry

prior to industrial revolution, what kind of industry

1/3 each in NA, Europe, and developing regions

production of biomass fuels is in

coal (130 years), natural gas (56 years), petroleum (55 years)

proven reserves in order of how long each will last

very long

ships are for ___ distances because the cost per kilometer is very low, can cross oceans

market

single-market manufacturers, perishable products companies and motor vehicle production and sales are close to

#1 in China

spinning

near borders between European union countries and neighboring countries

territorial cooperation

-spinning of fibers to make yarn -weaving or knitting of yarn into fabric -assembly of fabric into products

textile and apparel production involves 3 principal steps

lower

the farther something is transported, the __________ the cost per kilometer

1

trains are used to ship to destinations that take longer than ____ day to reach, aren't required to make daily stops

short

trucks are used for ___________ distance delivery, can be loaded and unloaded cheaply and quickly

carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulates

urban air pollution has 3 basic components

declined sharply

use of landfills has ____________ in the U.S

#1 in China

weaving

expensive, noisy, lethal for birds and bats

what are some reasons countries don't build wind power even though it has a greater potential of being increased

brazil, russia, india , china

what are the BRIC countries

Niagra Falls

what provided electicity for the aluminum, paper, and electrochemical industries near Lake Erie?

proven reserve

when a potential reserve is actually discovered, it is reclassified as a

-in tropical locations,lush/swampy areas rich in plants -mid-latitude countries

where is coal formed

millions of years ago from sediment deposit on seafloor

where is natural gas formed

-1/3rd Russia and Southwest Asia -1/3 developed regions -1/3 developing regions

where is natural gas found

-Russia and Saudi Arabia-1/4th -other developing countries-1/2 -developed countries (U.S) -1/4th

where is petroleum found

millions of years ago from residue deposited on the seafloor

where is petroleum found

china

who has the most of the world's manufacturing workers

china

who is the leader for demand of energy

to feed the factory workers who no longer lived on farms

why was canned food essential

renewable

wood is a _________ resource

chicago

Great Lakes' transportation hub

water

NA has the world's highest per capita consumption of

spain

Western European country with most rapid manufacturing growth during late 20th century

acid deposition

accumulation of acids on Earth's surface

heat energy/electricity

active solar energy systems collect solar energy to convert it to

expensive

airplanes are most __________ for all distances so are usually reserved for speedy delivery of small-bulk,high-value packages

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given amount of organic waste

biomass fuel-wood, plant, material, animal waste that is burned directly or converted to charcoal, alcohol, or methane gas

animate power was supplemented by what kind of power

acid deposition

at a regional scale, air pollution may damage a region's vegetation and water supply through _____________

labor and proximity to market

central Europe offered manufacturers an attractive combination of 2 site and situation factors

ship

cheapest to ship products over longest distance

Delhi, India

city w/ the world's most polluted air

-china produces nearly 1/2 of the world's -1/4th developing countries -1/4 developed countries

coal producer?

western Europe's traditional core industrial areas, which have experienced substantial manufacturing job losses

competitive

air pollution

concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air

developing countries

consumption of fossil fuels has been increasing at a much faster rate in

one-story

contemporary factories operate most efficiently when laid out in ___________ buildings

eastern and southern Europe, where incomes lag behind Europe's average

convergence regions

acid precipitation

conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog

bulk-reducing

copper production is an example of a

rises

cost _each time inputs or products are transferred from one mode to another

carbon dioxide

country's per capita income increases, its per capita __________ emisiions generally increase

chemical industry

created to bleach and dye cloth

motor-vehicle fuels

crops such as sugarcane, corn, and soybeans can be processed into

natural gas

factories have reduced demand for petroleum by consuming more

industries, transportation, homes, commercial

demand for energy comes from 4 principal types of consumption in the U.S

conservation

demand for petroleum has been reduced in developed countries through

electricity then agriculture then sewage systems

demand for water for what? ( in order)

HDI

developing countries w/ low _____________ also lack energy sources

labor intensive measured as %, high wage measured in dollars

difference between labor intensive and high wage

-solar radiation captured w/photovoltaic cells -light energy to electrical energy

direct electric conversion

wood

energy source in the 19th century