APHG Unit 5 Agriculture

- intensive farming involves small plots and high yields - extensive farming involves large plots and low yields

5.1 #2 - Introduction to Agriculture: What are the main differences between intensive and extensive farming?

when fertile land becomes desert

5.10 #1 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: Desertification: What is desertification?

Africa, India, Southwest Asia

5.10 #1 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: Desertification: Where are some areas it is occurring?

- pastoral nomads - eating grass - desert will expand - encroaching on lands - valuable resources go other directions

5.10 #1 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: Desertification: Why is desertification occurring?

- Asia and the Americas have the highest percent of emissions - Asia and the US - fertilizers, manure management, burning forests - land use change and forestry is the largest emitter of emissions

5.10 #1 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: How do the emissions from agriculture differ by continent - note the key patterns. Study this picture.

A - desertification

5.10 #1 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: Pause and Practice: What environmental problem is most associated with the African Sahel?

- chicken coops, hog farms - waste - ends up in the soil and water - feedlots - housed altogether

5.10 #1 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: Pollution: How is pollution with animals occurring?

- by putting chemicals in the ground and in the air - impacts greenhouse gases

5.10 #1 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: Pollution: How is pollution with fertilizers occurring?

it is when too much salt is in the land - makes it difficult to farm there

5.10 #1 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: Soil Salinization: What is soil salinization?

- salt not being washed away, ex: Egypt had flooding issues so they built a dam, when the land no longer flooded the salt wasn't being washed away, the land there was difficult to farm because of this, they would have to flood the area or use chemicals to fix it

5.10 #1 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: Soil Salinization: Why is soil salinization occurring?

- increase in livestock - animal waste - increased use of chemicals - pollutions - expansion of agricultural land - impact on soil - impact on water - impact of overgrazing

5.10 #1 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: What are some ways agricultural advancements have created some environmental issues?

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*Also study the notes from class* reply ok

Location Examples: Northern Africa, Western USA, Grasslands, Mongolia Agricultural Products: cattle ranching, sheep, goats, horses, camels

5.1 #1 - Introduction to Agriculture: Give location examples and agricultural products of a Grasslands climate

Location Examples: California, Chile, Mediterranean Sea Area Agricultural Products: grapes, olives, dates

5.1 #1 - Introduction to Agriculture: Give location examples and agricultural products of a Mediterranean climate

Location Examples: Equatorial Africa, Indonesia Agricultural Products: coffee, sugar, tea, cacao, pineapple

5.1 #1 - Introduction to Agriculture: Give location examples and agricultural products of a Tropical climate

humans are modifying the environment to fit their needs

5.1 #1 - Introduction to Agriculture: How are modifications humans make to the environment connected to possibilism?

all plants have certain requirements: - space: plants need suitable room to grow or they will have to compete for resources with other plants - water: plants need water to help absorb nutrients - light: plants need sufficient light to perform photosynthesis - suitable temperature: plants need a temperature suitable for growth - nutrients: plants need nutrients for nourishment

5.1 #1 - Introduction to Agriculture: How is agriculture influenced by the physical environment?

- specialized crops like Mediterranean crops and tropical crops can only be grown in certain areas because of economies of scale - climatic conditions needed to grow these crops can be replicated but not at the scale needed to make a profit - areas with these types of climates are often used to grow only these specialized crops at the expense of local food crops

5.1 #1 - Introduction to Agriculture: How/Why are some plants constrained by the environment?

A - midlatitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the US and China

5.1 #1 - Introduction to Agriculture: Pause and Practice: What best explains the importance of climate to agricultural practices?

climatic factors, physical geography

5.1 #1 - Introduction to Agriculture: The types of crops grown will vary according to __________ _______ and _______ _______.

- space: clearing more land or modifying land so crops have more room - light: humans can provide artificial grow lights to aid photosynthesis - water: humans can irrigate crops if the water supply is deficient or sporadic - nutrients: humans use fertilizers to nourish plants so they can grow quickly - suitable temperature: humans grow crops in greenhouses and other buildings to maintain a constant temperature

5.1 #1 - Introduction to Agriculture: What are some ways humans modify the environment for agriculture?

- cost of land - expensive land means the farmer cannot afford as much land and must generate sufficient revenue to make money off the land - cost of labor - high costs of labor or the need for a lot of farm workers drives up costs and makes it necessary to generate higher revenue - cost of machinery - machinery is a high initial investment but can save money in the long run

5.1 #2 - Introduction to Agriculture: How is agriculture influenced by economics?

C - sheep production is an example of extensive agriculture requiring large pastures, whereas poultry production is an example of intensive agriculture often practiced indoors

5.1 #2 - Introduction to Agriculture: Pause and Practice: What best describes the differences in the agricultural practices and land use for different products?

- it is when nomadic herders graze cattle, sheep, goats, and more in arid and semi-arid climates - herders are mobile and move with their animals from pasture to pasture - mobility means few workers, possessions, or accumulation of wealth - Asia and North Africa

5.1 #2 - Introduction to Agriculture: Types of Extensive Agriculture: What is nomadic herding/pastoral nomadism and where does it occur?

- it is when ranchers own large areas for grazing cattle and sheep to sell on the markets - ranch land is unsuitable for farming, so land is less expensive than farmland

5.1 #2 - Introduction to Agriculture: Types of Extensive Agriculture: What is ranching and where does it occur?

- it is when farmers in tropics control a large area and clear only a part of it at a time to farm - a rainforest is cleared and burned and farmers plant many different crops in the field - soil loses its fertility after a few years, so farmers start the process over - occurs in Asia and South America

5.1 #2 - Introduction to Agriculture: Types of Extensive Agriculture: What is shifting cultivation and where does it occur?

- they are farms that specialize in fresh fruits and vegetables that are transported to markets - products like grapes, lettuce, potatoes, and more are planted and harvested using migrant labor

5.1 #2 - Introduction to Agriculture: Types of Intensive Agriculture: What is market gardening/truck farming and where does it occur?

- it is a labor intensive system where farmers grow crops to fatten livestock for slaughter - corn and soybeans are farmed and then fed to cattle and pigs in feedlots which are then slaughtered in labor-intensive meat packing plants

5.1 #2 - Introduction to Agriculture: Types of Intensive Agriculture: What is mixed crop and livestock farming and where does it occur?

- it is a labor intensive agricultural system that exploits cheap labor in former colonies - coffee, cacao, sugar, and other cash crops are raised and sold to developed areas

5.1 #2 - Introduction to Agriculture: Types of Intensive Agriculture: What is plantation agriculture and where does it occur?

- characterized by low capital (machinery, pesticides, etc.) and labor inputs - characterized by low yield per acre - uses large plots of land that are away from population centers - Examples: shifting cultivation, livestock ranching

5.1 #2 - Introduction to Agriculture: What are characteristics of extensive agriculture? give examples

- requires a large amount of labor and capital (machinery, pesticides, etc.) - uses small plots of land usually located near large populations - characterized by a high yield per acre - Examples: rice, milk, truck farming/market gardening

5.1 #2 - Introduction to Agriculture: What are characteristics of intensive agriculture? give examples

- commercial - Brazil and logging - clear the area for farmland, affects the rainforest - subsistence - they clear the land for a short period of time, slash and burn, then they use the land for a short amount of time until its soil is depleted, and then they move to another spot to farm

5.10 #2 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: How does deforestation/shifting agriculture illustrate the consequences of agricultural practices?

- we drain areas that are too wet in order to create farmland

5.10 #2 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: How does draining wetlands illustrate the consequences of agricultural practices?

- people have to find ways to get water to land in dry areas to be able to use it well - different irrigation systems - ditches and trenches are another method - you end up with circles on the land from the pivot irrigation system, it is expensive

5.10 #2 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: How does irrigation illustrate the consequences of agricultural practices?

- it allows you to use every square inch of the land - you can see the impact of it on the land - it is a cultural practice

5.10 #2 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: How does terraced farming illustrate the consequences of agricultural practices?

D - Niger - not as much elevation

5.10 #2 - Consequences of Agricultural Practices: Pause and Practice: Which country is terracing least likely to be used by farming groups to create additional space and minimize erosion on steep slopes?

- irrigation of fields in semi-arid and arid areas: causes problems like: - deep wells drilled for irrigation are depleting aquifers - evaporation of irrigation water causes salt accumulation in the soil - irrigation projects and reservoirs have depleted rivers and streams - poor agricultural practices: damages soil - monocropping leads to the loss of soil fertilization - deforestation and overgrazing cause soil erosion - the use of heavy machinery can lead to the compaction of soils, which makes it harder for nutrients to get to the plant roots

5.11 #1 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: How do modern agricultural practices put pressure on water and soil?

- the number of plant varieties have decreased by 90% - hybrid and GMO seed use is widespread among farmers - cloned plants like bananas or other fruit trees are susceptible to disease - so it would wipe all of them out - consumption patterns have consolidated the number of plants eaten - the growth of aquaculture has led to the production of just a few species of fish - the number of dairy farm animal types has decreased by 50% - industrial food production needs animals that are the same size and weight - diet preferences have decreased the types of animals eaten

5.11 #1 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: How has the Green Revolution reduced biodiversity?

- chemical fertilizers pollute water and soils - nitrogen runoff causes algae blooms in lakes and oceans - nitrous oxide is released into the air and causing human health problems - fertilizers cause acidification and the mineral depletion of soils - pesticides have detrimental effects on the environment - pesticide runoff pollutes human drinking water sources - sprayed pesticide drifts and negatively affects wildlife and beneficial insects like bees - pesticides create toxic soil conditions and kill beneficial microorganisms

5.11 #1 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: How have agricultural chemicals hurt the environment?

A - salinization of soil

5.11 #1 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: Pause and Practice: Center pivot irrigation systems are often used to water crops in semi-arid areas of the United States. What is a detrimental effect directly caused by this practice?

- concerns about soil and water usage - discussions about the reduction in biodiversity of plants and animals - advances in biotechnology, GMOs, and aquaculture have caused: - debates over the sustainability of these modern agricultural practices - apprehension about the use of fertilizers and pesticides

5.11 #1 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: What are some of the environmental issues linked with advances in agriculture?

- the demand from consumers has led agribusinesses to use more sustainable practices - governments pass laws to protect the environment from air and water pollution - international agencies and environmental organizations wage campaigns to end destructive agricultural practices

5.11 #1 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: What are some things that have been done to make agriculture more sustainable?

to meet the society's present agricultural needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

5.11 #1 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: What is the goal of sustainable agriculture?

Fair trade bypasses traditional multinational corporations and contracts directly with farmers - producers in developing countries get better prices for their goods and keep more profit - fair trade producers typically treat workers better and pay them more money - fair trade producers use more sustainable practices to produce their goods

5.11 #2 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: How do fair trade movements benefit farmers in developing countries?

patterns of food production and consumption are influenced by: - urban farming - community supported agriculture (CSA) - organic farming - value-added specialty crops - fair trade movements - dietary shifts

5.11 #2 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: How do individual food choices influence consumption patterns?

Consumers want food that is healthier and safer for the environment - organic farms grow crops without chemicals - less exposure to chemicals that can cause health problems - organic farms are healthier for the environment - less air, soil, and water pollution - organic animals are raised without growth hormones or antibiotics - meats are safer for consumers -

5.11 #2 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: How do organic farming movements create healthier lifestyles?

Consumer tastes have changed over the years - Consumers in developed countries are trying to eat healthier diets - the demand for red meat is down and the demand for chicken and turkey is up - milk consumption is down, cheese consumption is up - potato consumption is down, rice consumption is up

5.11 #2 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: How have shifts in diets influenced food production and consumption?

1. land was all equal 2. land was flat 3. single market 4. transportation costs were solely based on distance

5.8 #2 - Von Thunen Model: What were some of the assumptions of the Von Thunen model?

A: - cows produce more milk now, so we need fewer cows to produce the same amount - falling consumption of milk - mechanical and technology - can milk more cows at the same time - fewer farms - placed near urban areas - urban displacement from the growth of suburbs is an issue for dairy farms B: - an increased demand for organic products - health concerns - concerns about methods of food production and animals - want to farm in a more sustainable fashion - better treatment of animals - the growth of supermarkets with organic foods

5.11 #2 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: Pause and Practice: A. Identify and explain 2 factors contributing to the steady decline in the number of dairy farms since 1970. B. Identify and explain 2 factors contributing to the increase in the number of organic farms since 1970.

- it forms local bonds between farmers and consumers - farmers sell "shares" of their crops ad products to local consumers who contract to buy the products throughout the year (CSA) - CSA products make larger profits - CSA producers use organic and humane methods to raise plants and animals - CSA is beneficial to farmers and consumers - it reduces the food miles of the crops, fewer fossil fuels are burned in production and transportation

5.11 #2 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: What are some of the impacts of community-supported agriculture?

- they raise crops and small animals - urban farms are creating more sustainable cities - urban farms can absorb excess labor in cities - urban farms can be the source of health problems from dirty water - urban households in developing countries help alleviate food insecurity - urban households in developed countries supplement food purchases with urban farming - urban farming is largely a leisure activity - urban gardens in food insecure areas bring fresh food to poor residents - zoning laws have changed to allow small animals, like chickens, in cities

5.11 #2 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: What are some of the impacts of urban farming?

often storms or natural disasters can destroy a crop - storms, freezes, droughts, hail and more take their toll on crops - this year's events of natural disasters, etc. include: - wildfires in the Western US - caused problems with the grape harvest in California - Derecho winds in Iowa - caused loss of thousands of acres of corn and soybeans - late freeze in Colorado - hurt the peach crop and killed it off - hurricane in Texas - destroyed several counties' worth of cotton crops - drought in Colorado - killed off most of the wheat

5.11 #3 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: How does adverse weather impact crops?

A: - mapping can help figure out ideas behind food deserts - can map using grocery stores and where people live - can map using information about grocery stores and the demographic information including income of the people near and far from the grocery stores - can map using people and their access to transportation systems that allow them to reach the grocery stores B: - poverty - grocery stores don't want to open in poor neighborhoods - transportation - can't get to a grocery store - zoning problems don't allow grocery store construction C: - poor health and lack of a healthy diet - residents create the CSAs - people spend more money on food per capita than in the suburbs

5.11 #3 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: Pause and Practice: A. Describe what kinds of information geographers use to map food deserts B. Identify and explain 2 reasons that food deserts exist in urban areas within developed countries C. Identify and explain 1 impact of living in a food desert

food deserts are geographic areas where the access to affordable, healthy food options is limited due to the lack of access to supermarkets Consequences: - people who live in food deserts have limited options to buy food - convenience stores have expensive pre-packaged items - fast food restaurants sell "cheap" meat and few vegetables - people who live in food deserts have higher rates of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease

5.11 #3 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: What are food deserts? What are some consequences of food deserts?

- land lost to suburbanization - food deserts - problems with food distribution systems - adverse weather

5.11 #3 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: What are some causes of food insecurity?

Food often spoils before it reaches its markets - the lack of proper storage facilities means food spoils before it gets to the market - developing countries lack the infrastructure to keep food from spoiling - problems with government bureaucracies can hinder food distribution - governments in developing countries often create hurdles to food distribution - developing countries often lack transportation systems to get food to markets - these issues often occur in places that don't have a stable government or in developing countries

5.11 #3 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: What are some of the food distribution issues? Where do these issues mainly occur?

Expanding cities take prime agricultural land - suburban sprawl takes over farms near the city - between 1992-2012, America lost 31 million acres of farmland to development - urbanization in Africa and Asia will result in large decreases in agricultural output - Africa could lose up to 26% of its wheat crop by 2030 - Asia could lose 9% of its rice output by 2030 - land near the city is too expensive to farm, so farmers sell to developers - the consequences of decreasing farmland is the loss of crops, farmlands and profits

5.11 #3 - Challenges of Contemporary Agriculture: Why is farmland being lost to urban growth? What are some consequences of decreasing farmland?

- undernourished/underdeveloped populations have more women working in agriculture with manual labor - women also receive less calories than men

5.12 #1 - Women in Agriculture: How do the spatial patterns of undernourished populations link to the role of women?

- females are employed in agriculture less in developed countries - Stage 4 - don't need as much manual labor in general, education gives women more opportunities - more females are employed in developing countries - Stage 2 - lots of manual labor

5.12 #1 - Women in Agriculture: How does the percentage of females employed in agriculture relate to the demographic transition model?

B - they were engaged in collecting plant resources

5.12 #1 - Women in Agriculture: Pause and Practice: Women played a crucial role in the domestication of plants because they did what?

Food Production: - cultural - women's roles, etc. - the impact of mechanization - the impact of urbanization Food Consumption: - cultural - females get less food, etc. - environmental

5.12 #1 - Women in Agriculture: What are some factors that impact food production and consumption?

- women worked in agriculture too just as much as men - providing food for the family/working in the garden - heavily employed in LDC's - driving tractors, helping during the harvest

5.12 #1 - Women in Agriculture: What are the spatial patterns for female employment in agriculture?

- MDCs - more females own land - LDCs - patriarchal societies - almost no females own land Factors that impact female landownership: - how developed their country is - patriarchal societies

5.12 #1 - Women in Agriculture: What are the spatial patterns for female landownership? What are some factors that impact female landownership?

- women in developing countries do more manual labor - women and people in general in developed countries do less manual labor because of mechanization

5.12 #1 - Women in Agriculture: What is the relationship between women and manual labor in agriculture?

factories

5.12 #1 - Women in Agriculture: Women have started working in _______ instead of in fields in developing countries.

E - township and range/grid system

5.2 #1 - Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods: Pause and Practice: What kind of land survey system is this?

- homes are clustered together - creates a sense of community - shared resources outside the area - found in Europe

5.2 #1 - Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods: Settlement Patterns: What is a clustered settlement pattern? Where is it found? Why is it used?

- buildings spread out - found in North America - the community is not as connected - more connected to resources and farmland

5.2 #1 - Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods: Settlement Patterns: What is a dispersed settlement pattern? Where is it found? Why is it used?

- developed along a transportation system, ex: road, river - idea that everyone has the same means of transport

5.2 #1 - Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods: Settlement Patterns: What is a linear settlement pattern? Where is it found? Why is it used?

- based on a grid system that creates 1 - square mile sections - grid system, 6 x 6 squares - used to divide the land up evenly - ex: township and range

5.2 #1 - Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods: Survey Methods: What is a grid system survey method/township and range? Where is it found? Why is it used?

- divides land into narrow parcels using the river, etc. - survey methods vs landmarks - relationship to river - found in France, is European, found in Quebec and Lousiana - use: everyone has access to the same goods and the same type of land as it branched out from the river

5.2 #1 - Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods: Survey Methods: What is a long lot survey method? Where is it found? Why is it used?

- uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land - short distances - landmarks, ex: buildings, physical features, etc. - found in England - used to define people's space, used for the colonies - land ordinance in 1775 said have to survey evenly and not just by physical features - township and range is born

5.2 #1 - Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods: Survey Methods: What is a metes and bounds survey method? Where is it found? Why is it used?

- Potential Advantages: puts resources together, communication is easier - Potential Disadvantages: farmland is close to some and far to others

5.2 #1 - Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods: What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of a clustered settlement pattern?

- Potential Advantages: you are close to your farm - you don't have to travel to get to it - Potential Disadvantages: access to public amenities such as schools, hospitals, and government offices is harder

5.2 #1 - Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods: What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of a dispersed settlement pattern?

- Potential Advantages: everyone has access to the same transport system - Potential Disadvantages: it might take longer to communicate/get goods

5.2 #1 - Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods: What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of a linear settlement pattern?

- Potential Advantages: balances off resources as you move away from the river or transportation system - Potential Disadvantages: Few rivers follow straight lines

5.2 #1 - Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods: What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of a long lot survey method?

- Potential Advantages: reflects the community and its needs well - Potential Disadvantages: markers or points of beginning often disappear or are moved or replaced, boundaries are not even and are just based on physical features and landmarks

5.2 #1 - Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods: What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of a metes and bounds survey method?

- Potential Advantages: structured - Potential Disadvantages: doesn't reflect individual needs and is just uniform, evenly divided up

5.2 #1 - Settlement Patterns and Survey Methods: What are the potential advantages and disadvantages of a township and range (grid system survey method)?

- diffused through different diffusion types over time - it first diffused regionally - ex: Fertile Crescent: wheat, rye, barley, oats, olives - diffused to North and East Africa, Europe, and the Middle East - ex: products from Southeast Asia - diffused to India

5.3 #1 - Agricultural Origins and Diffusion: How did agriculture diffuse from hearths?

- increasing patterns of globalization diffused agriculture around the world - Examples: - Silk Road - brought plants and animals to Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe - Indian Ocean - brought plants and animals to South Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe - Columbian Exchange - after the Spanish conquered Mesoamerica and South America, they diffused plants and animals to and from the area - maize, squash, potatoes, etc. were taken to Europe and planted; coffee, sugar, horses, cattle, and other animals were brought to the Americas

5.3 #1 - Agricultural Origins and Diffusion: How did agriculture diffuse globally along trade routes? Give examples

C - both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through the European exploration and colonialism

5.3 #1 - Agricultural Origins and Diffusion: Pause and Practice: What best describes the diffusion of plants and animals across the world?

- Population Migration: brought different foods and ingredients with them when they moved to a new country, immigrants often grew familiar crops from their country of origin - Green Revolution: spread a high yield of varieties of crops across the world, new varieties of plants replaced traditional crops in places like Mexico and India, these countries have seen a loss in genetic variety of plants - Increasing Wealth: has raised the demand for animal protein, the demand for beef, pork, and chicken has raised as LDC's get wealthier, large transnational corporations like McDonalds have brought new foods around the world

5.3 #1 - Agricultural Origins and Diffusion: What were some other ways agriculture diffused?

- the caloric intake increased because people had better access to food now that they are able to produce more - the higher the caloric intake, the higher the life expectancy

5.4 #1 - The Second Agricultural Revolution: Agricultural Advancements: How does our caloric intake change? What is the connection between caloric intake and life expectancy?

- they help move the tools through the field - don't need as many people to do the work - go to factories -

5.4 #1 - The Second Agricultural Revolution: Agricultural Advancements: How does the use of horses and oxen impact agricultural labor?

- allowed them to harvest faster and bring in more goods at 1 time - we use a bigger machine harvester today

5.4 #1 - The Second Agricultural Revolution: Agricultural Advancements: McCormick Reaper/Harvester: What did it allow farmers to do? What do we use in place of the McCormick Reaper today?

- allowed them to plant more at 1 time - we use high tech planting machinery today

5.4 #1 - The Second Agricultural Revolution: Agricultural Advancements: Seed Drill: What did it allow farmers to do? What do we use in place of the seed drill today?

- allowed them to cut through the root system - allowed them to clear more land quicker than before - we use a bigger plow today that is more mechanized

5.4 #1 - The Second Agricultural Revolution: Agricultural Advancements: Steel plow: What did it allow farmers to do? What do we use in place of the steel plow today?

- allowed them to store goods so that they would last longer - we use grain elevators today

5.4 #1 - The Second Agricultural Revolution: Agricultural Advancements: Storage Methods: What did it allow farmers to do?

these advancements helped us increase food production - we were able to plant more, harvest more, and store goods longer

5.4 #1 - The Second Agricultural Revolution: Agricultural Advancements: Why do these advancements matter?

Great Britain around the 18th century

5.4 #1 - The Second Agricultural Revolution: Basics: Where did the Second Agricultural Revolution occur?

- connection to Second Agricultural Revolution - importance of resources - they had 1 of the most powerful navies in the world - brought resources from other places back to Great Britain

5.4 #1 - The Second Agricultural Revolution: Basics: Why did the Second Industrial Revolution occur there?

C - the Second Agricultural Revolution, when land surveying technology and mechanical plows were developed

5.4 #1 - The Second Agricultural Revolution: Pause and Practice: Technologies invented during which period explain how farmland was divided and cultivated?

- increased food production - changed the demand for manual labor - increased life expectancy - increased the gap between core and periphery countries

5.4 #1 - The Second Agricultural Revolution: What are the 4 things that advancements in agriculture did?

- Hybrid plants and GMOs resulted in higher yields - Hybrid plants were bred to have superior characteristics - ex: a strain of rice called IR-36 was resistant to various types of insects, and had a short growing season which allowed for double cropping - many different hybrids have been created to change varieties of food - GMOs change the genes of a plant - they allow plants to have characteristics they can't get through hybridization - most modern corn, soybeans, and cotton grown in the US are GMOs

5.5 #1 - The Green Revolution: How did the Green Revolution change plants?

- Pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers increase crop yields - Pesticides keep insects from destroying crops - chemical sprays on crops kill a variety of insects on food crops, ensures a higher crop yield - Herbicides target weeds and other invasive plants in the field - Roundup Ready GMO crops control much of the US market - they are resistant to the herbicide - allows them to grow - Fertilizers - chemical nitrogen and phosphate help plants grow faster - chemical fertilizers are more effective than natural fertilizers

5.5 #1 - The Green Revolution: How did the introduction of chemicals to crops impact agriculture?

- capital-intensive farming methods led to the consolidation of factory farms and the loss of family farms. People moved to cities for jobs - more machinery meant that fewer women worker in agriculture, and their role was further marginalized - negative environmental effects such as soil depletion, soil erosion, algae blooms, bee die-off, desertification, and more are the result of Green Revolution practices - not all regions or countries were included - Africa still lags far behind in agricultural production

5.5 #1 - The Green Revolution: Impacts of the Green Revolution: What are the negative effects of the Green Revolution?

-higher yields resulted in less starvation, lower death rates, and growing populations in developing countries since they had enough to eat - countries like Mexico and India became exporters of food instead of importers of food - increased production brought lower prices for food globally - money and profits increased for universities and agricultural companies

5.5 #1 - The Green Revolution: Impacts of the Green Revolution: What are the positive effects of the Green Revolution?

E - the use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals

5.5 #1 - The Green Revolution: Pause and Practice: What best explains changes in agricultural productivity?

it was a movement that diffused modern agricultural farming methods to developing countries after the mid-20th century

5.5 #1 - The Green Revolution: What was the Green Revolution?

- fair trade movements have tried to promote equality for the producers of crops in developing countries to make trade easier between the 2 countries - farmers in developed countries can ship their food products cheaply across the world

5.9 #1 - The Global System of Agriculture: Explain fair trade movements.

- Machinery, irrigation, and transportation make food more global - New machinery helped with planting and harvesting crops - the need for human labor decreased dramatically - Irrigation methods changed - the use of water became more efficient and sustainable - they figured out how to save water - Advances in transportation made it easier to get crops to a global market - farmers got new markets to sell their crops

5.5 #1 - The Green Revolution: What were some of the new farming methods of the Green Revolution?

- commercial - smaller percentage of workers are employed as farmers because we don't need as much manual labor because of more machines - subsistence - higher number of people are employed in agriculture - likely in LDC's

5.6 #1 - Agricultural Production Regions: Compare the agricultural workforce of commercial and subsistence agriculture.

- commercial - produces more with less people/labor, large farms (avg: around 400 acres), the number of farms decreases but the size of the farms increase (commercialization - don't need as many people owning individual farms) - subsistence - farms are smaller in size (avg: 1 or 2 acres), a lot of labor/investment, will see less output than commercial

5.6 #1 - Agricultural Production Regions: Compare the farm size and productivity of commercial and subsistence agriculture.

- commercial - more machines - requires a lot of money, can harvest a lot at 1 time, doesn't take a lot of people, likely in MDC's - subsistence - less machinery - more manual labor, don't have as much money, likely in LDC's

5.6 #1 - Agricultural Production Regions: Compare the percentage of machines used to farm of commercial and subsistence agriculture.

- commercial - purposeful focus on crops grown for profit - subsistence - purpose of crops is to provide food for family/community

5.6 #1 - Agricultural Production Regions: Compare the purpose of commercial and subsistence agriculture.

- commercial - agribusiness - how agriculture is connected to other aspects (market, seeds, machines, etc.) - subsistence - family and individual based, is for the community, not agribusiness like commercial

5.6 #1 - Agricultural Production Regions: Compare the relationship to other businesses of commercial and subsistence agriculture.

C - subsistence agriculture

5.6 #1 - Agricultural Production Regions: Pause and Practice: Production of agricultural products destined primarily for direct consumption by the producer rather than for market is called?

- extensive - more land - intensive - less land - look at the amount of land to tell - ex: extensive commercial: ranching - lots of land, for profit

5.6 #2 - Agricultural Production Regions: How can I tell that agriculture is extensive or intensive?

- commercial - machinery, for profit - subsistence - for family, community, by hand, lots of labor - what you can tell from lots of land - for profit, not just for a small group of people - ex: intensive commercial: dairy farms - lots of labor, for profit, land is more expensive - need to be closer to the markets, no days off - cows have to be milked every day

5.6 #2 - Agricultural Production Regions: How can I tell the difference between commercial and subsistence agriculture?

- intensive practices started occurring on extensive commercial agriculture

5.6 #2 - Agricultural Production Regions: How has extensive commercial agriculture become more intensive over time?

- requires many steps - have to clear land, then farm the land for a short period of time, is typically (small plots of land, lots of labor - can tell its intensive from these 2 things), when the soil is depleted, they shift to another location to farm

5.6 #2 - Agricultural Production Regions: Pause and Practice: Describe shifting cultivation

intensive subsistence: minimal intensive commercial: high extensive subsistence: minimal extensive commercial: high

5.6 #2 - Agricultural Production Regions: Takeaway: Compare the amount of financial investment of intensive subsistence, intensive commercial, extensive subsistence, and extensive commercial.

intensive subsistence: high intensive commercial: high extensive subsistence: minimal extensive commercial: minimal

5.6 #2 - Agricultural Production Regions: Takeaway: Compare the amount of labor for intensive subsistence, intensive commercial, extensive subsistence, and extensive commercial.

intensive subsistence: small intensive commercial: medium extensive subsistence: large extensive commercial: large

5.6 #2 - Agricultural Production Regions: Takeaway: Compare the amount of land of intensive subsistence, intensive commercial, extensive subsistence, and extensive commercial.

Intensive subsistence: local intensive commercial: profit extensive subsistence: local extensive commercial: profit

5.6 #2 - Agricultural Production Regions: Takeaway: Compare the purposes of intensive subsistence, intensive commercial, extensive subsistence, and extensive commercial.

- land cost is more expensive closer to town - land cost is less expensive farther away from town

5.6 #2 - Agricultural Production Regions: What is bid rent theory? How does it relate to intensive and extensive agriculture?

- less money and labor being used compared to the amount of land farmed - more land - need land far out, away from city, less expensive

5.6 #2 - Agricultural Production Regions: What is extensive farming?

- greater amount of money and labor invested compared to the land being farmed - less land - need to be closer to town - more expensive

5.6 #2 - Agricultural Production Regions: What is intensive farming?

Big Huge Food Corporation - Crop Production Farm - Research and Development - Food Processing (Ingredients) Factory - Food Production Factory - Marketing - Food Retail Store

5.7 #1 - Spatial Organization of Agriculture: How do agribusinesses control most steps of the food production process (commodity chains)? Go look back at this picture

- mechanization and low labor costs have changed the nature of farm labor - female participation in agriculture has declined because large farms are increasingly mechanized and males are more likely to use machines, while women are more likely to do manual labor - family farms cannot compete against corporate farms because of the large amounts of capital that are needed to buy the machinery - migrant labor force is used for planting and harvesting only - processing plants recruit low-cost laborers - location - processing plants locate away from large cities to lower labor costs - laborers - many agribusiness laborers are immigrants willing to work for low wages

5.7 #1 - Spatial Organization of Agriculture: How has agribusiness changed the agricultural labor force?

Agribusinesses have the resources to consolidate farms and buy expensive machinery - number of farms - the number of farms has decreased while the size of farms has increased - in 1935 there were about 6.8 million farms averaging 155 acres in size, today there are about 2 million farms averaging 444 acres in size - mechanization - mechanization has made it easier to farm large plots of land - the number of farms has consolidated and became part of integrated commodity chains serving large agribusinesses

5.7 #1 - Spatial Organization of Agriculture: How has agribusiness changed the way farming is practiced?

- farming in developed countries has shifted from small-scale family farms to large-scale corporate farms - corporate farms have created complex commodity chains for the agricultural industry - technology has increased the carrying capacity of the land - Agribusinesses have changed the agricultural labor force

5.7 #1 - Spatial Organization of Agriculture: How has corporate farming caused a shift in agricultural practices?

Advances in machines; herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers; and transportation increase the amount of food brought to markets - Machines - complex machines used to plant and harvest can cover more land cheaply - Herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers - the intensive use of herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers has increased - Transportation advances can bring crops to market faster, cheaper, and in better condition

5.7 #1 - Spatial Organization of Agriculture: How has technology increased the carrying capacity of the land?

B - Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale

5.7 #1 - Spatial Organization of Agriculture: Pause and Practice: Why have many family farms in North America been replaced by agribusiness farms since the 1980s?

agribusinesses use economies of scale and commodity chains to increase revenue

5.7 #1 - Spatial Organization of Agriculture: Takeaways: Agribusinesses use what to increase revenue?

small family farms have been consolidated into large corporate farms

5.7 #1 - Spatial Organization of Agriculture: Takeaways: Small family farms have been consolidated into what?

- the land cost closer to the market is more expensive - more money and labor near the market

5.8 #1 - Von Thunen Model: How does proximity to the market influence what is grown?

E - extensive grain or stock raising

5.8 #1 - Von Thunen Model: Pause and Practice #1: Which activity is most likely to be found in the outermost zone of von Thunen's model of agricultural land use?

B - transportation cost

5.8 #1 - Von Thunen Model: Pause and Practice #2: Von Thunen emphasized which factor in his model of agricultural land use?

center - market Ring 1 - dairy, produce - highly perishable, transportation is more expensive because they bruise Ring 2 - forests - need timber to build houses, communities, etc.; heavy to transport Ring 3 - fields of corn or grain - light to transport, land is less expensive out there Ring 4 - animals and livestock - farm from city, cheap land, the animals can walk - cheap transportation

5.8 #1 - Von Thunen Model: What are the basics of the Von Thunen model?

- Market - fresh produce, seafood - goods are brought here to sell - Ring closest to the market - more perishable goods - fruits and vegetables, dairy products - need to get to consumers as soon as possible - transportation costs are high if you are further away - so you need to be close - land here will be more expensive - 2nd ring from the market - forest - used for building products and to build communities - didn't have trucks - needed to be close to the market - 3rd ring from the market - grains - not as heavy to transport - can transport a longer way - not as perishable - can be farther away - Outermost ring - farthest from the market - livestock - need space - extensive - animals could walk to the market - keeps transportation costs low

5.8 #1 - Von Thunen Model: What is in each and why: market, ring closest to the market, 2nd ring from the market, 3rd ring from the market, and outermost ring - farthest from market?

- Physical landscape - different elevations - not all flat - will impact what can be grown, how, and where - not equal access to water - Climate variety - not all temperate - there is a lot of variety, ex: subtropical - fruit - different things are grown in different climates - Multiple markets - regional, local, and global - regional - helps define the community - city - different places to get goods - grocery store, farmers market, specialty stores, etc. - Transportation changes - no longer using horse and wagon to move goods to the market - we use trains now for long distances and then trucks for cities because trains don't stop in every city - goods are distributed differently now - we also use ships for long distances - Technological advancements - produce is not as perishable because of preservatives - refrigeration - can travel farther because now we can keep goods cool while moving them to the market

5.8 #2 - Von Thunen Model: Examples - How do each of the following impact agriculture: physical landscape, climate variety, multiple markets, transportation changes, technological advancements?

- advancements in technology - ex: refrigeration - multiple markets - can be closer or farther based on costs - no more forests - not necessary, the land is used for communities - transportation - different modes of transportation that cost less Factors: - variations in land and climate - advancements in technology and transportation - an increase in the number of markets

5.8 #2 - Von Thunen Model: Pause and Practice: FRQ - Discuss factors that explain why the patters differ today from the Von Thunen model.

1. Physical landscape varies 2. climate varies 3. multiple markets exist 4. changes to transportation 5. technological advancements 6. the role of forests has changed 7. the purpose of agricultural products has expanded

5.8 #2 - Von Thunen Model: What are some changes today that impact the assumptions of the model?

- globalization has created interdependence between countries - larger countries with developed agricultural areas export food products to smaller less developed agricultural countries - the US, Brazil, China, and Argentina are top exporters of food - countries with climatic advantages export luxury crops to wealthy countries - coffee, sugar, tea, and bananas are major exports for lower latitude countries - the Southern hemisphere countries provide food products to the Northern hemisphere during winter months

5.9 #1 - The Global System of Agriculture: How and why are agricultural products part of the global supply chain?

- the legacy of colonialism and neocolonialism affects global agricultural systems - agribusinesses based in developed countries often control land and crop production in developing countries - relationships between former colonies and their mother countries affect this

5.9 #1 - The Global System of Agriculture: How do political relationships and trade networks affect global agriculture?

- poor infrastructure in developing countries makes it hard to get food crops to the market - farmers in developing countries often do not have access to roads or other forms of transportation to move their crops to markets - farmers grow luxury items because they can export them easily - most transportation routes connect farmers to ports for export - crops from developed countries are often more plentiful and cheaper to buy than local crops in developing countries

5.9 #1 - The Global System of Agriculture: How does infrastructure affect global agriculture?

C - Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries

5.9 #1 - The Global System of Agriculture: Pause and Practice: What explains how global demand for palm oil has proved beneficial and detrimental for countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia, where it is grown?

- emphasis on growing crops for export can create economic and environmental problems in developing countries - farmers in developing countries often grow luxury crops at the expense of local food crops - food crops must be imported at high prices - farmers in developing countries often use poor farming practices that lead to water pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, and salinization of the soil

5.9 #1 - The Global System of Agriculture: What are the impacts of some countries being dependent upon export commodities?

- Monocropping is the deliberate cultivation of only one single crop in a large land area - it often leads to environmental and sustainability problems

5.9 #1 - The Global System of Agriculture: What is monocropping and what does it lead to?

- found near urban areas - so that the milk doesn't spoil - commercial - intensive - grown/raised: milk and milk products - they raise cows, it is relatively regional, requires a lot of machinery

Agricultural Regions: Dairy Farming: Where is it found? Is it subsistence or commercial? Is it intensive or extensive? What is grown/raised? Describe the practice.

- found in Russia, India, the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, the plain states - commercial - extensive - grown/raised: wheat, barley, rye - highly mechanized, crops used for animal feed and for people

Agricultural Regions: Grain Farming: Where is it found? Is it subsistence or commercial? Is it intensive or extensive? What is grown/raised? Describe the practice.

- mainly found in Asia - subsistence - intensive - grown/raised: rice - done by hand, strawberries, market gardening - labor intensive - high labor, high capital; small land

Agricultural Regions: Intensive Subsistence: Where is it found? Is it subsistence or commercial? Is it intensive or extensive? What is grown/raised? Describe the practice.

- found in the southeastern US and California - commercial - intensive - grown/raised: apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, mushrooms, tomatoes, mainly fruit and flowers - it is reliant on migrant workers, fertilizers, and machinery; it is practiced relatively close to urban areas; after the crops are grown they go to processing plants; it is relatively regional - the crops aren't grown that far away from the processing plant

Agricultural Regions: Market Gardening/Truck Farming: Where is it found? Is it subsistence or commercial? Is it intensive or extensive? What is grown/raised? Describe the practice.

- found in the region around the Mediterranean Sea - Southern Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, Northern Africa; California - commercial - intensive - grown/raised: grapes, olives, dates, nuts - the climate is a hot, dry summer and a wet winter, and it tends to be practiced near a coast

Agricultural Regions: Mediterranean: Where is it found? Is it subsistence or commercial? Is it intensive or extensive? What is grown/raised? Describe the practice.

- found in the midwestern US and Canada - commercial - intensive - not as many people put requires a lot of input - grown/raised: corn and soybeans; cattle, pigs, sheep, goats - raising crops and livestock - integration of crops and livestock, crops are used to feed the livestock then its manure provides fertile soil, evenly distributes the farmer's workload throughout the year

Agricultural Regions: Mixed Crop and Livestock: Where is it found? Is it subsistence or commercial? Is it intensive or extensive? What is grown/raised? Describe the practice.

- found with the Bedouins of Saudi Arabia and North Africa, with the Masai of East Asia - subsistence - extensive - grown/raised: cattle, camels, reindeer (up North) - the people depend primarily on animals rather than crops for survival, they move/herd animals from place to place, they move to different places that are better for planting

Agricultural Regions: Pastoral Nomadism/Nomadic Herding: Where is it found? Is it subsistence or commercial? Is it intensive or extensive? What is grown/raised? Describe the practice.

- found in tropics/subtropics, Latin America, Africa, Asia - commercial - raise crops to be sold to the US, Europe, etc. ; farms are owned by large far-away corporations - intensive - not a lot of machinery - grown/raised: cotton, tea, tobacco, coffee, bananas, rubber, sugar - they farm typically 1 or 2 crops on a large scale, takes place in developing countries

Agricultural Regions: Plantation Farming: Where is it found? Is it subsistence or commercial? Is it intensive or extensive? What is grown/raised? Describe the practice.

- found in the Western US, Canada, Argentina, and Australia - commercial - extensive - grown/raised: cows, sheep, etc. - it is the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area, it is best suited for dry climates

Agricultural Regions: Ranching: Where is it found? Is it subsistence or commercial? Is it intensive or extensive? What is grown/raised? Describe the practice.

- found in tropical climates, Asia, Central/ South America, rainforests - subsistence - extensive - grown/raised: cassava, millet, bananas, yams - they grow over and over again on 1 field until it is depleted of its nutrients, and then they go to another field, slash and burn is practiced

Agricultural Regions: Shifting Cultivation: Where is it found? Is it subsistence or commercial? Is it intensive or extensive? What is grown/raised? Describe the practice.

- mechanized farming - monocropping - chemical fertilizers and pesticides

Notes in Class 2/3 on 3rd Agricultural Revolution: What are some environmental costs?

- it increased the marginalization of women in LDC's because machines became more common in farming at the time, and men are more likely to work with machines, while women are more likely to do manual labor - so women didn't work as much as they used to before then

Notes in Class 2/3 on 3rd Agricultural Revolution: What did the 3rd Agricultural Revolution do for women? Why?

it began with the development of the high yield seeds (rice, wheat, maize)

Notes in Class 2/3 on 3rd Agricultural Revolution: What did the Green/Biotech Revolution begin with?

- the food supply increased, the price of food decreased, and there was a reduction in famines - this proved Thomas Malthus's theory wrong

Notes in Class 2/3 on 3rd Agricultural Revolution: What happened when agricultural production outpaced population? Who's theory did this prove wrong?

- it is when only 1 crop is grown in a field - more efficient because each crop requires different needs (amount of water, different harvest times, etc.), so if you are only growing 1 crop it is easier to maintain - can grow different types of the same crop - may have different harvest times though - this method of farming is used a lot because farmers want to feed as many people as they can with as little resources as possible

Notes in Class 2/3 on 3rd Agricultural Revolution: What is monocropping? Explain the positives and negatives.

there was less of an impact in Africa in terms of food production

Notes in Class 2/3 on 3rd Agricultural Revolution: Where in the world did the 3rd Agricultural Revolution have less impact?

- subsistence - farmer is growing crops and raising livestock to feed his family - commercial - farmers grow crops and raise livestock in large quantities to sell

Vocabulary Comparison: What is the difference between commercial and subsistence farming?