Apples & Pears
Mutsu apple
Also known as Crispin, cross between golden delicious and indo apple varieties first grown in Japan, named after province in Japan
RI greening apple
Apple adopted in 1964, first orchard in MA by Will Blaxton, farm on Beacon Hill, moved to Pawtucket RI, first RI orchard in 1635
Pome fruits
Apple, european pear, and quince, may have progenitor species, probably now extinct
"Firm mature"
European pears are harvested when _________
Picked by hand to avoid bruising and reduction of fresh market quality grade
How are apples harvested?
Controlled atmosphere, retart respiration by decreasing O2 and increasing CO2
How are apples stored?
Up to a year for some
How long of a storage life can apples have?
Apple
Leading species
Bartlett
Most common pear cultivar in world, 75% of US pear production
Cross pollination
Most cultivars of pears require what for commercial fruit set?
Cool temp
Most pome fruits adapted to what type of temperature zone?
Flesh firmness
Most reliable indicator of maturity of pears
Warmer temp
Most stone fruits adapted in what type of temperature zone?
Asian pear
P. pyrifolia, also called japanese or oriental pear or nashi, grown mostly in orient, increasing popularity in US, appear more like apple than European pear, will ripen on trees like apples
Fire blight and frost damage
Pears are more prone to what?
Winter pears
Pears that are harvested in autumn and marketed throughout winter, include 'Anjou', 'Bosc', 'Comice', 'Hardy', 'Winter Nelis', and 'Packham's Triumph'
Long
Pome fruits usually have a long or short storage life?
European pear
Pyrus communis, does not occur in nature, major pear of commerce, subject to core breakdown if allowed to ripen fully
Short
Stone fruits usually have a long or short storage life?
brachysclereids
Thick-walled, lignified cells that give the characteristic European pear flesh texture, trees are thinned to 1-2 fruit per spur
Size and appearance of skin
What are apples graded based on?
Sweetness and dry matter
What are the 2 non-invasive near infrared light detects internal characteristics in apples?
Pink
What color are the petals in bloom stage?
Immortality and reincarnation
What do apples represent?
Bearing habit, fruit size, inherent tree vigor, training system
What does severity and type of pruning cuts depend on fro apples?
Rootstock and training system
What does size and shape of apple tree depend on?
Pyrus
What is a pears genus?
Size and appear of skin
What is quality grade of pears based on?
Rosaceae
What is the apple and pear family?
King bloom
What is the central flower often called? First to open
Central leader for free-standing trees and some form of palmette for trellised orchards
What is the common system for training for pears?
More precocious
What is the effect of dwarfing an apple?
Delay
What is the effect of over-pruning an apple?
Hypanthium or floral cup (swollen receptacle, not ovary)
What is the fleshy edible portion of apple?
Malus domestica
What is the genus and species of the apple?
By hand several times over a 10-20 day period
What is the harvest method for pears?
Honey bees
What is the main pollinator for pears?
Central leader
What is the most common training system for apples?
Honey bees
What is the most effective pollinator for apples?
Rectangular arrangements or hedgerows
What is the planting design of apple trees?
Humid, wet springs
What kind of climate can pears not tolerate?
Grit cells
What type of cells does pear flesh contain?
Pome fruits (Native to USA)
What type of fruits are juneberry and mayhaw?
1900s
When did irrigation projects in WA state begin? development of multi--billion dollar fruit industry
1-3 weeks before
When do pears bloom before apples?
3-5 years
When does fruiting for apples begin?
Late winter
When is pruning done for apples?
Japan and china
Where did all asian cultivars of pears originate?
eastern Turkey, southwestern Russia region of Asia Minor
Where did apples originate from?
Asia, Europe and northern Africa
Where did pears originate?
Alexander the great
Who was credited for finding dwarfed apples in Asia Minor in 300 BC?
Blaxton (Blaxton's yellow sweeting)
Who was credited for growing first named apple in America?
Interstem
where quince (Cydonia oblonga) is used as a dwarfing stock, most pear scions require an __________ for compatibility