APHG Chapter 11 review
increased
OPEC _______________oil prices
Canada and Saudi Arabia
2 countries from which the U.S gets petroleum
oil sands, hydraulic fracturing
2 current examples of unconventional resources
1) labor leaders fear that more manufacturers will relocate production to Mexico to take advantage of lower wage rates 2)environmentalists fear that NAFTA encourages firms to move production to Mexico because laws there governing air and water quality standards are less stringent than in the U.S and Canada
2 fears generated by integration of NA industry
climate change and ozone damage
2 global-scale issues
availability of skilled labor and rapid delivery to market
2 location factors influence industries to remain in traditional regions
water-using manufacturers, municipal sewage
2 main point sources of water pollution
-proximity to inputs (raw materials) -proximity to markets
2 situation factors
directly and indirectly
2 types of active solar energy
ferrous and nonferrous
2 types of alloys
passive and active
2 types of solar energy
fields yet to be developed, fields yet to be discovered
2 ways potential reserves can be converted to proven reserves
coal, petroleum , natural gas
3 fossil fuels 5/6ths of the world's energy needs are supplied by
natural hazards, traffic, labor unrest
3 issues resulting from reliance of just in time delivery
land, labor, capital
3 site factors
teams, problem solving , leveling, productivity
4 types of work rules distinguish post-fordist lean production
ship, rail, truck, air
4 ways inputs and products are transported
1)mining 2)concentration 3)smelting 4)refining 5)manufacturing
5 steps of copper smelting
human actions, especially the burning of fossil fuels
Earth's increase in temperature is linked to..
bulk-gaining
beverage bottling is an exampmle of a ___________ industry
iron, transportation, textiles, chemicals, food processing
first industries impacted by industrial revolution
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
form photochemical smog in the presence of sunlight
Northern England and Southern Scotland
hearth of modern industry in 2nd half of eighteenth century
developed countries
highest per capita consumption of energy
animate power-power supplied by animals or people
historically, people relied on what kind of power
Canada-60%
hydro. power in developed countries
spacecrafts, light-powered calculators
in developing countries, solar-generated electricity is used in
includes the 2 billion who lack electricity
in developing countries, the largest market for photovoltaic cells
particulates
include dust and smoke particles
solar radiation first converted to heat then to electricity
indirect electric conversion
Europe, north America, east asia
industry is concentrated in these 3 regions
steam engine
invention most important to development of factories invented by James Watt
-Russia to Europe -Southwest Asia to Europe to Japan
largest flows of oil
U.S, Philippines, Indonesia
leaders of geothermal power
ferrous alloy contains iron, and a nonferrous one does not
main difference between ferrous and nonferrous alloys
nonmetallic, metallic
minerals are either ___________ or _____
non metallic
more than 90% of the minerals humans use are
labor
most important site factor
South Asia
most of the 20 most polluted cities are in
brazil
most populous country to depend primarily on hydro electric power
OPEC-organization of the petroleum exporting countries
originally formed to enable oil-rich countries to gain more control over their resource
electronics
outsourcing is especially important in the ________ industry
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
ozone layer is threatened by
smaller, control
point source pollutants are usually ________ in quantity and much easier to _________ than nonpoint source pollutants
-inefficiency -biomass serves other purposes -reduces forest fertility
potential for increasing use of biomass for fuel is limited for what 3 reasons
agriculture
principal nonpoint source is
home-based manufacturing, cottage industry
prior to industrial revolution, what kind of industry
1/3 each in NA, Europe, and developing regions
production of biomass fuels is in
coal (130 years), natural gas (56 years), petroleum (55 years)
proven reserves in order of how long each will last
very long
ships are for ___ distances because the cost per kilometer is very low, can cross oceans
market
single-market manufacturers, perishable products companies and motor vehicle production and sales are close to
#1 in China
spinning
near borders between European union countries and neighboring countries
territorial cooperation
-spinning of fibers to make yarn -weaving or knitting of yarn into fabric -assembly of fabric into products
textile and apparel production involves 3 principal steps
lower
the farther something is transported, the __________ the cost per kilometer
1
trains are used to ship to destinations that take longer than ____ day to reach, aren't required to make daily stops
short
trucks are used for ___________ distance delivery, can be loaded and unloaded cheaply and quickly
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulates
urban air pollution has 3 basic components
declined sharply
use of landfills has ____________ in the U.S
#1 in China
weaving
expensive, noisy, lethal for birds and bats
what are some reasons countries don't build wind power even though it has a greater potential of being increased
brazil, russia, india , china
what are the BRIC countries
Niagra Falls
what provided electicity for the aluminum, paper, and electrochemical industries near Lake Erie?
proven reserve
when a potential reserve is actually discovered, it is reclassified as a
-in tropical locations,lush/swampy areas rich in plants -mid-latitude countries
where is coal formed
millions of years ago from sediment deposit on seafloor
where is natural gas formed
-1/3rd Russia and Southwest Asia -1/3 developed regions -1/3 developing regions
where is natural gas found
-Russia and Saudi Arabia-1/4th -other developing countries-1/2 -developed countries (U.S) -1/4th
where is petroleum found
millions of years ago from residue deposited on the seafloor
where is petroleum found
china
who has the most of the world's manufacturing workers
china
who is the leader for demand of energy
to feed the factory workers who no longer lived on farms
why was canned food essential
renewable
wood is a _________ resource
chicago
Great Lakes' transportation hub
water
NA has the world's highest per capita consumption of
spain
Western European country with most rapid manufacturing growth during late 20th century
acid deposition
accumulation of acids on Earth's surface
heat energy/electricity
active solar energy systems collect solar energy to convert it to
expensive
airplanes are most __________ for all distances so are usually reserved for speedy delivery of small-bulk,high-value packages
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given amount of organic waste
biomass fuel-wood, plant, material, animal waste that is burned directly or converted to charcoal, alcohol, or methane gas
animate power was supplemented by what kind of power
acid deposition
at a regional scale, air pollution may damage a region's vegetation and water supply through _____________
labor and proximity to market
central Europe offered manufacturers an attractive combination of 2 site and situation factors
ship
cheapest to ship products over longest distance
Delhi, India
city w/ the world's most polluted air
-china produces nearly 1/2 of the world's -1/4th developing countries -1/4 developed countries
coal producer?
western Europe's traditional core industrial areas, which have experienced substantial manufacturing job losses
competitive
air pollution
concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air
developing countries
consumption of fossil fuels has been increasing at a much faster rate in
one-story
contemporary factories operate most efficiently when laid out in ___________ buildings
eastern and southern Europe, where incomes lag behind Europe's average
convergence regions
acid precipitation
conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog
bulk-reducing
copper production is an example of a
rises
cost _each time inputs or products are transferred from one mode to another
carbon dioxide
country's per capita income increases, its per capita __________ emisiions generally increase
chemical industry
created to bleach and dye cloth
motor-vehicle fuels
crops such as sugarcane, corn, and soybeans can be processed into
natural gas
factories have reduced demand for petroleum by consuming more
industries, transportation, homes, commercial
demand for energy comes from 4 principal types of consumption in the U.S
conservation
demand for petroleum has been reduced in developed countries through
electricity then agriculture then sewage systems
demand for water for what? ( in order)
HDI
developing countries w/ low _____________ also lack energy sources
labor intensive measured as %, high wage measured in dollars
difference between labor intensive and high wage
-solar radiation captured w/photovoltaic cells -light energy to electrical energy
direct electric conversion
wood
energy source in the 19th century