APUSH: Chapter 11 A

Historians estimate that approximately ________ slaves per year escaped to the North or Canada.

1,000

In 1860, what percentage of southern white families were in the slaveowning class?

25 percent

The U.S. slave population by 1860 was approximately:

4 million.

slave religion

A distinctive version of Christianity also offered solace to slaves in the face of hardship and hope for liberation from bondage. Even though the law prohibited slaves from gathering without a white person present, every plantation, it seemed, had its own black preacher. Usually the preacher was a "self-called" sea e who possessed little or no formal education but whose rhetorical abilities and familiarity with the Bible made him one of the most respected members of the slave community. To masters, Christianity offered another means of social control. Many required slaves to attend services conducted by white ministers, who preached that theft was immoral and that the Bible required servants to obey their masters. In their own religious gatherings, slaves transformed the Christianity they had embraced, turning it to their own purposes. The biblical story of Exodus, for example, in which God chose Moses to lead the enslaved Jews of Egypt into a promised land of freedom, played a central role in black Christianity. Slaves identified themselves as a chosen people whom God in the fullness of time would deliver from bondage. At the same time, the figure of Jesus Christ represented to slaves a personal redeemer, one who truly cared for the oppressed. And in the slaves' eyes, the Christian message of brotherhood and the equality of all souls before the Creator offered an irrefutable indictment of the institution of slavery.

Harriet Tubman

A few courageous individuals made forays into the South to liberate slaves. The best known was HARRIET TUBMAN. Born in Maryland in 1820, Tubman escaped to Philadelphia in 1849 and during the next decade risked her life by making some 20 trips back to her state of birth to lead relatives and other slaves to freedom.

the "peculiar institution"

After abolition in the North, slavery had become the "PECULIAR INSTITUTION" of the South - that is, an institution unique to southern society. The Mason-Dixon Line eventually became the dividing line between slavery and freedom.

The failure of the South to industrialize in the nineteenth century was A) Due to northern opposition. B) Because of a shortage of labor. C) Due to a lack of natural resources. D) Because they chose to depend upon "King Cotton." E) A matter of lifestyle.

D) Because they chose to depend upon "King Cotton."

The new international economy of cotton after 1794 included all of the following regions EXCEPT: A) Southern ports. B) the Old Southwest. C) industrializing Britain. D) South America. E) New England.

D) South America.

Both enslaved and free blacks had more opportunity to do skilled occupations in the South than in the North because A) They were seen as an alternative to a technological society. B) Southern whites wouldn't do them. C) Southerners felt blacks were more intelligent than northerners did. D) The South failed to attract much immigrant labor. E) Southerners preferred their loyalty compared to white laborers.

D) The South failed to attract much immigrant labor.

Before his execution, how did Nat Turner see himself?

He felt he was dying for the sin of slavery.

A slave that worked primarily in cotton fields most likely lived in:

Natchez, Mississippi.

By 1860, Philadelphia had been overtaken as the nation's largest city and port by: - New Orleans. - Boston. - New York. - Baltimore.

New York.

What role did Christianity play in slavery?

Teaching slaves about Christianity helped to reinforce the owners' ideas on paternalism

The end of slavery in most Latin American nations:

involved gradual emancipation accompanied by recognition of owners' legal rights to slave property.

The slave rebellion aboard the Amistad:

led to a Supreme Court decision freeing the slaves.

The internal slave trade in the United States involved:

more than 2 million slaves between 1820 and 1860.

As a result of the invention of the cotton gin, Maryland and Virginia slaves were: - in higher demand due to the increase in cotton grown in those states. - put on a path to freedom since there was no more demand for their labor. - often sold to owners in newly opened cotton-growing states like Alabama and Mississippi. - often transferred from tobacco plantations to cotton plantations in the same state.

often sold to owners in newly opened cotton-growing states like Alabama and Mississippi.

On the plantation, the white employee in charge of ensuring a profitable crop for the plantation master was called the:

overseer.

Free blacks in the South were allowed to:

own property.

Which of the following is NOT true of the South and its economy in the period from 1800 to 1860?

The South produced nearly two-fifths of the nation's manufactured goods, especially cotton textiles.

Underground Railroad

The UNDERGROUND RAILROAD, a loose organization of sympathetic abolitionists who hid fugitives in their homes and sent them on to the next "station," assisted some runaway slaves.

Gender roles under slavery:

differed from those of white society because men and women alike suffered a sense of powerlessness.

Denmark Vesey's conspiracy:

reflected a combination of American and African influences.

Compared to slave revolts in Brazil and in the West Indies, slave revolts in the United States were:

smaller in scale and less frequent.

Middle-class women in the early nineteenth century: - still worked primarily in the home. - had equal pay with men as teachers. - were welcomed into the field of medicine. - were discouraged from taking active roles to reform society.

still worked primarily in the home.

Textile factories appeared first in New England for all of the following reasons except: - the region had ample rivers for water-powered machines. - Jefferson's embargo had hurt international trade. - the region's slaves had little cotton to pick and could work in factories. - the profits from the region's shipping trade provided the initial capital.

the region's slaves had little cotton to pick and could work in factories.

Irish immigrants faced discrimination in the United States for all of the following reasons except that: - they were Catholics. - they were mostly single males. - they came with little money or education. - they stayed in poor, crime-riddled sections of the large cities of the Northeast.

they were mostly single males.

Developments in transportation usually occurred in which order? - railroads, flatboats, canals, and turnpikes - turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads - turnpikes, canals, flatboats, and steamboats - canals, turnpikes, railroads, and steamboats

turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads

Harriet Tubman:

was a fugitive slave who risked her life many times to bring others out of slavery.

slave family

At the center of the slave community stood the FAMILY. On the sugar plantations of the West Indies, the number of males far exceeded that of females, the workers lived in barracks-type buildings, and settled family life was nearly impossible. The US, where the slave population grew from natural increase rather than continued importation from Africa, had an even male-female ratio, making the creation of families far more possible. To be sure, the law did not recognize the legality of slave marriages. The master had to consent before a man and woman could "jump over the broomstick," and families stood in constant danger of being broken up by sale. Nonetheless, most adult slaves married, and their unions, when not disrupted by sale, typically lasted for a lifetime. To solidify a sense of family continuity, slaves frequently named children after cousins, uncles, grandparents, and other relatives. Most slaves lived in 2-parent families. But because of constant sales, the slave community had a significantly higher number of female-headed households than among whites, as well as families in which grandparents, other relatives, or even non-kin assumed responsibility for raising children.

By 1860, America's largest single export was A) Rice. B) Cotton. C) Rum. D) Tobacco. E) Slaves.

B) Cotton.

Of all the New World slave societies, the one that existed in the South was the only one that A) Did not import female slaves. B) Grew by natural increase. C) Freed the children of slaves. D) Never had a slave rebellion. E) Imported its slaves from Africa.

B) Grew by natural increase.

Which one of the following is the MOST true of the South in regard to industrialization A) Urban growth kept pace with the North. B) Southerners chose to concentrate on cotton. C) They failed to recognize industrial and transportation potential. D) They had 75 percent of the nation's railroads to transport cotton. E) They hoped technology could replace slavery.

B) Southerners chose to concentrate on cotton.

An area stretching through western Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi that was blessed with exceptionally fertile soil was called A) The slave belt. B) The black belt. C) The fever belt. D) The sun belt. E) No man's land.

B) The black belt. ...

"Flush times" refer to A) the booming period of credit given by Northern banks. B) feverish land speculation. C) the period of economic prosperity in the 1830s. D) the profit following the sale of slaves at market. E) the period of intense cultivation of cotton in new soil.

B) feverish land speculation.

Which of the following statements is accurate about the work done by southern slaves?

By the time of the Civil War, about 200,000 worked in industrial-type occupations.

As a result of the uncovering of the Denmark Vesey conspiracy in 1822, A) Immigration from Haiti was halted. B) The children of existing slaves were freed for perpetuity. C) Black seamen were seized and jailed while in port at Charleston. D) South Carolina passed legislation making it easier to free one's slaves. E) Whites appealed to the African Methodist Episcopal church to restrain its members from encouraging slave rebellion.

C) Black seamen were seized and jailed while in port at Charleston.

Religion in the slave community A) Was a mix of Arminianism and Calvinism. B) Encouraged many slave rebellions. C) Combined African tribal traditions with evangelical Protestantism. D) Counted for little in the slaves' daily life. E) Was based entirely upon their African tribal traditions.

C) Combined African tribal traditions with evangelical Protestantism.

A common defense of the institution of slavery by slave owners was that A) Slaves lived better on southern plantations than the natives in Africa. B) They were becoming Christianized and thus their souls would be saved. C) Slaves were treated better than northern industrial workers. D) Slaves lived much longer than whites. E) Slave children played with white children.

C) Slaves were treated better than northern industrial workers.

An examination of life expectancy rates in the South by 1850 indicates that A) There was no difference in life expectancy for whites and blacks in the South. B) Slaves in the American South suffered less illness than expected. C) The difficulties of slave life resulted in a shorter life expectancy than whites. D) It was not unusual for slave masters to work male field hands to death. E) Slaves often lived longer than their masters.

C) The difficulties of slave life resulted in a shorter life expectancy than whites.

When the United States took possession of Mississippi in 1798, Natchez-under-The-Hill became A) A ghost town. B) A religious commune. C) The most important settlement in the old Southwest. D) A way station for the Underground Railroad. E) A reservation for the Natchez Indians.

C) The most important settlement in the old Southwest.

Slave communities provided all of the following EXCEPT A) Access to African values and attitudes. B) Secret contacts between rural and urban slaves. C) The opportunity to live in urban areas. D) The possibility of building a family. E) Their own form of religion.

C) The opportunity to live in urban areas.

A mechanical reaper to harvest grain was invented by: - Samuel F. B. Morse. - John Deere. - Eli Whitney. - Cyrus Hall McCormick

Cyrus Hall McCormick.

One of the most noteworthy features of the slave community in the American South was A) Its refusal to incorporate Christian religious practices. B) Their belief that they could do better in America. C) Its animosity toward free African Americans. D) The expanded kinship network that developed within it. E) Its acceptance of white paternalism within its own social structure.

D) The expanded kinship network that developed within it.

The Evangelical religion which spread after the Second Great Awakening A) Was totally rejected by the slaves. B) Had no impact on slaves or slavery. C) Was accepted wholeheartedly by the slaves. D) Was used by whites as a means of social control over the slaves. E) Encouraged many blacks to rebel.

D) Was used by whites as a means of social control over the slaves. ...

What percentage of all slaves worked as field hands? A) 60. B) 20. C) 50. D) 33. E) 75.

E) 75

In the first half of the 19th Century, the American economy A) Depended primarily on northern industrial production. B) Suffered the ill effects of a mixed economy. C) Depended primarily on profits from slave-grown cotton. D) Suffered because of the South's slave system. E) Benefited greatly from the connection between southern slavery and northern industry.

E) Benefited greatly from the connection between southern slavery and northern industry.

For many southerners, one of the worst surprises of the Civil War was A) That most slaves remained loyal to their owners. B) That slaves paid little attention to the Emancipation Proclamation. C) Northern willingness to die for slaves. D) That many slaves were willing to take up arms against the Yankees. E) The eagerness of their trusted house slaves to flee.

E) The eagerness of their trusted house slaves to flee.

The most important export crops of the American colonial period were A) Cotton, tobacco, and rice. B) Cotton, sugar, and rice. C) Sugar, rice, and tobacco. D) Indigo, sugar, and sorghum. E) Tobacco, rice, and indigo.

E) Tobacco, rice, and indigo.

Slave marriages A) Had little chance to survive. B) Were considered legal in most southern states. C) Encouraged many slaves to rebel. D) Were expressly forbidden by most slave owners. E) Were encouraged by most owners.

E) Were encouraged by most owners.

As a general rule, slaveowners never allowed their slaves to listen to a white preacher in church.

False

Denmark Vesey's 1822 slave rebellion resulted in the deaths of more than thirty white Charlestonians.

False

In Commonwealth v. Hunt, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled all labor unions illegal.

False

Major group slave resistance events occurred more frequently at sea.

False

Most German immigrants in the 1850s were Jewish.

False

Railroads did little to stimulate economic growth nationally until after the Civil War.

False

Railroads generally increased the cost of transportation.

False

The Erie Canal, in effect, joined the Great Lakes to Boston.

False

The respective Canadian and Mexican governments regularly returned escaped slaves to southern slaveholders.

False

"Nativism" is hatred of other people on the basis of their skin color.

False - it is the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

The Haitian slave revolt was successful and the attempts by Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner ultimately failed because:

Haiti had a population that was primarily of African heritage while most of the United States had a higher percentage of whites.

proslavery argument

In 30 years before the outbreak of the Civil War, even as northern criticism of the "peculiar institution" began to deepen, pro-slavery thought came to dominate southern public life. Fewer and fewer white southerners shared the view, common among the founding fathers, that slavery was, at best, a "necessary evil." Even those who had no direct stake in slavery shared with planters a deep commitment to white supremacy. Indeed, racism - the belief that blacks were innately inferior to whites and unsuited for life in any condition other than slavery - formed one pillar of the PROSLAVERY IDEOLOGY. Most slaveholders also found legitimation for slavery in biblical passages such as the injunction that servants should obey their masters. Others argued that slavery was essential to human progress. Without slavery, they believed, planters would be unable to cultivate the arts, sciences, and other civilized pursuits. Still other defenders of slavery insisted that the institution guaranteed equality for whites by preventing the growth of a class doomed to a life of unskilled labor. Like northerners, they claimed to be committed to the ideal of freedom. Slavery for blacks, they declared, was the surest guarantee of "perfect equality" among whites, liberating them from the "low, menial" jobs such as factory labor and domestic service performed by wage laborers in the North.

the Amistad (italicized)

In a few instances, large groups of slaves collectively seized their freedom. The most celebrated instance involved 53 slaves who in 1839 took control of THE AMISTAD (ITALICIZED), a ship transporting them from 1 port in Cuba to another, and tried to force the navigator to steer it to Africa. THE AMISTAD (ITALICIZED) wended its way up the Atlantic coast until an American vessel seized it off the coast of Long Island. President Martin Van Buren favored returning the slaves to Cuba. But abolitionists brought their case to the Supreme Court, where the former president John Quincy Adams argued that since they had been recently brought from Africa in violation of international treaties banning slave trade, the captives should be freed. The Court accepted Adams's reasoning, and most of the captives made their way back to Africa. THE AMISTAD (ITALICIZED) case had no legal bearing on slaves within the US. But it may well have inspired a similar uprising in 1841, when 135 slaves being transported by sea from Norfolk, Virginia, to New Orleans seized control of the ship Creole (italicized) and sailed for Nassau in the British Bahamas.

When comparing colonial slavery to nineteenth-century slavery, what was a major difference?

In the colonial period, slaves rarely worked in cotton fields

Cotton Is King

In the nineteenth century, cotton replaced sugar as the world's major crop produced by slave labor. 3/4 of the world's cotton supply came from the southern US. As early as 1803, cotton had become the most important American export. Cotton sales earned the money from abroad that allowed the US to pay for imported manufactured goods. On the eve of the Civil War, it accounted for well over half of the total value of American exports. In 1860, the economic investment represented by the slave population exceeded the value of the nation's factories, railroads, and banks combined.

What was the name of the vibrant community of former slaves freed by Virginian Richard Randolph?

Israel Hill

paternalism

Planters' values glorified not the competitive capitalist marketplace but a hierarchical, agrarian society in which slaveholding gentlemen took personal responsibility for the physical and moral well-being of their dependents - women, children, and slaves. This outlook, known as "PATERNALISM," had been a feature of American slavery even in the 18th century. But it became more ingrained after the closing of the African slave trade in 1808, which narrowed the cultural gap between master and slave and gave owners an economic interest in the survival of their human property. The PATERNALIST outlook both passed and justified the brutal reality of slavery. It enabled slaveowners to think of themselves as kind, responsible masters even as they bought and sold their human property - a practice at odds with the claim that slaves formed part of the master's "family."

"plain folk"

Racism, kinship ties, common participation in a democratic political culture, and regional loyalty in the face of outside criticism all served to cement bonds between planters and the South's "PLAIN FOLK." Like other white southerners, most small farmers believed their economic and personal freedom rested on slavery. Not until the Civil War would class tensions among the white population threaten the planter's domination.

What resulted from the sexual exploitation of slave women?

Some wives of plantation owners resented when this happened and then punished slaves.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

The best known of all slave rebels was NAT TURNER, a slave preacher and religious mystic in Southampton County, Virginia, who came to believe that God had chosen him to lead a black uprising. TURNER traveled widely in the county, conducting religious services. He told of seeing black and white angels fighting in the sky and the heavens running red with blood. Perhaps from a sense of irony, TURNER initially chose July 4, 1831, for his rebellion, only to fall ill on the appointed day. On August 22, he and a handful of followers marched from farm to farm assaulting the white inhabitants. By the time the militia put down the uprising, about 80 slaves had joined TURNER's band, and some 60 whites had been killed. TURNER was subsequently captured and, with 17 other rebels, condemned to die. Asked before his execution whether he regretted what he had done, TURNER responded, "Was not Christ crucified?" In the panic that followed the revolt, hundreds of innocent slaves were whipped, and scores executed. For one last time, Virginia's leaders openly debated whether steps ought to be taken to do away with the "peculiar institution." But a proposal to commit the state to gradual emancipation and the removal of the black population from the state failed to win legislative approval.

silent sabotage

The most widespread expression of hostility to slavery was "day-to-day resistance" or "SILENT SABOTAGE" - doing poor work, breaking tools, abusing animals, and in other ways disrupting the plantation routine.

Denmark Vesey

The next major conspiracy was organized in 1822 by DENMARK VESEY, a slave carpenter in Charleston, South Carolina, who had purchased his freedom after winning a local lottery. His conspiracy reflected the combination of American and African influences then circulating in the Atlantic world and coming together in black culture. "He studied the Bible a great deal," recalled one of his followers, "and tried to prove from it that slavery and bondage is against the Bible." VESEY also quoted the Declaration of Independence, pored over newspaper reports of the debates in Congress regarding the Missouri Compromise, and made pronouncements like "all men had equal rights, blacks as well as whites." And he read to his conspirators accounts of the successful slave revolution in Haiti. The African heritage was present in the person of VESEY's lieutenant Gullah Jack, a religious "conjurer" from Angola who claimed to be able to protect the rebels against injury or death. The plot was discovered before it could reach fruition. As with many slave conspiracies, evidence about the VESEY plot is contradictory and disputed. Much of it comes from a series of trials in which the court operated in secret and failed to allow the accused to confront those who testified against them.

Northerners who were not abolitionists did what in regards to slavery?

They faced a dilemma of conscience and law.

Second Middle Passage

To replace the slave trade from Africa, which had been prohibited by Congress in 1808, a massive trade in slaves developed within the US. More than 2 million slaves were sold between 1820 and 1860. The main business districts of southern cities contained the offices of slave traders, complete with signs reading "Negro Sales" or "Negroes Bought Here." Auctions of slaves took place at public slave markets, as in New Orleans, or at courthouses. Southern newspapers carried advertisements for slave sales, southern banks financed slave trading, southern ships and railroads carried slaves from buyers to sellers, and southern states and municipalities earned revenue by taxing the sale of slaves.

After Nat Turner's Rebellion, the Virginia legislature discussed ending slavery in that state.

True

Although the importation of slaves from Africa was prohibited beginning in 1808, the sale and trade of slaves within the United States flourished in later years.

True

Black Christianity is best described as a blend between African traditions and Christian beliefs.

True

By 1860, Catholicism was the largest religious denomination in the United States.

True

By 1860, the South's most populous city was New Orleans.

True

By 1900, the "household" economy had given way to a market economy.

True

By the 1830s, it was illegal to teach a slave to read or write.

True

In the Lowell system, mill owners preferred to use women in part because of the lower wages they commanded.

True

Perishable tea leaves spurred the development of fast-sailing ships known as clippers.

True

The Irish made up more than half of the population of major cities like Boston and New York by the 1850s.

True

The internal slave trade was a key component in supporting the cotton kingdom.

True

claimed that slavery was essential to human economic and cultural progress.

Urban free blacks sometimes formed their own churches.

After an 1831 slave rebellion, which state's legislature debated, but did not approve, a plan for gradual emancipation of slaves in that state?

Virginia.

Jumping over a broomstick was a ceremony celebrating:

a slave marriage.

Celia was:

a slave tried for killing her master while resisting a sexual assault.

Task labor:

allowed slaves to take on daily jobs, set their own pace, and work on their own when they were done.

The South produced nearly two-fifths of the nation's manufactured goods, especially cotton textiles.

as self-proclaimed spokesmen of the common man against the great planters.

During the growth of internal improvement, the federal government: - financed the construction of the Erie Canal. - bought stock in, and gave land grants to, some transportation companies. - left all governmental assistance up to the individual states. - built some demonstration roads, canals, and railroads.

bought stock in, and gave land grants to, some transportation companies.

By the late 1830s, the South's proslavery argument:

claimed that slavery was essential to human economic and cultural progress.

In the nineteenth century, what product was the world's major crop produced by slave labor?

cotton

In the nineteenth century, which product was the world's major crop produced by slave labor?

cotton

"Silent sabotage" can be defined as when slaves:

did poor work and broke tools.

The term "Lords of the Loom" refers to:

early New England factory owners.

Southern farmers in the backcountry:

generally worked the land using family labor.

By the late 1830s, labor unions in the United States: - were stronger than before. - had grown in numbers but had little economic influence. - had virtually disappeared. - were poised to make major economic gains in the upcoming decade.

had virtually disappeared.

Immigration into the United States: - was very popular up until the War of 1812. - increased most during the period from 1845 to 1854. - declined when the cost of passage on ships increased to as much as $300 per passenger. - brought more Italians and Chinese than any other ethnic group prior to the Civil War.

increased most during the period from 1845 to 1854.