Apples & Pears

Mutsu apple

Also known as Crispin, cross between golden delicious and indo apple varieties first grown in Japan, named after province in Japan

RI greening apple

Apple adopted in 1964, first orchard in MA by Will Blaxton, farm on Beacon Hill, moved to Pawtucket RI, first RI orchard in 1635

Pome fruits

Apple, european pear, and quince, may have progenitor species, probably now extinct

"Firm mature"

European pears are harvested when _________

Picked by hand to avoid bruising and reduction of fresh market quality grade

How are apples harvested?

Controlled atmosphere, retart respiration by decreasing O2 and increasing CO2

How are apples stored?

Up to a year for some

How long of a storage life can apples have?

Apple

Leading species

Bartlett

Most common pear cultivar in world, 75% of US pear production

Cross pollination

Most cultivars of pears require what for commercial fruit set?

Cool temp

Most pome fruits adapted to what type of temperature zone?

Flesh firmness

Most reliable indicator of maturity of pears

Warmer temp

Most stone fruits adapted in what type of temperature zone?

Asian pear

P. pyrifolia, also called japanese or oriental pear or nashi, grown mostly in orient, increasing popularity in US, appear more like apple than European pear, will ripen on trees like apples

Fire blight and frost damage

Pears are more prone to what?

Winter pears

Pears that are harvested in autumn and marketed throughout winter, include 'Anjou', 'Bosc', 'Comice', 'Hardy', 'Winter Nelis', and 'Packham's Triumph'

Long

Pome fruits usually have a long or short storage life?

European pear

Pyrus communis, does not occur in nature, major pear of commerce, subject to core breakdown if allowed to ripen fully

Short

Stone fruits usually have a long or short storage life?

brachysclereids

Thick-walled, lignified cells that give the characteristic European pear flesh texture, trees are thinned to 1-2 fruit per spur

Size and appearance of skin

What are apples graded based on?

Sweetness and dry matter

What are the 2 non-invasive near infrared light detects internal characteristics in apples?

Pink

What color are the petals in bloom stage?

Immortality and reincarnation

What do apples represent?

Bearing habit, fruit size, inherent tree vigor, training system

What does severity and type of pruning cuts depend on fro apples?

Rootstock and training system

What does size and shape of apple tree depend on?

Pyrus

What is a pears genus?

Size and appear of skin

What is quality grade of pears based on?

Rosaceae

What is the apple and pear family?

King bloom

What is the central flower often called? First to open

Central leader for free-standing trees and some form of palmette for trellised orchards

What is the common system for training for pears?

More precocious

What is the effect of dwarfing an apple?

Delay

What is the effect of over-pruning an apple?

Hypanthium or floral cup (swollen receptacle, not ovary)

What is the fleshy edible portion of apple?

Malus domestica

What is the genus and species of the apple?

By hand several times over a 10-20 day period

What is the harvest method for pears?

Honey bees

What is the main pollinator for pears?

Central leader

What is the most common training system for apples?

Honey bees

What is the most effective pollinator for apples?

Rectangular arrangements or hedgerows

What is the planting design of apple trees?

Humid, wet springs

What kind of climate can pears not tolerate?

Grit cells

What type of cells does pear flesh contain?

Pome fruits (Native to USA)

What type of fruits are juneberry and mayhaw?

1900s

When did irrigation projects in WA state begin? development of multi--billion dollar fruit industry

1-3 weeks before

When do pears bloom before apples?

3-5 years

When does fruiting for apples begin?

Late winter

When is pruning done for apples?

Japan and china

Where did all asian cultivars of pears originate?

eastern Turkey, southwestern Russia region of Asia Minor

Where did apples originate from?

Asia, Europe and northern Africa

Where did pears originate?

Alexander the great

Who was credited for finding dwarfed apples in Asia Minor in 300 BC?

Blaxton (Blaxton's yellow sweeting)

Who was credited for growing first named apple in America?

Interstem

where quince (Cydonia oblonga) is used as a dwarfing stock, most pear scions require an __________ for compatibility