APUSH Ch. 27 IDs and Guided Reading Questions

Spanish-American War

"Splendid Little War" Cause: - US imperial desires (Cuba) - Concentration camps - "Give Cuba Freedom" (NOT) - Protect American economic interests Catalyst: - Started by the sinking of the USS Maine Effect: - Cuba (until Platt Amendment ends), Philippines (until WWII), Puerto Rico, Guam (and a debate over Philippines annexation) - US seen as dominant world power now - American prestige and martial spirit/increased imperialistic views - More unified America (not quite as divided between the North and the South, focused on foreign issues) - Full fledged eastern power bc Philippines

Result of Spanish-American War and Debate over Philippines

- 1898 Spanish and Amreican negotiators met in Paris Cuba freed from Spanish overlords Americans secured Guam, Spain ceded Puerto Rico (only territory ever annexed to US without explicit promise of eventual statehood) - Philippines= apple of discord - McKinley dilemma: couldn't honorably give islands back to Spanish misrule (after it fought a war to free Cuba) - Could let Filipinos govern themselves but they might fall into anarchy (then other countries will try to grab it and it'll be another war) - Maybe acquire all of the Philippines and give Filipinos their freedom later? - McKinley liked to listen to the public - Missionaries wanted new land to convert Catholics to Protestantism - Mrs. McKinley: deep concern for Filipinos - Wall Street doesn't really have profits in the Philippines - McKinley head "an inner voice telling him to take all the Philippines and Christianize and civilize them" --- outright annexation of the islands - Americans paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines - This land is different than just westward expansion/a land with very little people and eligible for statehood: Philippines ALREADY have their own culture, people, language, and gov't Opponents of annexation: such a step would dishonor and destroy America's commitments to self-determination and anticolonialism Supporters of annexation: continue a glorious history of expansion that had kept American civilization expanding and growing - Senate approved treaty with Spain!!! (paid them the $20 million)

Open Door Policy/China

- After China's defeat by Japan in 1894-1895, imperialistic European powers (Russia and Germany) moved in - Began to tear away economic spheres of influence from Manchu gov't - Americans increasingly alarmed: Churches worried about missionary strongholds, merchants worried Europeans would monopolize Chinese markets, American public, demanded that Washington do something - Hay (secretary of state) dispatched to all great powers a communication: Open Door Note (urged great powers to announce in their leaseholds/spheres of influence that they would respect certain Chinese rights/fair competition)--- but no consultation with China themselves! - All the great powers besides Russia agreed to it "Boxers": didn't want to be used as a doormat by the Western powers - Boxer Rebellion: murdered more than two hundred foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians, besieged foreign diplomatic community in capital of Beijing (Peking) - Multinational rescure force (American troops from -Philippines to protect some retaty and to keep Open Door propped open) - Allied invaders acted angrily and vindictively (asses Chine excessive debt of $333 million) - US remitted about $18 million to be used for education of selected group of CHinese students in the US (further westernization of Asia) - The Open Door would now embrace territorial in addition to commercial integrity integrity of China - Helped spare China possible partition in troubled years

US almost going to war before Spanish-American War but then not (Diplomatic crises)

- America and Germany: Samoan Islands - Lynching of Italians in New Orleans - American demands on Chile after deaths of two American sailors - US and Canada over seals - US and Britain serious crisis: Jungle boundary in Venezuela US citing of the Monroe Doctrine and challenging world's greatest naval power shows that we think we're hot stuff Though war seems inevitable, Britain preoccupied w Germany so the Great Rapprochement occurred

Cuba after Spanish-American War

- American military gov't set up good things in gov't, finance, education, agriculture, and public health under leadership of General Leonard Wood of the Rough Riders - Frontal attack on yellow fever (by General Leonard Wood and by Colonel William C. Gorgas) - Experiments on American soldiers, mosquitoes found to be the cause - Following Teller Amendment, we withdrew from Cuba in 1902 - Old World Imperialists really upset - US couldn't turn it completely free: Germany could secure it - Platt Amendment: Cubans forced to write into their own constitution that they agreed not to conclude treaties that might compromise their independence (as America saw fit) and not to take on debt beyond their resources (as America measured) - America might intervene with troops to restore order when they wanted to - Cubans promised to sell or lease needed coaling/naval stations (Guantanamo) to US - Amendment abrogated in 1934

William H. Taft and the Philippines

- Civil governor of the Philippines in 1901 - Strong attachment to the Filipinos, his "little brown brothers"

Anti-Imperialist League

- Fight McKinley's expansionist moves - Presidents of Stanford, Harvard, Mark Twain, even Andrew Carnegie WHY AGAINST IT? - Filipinos thirsted for freedom (violates "consent of the governed" philosophy in Declaration of Independence and Constitution) - Costly and not likely to ever turn a profit - Propel US into political and military cauldron of East Asia WHY ARE IMPERIALISTS FOR IT? - Patriotism - America's "civilizing mission" (Social Darwinism/religion) - Played up possible trade profits/Wall Street

Philippines and US after we Annex Philippines

- Filipinos thought that they would be given freedom after Spanish-American war (like Cubans) BUT US excluded them from peace negotiations with Spain - Filipino bittterness twoard occupying American troops= open insurrectoin in 189 under Emilio Aguinaldo - Poorly equipped Filipino rebels soon melted into jungle to wage vicious guerrilla warfare - Now American soldiers viewed Filipinos as dangerous enemies of the US (whereas before they were "rescuing" innocent victims of Spanish tyranny) - "Race war"- both sides perpetrated sordid atrocities - American soldiers: forcing water down victims' throats, reconcentration camps rivaling those in Cuba (SO AMERICA'S A HYPOCRITE/JUST LIKE SPAIN) - Americans ended Filipino insurrection in 1901 when they captured Aguinaldo, but sporadic fighting dragged on (4,324 Americans and more than 200,000 Filipinos) - McKinley's "benevolent assimilation" fo Philippines was very very slow, lots of money into Pihlippines/economic ties, good school system, Enlgish seond langue BUT - Vast expenditure which profited America little was not well received (Filipinos hated compulsory Americanization, wanted liberty) - Finally got freedom on July 4th, 1946 (but before then, thousands of Filipinos emigrated to the United States!) Side-note About Filipino Life/Culture: - US promised to build democracy in Philippines - Small group of Filipino students to US to make connection/future leaders of independent Philippines, but small student group found little favor in adopted country - Most Filipino immigrants to US: not to learn but to work (Hawaii) - Work on mainland: not as hard but not as steady either--- many worked seasonally, California - Filipino Americans overwhelmingly male - Intermarriage: sensitive topic (Filipino males often accused of "attacking white women" etc. couldn't go near them for threats of violence) - After WWII Filipino immigration increased (planes)

Puerto Rico after Spanish-American War

- From beginning, Puerto Rico anomalous- not a state or territory - Foraker Act of 1900: Puerto Ricans limited degree of popular gov't (outlawed cockfighting) - Congress granted Us citizenship to Puerto Ricans in 1917 but no full self-rule - Many inhabitants wanted full independence even though improvements in education , sanitation, and transportation by the US - Many Puerto Ricans moved to NYC Legal problems: - Do they have the same flag as US? - Have to abide by the same tariffs/ Bill of Rights? - Citizens or subjects? Insular cases: badly divided Supreme Court decreed, that the flag did outrun the Constitution, the COnstitution did not necessarily extend with full forced to PUerto Rico (Puerto Ricans and Filipinos might be subject to American rule, but they didn't enjoy all American rights--- how fair (NOT)!) Side-note/their life: - By occupying Puerto Rico, US caused many Puerto Ricans to become US immigrants - Population surge (US improved health/sanitation) - Sugar (monopoly) and coffee plantations ruined by hurricanes: no wage labor so unemployment rate soar - US citizenship in 1917: no immigration hurdles, many went north to find jobs - Migration slowed in 1920s due to Great Depression - WWII ended in 1945, sudden advent of cheap air travel: immigration explosion (boats expensive but planes nope) - Puerto Ricans could go back and forth between US and their home - Going back and forth hurt Puerto Ricans' education/English profiency - Deep-seated racism in America - Poorest groups in US but still better than on the island

Hay-Paucefote Treaty

- Gave US legal means to build a canal somewhere

Confused Invasion of Cuba by US in Spanish- American War

- General William R. Shafter (as Spanish "armada" go to Cuba), his troops "wofeully unequipped" for war in Cuba (had stuff for cold climate) - Rough Riders (part of the invading army) Short on discipline, long on dash (Western cowboys, some ex-polo players and ex-convicts) - Colonel Leonard Wood, organized principlaly by theordore Roosevelt (resigned from Navy Department to serve as lieutenant colonel) - Indescribable confusion at congested Tampa, Florida Shafter's landing (bc of diversion of Cuban insurrectos) met little opposition - Rough Riders and Colonel Roosevelt took part in birksin figthing on Jly 1 - Santiago surrendered - Now descent upon Puerto Rico, even less resistance Spain signed armistice August of 1898 - If Spain had been able to hold on for a few months more in Cuba, American army might have lost (malaria, typhoid fever,, bad meat)--- 12 times more men died of disease rather than in battle

US and Hawaii

- Hawaii from early on attracted Americans (shippers, sailors, whalers) - 1820 first NE missionaries, sugar production good there - Americans: Hawaii is extension of our coastline, State Department warns other areas to keep off - Treaty w native gov't: priceless naval-base rights at Pearl Harbor (1887) BUT: - Old World diseases= native population/whites ⅙ what they were before, Chinese and Japanese immigrants (worries that Japan will intervene) - Sugar markets went bad: McKinley Tariff barriers against Hawaiian sugar so white American planters now want annexation of Hawaii to US - Queen Liliuokalani: No, native Hawaiians should control islands - Successful revolt by whites (assisted by Americans) - Treaty of annexation to US but Harrison term ended, Cleveland came in, revoked treaty bc US had "gravely wronged" Queen Liliuokalani - Majority of Hawaiian natives opposed annexation, so "sugarcoated annexation" of Hawaii put on the backburner

Roosevelt Corollary

- Latin american debt defaults led to Rooseveltian involvement in Latin American affairs - Didn't want Germany or Britain to get there first and stay there (regardless of Monroe Doctrine): Nations can't push US around! We control Western hemisphere! (Big Stick Policy) Roosevelt Corollary- US would intervene in event of future financial malfeasance by Latin American nations - Effective in Dominican Republic in 1905 TR's rewriting of Monroe Doctrine promoted the *"Bad Neighbor"* policy Used to justify wholesale interventions and repeated landings of marines (Caribbean= Yankee lake) Revolutionary disorders in Cuba= appeal from Cuban president, US marines landed

Rough Riders

- Led by Roosevelt - Not prepared for tropics - Lives lost in Spanish-American war were due to bacteria and disease, not really directly from the war/warfare

McKinley vs Bryan 1890

- McKinley renomination by Republicans (he won war, rich real estate, safeguarded gold standard, brought promised prosperity of full dinner pail-?) - Teddy Roosevelt, VAP campaign, cowboy hero Governor of NY (local political bosses found him too headstrong, wanted to make him VP so he's out of their hair) - WIlliam Jennings Bryan (odds-on choice of Democrats) *Main issue: Republican overseas imperialism* Bryan: Lincoln abolished slavery for 3.5 million AFricans, but McKinley reestablished it for 7 million Filipinos--- Roosevelt "out Bryaned Bryan", touring w his revolver/cowboy personality - McKinley won by a lot more than he did in 1896 - Win for Republicans NOT mandate for or against imperialism Mandate: Prosperity and Protectionism New York bosses happy as Roosevelt VP, out of their hair

What good did US do in Puerto Rico and Cuba?

- Puerto Rico: education, sanitation, transportation - Cuba: Attack on yellow fever

Rook-Takhira Agreement

- Restlessness in Japan - Japanese immigrants (again treated badly/racist) in US - School segregation in San Francisco, Japanese very upset "Yellow peril", war on either coast? - Roosevelt: San Francisco School Board to the White House - Californians repeal offensive school order - "Gentleman's Agreement": stop flow of laborers to the mainland by withholding passports - Doesn't want Japan to think it's fear: Entire battleship fleet on voyage around the world - Lol Roosevelt overwhelming reception in Japan Root-Takhira agreement: pledged both powers to respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific, uphold Open Door in China

US and the Philippines

- Roosevelt (assistant secretary at the time) "took matters into his own hands" when Navy secretary away, cabled Commodore George Dewey to descend upon Spain's Philippines in the event of war (McKinley confirmed Roosevelt's commands, even though Far East is weird way to free Cuba) - Dewey follows commands, Spanish vessels quickly destroyed, Dewey national hero - Now waited for troops to arrive in Manila, they finally did Focused attention on Hawaii (need ut as coaling and provisioning way station, McKinley worried that Japan will grab Hawaii while America is distracted) *Joint resolution of annexation rushed through Congress, approved by McKinley July 7, 1898: Hawaiian residents U.S. citizenship, full territorial status by 1900*

Cuban Revolution/how America is involved

- Rose against Spanish oppressors in 1895: WHY? Economic! (We support their revolution, why?) - Sugar production (American traiff of 1894) - insurrectors- torched canefields, sugar mills (to dirve out Spanish overlords, also hurt American interests on the island) - American sympathy AND business investments on Cuba (Cuba lay "right athwart the line" that led to Panama Canal) - Spanish general "Butcher" Weyler didn't help: herded civilians into reconcentration camps so that they couldn't hold the insurrectos - "Yellow journalism" of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst - Each attempted to outdo the other w headlines and "scoops" - Hearst goal: infuriate American public w/exaggerated images (Remington) and stories - 1898 Maine battleship sent to Cuba (we care about island/protection for Americans) - Mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor - Spanish officers: it was an accident! - American officers: caused by submarine mine! 1976: It actually was an accident - But in 1898, it added fuel to the fire (even though Spain had agreed to America's 2 demands: end to reconcentration camps and armistice w Cuban rebels) - McKinley: doesn't want hostilities, but doesn't want Spain to have Cuba or for Cuba to be independent (US then doesn't have any control) "Wobbly Willie" - Gave in to public, also didn't have faith in Spain's promises, worried about how Democrats viewed him if he was always indecisive, also commercial and strategic interests in Cuba McKinley sends war message to Congress: war is declared! - Teller Amendment: when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom (caused imperialistic Europeans to smile skeptically)

Roosevelt Legacy on the World Stage

- Russia and Japan 1904: TR has a chance to "perform as a global statesman" - First serious military setback to major European power by non-European force since Turkish invasions of 16th century - Japan wanted Roosevelt's help w/ peace negotiations - TR said Yes (didn't want Japan to get too strong) - Settlement that neither side was satisfied with, left Japaneses (who felt that they had won war) particularly resentful - TR received Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for making this agreement (also for helping an international conference in Spain to settle North AFrican disputes) - But price is high: relationship w/both Russia and Japan withered down

How Spanish-American War changed international views of America

- Spanish-American War: coming out party (America's a world power!) - "Splendid little war" - More respect (begrudingly) from Europeans - New martial spirit (more imperialistic motives in American population) - Beneficial result: Closing of the "bloody chasm" between the North and the South - By taking on Philippine Islands, US became Far Eastern power - Philippines: Achilles heel (indefensible hostage given to Japan)

Panama Canal

- Spanish-American war: renewed interest in long-talked about canal across Central American isthmus - Augment strength of the navy - Easier defense of recently acquired territory Obstacles: - Initially legal not geographical: Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (w/ Britain) Solution: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901: gave US free hand to build canal, conceded right to fortify it too Where should canal be dug? Nicaragua BUT French Canal Company eager to salvage something from failure of their attempt at a canal in Panama *Philippe Bunau-Varilla* New Panama Canal Company Congress June 1902 decided on Panama Colombia: Panama restive part of Columbia, Columbia rejected initial offer, Roosevelt pissed, Pamanaians ready for another revolt (had done it before) - Wanted wave of prespoertiy with the canal, didn't want US to go Nicaragua route, Philippe Bunau-Varilla (French) didn't want to lose $ Bunau-Varilla incited rebellion 1903, US naval forced prevented Colombian troops from crossing isthmus to quell uprising Panama outpost Bunau-Varilla now Pnamanian minister (but he's french lol) signed Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Roosevelt didn't actively plot to tear Panama from Colombia "Rape" of Panama marked bad relations bw US and Latin America Canal constructoin 1904, difficulties: labor troubles, landslides, tropical diseases Finished in 1914 just as WWI started

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

- US gets Panama Canal, French get money (helped Panama revolution) - Whole thing is an example of Roosevelt brandishing his big stick

Why does America go overseas?

1. Farmers and factory owners want new markets besides America for agricutlrue and industrial producst 2. New sense of power (growth in pop, wealth, productive capacity) 3. Safety valve to relieve pressure of labor violence and farmer unrest (new place for hope!) 4. "Yellow press" 5. Missionaries 6. Aggressive seekers of land (Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge--- Darwinism means earth belonged to strong and fit, i.e Uncle Sam) 7. New steel navy

In what ways was imperialism not a "new idea" by the 1890's? How did Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power Upon History contribute to a new American vision?

Africa had already been divided up by European nations in the 1880s, and colonization had been a present idea acted up by Britain when they colonized the "New World", and by Spain when they colonized South America. Monroe Doctrine 1823 Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power Upon History placed a large emphasis on the importance of a strong navy in successful imperialism, thus leading to a naval race between nations and accelerating American demands for a strong navy and expansion overseas.

Senator Albert Beveridge (a known imperialist) argued in 1897 that "the trade of the world must and shall be ours". What might his motivations and reasons for making such a statement?

Americans needed to capitalize and engage in beneficial trade with other nations (go outside domestic markets). This statement also features the possessive and competitive nature of the late 19th century and the feeling of many Americans that we deserved land overseas.

McKinley Tariff

Barriers against Hawaiian sugar, one of reasons people/American sugar traders wanted to annex Hawaii

What did James G. Blaine's "Big Sister Policy" seek to achieve in Latin America? How did this policy eventually lead to the development of a great alliance with Britain?

Blaine's "Big Sister Policy" wanted to unify Latin American nations under American leadership and open Latin American markets to traders in the United States.

How did Roosevelt seek to further extend America's reach into Latin America, while obliterating the reach of foreign countries in the same region?

By declaring the Roosevelt Corollary, Roosevelt established America's ability to intervene should there be financial trouble in Latin American nations (which there definitely was); however, no European nations were allowed to intervene.

Despite TR's aggressive foreign policy, how was he the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906?

By heading (unsatisfactory according to Russia and Japan) peace negotiations in 1904 and for resolving North African disputes, TR received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.

How did the McKinley-Tariff actually hurt American interests after the 1887 treaty with Hawaii? What was the response by American planters in Hawaii?

Created to encourage Hawaii to become a part of the US in order to bypass the tariff (which hurt sugar markets), American planters wanted to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States, but Queen Liliuokalani insisted that the island should remain under control of the natives. The white American planters in response led a revolt (backed by American troops) and an annexation treaty was drawn up. But before Harrison could sign off on it, his term was over and Cleveland withdrew the treaty, as he knew America had wronged Queen Liliuokalani and the natives.

What were the causes of the greatest amount of casualties in the American army during the Spanish-American war?

Disease and bacteria were the causes of the greatest amount of casualties in the American army during the Spanish-American war (5,000 soldiers died due to disease compared to 400 in battle).

How did Emilio Aguinaldo and other Filipinos respond to American policy in the Philippines following Spain's removal from the islands?

Emilio Aguinaldo led other Filipinos to resurrect against occupying American forces (though unsuccessfully).

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge believed that the United States needed to control the balance of trade in the Pacific. Which island and countries did he believe were key acquisitions toward attaining such a goal?

Henry Cabot Lodge believed that Hawaii, Samoa, Cuba, and Nicaragua (for the creation of a canal) were key acquisitions in order to control the balance of trade in the Pacific.

How did his death either continue his policies or alter them?

His death continued his policies, as Teddy Roosevelt was an unwavering imperialist.

How did they go overseas?

How did they do it/go overseas? - Big Sister policy - Number of diplomatic crises or near-wars (American willingness to risk war over distant and minor disputes= aggressive new national mood) - American and German navies over Samoan Islands - Lynching of eleven Italians (US and Italy to war) - Chile and America (American sailors deaths) - US and Canada over seal hunting Major: US and Britain 1895-1896, jungle boundary - Olney (Secretary of State for Cleveland): Monroe Doctrine (whoops!) - Great Rapprochement- new Anglo-American cordiality (Britain didn't have time for war)

In what ways did William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer use the media to influence public opinion and create public policy?

In a battle for the most attention grabbing headline, Heart and Pulitzer wrote stories about the horrible events in Cuba to inform the American public. This "yellow journalism", though in some ways it could be considered propaganda, fired up Americans and made them even more eager for war, thus dictating public opinion and public policy.

Big Sister Policy

James G. Blaine, rallying the Latin American nations behind America's leadership and opening Latin American markets to Yankee traders - represents America's new international interests in late 1800s

How did those like Josiah Strong, Teddy Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge justify the American need to "turn outward"?

Josiah Strong preached the superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilization and the duty of Americans to spread their religion to "backward" peoples. Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge twisted Darwinism to mean that land belonged to the strong and fit (i.e. Americans), thus justifying overseas expansion.

How did the latent effects of the Spanish-American War virtually lock McKinley's re-election?

McKinley led the US into a successful war, gained rich real estate, and protected the gold standard (not related to the war but still a positive thing he did in his presidency. The success of the Spanish-American War and a hunger for imperialism led to McKinley's re-election.

Foraker Act of 1900

Puerto Ricans now have a limited degree of popular gov't (outlawed cockfighting which was a popular island pastime)

Insular cases

Puerto Rico and Philippines: Badly divided Supreme Court decreed, that the flag did outrun the Constitution, the COnstitution did not necessarily extend with full forced to PUerto Rico (Puerto Ricans and Filipinos might be subject to American rule, but they didn't enjoy all American rights--- how fair (NOT)!)

How did Roosevelt's outlook on foreign policy affect the acquisition of the Panama Canal zone and the subsequent Panamanian revolution?

TR was imperialistic and very patriotic, so his backing of Bunau-Varilla and the Panamanian revolution are indicative of his strong nationalistic foreign policy.

What was the ultimate meaning of TR's "speak softly and carry a big stick..." proverb? To what was he referring?

TR was referring to a proverb (of which he claimed to be from West Africa) which means one should act with caution but with the threat of violence if need be (it's related to the phrase "iron fist in a velvet glove").

Big Stick Policy

TR: BRANDISHER OF THE BIG STICK - McKinley killed by anarchist in Buffalo, NY in September 1901 Roosevelt Red-blooded blue blood Lots of energy Denounced pacifistic "flubdubs" and "mollycoddles" Military President should lead! (no respect for checks and balances) "speak softly, and carry a big stick." Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as "the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis" Domestic Occurrences: Anthracite coal strike International Occurrences: Venezuelan Affair (1902) and the Roosevelt Corollary

How did Teddy Roosevelt (Asst. Sec. of Navy) expand the Spanish-American War? In what ways did this affect the outcome of the war in the Caribbean?

Teddy Roosevelt expanded the Spanish-American war by boldly declaring an opening attack in the Philippines; not only did he lead the Rough Riders to cause the surrender of Santiago, but the fact that the opening attack was fought in the Far East caused the US to pay Spain after the war in exchange for the Philippines, making America a true empire.

How did the "Insular Cases" starting in 1901, affect policy in the annexed territories (Puerto Rico and Philippines)? What initially started the debate?

The "Insular Cases" essentially gave the US rule over Puerto Rico and the Philippines without giving citizens of these territories the full rights that an American would have. The argument about whether the Constitution "followed the flag" (whether the Constitution would be applied to Puerto Rico and the Philippines) started the debate.

Despite McKinley's desire NOT to enter into war with Spain, what events caused him to relent and ask for a declaration of war from Congress?

The Cuban insurrection and the explosion of the Maine, both of which caused American outrage exacerbated by yellow journalism led to McKinley's decision. However, though these aren't specific events, his lack of faith in Spanish promises and his political image also caused him to ask for a declaration of war from Congress.

What was the result of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty? What did critics think of Roosevelt's relationship and decisions regarding its acquisition?

The Hay- Bunau-Varilla Treaty led to the purchase of a canal from the French by America. Critics believed that TR had had a secret association in relation to the Panama affair and committed the so- called rape of Panama.

Why could the Spanish-American War be considered "inevitable"? How did Americans react to the Cuban insurrection, started in 1895?

The Spanish- American War could be considered "inevitable" because American business had such an investment stake in Cuba, and, more importantly, Cuba lay "right athwart the line" that became the Panama Canal. The Cuban insurrection and the explosion only added fuel to the fire, as reconcentration camps caused widespread American outrage towards Spain.

How did the Spanish-American War change America's own self-assessment? How did it alter relationships in and out of the US?

The Spanish-American War changed America's image to that of a world power, increased imperialism and "martial spirit" throughout the country, and helped to bridge the cultural and ideological gap between the North and the South. It also caused European nations to view America with more respect.

In what ways did the US's presence in the Far East alter its own desire to benefit from a extremely weak China?

The US's presence in the Far East (in the Philippines) caused an increasingly imperialistic America to send in troops from the Philippines to CHina to put down the Boxer Rebellion, and secure a large amount of indemnity for America from China, the majority of which went to be used to educate certain group of Chinese students in America (i.e westernization) .

Why did the United States government resort to brutality in the Philippines (consider race relations in the United States at the time and the goals of the Spanish-American war)?

The United States hadn't expected the Philippines to resurrect: immigrants/any non-white during the time was strictly isolated and oppressed at this time in the United States, so no regard for Filipino well being was given by the US government, as the hypocritical government set up reconcentration camps in the Philippines.

What were the reasons for the annexation of Hawaii in July of 1898 (even after President Cleveland's initial veto in 1894), despite the Queen's original, successful opposition in the early 1890's?

The annexation of Hawaii was caused by an American desire for provisioning way station for Dewey in the Far East; McKinley was also concerned that Japan would try to gain control over Hawaii while America was distracted with the Spanish-American war.

Explain the naval and land battles waged in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. Who and what were the interests that seemed to benefit from the US's demolition of Spanish forces?

The first battle during the Spanish-American War was a naval battle ending in extreme American triumph and the making of a new nation hero: George Dewey. Through confusion, both the Rough Riders and Shafter worked to take possession of Santiago; most of the difficult fighting was between the Rough Riders and the Spanish forces on July 1 at El Caney and Kettle Hill. After the surrender of Santiago, naval battles were waged on Puerto Rico with very little Spanish resistance. The imperialists/the idea of imperialism and any Americans that had trade interests/could benefit in business with the addition of new US territory (whether it be in Cuba, Hawaii, or the Philippines) benefitted from the US's victory. Cuba benefitted as well, though they weren't given the freedom that they thought they had obtained.

In what ways did "The White Man's Burden" attempt to support the philosophy of imperialism?

The idea supported imperialism because by conquering other nations, white men could civilize and help (or, rather, take advantage of) those "in need". In fact, those in need (if in need at all) were in need of economic help, not societal and cultural change and discrimination). It justified imperialism and gave reason for it through religious means.

What can be considered the main causes for the growing interest in the United States to expand overseas?

The main causes for the increased American interest to expand overseas in the late 19th century can be attributed to a desire for new agricultural and industrial markets, a new sense in power that can with a growth in population, wealth, and production, missionaries, a new steel navy, and an interpretation of America as the fittest in Darwin's natural selection theory, thus justifying imperialistic actions.

The patriotic idea that American pioneers were unique and that democracy in America was formed by this frontier was featured in Turner's "Frontier Thesis". This led Americans to look overseas for business solutions/new land and a new safe haven; overseas, Americans could spread Christianity and become a bigger and even better power than European and Asian nations.

The patriotic idea that American pioneers were unique and that democracy in America was formed by this frontier was featured in Turner's "Frontier Thesis". This led Americans to look overseas for business solutions/new land and a new safe haven; overseas, Americans could spread Christianity and become a bigger and even better power than European and Asian nations.

How did the philosophies of the Anti-Imperialist League seek to confront the McKinley administration's expansionist ideology? Who supported the league's vision and who opposed it? Why?

The philosophies of the Anti-Imperialist League argued against imperialism by explaining how it would dishonor America's founding commitment to anti-colonialism; the Filipinos wanted freedom, and imperialism was expensive and not likely to ever turn a profit.

What was the task of the white man?

The task of the white man to civilize, spread Christianity to the unfortunate/savage people who don't practice it, and to help (or mistreat) the "underprivileged, underfed, and underclad" through disregard and disdain for their previously established culture.

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Paris?

The treaty of Paris led Cuba and Puerto Rico to become US territory as well as the purchase of the Philippines for $20 million.

Despite the initial proclamations made by the Teller Amendment, how was Cuba's freedom seemingly conditional?

Though America "followed" the Teller Amendment by withdrawing from Cuba by 1902, the Platt Amendment kept Cuba under American control, keeping their debt and the state of their treaties subject to American jurisdiction. Also, the US could intervene with troops when they felt it was needed, and naval stations (one at that time: Guantanamo) were also sold to the US.

Judging from the questions in this chapter along with the documents and ideologies during this time period, what ideals and values united Americans in the 1890's?

Throughout the late 19th century/as a result of the Spanish-American war, increasing imperialism united Americans. Additionally, racist views prevailed (against Puerto Ricans and Filipinos especially). A hunger for the most land possibile dominated Americans, and a justification for imperialistic actions included the White Man's Burden/ religion (related).

Platt Amendment

US lets Cuba go but passes Platt Amendment basically still keeping full grip and control over Cuba (OPPOSITE of Teller AMendment) Cubans forced to write into their own constitution that they agreed not to conclude treaties that might compromise their independence (as America saw fit) and not to take on debt beyond their resources (as America measured) - Overruled Teller Amendment/US kind of went against what they said they'd do Cause: Effect:

Teller Amendment

When the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom (caused imperialistic Europeans to smile skeptically) Platt Amendment overruled this/too away the freedom we promised them

Great Rapprochement

new Anglo-American cordiality (Britain didn't have time for war, Cleveland and Olney)