Applied Behavior Analyis

Some practices may be legal but unethical

True

The textual operant has point-to-point correspondence but not formal similarity between the stimulus and the response product.

True

example of high-p

A high-probability request is a strategy where the teacher delivers a series of simple, short, easy requests immediately before a request that the student typically does not follow. High-p is most effective for behavior that is maintained by escape from a task or demand.

vicarious reinforcement an antecedent intervention is a:

A process whereby a person becomes more likely to engage in a particular behavior (response) by observing another individual being reinforced or rewrded for that behavior. An important concept in social learning theory, vicarious reinforcement often leads to imitation

Making the instructional setting similar to the generalization setting involves:

1- Teaching loosely 2- Programing common stimuli

Generalization across subjects is also referred to as:

1- Vicarious reinforcement 2- Ripple effect 3- Spillover effect

Effective use of functional communication training includes:

1- dense schedules of reinforcement 2- decreased use of verbal prompts 3- behavior reduction procedures

A group contingency is one in which a common consequence is contingent on the behavior of

1- one member of the group 2- part of the group 3- everyone in the group

Contracts work via

1- positive reinforcement 2- negative reinforcement 3- rule-governed behavior

A factor that may sabotage intervention is:

Bootleg reinforcement

To come up with a functional definition you should:

Collect ABA data. (antecedent, behavior, and consecuence)

When an individual is deemed as incapacitated and cannot provide informed consent.

Consent may be obtained from a surrogate or guardian.

Functional Communication Training (FCT) is an application of

DRA (differencial reinforcent of alternative behavior)

7- I am teaching Amy to sign popcorn when she wants popcorn. I bring out the popcorn to start the session and Amy begins to cry. Bradley gives her a little popcorn and she starts crying. Bradley is guilty of:

DRA for sign language.

In which procedure do you reinforce the absence of the problem behavior?

DRO

DRL

Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior: reinforcement schedule that is used to decrease the rate of behaviors that occur too frequently but should be maintained in the learner's repertoire. a schedule in which a minimum amount of time must elapse between responses in order for reinforcement to occur.

establishing operation

EO is a motivating operation that establishes or increases the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer. For example, food deprivation increases food as an effective reinforcer. EO: to Reduce Establishing Operations for Escape: Provide Breaks to escape.

example of DRA

Example 1: Asking appropriately to take a pen as opposed to snatching one from someone's hand. Example 2: Miss Watson wants her students to stop calling out answers. She decides she will not reinforce students calling out, this means that if a student calls out she will not provide them with any attention, including reminders not to call out. She is going to reinforce the alternative behavior of raising your hand. This is a very common use of DRA, and it works well.

Noncontingent reinforcement uses only two distinct procedures: positive and negative reinforcement

False

Which of the following is an example of bootleg reinforcement?

Jalissa rewards herself with ice cream after studying for two hours. After one hour of studying, her friend calls and invites her out for ice cream and she goes.

PECS

Phase 1: present only one picture of something that is already a reinforcing item for the client. Phase 2: discriminating the correct picture, learning to differentiate between multiple pictures. A non-reinforcer picture is called a distractor item. Start PECS with 1 picture, then 2, then discrimination training.

An example of reducing the EO when the reinforcer is attention could be:

Providing attention right away to make attention seeking behavior less necessary.

Which of the following people is practicing within his/her area of competence?

Rahul earned his doctorate in special education and is a Board Certified Behavior Analyst. His doctoral studies focused on the assessment and treatment of severe problem behavior. He has worked with children and adults, ages 3-35 years. He was recently hired to serve as a behavior specialist in his local school district.

Sometimes, a client is engaging in such significant problem behavior that the practitioner may feel the need to act quickly and implement an intervention that will result in a rapid reduction of the problem behavior. This may be acceptable in some situations, but one must guard against compromising full consideration of the long-term ramifications of that decision for expediency. In other words, the practitioner must guard against adopting:

Situational ethics

The general rule for teaching sufficient stimulus examples is:

The more exmples used during instruction, it is more likely that the learner will respond correctly to untrained examples or situations.

Naomi would like to decrease her laziness. She identifies allowing herself to use Facebook for 30 minutes at night as a reinforcer. What can Naomi do to improve the likelihood that her self-management will be successful?

Topographically define the behavior to be modified because (laziness is not a behavior). 1- Identify a specific target behavior 2- define behavior topographically 3- define the behavior functionally

Verbal behavior makes a clear distinction between the behavior of the speaker and that of the listener

True

A contract is

a contract is effective in classroom setting

A token is a type of

generalized conditioned reinforcer. Response cost is when tokens are removed.

The guidelines and rules for writing contingency contracts include all of the following except

the contract is non-negotiable

What is verbal behavior?

verbal Behavior (VB) is a method of teaching language that focuses on the idea that the meaning of a word is found in its functions. The term was coined by B.F. Skinner. As an example, instead of just teaching a word, we must teach them how to functionally apply those words.

The success of using delayed rewards depends on:

1- The indiscriminability of the contingency. 2- The learner understanding the relationship between emitting the target behavior at an earlier time and receiving a reward later

DRA

Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior involves reinforcing an alternative behavior while withholding reinforcement for problem behavior. means that you place an undesired behavior on extinction, while simultaneously giving reinforcement to an alternative, more appropriate behavior.

During PECS a second trainer may model the behavior of picking up the picture and handling it to trainer #1. The second trainer is using:

Response Prompts.

John was taught by his teacher to say, "Hello" when greeting people. Now when he meets people he not only says "hello," but also says: hi, good to see you, and hey there. John's behavior changes in an example of:

Response generalization

All of the following are advantages of self-management except:

Self-management leads to self-control

Abolishing Operation (AO)

AO is a motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event. For example, the reinforcing effectiveness of food is abolished as a result of food ingestion. If you just had dinner then food is not an effective reinforcer at that moment because you are full or satiated. For example, after having juice, the value of juice as a reinforcer could potentially decrease.

Emily schedules reminders throughout her day to make positive statements to her child. This is an example of:

An antecedent intervention

Noncontingent reinforcement is what type of intervention?

Antecedent intervention

Which of the following is an example of the use of negative punishment in self-management?

Anthony gives his favorite video game to his parents to keep for the week when he fails to do his assignment.

The three steps in developing my self-management program involves:

1- Identify the specific target behavior 2- Define the target behavior topographically 3- Define the behavior functionally.

When giving a directive and a child rolls their eyes while you're speaking. Providing a reprimand:

1- May reinforce a mild problem behavior 2- Ignore the behavior, NOT the child 3- It would be best to set expectations about eye rolling during a time when it's not occurring.

Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR) functions as a

Abolishing operation (Satiation)

Procedures that do NOT teach adaptive behaviors are

DRO and NRC

All differential reinforcement procedures combine the use of what two principles of behavior?

Extinction and Reinforcement

example of DRL

James uses socially appropriate behavior to greet peers but does so up to ten times in one class period. DRL helps reduce this behavior so it occurs less often maybe 1 or 2 times, but it does not extinct the behavior, it only reduces the number of times the behavior occurs.

Example of DRO

Julie pulls strands of hair out of her head when she is completing independent work. Her teacher decides to use DRO in order to reinforce the absence of pulling hair. If Julie doesn't pull her hair for an entire 2 minutes she will receive reinforcement, but if she does pull her hair, there is no reinforcement and the clock starts counting again from 0 minutes.

Motivating Operation (MO)

MO is an environmental variable that alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing or punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event, and alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced or punished by that stimulus, object, or event. MO includes EO and AO.

Stimulus promts

Making the picture bigger, brighter, more noticeable, or placing the picture closer to the client.

to avoid or prevent satiation:

Pick a variety of reinforcers

to reduce EO for escape you should

Provide breaks

Motivating Operation in a verbal behavior intervention

The Mand is verbal behavior where a speaker asks for something that he or she wants. Mands occurs when there is the motivation (MO) for something and the reinforcement is the acquisition of that thing directly related to that MO. Mands are one of the first verbal operants acquired by a child. Mand training involves moving from stimulus control to motivating operation control.

response maintenance

The extent to which a learner continues to perform the target behavior after a portion or all of the intervention responsible for the behavior's initial appearance in the learner's repertoire has been terminated.

setting/situation generalization

The extent to which a learner emits the target behavior in a setting or stimulus situation that is different from the instructional setting.

response generalization

The extent to which a learner emits untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained target behavior.

Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is also referred to as the presentation of stimuli with known reinforcing properties

True

Verbal Operant

Verbal operant is a term used within the verbal behavior approach to describe one of the components of expressive language. Specific verbal operants include Mand: A request or demand. Tact: (a label) or a comment used to share an experience or draw attention to something. Intraverbal: A response to what someone else is saying or asking. Echoic: repeat exactly what someone says.

Diana is working on her assignment and Carlos is making paper balls and throwing them at her. I tell Diana that she is doing a fantastic job and Carlos begins doing his work too. What happened here:

Vicarious Reinforcement.

When considering what is worth doing, as far as an intervention is concerned, what are some important points to consider?

Whether the costs of implementing the intervention are balanced by the potential benefits of the client.

Negative side effect of DRO

the risk of reinforcing other unwanted behvior

Which of the following should NOT be considered when determining if using a contingency contract is appropriate?

the variety of reinforcers that will be use

The formal properties of language involve the:

topography of the verbal response

Example of using social reinforcers in a self-management program includes

1- Ernesto gets a partner to run with him on his goal of running marathons. 2- Penelope goes public with her weight loss results by posting pounds lost with a photograph on social media. She receives many complements. 3- Sean, a second grade student, has learned to ask his teacher if he did a good job after he completes a task.

An informed concent requires

1- Explicit permission before any assessment or treatment begins. 2- Full disclosure of the assessment and treatment procedures. 3- That the person has the capacity to decide.

Reasons for bad habits include:

1- Naturally existing reinforcement traps. 2- The natural contingency between a response and its outcome of each individual response is small. 3-Reinforcing consenquences for engaging in an alternative good habit that is delayed.

On what should behavior analysts base their practices?

1- Peer-reviewed reports in reputable journals. 2- Direct and frequent measures of behavior.

Advantages of self-managements:

1- Self-managements can influence behaviors not accessible to external change agents. 2- External change agents often miss important instances of behavior. 3- Self-management can promote the generalization and maintenace of behavior.

During initial token training with high-functioning learners, one should

1- describe the token system 2- model the procedure for delivering tokens 3- model the procedure for token exchange

One strategy for promoting generalized behavior change is to teach the full range of relevant stimulus conditions and response requirements. In doing this, a practitioner may:

1- teach sufficient stimulus and response examples. 2- utilize general case analysis 3- use negative teaching examples

The guidelines and rules for writing contingency contracts include

1- the contract should be fair 2- the contract should be honest 3- the contract should be posted in a visible place

A contingency contract should include

1- the task to be completed 2- a task record 3- what reward will be delivered, when, and by whom

Which of the following should be considered when determining if using a contingency contract is appropriate?

1- the verbal and conceptual skills of the participant 2- the relationship among the persons involved in the contract 3- the available resources

In a self-management program, in order to ensure that the desired behavior is maintained, you should

1- use a variety of reinforcers 2- vary the places in which reinforcers are received 3- inform more than one person of your goals and successes

High-p

A high-probability request sequence is an antecedent intervention in which 2 to 5 easy tasks (high-p) with a known history of learner compliance are presented in quick succession immediately before requesting the target task (low-p request). Praise or some other potential reinforcer is delivered following each instance of compliance. High-p is a non-aversive antecedent intervention where the instructor presents easy tasks that the client consistently does on their own, quickly, before presenting the task that the client does not do.

I need to finish writing exams for my classes. My self-management involves using tv as a reinforcer for completing exams. While writing exams I notice that my son is watching something interesting on tv and I sat down with him to watch it. This is an example of

BOOTLEG Reinforcement. BOOTLEG REINFORCEMENT can sabotage the target behavior because you have access to the reinforcer.

DRH

Differential Reinforcement of High Rates of Behaviors. Used to increase behavior. For DRH, the number is set higher than the behavior that occurs naturally. The general rule for DRH is to take the frequency of the appropriate behavior that you want to increase within the specified time interval. You want a certain behavior to occur more often. There are times when a behavior is already in a student's repertoire, but you may want to increase the rate of the behavior.

example of FCT

FCT involves identifying the function or purpose of the child's challenging behavior (for example, hitting, screaming, taking toys away from others) and then teaching an appropriate behavior that will serve the same purpose for the child. This behavior is referred to as a replacement behavior. Instead of taking toys from others, ask to borrow the toy instead.

Functional Communication Training (FCT)

FCT is an antecedent intervention in which an appropriate communicative behavior is taught as a replacement behavior for a problem behavior and it's usually evoked by an establishing operation; involves DRA. Often used with non-verbal children or children with limited vocabularies. FCT is a differential reinforcement (DR) procedure in which an individual is taught an alternative response that results in the same class of reinforcement identified as maintaining problem behavior.

Noncontingent reinforcement is an intervention in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are delivered on a fixed-ratio (FR) or variable-ratio (VR) schedule independent of the learner's behavior.

False

When using a high-p sequence effectively behaviors should be selected from the current repertoire and requests should be presented at a very slow, even pace

False

Which choice is an Antecedent Intervention:

High-p, Behavior Contract, NCR (noncontingent reinforcement), Response Prompts, Stimulus Prompts, Behavior Momentum aka (High-p), and Reducing Establishing Operations, deprived).

Antecendents are:

High-p, behavior contract, NCR, response prompts, stimulus prompts, behavioral momentum, reducing the EO (deprive), DRI, and DRA because they are delivered before the target behavior is displayed.

Dave receives a referral for behavioral treatment of an individual's self-injurious behavior. The individual has profound mental disabilities and is nonverbal. The staff who works with the client stated that the behavior emerged rather suddenly about a month ago, and has been getting increasingly worse. The staff hasn't attempted any systematic intervention for the behavior yet because they've been taken by surprise by it. What should Dave do?

Investigate whether the problem has a medical cause by determining if a medical evaluation has been done recently.

Gina has been playing outside in the heat for an hour. She asks her mom for water. This is an example of a

Mand, Gina has the motivation to mand for water because she is water deprive at that moment

example of verbal operants

Mand: A request, such as saying "Cookie," to ask for a cookie Tact: A comment used to share an experience or draw attention, such as "airplane" to point out an airplane. Tact: the speaker label things in the environment. Intraverbal: A word used to respond or answer a question, such as "Where do you go to school?" "Castle Park Elementary" Echoic: A repeated, or echoed, word, such as "Cookie?" "Cookie!" This is important as imitating will help the student learn. The first verbal operant to teach is MAND

NCR

Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR) is the presentation of a reinforcer, independent of the presence of a specific behavior. The learner receives reinforcement on a set schedule instead of for a positive response, this would reduce the instances of challenging behavior that is normally exhibited to earn attention. NCR often used as an antecedent intervention to reduce problem behavior. Noncontingent reinforcement is the use of positive reinforcement that is not related to the occurrence of a target behavior. Noncontingent on anything, nothing has to happen to receive reinforcement.

PECS (Picture Exchange Communication System)

PECS 1. have a notebook with pictures to communicate. (augmentative alternative comm.) 2. needs 2 comm. partners (downfall) 3. builds syntax and vocab PECS is a type of Augmentative and Alternative Communication that uses visual symbols to teach the learner to communicate with parents, caregivers, teachers, and peers. The aim is to teach intentional, functional communication and to allow users to communicate their wants and needs. The PECS approach occurs in 6 phases.

In a self-management program, in order to ensure that the desired behavior is maintained, you should do all of the following except

Select a reinforcer that you have constant access to.

Professional standards are:

Written guidelines and rules that give direction for conducting practice.

Example of vicarious reinforcement

a student who hears the teacher praise a classmate for neat penmanship on an assignment and who then carefully handwrites his or her own assignment is considered to have received vicarious reinforcement.

behavioral momentum aka High-p

describes the resistance to change in a behavior's rate of responding following an alteration in reinforcement conditions. the. momentum metaphor has also been used to describe the effects produced by the high probability request sequence (high-p). A long history of reinforcement for a particular behavior, therefore the target behavior is very hard to change, like pushing a train, but the behavior changes eventually.

DRI

differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior involves reinforcing a behavior that is incompatible with the target behavior. When choosing a replacement behavior, you look for a behavior that can't occur at the same time as the target behavior and that's what you reinforce. Target behavior and replacement behavior must be mutually exclusive, that is the two behaviors cannot happen simultaneously, but both behaviors must serve the same function.

DRO

differential reinforcement of other behaviors DRO involves reinforcing the absence of the problem behavior on a schedule. Reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during a predetermined amount of time. Reinforcement is delivered if the person engages in any other behavior except the problem.

example of extinction

example 1: Crying/Tantrums: Your client tantrums at restaurants when she is ready to go home. You used to pick her up and leave the restaurant when this happened, now you stay at the restaurant and continue eating. example 2: Excessive scratching: Your client scratches at scabs or wounds excessively to the point of causing harm. You used to tell him not to do this, and sometimes place him in time out. Now you place cotton gloves on his hands so he cannot cause harm by scratching.

example of DRI

example 1: hitting, have the child put their hands in their pockets since you cannot hit someone with your hands if they are in your pockets. example 2: screaming: drinking from a cup, a bottle, or whispering since you cannot scream and whisper at the same time.

Mand Training

involves bringing verbal responses under the functional control of MOs. Early mand/request training is a form of behavioral training that uses prompting and reinforcement of requests to get preferred items or activities. ... This is the first step in teaching language as it is based upon student motivation and results in a student being reinforced specifically with what he/she has requested. The consequence of a mand is direct and specific reinforcement. This means that the speaker gets what he or she asks for or asks to be removed or terminated. So, for example, when a child mands for juice, they are rewarded with juice.

Function of behavior

is the why of the behavior (why is the behavior happening, because the person wants to escape, wants attention, access to tangibles, or sensory stimulation (feels good to themselves). the Functions of the behavior is used to identify why a behavior is occurring. Determining the function helps guide treatment planning for problem behaviors.

extinction

occurs when reinforcement that is provided for problem behavior (often unintentionally) is discontinued in order to eliminate occurrences of these types of negative (or problem) behaviors. refers to the fading away and eventual elimination of undesirable behaviors. If a problem behavior no longer occurs, it's said to be extinct. extinction on behaviors maintained by negative reinforcement (escape extinction), or automatic reinforcement ( sensory extinction), or positive reinforcement.

Contingency adduction is

A process by which a behavior that was initially selected and shaped under one set of conditions is recruited by a different set of contingencies and takes on a new function in a person's repertoire

FCT is also

Functional communication training involves differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors or DRA. involves deciding on a more appropriate way for the child to communicate. systematically teaching the child the new communication skill. reinforcing the child's behavior whenever the child uses the new skill. ignoring the difficult behavior whenever it happens.

example of NCR

I decide to buy myself a McFlurry because I want to treat myself and I did so independently of having done anything to earn it, this would be NCR. Conversely, if I told myself that I would buy myself a new video game after cleaning the house this would not be NCR because I earned the video game contingent on cleaning the house. The classic example is of a student sitting in the front of the classroom, next to the teacher. The student is receiving consistent reinforcement in the form of attention without "earning" it. This would reduce the instances of challenging behavior that is normally exhibited to earn attention.

adaptive behavior

Is a behavior that is good or appropiate at a specific time, such as running in a park is appropiate, but running in the classroom is not.

Two consequnces are:

Reinforcement and punishment because they are delivered after the target behavior is displayed

Which of the following is not a right to effective behavioral treatment, as outlined by the Association for Behavior Analysis in 1989?

The right to treatments based on positive reinforcement.

Example of using social reinforcers in a self-management program includes all of the following except

Toby wants to reduce his problem behavior of leaving his behavior analysis class early. He reinforcers the behavior of staying in class by stopping for a caramel macchiato with whipped cream from Starbucks.

PECS uses two trainers

Trainer 1 uses Stimulus prompts Trainer 2 uses Response prompts

Example of DRH

a student seldom raises his hand in class to answer questions, especially during math block, even though he often knows the correct answer. You decide to use DRH to reinforce a higher rate of hand raising. You want the student to raise his hand more during class.

high-p aka

behavioral momentum, pretask request, or interspersed request.

The functional properties of language involve

causes of the verbal response

Providing attention following the desire behavior is a:

consequence and it is also positive reinforcement

Function(s) for antecedent stimuli can be classified as:

contingency independent or contingency dependent

A teacher announces to her class, "if Tommy turns in his homework tomorrow the entire class will get an extra 5 minutes of recess time." The teacher is using a

dependent group contingency

extinction burst (operant conditioning)

increase in responding at the beginning of an extinction period. An extinction burst occurs when there is an increase in the frequency or intensity of unwanted behavior when the extinction method is being used. 'Extinction burst' refers to a time when problem behaviors get worse before they get better. An extinction burst occurs when the reinforcement that caused a behavior has been removed, initially there will be an increase in the observed behavior.

Response prompts

operate directly on the response and consist of verbal instructions, modeling, and physical guidance.

Which is NOT a major component of a token economy?

response cost

4 functions of behavior (SEAT)

sensory stimulation escape access to attention access to tangible (includes edibles)

example of verbal behavior

speech, sign language, eye contact, waving good bye.