APUSH Chapter 13

Spoils system

The popular idea that public offices should be handed out on the basis of political support rather than special qualifications

hard money

metal money or coins, as distinguished from paper money. (The term also came to mean reliable or secure money that maintained or increased its purchasing its purchasing power over time.

Soft money

or paper money, was assumed to inflate or lose value) "...a decree that required all public lands to be purchased with "hard"...money."

The Panic of 1837 and subsequent depression were caused by

over-speculation and Jackson's financial policies

Assess the negative impact of the new popular democracy.

1. Negative Campaigning: Mudslinging 2. Jackson's usurpation of Power---monarchy 3.Spoils system -huge bribe to vote (basically)

Assess the positive impact of the new popular democracy.

1. Rise of the "Common man" 2. Vote turn out % rose - gave more people political access 3. Universal Manhood Suffrage 4. Two- Party system: Democrats& Whigs 5. National Nominating Convention

Explain the economic consequences of the Panic of 1837.

1. US Banks collapsed by the 100s--including pet banks 2.Commodity prices drooped 3. Sales of public lands fell off 4.Customs revenues dried to a rivulet 5. No reserves for credit

Anti-Masonic Party

Small, short-lived third political party that originated a new method of nominating presidential candidates in the election campaign of 1831-1832

Andrew Jackson's "war" against Nicholas Biddle and his policies (cause)

Got the government out of banking but weakened the American financial system (effect)

William Henry Harrison

"Old Tippecanoe," who was portrayed by Whig propagandist as a hard-drinking common man of the fronteir

Explain the political consequences of the Panic of 1837.

1. Against Martin Van Buren (Van Ruin) and Democrats -Blamed for Panic of 1837 2. Divorce Bill--> no more Government associated with banking 3. Independent Treasury (Gov'ts money in safes)

Describe the political innovations of the 1830s, including the rise of mass parties, and indicate their significance for American politics & society.

A. Rise of the National Party Convention to Nominate Presidential Candidates - More democratic method of Nominating Candidates B. 2 Party System: Whigs & Democrats C. New Forms of Politicking -Banners, badges, parades, "get out the vote" ** Because of mass appeal ---> huge voter turn out(increase) 1824(24%)--> 1840 (78%)

Indicate how the "corrupt bargain" of 1824 weakened Adams and set the stage for Jackson.

A. Weakened Adams: He was the peoples 2nd choice--didn't win popular vote. Only won electoral because of persuasion by Clay in the House of Reps. Accused of bribing Henry Clay --> "If you get votes for me, I will make you Secretary of State" B Strengthened Jackson because Adams looked bad, due to the alleged corruption, government also looked corrupt.

Which of the following was not among the following was not among the factors that made John Q Adams's presidency a political failure?

Adams anti-western land and Indian policies

John Quincy Adams

Aloof New England statesman whose elitism made him an unpopular leader in the new era of mass democracy

Describe Jackson's policies toward south eastern Indian tribes.

Although the Cherokee National council legislated a legal code and even adopted a constitution. White people still wanted their land. So in 1828 Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee Tribal council Illegal. But The Cherokee appealed to Supreme Court, which three times help up the Indian Rights. A. Jackson refused to recognize the Supreme courts decision and proposed a "voluntary" removal of 100k Indians. Congress passed Indian Removal Act. B. When Indians tried to rebel, they were crushed by U.S. military. Thus, the Trail of Tears began

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government

The alleged "corrupt bargain" between Adams and Clay for the presidency in 1824 (Cause)

Aroused popular anger and made Jackson's supporters determined to elect him in 1828 (effect)

President Adams's strong nationalistic policies (Cause)

Aroused the bitter opposition of westerners and southerners, who were increasingly sectionalist (effect)

The Anti-Masonic Party (Cause)

Brought many evangelical Christians into politics and showed that others besides Jackson could stir up popular feelings (effect)

The Panic of 1837 (cause)

Caused widespread human suffering and virtually guaranteed Martin Van Buren's defeat in 1840 (effect)

Sequoyah

Cherokee leader who devised an alphabet for his people

The Jacksonian charge of a "corrupt bargain" to gain John Q. Adams the presidency arose because

Clay was named secretary of state after throwing his support to Adams

The Corrupt Bargain of 1824

Contemptuous Jacksonian term for the alleged political deal by which Clay threw his support to Adams in exchange for a high cabinet office

John C. Calhoun

Former vice president, leader of South Carolina nullifiers, and bitter enemy of Andrew Jackson

The Demand of many whites to acquire Indian land in Georgia and other states (Cause)

Fueled the political pressures that led Andrew Jackson to forcibly remove the Cherokees and others (effect)

Henry Clay disproved the charge of a "corrupt bargain" between himself and President Adams by refusing to accept any favors from the administration.

False

Jackson used his veto of the bill to recharter the Bank of the United States to politically mobilize the common people of the West against the financial elite of the east.

False

The Whig Party was from the beginning united by its ideological support for states rights and national expansion.

False

The election campaign of 1828 was notable for its focus on the issues of the tariff and democracy rather than on personalities and mudslinging

False

Prominent leaders of the Whig party included

Henry Clay and Daniel Webster

Black Hawk

Illinois-Wisconsin area Sauk leader who was defeated by American regulars and militia in 1832

favorite sons

In American politics, presidential candidates who are nominated by their own sate, primarily out of local loyalty. " Their long-shot strategy was instead to run several prominent "favorite sons"...and hope to scatter the vote so that no candidate could win a majority

denominations

In American religion, the major branches of Christianity, organized into distinct church structures, e.g., Presbyterians, Baptists, Disciples of Christ, etc. "...many denominations sent missionaries into Indian villages."

evangelical

In American religion, those believers and groups, usually Protestant, who emphasizes personal salvation, individual conversion experiences, voluntary commitment, and the authority of Scripture. "The Anti-Masons attracted support from many evangelical Protestant groups..."

Henry Clay

Jackson's rival for the presidency in 1832, who failed to save the Bank of the United States

Analyze the significance of Jackson's victory in 1828 as a triumph of "New Democracy."

Jackson's sweeping presidential victory in 1828 represented the political triumph of the New Democracy including spoils-rich political machines that thrived in the new environment. Jackson's simple, popular ideas and rough-hewn style reinforced the growing belief that any ordinary person could hold public office.

Jackson's belief that any ordinary American could hold government office (cause)

Laid the foundations for the spoils system that fueled the new mass political parties (effect)

Mudslinging

Malicious, unscrupulous attacks against an opponent. "Mudslinging reached a disgraceful level..."

In the battle over the "Tariff of Abominations"

New England backed high tariffs while the South demanded lower duties

National Part Convention

New, circus like method of nominating presidential candidates that involved wider participation but usually left effective control in the hands of party bosses

Secretary of State

Office to which President Adams appointed Henry Clay

Whigs

Political party that favored a more activist government, high tariffs, internal improvements, and moral reforms

Democrats

Political party that generally stressed individual liberty, the rights of the common people, and the hostility to privilege

Log Cabins

Popular symbols of the bogus but effective campaign the Whigs used to elect "poor boy" William Henry Harrison in 1840

The high New England-backed Tariff of 1828 (cause)

Provoked protests and threats of nullification from South Carolina (effect)

Spoils

Public offices given as a reward for political support. "Under Jackson the spoils system...was introduced on a large scale."

Evangelicals

Religious believers, originally attracted to the Anti-Masonic Party and then to the Whigs, who sought to use political power for moral and religious reform

Masons

Ritualistic secret societies that became the target of a momentarily powerful third part in 1832

Example of why the Spoils-System was not good.

Samuel Swartwout; Despite ample warnings of his untrustworthiness, he was awarded the lucrative post of collector of customs (Port of NY). Nine years later, he "swarted out" for England leaving his accounts more than a million dollars short.

Black Tariff or Tariff of Abomination

Scornful southern term for the high Tariff of 1828

Osceola

Seminole leader whose warriors killed fifteen hundred American soldiers in years of guerrilla warfare

Nicholas Biddle

Talented but high-handed bank president who fought a bitter losing battle with the president of the United States

US Bank

The "moneyed monster" that Clay tried to preserve and that Jackson killed with his veto in 1832

Martin Van Buren

The "wizard of Albany," whose economically troubled presidency was served in the shadow of Jackson

Describe and explain the growth of the "New Democracy" in the 1820s

The beginning in the 1820s, a powerful movement celebrating the common person and promoting "New Democracy" transformed the earlier elitist character of American Politics. The controversial election of the Yankee sophisticate John Quincy Adams in 1824 angered the followers of Andrew Jackson.

Some southeastern Indian tribes like the Cherokees were notable for their

development of effective agricultural, educational, and political institutions

The Trail of Tears

The sorrowful path along which thousands of southeastern Indians were removed to Oklahoma

Secretary of State

Theory promoted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians that said states had the right to disregard federal laws to which they objected

The failure of any candidate to win an electoral majority in the four way of election of 1824 (Cause)

Threw the bitterly contested election into the US House of Reps (effect)

In his personal lifestyle as well as his policies, Andrew Jackson epitomized the hard working ordinary frontiersmen in contrast to the wealthy Adams and his supporters.

True

Jackson's victory in 1828 did represent the triumph of the West and the common people over the older elitist political system.

True

One consequence of the spoils system was the building of powerful political machines based on jobs and sometimes corrupt rewards distributed to political supporters

True

President Adams attempted to uphold strong nationalistic principles in a time of growing support for sectionalism and states' rights.

True

South Carolina's fierce opposition to the tariff reflected anxiety that enhanced federal power might be turned against the institution of slavery.

True

The Jacksonians put into practice their belief that ordinary citizens were capable of holding almost any public office without particular qualifications

True

The last election based on the old elitist political system was the four-way presidential campaign of 1824 involving Jackson, Clay, Crawford, and John Quincy Adams.

True

When the Supreme Court attempted to uphold southeastern Indians' rights, Jackson defied the Supreme Court's rulings and ordered them removed to Oklahoma.

True

William Henry Harrison's background as an ordinary frontiersman in a log cabin formed the basis for the Whigs' appeal to the common man in 1840.

True

Chicsaws and Cherokees

any two of the southeastern Indian peoples who were removed to Oklahoma

One important result of President Jackson's destruction of the Bank of the US was

the lack of a stable banking system to finance the era of rapid industrialization

Jackson's veto of the Bank of the US recharter bill represented

a bold assertion of presidential power on behalf of western farmers and other debtors

Under the surface of the South's strong opposition to the "Tariff of Abominations" was

a fear of growing federal power that might interfere with slavery

machine

a hierarchical political organization, often controlled through patronage or spoils, where professional workers deliver large blocs of voters to preferred candidates. "As a machine-made candidate, he incurred the resentment of many Democrats..."

populist

a political program or style focused on the common people, and attacking perspectives and policies associated with the well-off, well educated. (The populist party was a specific third-party organization of the 1890s.) "The first was the triumph of a populist democratic style."

temperance

campaigns for voluntary commitment to moderation or total abstinence in the consumption of liquor.(Prohibition involved instead forcible legal bans on the production or consumption of alcohol.) "... the Arkansas Indians dubbed him "Big Drunk." He subsequently took the pledge of temperance.

In promoting his policy of Indian removal, President Andrew Jackson

defied rulings of the US Supreme Court that favored the Cherokees

puritanical

extremely or excessively strict in matters of morals or religion. " The only candidate left was the puritanical Adams..."

The " Tariff of Abominations" was passed over the strong opposition of President Jackson

false

Andrew Jackson's appeal to the common people arose partly because

he had risen from the masses and reflected many of their prejudices in his personal attitudes and outlook

usurpation

the act of seizing, occupying, or enjoying the place, power, or functions of someone without legal right. "Hatred of Jackson and his " executive usurpation was its only apparent cement in its formative days."

divine right

the belief that government or rulers are directly established by God. "...America was now bowing to the divine right of the people."

One political development that illustrated the new popular voice in politics was

the growth of the spoils system as a basis for large political "machines"

In general, the Whig party tended to favor

the interests of the working people and farmers against the upper classes.

deference

the yielding of opinion to judgement of someone else. " The deference, apathy, and virtually nonexistent party organizations of the Era of Good Feelings to the boisterous democracy..."

among the new political developments that appeared in the election of 1832 were

third-party campaigning, national conventions, and party platforms