APHG Migration
What are two factors that have contributed to a larger share of femal immigrants in developed countries?
1. the higher % of women in the labor force attracts a higher % female immigrants 2. some countries allow wives to join husbands who have already migrated
How many immigrants were processed at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954?
12 million
What caused immigration from Latin America to the United States to increase in the early 1990s?
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act
How did the Quota Act and National Origins Act favor immigration from certain regions?
2% of countries with native-born persons could immigrate per year (favored Europe)
What percentage of the world are considered to be international migrants?
3%
What percentage of unauthorized immigrants are employed in the US? What are the jobs these immigrants are being employed to do?
5%, construction and hospitality
Approximately ______% of the world's people are international migrants
9
What is a sanctuary city?
A city that protects illegal immigrants
What is a quota and give an example?
A limit on the amount of immigrants that come from an area
What is the gravity model?
A model that predicts where somebody will move if they have two options
What is an intervening obstacle and give an example?
A negative like border patrol that prevents someone from moving somewhere
What is in interviewing opportunity and give an example?
A positive that prevents someone from moving somewhere
In 2014, where did the largest amount of refugees come from?
Afghanistan and Syrai
describe workplace
Americans recognize that illegal immigrants take jobs no one else wants, and disagree with workplace raids to find illegal immigrants
What is a floodplain and how can that lead to migration?
An area the floods and forces people to move
What is a snowbird?
An old person from the north that moves south
What was the first intervening obstacle which hindered American settlement of the interior of the continent?
Appalachian Mountains
What states are most immigrants to the US migrating to?
California, Florida, New York, Texas
What two states have the largest number of undocumented immigrants?
California, and Texas
Why was settlement of the Great Plains slow to come with settlers passing it by for California and the west coast?
Gold Rush was westward; physical environment- thought to be unsuitable for farming
What is the difference between international migration and internal migration?
International- a permanent move from one country to another Internal- a permanent move within a country
Who is coming to American currently?
Latin America and Asia
What are the 3 largest flows of migrants at a regional scale?
Latin America to North America; South Asia to Europe; South Asia to Southwest Asia
What are some areas of the world that have a "net-out migration"?
Latin America, Africa, and Asia (except Southwest Asia)
What country are they (undocumented immigrants to California and Texas) emigrating from?
Mexico
What two countries experience the largest flow of migration from a single country to another single country?
Mexico to United States
What was the Great migration, and what has been the counter migration?
Movement of African Americans from the south to the north towards industrial cities. They are now moving back south.
What two states have jurisdiction over Ellis Island?
New Jersey and New York
regions with net-in migration
North America, Europe, and Oceania
Who came in the second era?
Northern/Western European then Southern/Eastern European
What is the Sunbelt Phenomena?
People moving from northern cities to southern cities for jobs
examples of political push factors
Syria
What is circulation and give an example?
The daily movement of people. People going to college
What two countries have the highest amount of immigrants?
United States and Russia
What country had the most foreign-born residents than any other in the world? How many? Who is second?
United States- 42 million- Russia
What are the three types of intraregional migrations?
Urbanization, suburbanization, counter urbanization
What is counter migration
When people move back to where other people are moving.
What is a remittance and what country received the most
When someone works in another country and sends money home. India
How does age and sex impact migration?
Young males are most likely to migrate
How was immigration law further changed in 1978? And presently?
a global quota was set at 290,000, global quota raised to 700,000
What type of push factors are usually responsible for forced migration?
cultural or environmental
net migration
difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants
The world's third most populous country (the US) is inhabited overwhelmingly by...
direct descendants of immigrants
Explain Russian interregional migration?
east to interior
Explain Canadas interregional migration?
east to west
Canada- internal migration
east to west... Alberta and British Columbia have net-in migration....Ontario has net-out migration
Why do people typically make interregional migration?
economic betterment
What are some factors that lead people to migrate to other countries?
economic opportunity, cultural freedom, and environmental comfort
What type of push factors are usually responsible for voluntary migration?
economic or environmental
What did the Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act of 1924 do?
established quotas on the number of people allowed to immigrate to US
US immigration gives preferences to what groups?
family reunification, skilled workers, and diversity
What is xenophobia?
fear of foreigners
What are the two types of international migration?
forced and voluntary
How did the railroads encourage settlement of the American interior?
government gave land grants to railroad companies which financed constructions by selling portions to farmers; permitted settlers to transport products to East Coast
refugee
has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life, and he or she cannot return for fear of persecution
Briefly describe the role of transportation in examining intervening obstacles and migration
has diminished the importance of environmental features as intervening obstacles
Migration Transition- Stage 1
high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food
Migration Transition- Stage 2
high international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas
Migration Transition- Stage 3 and 4
high international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs
social push factors
hostility towards religion, sexuality, ethnicity, or lack of gender equality
the term preferred by some of the groups that favor tougher restrictions and enforcement of immigration laws
illegal alien
What is happening to the duration of time unauthorized immigrants are staying in the United States?
increasing
pull factors
induce people to move into a new location
push factors
induce people to move out of their present location
a permanent within a country
internal migration
Stage 2
internally- high rate of rural to urban migration internationally- high rate of emigration
Stage 5
internally- nearly all migration may be of the interurban and intraurban variety internationally- continued rising levels of net in-migration
Stage 4
internally- rural to urban migration continues but is reduced to absolute (total numbers) and relative (percent of total) terms internationally- continued rising levels of net in-migration
Stage 3
internally- urban-to-urban migration surpasses rural-to-urban migration internationally- net out-migration begins to be surpassed by net in-migration
What are the two types of internal migration?
intraregional and interregional
For what two reasons have people been migrating to the South in recent years.
job opportunities and warmer climates
What are some different ways people display mobility?
journeying every weekday from their homes to places of work or education
What is the number one environmental reason people migrating?
lack of water
What is the impact of Europeans emigrating around the world?
language was spread, Christianity was spread, culture was spread
Stage 1
large amounts of seasonal migration, but little to no permanent migration
According to Ravenstein's model, why were males more likely to migrate than females?
males were more likely to be employed than females
How has desertification in parts of Africa influenced migration?
many nomads have been forced to move into cities and rural camps
Why is the distinction between forced and voluntary migration no clear-cut?
migrants for economic reasons may feel forced by pressure inside themselves, but have not been explicitly compelled
How does the United States, Canada, and European countries view economic migrants and refugees?
migrants- only allowed if they posses a special skill or close relative already living there
economic- push factor
migrate away from places with few jobs
economic- pull factors
migrate to places where jobs seem to be available
emigration
migration from a location
Counterurbanization
migration from urban to rural areas
immigration
migration to a location
mobility
most generalized term that refers to all types of movements
environmental pull factors
mountains, seaside, warm climates
Describe the changing center of US population over time
move inland/westward and began to move south
How has the US center of population changed over time?
moved westward
interregional migration
movement from one region of a country to another
intraregional migration
movement within one region
How is the center of population is currently shifting?
moving south
Although the reasons people leave their countries have not changed over time, what has changed here in the U.S?
no longer a sparsely settled, economically booming country
What is the most prominent, historical large-scale internal migration in American history?
opening of the American west
migration
permanent move to a new location
What are the 3 major types of push and pull factors?
political/social, environmental, and economic
How did the Immigration Act of 1965 change existing quota laws?
quotas for individual countries were replaced with quotas per hemisphere
According to the Pew Hispanic Center there were an estimated 11.3 million unauthorized immigrants living in the United States in 2014, what caused the number entering our country to begin to decline?
reduced job opportunities as a result of the severe recession beginning in 2008
What type of diffusion is migration?
relocation diffusion
What is the principal type of interregional migration today?
rural to urban areas
China- internal migration
rural to urban areas for job opportunities
suburbanization- fact in US
schools are more modern and safe
internally displaced person (IDP)
similar to a refugee, bu he of she has not migrated across international borders
What are two examples of forced migration in American history?
slavery and Trail of Tears
asylum seeker
someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee
In what stage of the Demographic Transition are most countries sending out immigrants?
stage 2
How does internal migration relate to distance-decay?
the farther away a place is located, the less likely people will migrate to it
urbanization
the migration of people from rural areas to urban areas
suburbanization
the migration of people from the urban areas to the suburbs
those who enter a country illegally without proper documents
unauthorized immigrant
the term preferred by academic observers, as a neutral term to describe unauthorized immigrants
undocumented immigrant
What are two factors what can sharply vary the number of immigrants each year?
unpredictable numbers of 1. refugees and 2. spouses, children, parents of US citizens
Which of the three intraregional migrations is the most common today?
urbanization
environmental push factors
water (flood or drought), pollution, disease, famine
Explain Chinese interregional migration?
west to coast
What was the cause of the greatest migration in American history?
westward expansion
Who is Ravenstein?
wrote a series of laws about the tendencies of migrants
Do Stage 3 and 4 of migration transition share the same characteristics?
yes
What are the four types of immigration the United Nations classifies countries as?
1. maintain the current level of immigration 2. increase the level 3. reduce the level 4. no policy
What are Ravenstein's two laws for distance in relation of migrants?
1. most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country 2. long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity
What are Ravenstein's 6 laws?
1. most people migrate for economic reasons 2. most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country 3. long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity 4. most long-distance migrants are male 5. most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children 6. most long-distance migrants are young adults seeking work rather than children or elderly people
How many undocumented immigrates from Mexico are babies? are the legal or illegal citizens?
1 million, legal
What region of the world is the largest source of economic emigrants?
Asia
regions with net-out migration
Asia, Latin America, and Africa
What are the four countries that sent out the most immigrants from Asia in recent years?
China, Philippines, India, Vietnam
What are the three main eras of immigration to the US
Colonization, European, Latin American/Asian
What are the 4 types of push/pull factors and give an example?
Economic, social, political, environmental
How do you calculate net migration?
Immigration - emigration
What is desertification, where is it an issue, and how can that lead to migration?
Increase in desert size in Africa
What are the four types of immigration policies?
Increasing, decreasing, maintain, none
What are the three groups of people who are forced to migrate because of political issues?
Refugees, Internally Displaced Person, Asylum Seeker
What is Zelinsky's model?
Show movement of people during each stage of the DTM
What is a guest worker and where were they from?
Someone that goes works in another a country for a short time typically in Europe
Who came in the first era?
Spanish, English, French, Dutch, Africans
How did colonization impact migration?
Spread Europeans throughout the world
What is the economic impact of refugees?
They can create economic growth and takes jobs nobody else wants
Explain Interregional migration in Brazil?
To the interior to the new capital Brasilia
social pull factors
acceptance of various religions, sexualities, ethnicities, or gender equality
Why do people move to suburbs?
additional privacy, no parking fees, superior suburban schools
describe border patrol
american want more effective border patrol but don't want to pay more money
describe civil rights
americans favor laws allowing officials to verify legal status although they fear civil rights are being broken
Urbanization- fact in US
began as part of Industrial Revolution
describe local initiatives
believe enforcement is federal government's responsibility, not local enforcement
describe the European attitudes toward immigrants
blame immigrants for crime, unemployment, and high welfare costs; fear the immigrants will results in loss of European cultural traditions
What are the four major elements of immigration laws in the US?
border patrol, workplace, civil rights, local initiatives
large scale emigration of talented people
brain drain
Counterurbanization- fact in US
can be seen in Rocky Mountain counties
What developments in transportation eventually encouraged settlement to the Mississippi?
canals helped to open interior
migration to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality migrated there
chain migration
types of short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually
circulation
Russia- internal migration
clustered in western portion of the country because of large cities and job opportunities
Brazil- internal migration
coastal to interior... coastal areas have net-out migration and interior areas have net-in migration due to movement of capital