APHG Migration

What are two factors that have contributed to a larger share of femal immigrants in developed countries?

1. the higher % of women in the labor force attracts a higher % female immigrants 2. some countries allow wives to join husbands who have already migrated

How many immigrants were processed at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954?

12 million

What caused immigration from Latin America to the United States to increase in the early 1990s?

1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act

How did the Quota Act and National Origins Act favor immigration from certain regions?

2% of countries with native-born persons could immigrate per year (favored Europe)

What percentage of the world are considered to be international migrants?

3%

What percentage of unauthorized immigrants are employed in the US? What are the jobs these immigrants are being employed to do?

5%, construction and hospitality

Approximately ______% of the world's people are international migrants

9

What is a sanctuary city?

A city that protects illegal immigrants

What is a quota and give an example?

A limit on the amount of immigrants that come from an area

What is the gravity model?

A model that predicts where somebody will move if they have two options

What is an intervening obstacle and give an example?

A negative like border patrol that prevents someone from moving somewhere

What is in interviewing opportunity and give an example?

A positive that prevents someone from moving somewhere

In 2014, where did the largest amount of refugees come from?

Afghanistan and Syrai

describe workplace

Americans recognize that illegal immigrants take jobs no one else wants, and disagree with workplace raids to find illegal immigrants

What is a floodplain and how can that lead to migration?

An area the floods and forces people to move

What is a snowbird?

An old person from the north that moves south

What was the first intervening obstacle which hindered American settlement of the interior of the continent?

Appalachian Mountains

What states are most immigrants to the US migrating to?

California, Florida, New York, Texas

What two states have the largest number of undocumented immigrants?

California, and Texas

Why was settlement of the Great Plains slow to come with settlers passing it by for California and the west coast?

Gold Rush was westward; physical environment- thought to be unsuitable for farming

What is the difference between international migration and internal migration?

International- a permanent move from one country to another Internal- a permanent move within a country

Who is coming to American currently?

Latin America and Asia

What are the 3 largest flows of migrants at a regional scale?

Latin America to North America; South Asia to Europe; South Asia to Southwest Asia

What are some areas of the world that have a "net-out migration"?

Latin America, Africa, and Asia (except Southwest Asia)

What country are they (undocumented immigrants to California and Texas) emigrating from?

Mexico

What two countries experience the largest flow of migration from a single country to another single country?

Mexico to United States

What was the Great migration, and what has been the counter migration?

Movement of African Americans from the south to the north towards industrial cities. They are now moving back south.

What two states have jurisdiction over Ellis Island?

New Jersey and New York

regions with net-in migration

North America, Europe, and Oceania

Who came in the second era?

Northern/Western European then Southern/Eastern European

What is the Sunbelt Phenomena?

People moving from northern cities to southern cities for jobs

examples of political push factors

Syria

What is circulation and give an example?

The daily movement of people. People going to college

What two countries have the highest amount of immigrants?

United States and Russia

What country had the most foreign-born residents than any other in the world? How many? Who is second?

United States- 42 million- Russia

What are the three types of intraregional migrations?

Urbanization, suburbanization, counter urbanization

What is counter migration

When people move back to where other people are moving.

What is a remittance and what country received the most

When someone works in another country and sends money home. India

How does age and sex impact migration?

Young males are most likely to migrate

How was immigration law further changed in 1978? And presently?

a global quota was set at 290,000, global quota raised to 700,000

What type of push factors are usually responsible for forced migration?

cultural or environmental

net migration

difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

The world's third most populous country (the US) is inhabited overwhelmingly by...

direct descendants of immigrants

Explain Russian interregional migration?

east to interior

Explain Canadas interregional migration?

east to west

Canada- internal migration

east to west... Alberta and British Columbia have net-in migration....Ontario has net-out migration

Why do people typically make interregional migration?

economic betterment

What are some factors that lead people to migrate to other countries?

economic opportunity, cultural freedom, and environmental comfort

What type of push factors are usually responsible for voluntary migration?

economic or environmental

What did the Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act of 1924 do?

established quotas on the number of people allowed to immigrate to US

US immigration gives preferences to what groups?

family reunification, skilled workers, and diversity

What is xenophobia?

fear of foreigners

What are the two types of international migration?

forced and voluntary

How did the railroads encourage settlement of the American interior?

government gave land grants to railroad companies which financed constructions by selling portions to farmers; permitted settlers to transport products to East Coast

refugee

has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life, and he or she cannot return for fear of persecution

Briefly describe the role of transportation in examining intervening obstacles and migration

has diminished the importance of environmental features as intervening obstacles

Migration Transition- Stage 1

high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food

Migration Transition- Stage 2

high international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas

Migration Transition- Stage 3 and 4

high international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs

social push factors

hostility towards religion, sexuality, ethnicity, or lack of gender equality

the term preferred by some of the groups that favor tougher restrictions and enforcement of immigration laws

illegal alien

What is happening to the duration of time unauthorized immigrants are staying in the United States?

increasing

pull factors

induce people to move into a new location

push factors

induce people to move out of their present location

a permanent within a country

internal migration

Stage 2

internally- high rate of rural to urban migration internationally- high rate of emigration

Stage 5

internally- nearly all migration may be of the interurban and intraurban variety internationally- continued rising levels of net in-migration

Stage 4

internally- rural to urban migration continues but is reduced to absolute (total numbers) and relative (percent of total) terms internationally- continued rising levels of net in-migration

Stage 3

internally- urban-to-urban migration surpasses rural-to-urban migration internationally- net out-migration begins to be surpassed by net in-migration

What are the two types of internal migration?

intraregional and interregional

For what two reasons have people been migrating to the South in recent years.

job opportunities and warmer climates

What are some different ways people display mobility?

journeying every weekday from their homes to places of work or education

What is the number one environmental reason people migrating?

lack of water

What is the impact of Europeans emigrating around the world?

language was spread, Christianity was spread, culture was spread

Stage 1

large amounts of seasonal migration, but little to no permanent migration

According to Ravenstein's model, why were males more likely to migrate than females?

males were more likely to be employed than females

How has desertification in parts of Africa influenced migration?

many nomads have been forced to move into cities and rural camps

Why is the distinction between forced and voluntary migration no clear-cut?

migrants for economic reasons may feel forced by pressure inside themselves, but have not been explicitly compelled

How does the United States, Canada, and European countries view economic migrants and refugees?

migrants- only allowed if they posses a special skill or close relative already living there

economic- push factor

migrate away from places with few jobs

economic- pull factors

migrate to places where jobs seem to be available

emigration

migration from a location

Counterurbanization

migration from urban to rural areas

immigration

migration to a location

mobility

most generalized term that refers to all types of movements

environmental pull factors

mountains, seaside, warm climates

Describe the changing center of US population over time

move inland/westward and began to move south

How has the US center of population changed over time?

moved westward

interregional migration

movement from one region of a country to another

intraregional migration

movement within one region

How is the center of population is currently shifting?

moving south

Although the reasons people leave their countries have not changed over time, what has changed here in the U.S?

no longer a sparsely settled, economically booming country

What is the most prominent, historical large-scale internal migration in American history?

opening of the American west

migration

permanent move to a new location

What are the 3 major types of push and pull factors?

political/social, environmental, and economic

How did the Immigration Act of 1965 change existing quota laws?

quotas for individual countries were replaced with quotas per hemisphere

According to the Pew Hispanic Center there were an estimated 11.3 million unauthorized immigrants living in the United States in 2014, what caused the number entering our country to begin to decline?

reduced job opportunities as a result of the severe recession beginning in 2008

What type of diffusion is migration?

relocation diffusion

What is the principal type of interregional migration today?

rural to urban areas

China- internal migration

rural to urban areas for job opportunities

suburbanization- fact in US

schools are more modern and safe

internally displaced person (IDP)

similar to a refugee, bu he of she has not migrated across international borders

What are two examples of forced migration in American history?

slavery and Trail of Tears

asylum seeker

someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee

In what stage of the Demographic Transition are most countries sending out immigrants?

stage 2

How does internal migration relate to distance-decay?

the farther away a place is located, the less likely people will migrate to it

urbanization

the migration of people from rural areas to urban areas

suburbanization

the migration of people from the urban areas to the suburbs

those who enter a country illegally without proper documents

unauthorized immigrant

the term preferred by academic observers, as a neutral term to describe unauthorized immigrants

undocumented immigrant

What are two factors what can sharply vary the number of immigrants each year?

unpredictable numbers of 1. refugees and 2. spouses, children, parents of US citizens

Which of the three intraregional migrations is the most common today?

urbanization

environmental push factors

water (flood or drought), pollution, disease, famine

Explain Chinese interregional migration?

west to coast

What was the cause of the greatest migration in American history?

westward expansion

Who is Ravenstein?

wrote a series of laws about the tendencies of migrants

Do Stage 3 and 4 of migration transition share the same characteristics?

yes

What are the four types of immigration the United Nations classifies countries as?

1. maintain the current level of immigration 2. increase the level 3. reduce the level 4. no policy

What are Ravenstein's two laws for distance in relation of migrants?

1. most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country 2. long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity

What are Ravenstein's 6 laws?

1. most people migrate for economic reasons 2. most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country 3. long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity 4. most long-distance migrants are male 5. most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children 6. most long-distance migrants are young adults seeking work rather than children or elderly people

How many undocumented immigrates from Mexico are babies? are the legal or illegal citizens?

1 million, legal

What region of the world is the largest source of economic emigrants?

Asia

regions with net-out migration

Asia, Latin America, and Africa

What are the four countries that sent out the most immigrants from Asia in recent years?

China, Philippines, India, Vietnam

What are the three main eras of immigration to the US

Colonization, European, Latin American/Asian

What are the 4 types of push/pull factors and give an example?

Economic, social, political, environmental

How do you calculate net migration?

Immigration - emigration

What is desertification, where is it an issue, and how can that lead to migration?

Increase in desert size in Africa

What are the four types of immigration policies?

Increasing, decreasing, maintain, none

What are the three groups of people who are forced to migrate because of political issues?

Refugees, Internally Displaced Person, Asylum Seeker

What is Zelinsky's model?

Show movement of people during each stage of the DTM

What is a guest worker and where were they from?

Someone that goes works in another a country for a short time typically in Europe

Who came in the first era?

Spanish, English, French, Dutch, Africans

How did colonization impact migration?

Spread Europeans throughout the world

What is the economic impact of refugees?

They can create economic growth and takes jobs nobody else wants

Explain Interregional migration in Brazil?

To the interior to the new capital Brasilia

social pull factors

acceptance of various religions, sexualities, ethnicities, or gender equality

Why do people move to suburbs?

additional privacy, no parking fees, superior suburban schools

describe border patrol

american want more effective border patrol but don't want to pay more money

describe civil rights

americans favor laws allowing officials to verify legal status although they fear civil rights are being broken

Urbanization- fact in US

began as part of Industrial Revolution

describe local initiatives

believe enforcement is federal government's responsibility, not local enforcement

describe the European attitudes toward immigrants

blame immigrants for crime, unemployment, and high welfare costs; fear the immigrants will results in loss of European cultural traditions

What are the four major elements of immigration laws in the US?

border patrol, workplace, civil rights, local initiatives

large scale emigration of talented people

brain drain

Counterurbanization- fact in US

can be seen in Rocky Mountain counties

What developments in transportation eventually encouraged settlement to the Mississippi?

canals helped to open interior

migration to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality migrated there

chain migration

types of short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually

circulation

Russia- internal migration

clustered in western portion of the country because of large cities and job opportunities

Brazil- internal migration

coastal to interior... coastal areas have net-out migration and interior areas have net-in migration due to movement of capital