APUSH Ch. 12 Terms

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. , a 363-mile-long artificial waterway connecting the Hudson River with Lake Erie, built between 1817 and 1825

Peculiar Institution

A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

John Marshall's decisions

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams , 1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland. , created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court.

Hartford Convention

December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. , a treaty signed in Belgium that ends the War of 1812; it is signed in 1814 but since news took over six weeks to get across, the Battle of New Orleans was still fought in 1815

Russo-American Treaty

Established in 1824, the tsar decided to retreat from expansion. He fixed the limiting line at 54 degrees, 40'. This mark now is the southern tip of the Alaska panhandle. The tsar of Russia had decided to retreat and form this treaty before Monroe released his doctrine.

Post-war Nationalism

Immediately after the war there was national celebration of victory, the death of the Federalist Party (killed by the Hartford Convention), and a good will tour of Pres. Monroe (New England is forgiven). Rise of Economic Nationalism (where national government is involved with economy) and Supreme Court Nationalism (where national power always wins) , This was a feeling of American pride that swept through the nation after the War of 1812 because the war provided a sense of unity. It was manifested through literature that used American scenes and themes, school textbooks that were written by Americans for Americans, blossoming manufacturing, painters that celebrated their native landscapes, and the revival of a Bank of the United States.

Battle of New Orleans

January, 1815 - A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson's troops at New Orleans. Jackson had been given the details of the British army's battle plans by the French pirate, Jean Laffite. About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only 8 men were killed. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism

Invasion of Canada

Poorly planned and executed military action made by America that resulted in defeat by the British, marked the beginning of action in the war of 1812 , U.S. General Richard Montgomery forced the British to evacuate Montreal in 1775 and invade Canada. A second force led by Benedict Arnold invaded the land by combining an attack on Quebec; however, it was a failure in that Montgomery was killed, Benedict was shot, and one-third of the colonial troops were killed or captured.

Monroe Doctrine

President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility American foreign policy opposing interference from outsiders

McCulloch vs. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling: states had no right to interfere with federal institutions within their borders; strengthened federal power , Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that no state had the right to control any Federal Organization that was located within its borders. The case involved James McCulloch, a bank cashier, refusing to pay the Federal Tax - it was ruled that he could not do this. , Supreme Court ruling that defended federal power by denying a state the right to tax a federal bank

Henry Clay

The Great Compromiser , Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state , Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

South American Revolutions

The revolutions that took place in South America. Was not a unified revolution. Instead it was a various chain of smaller revolutions one after another.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

The American System

The three-part plan developed by Henry Clay that stressed a strong banking system, protective tariffs, and a network of roads and canals. Clay's plan was essential in developing a profitable home market. This home market enabled America to become a self-sufficient, isolated country,

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Panic of 1819

This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, backrushes, bank failures, unemployment and soup kitchens. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy., Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

results of war of 1812

U.S. gained national pride from victories at New Orleans and at sea. The British recognized U.S. boundaries and stayed out of the Northwest Territory. American industry prospered making more goods at home. The Federalist Party diminished. , 1. Huge surge of nationalism. 2. Andrew Jackson becomes a war hero which pushes him into the presidency. He changes the complexion of democracy. 3. Federalists die out. 4. U.S. gets respect overseas.

Oregon County

Was the huge area that lay between the pacific ocean and the Rocky mountains north of carolina. , term used in the early 1800's for the region that includes present day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of Wyoming, Montana, and Canada , 1846 A treaty with Great Britain redesigned the borders in the Northwest, giving the US the Oregon Country and Great Britain land to the north, which is now Canada

Adams-Onis Treaty

an 1819 agreement in which Spain gave over control of the territory of Florida to the United States. . . Also gave up claims to Oregon

Missouri Compromise

an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories , The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. , Compromise worked out by Henry Clay in 1820: slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana territory north of 36o30'; Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state, Maine would enter the Union as a free state.

Tallmadge Amendent

passed in house but not in senate. goal: keep as many slave states free as possible. no more slaves brought into missouri& gradual emancipation for children and slave parents

Daniel Webster

senator, the Massachusetts orator and politician, disliked slavery intentsely. wanted to keep the country united.

Western Movement

settlers move west through Oregon trail settle frontier

James Monroe

the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas , He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars , 5th President of the U.S. 1817-1825 acquired Florida from Spain; declared Monroe Doctrine to keep foreign powers out.

Burning of Washington D.C.

was an incident during the War of 1812 between the British Empire and the United States of America. On August 24, 1814, led by General Robert Ross, a British force occupied Washington, D.C. and set fire to many public buildings following the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg. The facilities of the U.S. government, including the White House and U.S. Capitol, were largely destroyed, though strict discipline and the British commander's orders to burn only public buildings are credited with preserving the city's private buildings. This has been the only time since the Revolutionary War that a foreign power has captured and occupied the United States capital. President's wife Dolly Madison fled, dressed as a farmer's wife, with important documents and the portrait of George Washington