append muscle 2

Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot: grps

1. Dorsal 2. Plantar

Posterior compartment: Superficial muscles include:

1. Gastrocnemius 2. Soleus 3. Plantaris (may be absent in some individuals, or there may be two per side)

Muscles That Move The Femur: list all

1. Hip Flexors: iliopsoas 2. muscles that move the thigh: 3 gluteal muscles 3. Tensor fasciae latae 4. Lateral rotators

Posterior compartment: Deep Muscles:

1. Popliteus 2. Tibialis posterior 3. Flexor digitorum longus 4. Flexor hallucis longus

Anterior compartment: list

1. Tibialis anterior 2. Extensor hallucis longus 3. Extensor digitorum longus 4. Peroneus tertius (part of the extensor digitorum longus)

Muscles That Move The Femur: muscles that move the thigh: list

3 gluteal muscles 1. Gluteus maximus 2. Gluteus medius 3. Gluteus minimus:

Plantar:

4 layers

Muscles That Act On The Femur and Tibia and Fibula: Anterior compartment:

Anterior (extensor) compartment: 1. Quadriceps femoris 2. sartorius:

Dorsal

Dorsal: Extensor digitorum brevis Has four parts deep to the tendons of the extensor digitorum longus . Extends toes 2-5

Plantar aponeurosis

Extends from the calcaneus to phalanges and supports the longitudinal arch of the foot and encloses the flexor tendons of the foot.

Plantar: first layer

First layer = Superficial layer: Abductor hallucis Flexor digitorum brevis Middle of the sole, flexes toes 2-5 Abductor digiti minimi Lateral border of sole Abducts the small toe

Plantar: fourth layer

Fourth (deep) layer: Dorsal interossei: four muscles that adduct toes 2-4, flex the proximal phalanges and extend the distal phalanges Plantar interossei: three muscles which adduct toes 3-5, flex the proximal phalanges and extend the distal phalanges.

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus maximus (largest and heaviest) Inserts on gluteal tuberosity & IT band Main extensor of the femur Rotates thigh laterally & abducts

Gluteus medius

Gluteus medius (deep to gluteus maximus): Insert on greater trochanter Powerful abductor (medially rotates) of the femur at the hip joint. Common site for intramuscluar injections

Gracilis:

Gracilis: adducts the thigh and flexes the leg at the knee joint.

Pulled Groin

Groin strains make up 2-5% of all sports injuries. Common in sports where quick change of direction is required (football, soccer, etc.). Effect the adductor compartment: Adductor magnus, longus, brevis, pectineus and gracilis.

Hip Flexors: list

Iliopsoas Group 1. Iliacus 2. Psoas

Gluteus minimus:

Insert on greater trochanter Smallest and lies deep to the gluteus medius Abducts and medially rotates thigh

Anterior compartment: Quadriceps femoris includes four muscles: I, fn

Insert on patella via quadriceps tendon and then tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament. Extend leg at knee joint. The rectus femoris also flexes thigh at hip joint when acting alone

Muscles That Move The Femur

Large muscles used for stability, locomotion, and maintenance of posture. Most cross two joints. Most originate on the pelvic girdle and insert on the femur.

Muscles That Move The Femur: Lateral rotators

Lateral rotators of the femur at the hip joint. All deep to the gluteus maximus 1. Piriformis 2. Obturator internus 3. Obturator externus 4. Superior gemellus 5. Inferior gemellus 6. Quadratus femoris

Medial compartment:

Medial (adductor) compartment: Flex and adduct the thigh 1. Adductor magnus 2. Adductor longus 3. Adductor brevis 4. Pectineus 5. Gracilis:

Posterior compartment:

Muscles divided into superficial and deep groups:

Anterior compartment: ex

Muscles that dorsiflex the foot. Tendons are held firmly to the ankle by superior extensor retinaculum (transverse ligament of the ankle), and inferior extensor retinaculum (cruciate ligament of ankle).

Lateral compartment:

Muscles that plantar flex and evert the foot: Peroneus (fibularis) longus and brevis

Muscles That Move The Foot and Toes

Musculature of leg is divided by deep fascia into three compartments: 1. Anterior compartment: 2. Lateral compartment: 3. Posterior compartment:

sciatic nerve and this?

Note the position of the sciatic nerve which supplies the leg and foot. It can become "pinched" or inflamed if the lateral rotators (especially the piriformis) are strained.

Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot

Originate, insert and act on the foot. Support and locomotion (not precise movements)

Plantar Fascitis

Painful-heel syndrome: Inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis at its origin on the calcaneus. Chronic irritation Age: Plantar aponeurosis becomes less elastic Weight-bearing activities: - Walking, jogging, carrying heavy objects. Inadequate support or fitting shoes Overweight Poor biomechanics (flat feet, high arches, gait abnormalities, etc.).

Popliteal fossa

Popliteal fossa is bordered laterally by the tendons of the biceps femoris and medially by the tendons of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus.

Muscles That Act On The Femur and Tibia and Fibula: Posterior Compartment:

Posterior (flexor) Compartment: Hamstrings:

Hip flexors: def etc

Psoas major and iliacus muscles share a common insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur. These two muscles are collectively referred to as the iliopsoas. Flex the thigh at hip joint Rotate thigh laterally and flex trunk on the hip (sit ups)

Pulled Hamstrings

Pull or tear of the proximal hamstring. Common in sports with hard running, quick starts and stops. Part of the tendinous origins of the hamstrings can be torn from the ischial tuberosity. Biceps femoris is the main muscle injured. Prevention: warm up, stretching, and balance of development between hamstrings and quadriceps.

Anterior compartment: Quadriceps femoris includes four muscles: list

Quadriceps femoris includes four muscles: 1. Rectus femoris 2. Vastus lateralis 3. Vastus medialis 4. Vastus intermedius

Plantar: second layer

Second layer: Quadratus plantae Two heads and flexes toes 2-5 Lumbricals Originate from the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus. Flex the proximal phalanges and extend the distal joints of toes 2-5.

Muscles That Act on The Femur and Tibia and Fibula

Separated by fascia into compartments: 1. Medial (adductor) compartment: 2. Anterior (extensor) compartment 3. Posterior (flexor) Compartment:

Shinsplint Syndrome: def

Shinsplints are characterized by pain along the medial and distal two-thirds of the tibia.

Hamstrings

Span two joints (hip and knee): Extend the thigh and flex the leg Consists of three separate muscles: 1. Biceps femoris 2. Semitendinosus 3. Semimembranosus

Posterior compartment: Superficial muscles fn

Superficial muscles insert into the calcaneus via the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon. Plantar flex the foot at the ankle.

Shinsplint Syndrome: Causes:

Tendinitis of the anterior compartment muscles. Related to poor conditioning, poor shoes or running on hard or banked surfaces. Inflammation of the periosteum (periostitis). Stress fractures.

Muscles That Move The Femur: Tensor fasciae latae

Tensor fasciae latae Fascia lata: Deep fascia encircling the entire thigh. Fascia lata and the tendons of the tensor fasciae and gluteus maximus form iliotibial tract which inserts into the lateral condyle of the tibia. Tensor fasciae latae arise from the lateral surface of thigh originating from the iliac crest and inserting on tibia by way of the iliotibial tract. Flexes, medially rotates and abducts thigh at hip joint. Supports the knee

Sartorius

The sartorius forms a band across the thigh from the ilium to the medial aspect of the tibia. Cross-legged sitting position gives it its name as the "tailor's" muscle.

Plantar: third layer

Third layer: Flexor hallucis Adductor hallucis Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Shinsplint Syndrome: Prevention:

warm up, good shoes, strengthen tibialis anterior to balance muscles of posterior compartment.