APUSH Chapter 20
How many did the Alabama capture?
The Alabama captured more then 60 vessels. Computing British shippers were delighted but this angered Northerners who sent the naval blockade after them. The Alabama tried to take over a union cruiser off the coast of France in 1864 and was quickly destroyed.
Apologies for the Alabama
Britain also apologized for its role in Alabama an agreed and 1871 to submit the Alabama dispute to arbitration in 1872 paid American claims of 15.5 million for damages.
Why did Lincoln state he was not fighting for abolition?
• Lincoln had to declare publicly that he was not fighting to free the blacks; an anti-slavery declaration would've given the border states to the south.
How did Britain's economy survive without Southern Cotton?
Enormous exports of cotton in the years 1857 to 1860 we're still in British warehouses. When the Civil War started getting intensive in 1861 Britain still had enough cotton for a while. It did not get hard until about a year and a half later when thousands of factory workers in the textile mills were thrown out of work. By this time Lincoln had announced his slave emancipation policy and the wage slaves were not going to fight for the south
• U.S. sanitary commission:
Established 1861, Government agency founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell that train nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army. The commission helps professionalize nursing and gave many women the confidence and organizational skills to propel women's movement in the postwar years.
Who was Robert E. Lee going to fight for initially
Southern military officers were skilled, such as General Robert E. Lee, who was offered to command the Northern armies, but when his birth-state, Virginia, seceded, he went to go command the South.
What percentage volunteered because of patriotic pressures?
More than 90% of the Union troops for volunteers because patriotic pressures to enlist.
Thomas J. 'Stonewall" Jackson
Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson: Lee's chief lieutenant for the war.
How many captured ships did the British capture overall?
• London openly violated its own laws and seized another raider being built for the south. Overall however Britain tried to remain neutral. However overall the British captured over 250 Yankee ships and angered Northerners talked about seizing British holds in Canada after the war was over.
Maryland Kentucky and Missouri had what amount of manufacturing and mules?
• Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri what almost doubled the manufacturing capacity of the south and increased by nearly half it's supply of horses and mules.
Alabama:
• Alabama: 1862 to 1864, British built and manned confederate warship that raided union shipping during the Civil War. one of many built by the British for the confederacy despite union protests. These vessels were not warships, meaning a loop pulled British law because they left their shipyards unarmed and picked up their guns elsewhere Britain was the chief Naval base of the confederacy.
How many people died from postoperative complications?
• An estimated 30% of amputees died from postoperative complications.
What did the seceding states take?
• As the seceding states left the union, they seized the United States' arsenals, mints, and other property within their property.
Border States:
• Border states: five slave states, Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia that did not succeed during the Civil War. Keep the states in the union, Abraham Lincoln insisted that the war was not about abolishing slavery but rather protecting the union.
How much did the treasury get in borrowing? What was the percentage of commission?
• Borrowing was the most effective money raising. The federal treasury got $2,621,916,786. Treasury was forced to market his funds through the private banking house of Jay company with receiving commission of 3/8 of 1% in all sales.
Bounty Brokers
• Bounty brokers and substitute brokers spring up they came poor houses of British Isles in Western Europe and persuaded them to enlist. • They deserted; records reveal that one bouncy jumper repeated his scheme up to 32 times.
Northern Allies
• Britain however sided with North and hopes that the war would finally extinguish slavery if the north emerged victorious. British citizens turned to violence to any official intervention on behalf of the south. • Still, British textile mills depended on the American South for 75% of their cotton supplies. The south counted on hard economic need to bring Britton to their aid.
Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix:
• Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix, were superintendent of nurses for the Union Army and help transform nursing from a lowly service a respective profession.
Stuff Lincoln did that Congress was supposed to do but Lincoln did anyway and Congress went along with it:
• Congress is not in session when war erupted, in Lincoln proclaim the blockade, his action was later held up by the supreme court. • He increased the size the Federal Army, something that Congress can only do under the constitution, but Congress approved it anyway. • He directed the secretary of treasury to advance $2 million without appropriation or security to three private citizens for military purposes. • Suspended the precious privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, so that anti-unionists could be arrested. • Lincoln's regime also set up "supervised voting" in the border states, along with troops to intimidate them to voting to stay with the union.
Morrill Tariff Act:
• Customer seats were also important revenue raisers. Early in 1861 after enough anti-protection Southerners had seceded, Congress passed the Morrill Tariff Act. • Morrill Tariff Act: 1861 increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War. • This tariff superseded the low tariff of 1857. It increased existing duties to 5 to 10% boosting them too about the moderate level of the Walker tariff in 1846. • Protective tariff became associated with the Republican party as American industrialists mostly Republicans got the benefits.
excise tax on tobacco and alcohol:
• Excise tax on tobacco and alcohol was substantially increased by Congress. An income tax was levied for the first time in the nation's experience, and although the rates where very low by later standards they got millions of dollars.
Greenbacks:
• Greenbacks: paper currency issued by union treasury during the Civil War. And inaccurately, supported by gold greenbacks fluctuated in value throughout the war reached low of $.39 on the dollar.
Maximillion and the War in Mexico
• He installed Austrian arch Duke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico, Both in Maximilian and sending the army were both violations of the Monroe doctrine. The north supported Mexico's resistant movement headed by the Mexican national hero and first full blooded Indian president of Mexico Benito Juarez. When the shooting stopped in 1865 in the Civil War was over the Secretary of State Seward prepare to march south and Napoleon realized that his plan was doomed and withdrew his forces.
Homestead Act of 1862:
• Homestead act of 1862: a federal law that sold settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helps make a land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward moving settlers the many people also found disappointment if their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land.
Maryland martial law
• In Maryland Abraham Lincoln decided martial law was needed and he sent in troops because the state threatened to cut off Washington from the North.
5 civilized tribes and the confederacy:
• Indian Territory present day Oklahoma the five civilized Tribes, the Cherokees, Creek, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles sided with the confederacy. • Many of these tribes, namely the Cherokees owned slaves themselves to secure their loyalty of the Confederate government agreed to take over federal payments to the tribes invited the Native Americans to send delegates to the Confederate Congress. In exchange the tribe supply troops of Cherokees to the Confederate Army. A rival faction of Cherokee Native Americans and Plains Native Americans cited with the union, only to, after the war, be put into reservations.
Laird Rams:
• Laired Rams: 1863 two well armed ironclad warships constructed for the confederacy by a British firm. Seeking to avoid war with United States, the British government purchased the two ships for its royal navy instead.
Confederate bonds sold amounted to how much?
• Large issues of Confederate bonds were sold at home and abroad and mounting to nearly $400 million.
Where else did Lincoln deploy soldiers?
• Lincoln also deployed Union soldiers in Western Virginia and in Missouri where they thought beside unionists in their local civil war within the larger civil war.
National Banking System:
• National Banking System: 1863 network of member banks suck issue currency against purchased Government bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds.• It also established a standard banknote currency, at the time the country was flooded with rag money issued by unreliable bankers
New inventions in the North by the end of the war:
• Newly invented believers saving machinery and enabled the north to expand economically, such as a sewing machine, ending the custom made clothing industry. • Graduated standard measurements were introduced creating sizes that will widely used in the civilian garment industry forever after. • Mechanical reaper is was numbered 250,000 by 1865 helps produced a surplus of grain. • The discovery of petroleum gushers in 1859 lead to a rush of 59ers to Pennsylvania. The petroleum industry continued to push westward during the war altogether an estimated 300,000 people.
Northern volunteers and troops
• Northern Army's were first manned solely by volunteers, With each state assigned quota based on population. • 1863 after volunteering had slacked, Congress passed the federal conscription law for the first time on a nationwide scale in the United States.
How many American forts remained? What was Fort Sumter?
• Only two forts were still American, one being Fort Sumter, in Charleston harbor, with fewer than a hundred men. • Fort Sumter: South Carolina location where Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April of 1861, after Union forces attempted to provision the fort.
South economic crash
• Possessing 30% of the national wealth in 1860s the South cleaned only 12% in 1870.• Before the war the average per capita income of Southerners including slaves was about two thirds of what northerners made, after the war Southern income was two fifths of what Northern made.
300 dollar men
• Rich people including young John D. Rockefeller, could hire substitutes to go in their places or purchase exemption by paying $300, they became known as "300 dollar men". • And enterprising and money wise volunteer might legitimately get more than $1000.
New York Draft riots:
• Riots broke out in 1863, largely by underprivileged anti-black Irish-Americans. • New York draft riots: 1863 uprising, mostly of working-class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly angry by the ability of the rich to higher substitutes or purchase exemptions. • Victims included lynched blacks.
Inflation in the south:
• The Confederate paper dollar finally thing to the point or is only worth 1.6 cents when they surrendered. • Overall the war inflicted 9000% inflation rate on the confederacy contrasted with the 80% on the union.
How did Europe feel of the breaking up on the union?
• The European states would be happy to see you America Break into two parts, would make it easier to seize power in the Americas.
Getting provisions to the Fort:
• The Fort only had provisions that would last a few weeks until mid April 1861. • Abraham Lincoln notified South Carolina that an expedition would be sent to provision the Garrison but not to reinforce it promising not to give men, weapons, or ammunition.
Beginning of Blockade
• The North also controlled the sea with a superior navy and set up a blockade that stopped southern supplies from reaching the south. • This enabled the North to exchange huge quantities of grain for munitions and supplies from Europe thus adding the output from factories of Europe to its own.
How many deserters were recorded from all classes?
• The Union Army recorded about 200,000 deserters of all classes and the Confederate authorities were also facing complications with runaways.
The battle at Fort Sumter:
• The Union Naval force started to Fort Sumter, and on April 12, 1861, Carolinians opened fire on the Fort. • After a 34-hour bombardment, though no one died, the garrison surrendered. • On April 15, Lincoln issued a call to the states for 75,000 militiamen and volunteers, on April 19th and 27th, the president set up a blockade of Southern seaports.
Washington issued greenbacks at what face value?
• The Washington treasury also issued greenback paper money totally nearly at 450 million at face value.
How much of the white population was in the border states?
• The border group contained a white population more than half that of the entire Confederacy.
Effects of the cotton famine
• The effects of the cotton famine in Britain were relieved in several ways. Hunger among the unemployed workers was eased when Americans sent over cargoes of food stuffs as Union armies went into the South they sent over considerable supplies of cotton and ship them to Britain. The Confederates also ran a limited quantity through the blockade. In addition, cotton growers of Egypt and India responding to high prices increase their output and captured a share of the world's cotton market that they held onto after the war's conclusion. Finally, war industries in England was supplied both the north and the south relieved unemployment.
Why did the tariffs increase?
• The increases were designed partly to raise additional revenue and partly to provide more protection for the prosperous manufacturers were being bankrupt by internal taxes.
Mountain whites of the north and south
• The mountain whites of the south send north some 50,000 men, and the loyal slave state contributed some 300,000 soldiers to the union.
First unified banking system since when? Lasted how long?
• The national banking act was the first significant step taken toward unified banking network since 1836 when the monster bank of the United States was killed by Andrew Jackson. • This national banking system continued to function for 50 years until it was replaced by the Federal Reserve system in 1913.
North's grain economy
• The north produced a lot of wheat and corn in the years of the war just as Britain had a series of bad harvests. They were forced to import huge quantities of grain from America which happen have the cheapest and most abundant supply.
Britain's reaction to trent affair:
• The people of Britain were outraged, redcoats headed for Canada and war preparations were being made. An ultimatum was made by the London office to America that if they did not release the two prisoners than they would wage war. Lincoln released the two prisoners saying that they can only have one war at a time.
The Southern Allies:
• The south did not get foreign intervention. Europe's ruling class for openly sympathetic to the Confederate cause they have been against the American democratic System and cherished the south semi feudal aristocratic social order.
Who did the Southerners enlist? What age, etc.
• The south of first mainly relied on volunteers but since the confederacy was much less populous they enlisted anyone that they could. • The Richmond regime enlisted men ages 17 to 50, and was forced into description as early as April 1862 nearly a year earlier than the union. • Slave owners or overseers with 20 slaves also my claim exemption. • The southerners avoided trying to enlist Mountain white because of their love for the Northerners.
Trent Affair
• Trent affair: 1861, Diplomatic road that threaten to bring the British into the civil war on the side of the confederacy after a union warship stopped a British steamer and arrested two Confederate diplomats on board.
U.S sanitary commission:
• U.S. sanitary commission: Established 1861, Government agency founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell that train nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army. The commission helps professionalize nursing and gave many women the confidence and organizational skills to propel women's movement in the postwar years.
Ulysses S. Grant:
• Ulysses Simpson Grant: a general who is determined to win no matter what the stakes.
Who else on the Union side was against abolition?
• Universally free world was also unpopular in the "butternut" region of Southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
West Virginia
• West Virginia: admitted to union in 1863, mountainous region that broke away from Virginia in 1861 to form its own state after Virginia seceded from the union. Most of the residents of West Virginia where independent farmers and minors who did not own slaves and thus opposed the Confederate cause.
Women in the workforce:
• When men went away for war many women entered the workforce. In Washington DC, 500 women clerks became government workers with over 100 in treasury department alone. Also the demand for clothing put women in the clothing industry; before the war one industrial worker one in four have been female during the war the ratio rose to one in three.
Writ of habeas corpus:
• Writ of habeas corpus: petition requiring law enforcement officers to present to taint individuals for the court to examine the legal tea of the rest. Protect individuals from arbitrary treasuries state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.
Northerners had how much of the nations wealth and railroads?
• Yankees had ¾ of the nation's wealth, as well as ¾ of the 30,000 miles of railroads.
National banking system and government bonds?
• the national banking system could buy government bonds and issues sound the paper money back by them.
Dominion of Canada:
•Dominion of Canada: established 1867, unified Canadian government created by Briton to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the United States.
Irish/Canada over their hatred of Britain
•Hatred of England was strong especially in Irish Americans who are only close enough to fight with Canada. Serious several tiny armies and a few hundred men and launch invasions on Canada notably in 1866 and 1870.
Napoleon the III dispatches army
•Napoleon the third took advantage of Americans preoccupation with the war, in dispatch a French army to occupy Mexico City in 1863.
How did south's lack of factories contribute to their loss?
•The South's lack of factories led to a lack of supplies; shortages of uniforms and food. The food shortage in the South was most likely due to the terrible transportation system they had, especially when railroad tracks were destroyed by Yankees.
Union vs. confederacy in population
•The union had a much larger reserve of manpower the loyal state had a population of about 22 million the seceding states had 9 million people including 3.5 million slaves.
How many immigrants came from Europe to the North during 1862-1865? Mostly from where? In all how many Union forced were foreign born?
•There're many immigrants from Europe who came into the north, Over 800,000 new comers arrived between 1861 and 1865 most them British, Irish, and German. Altogether about 1/5 of the Union forces were foreign born.
