APUSH: Chapter 22

How did the Southerners feel after the war?

"dangerously defiant;" they cursed the "damnyankees, "spoke of "your government" in Washington instead of "our government," and continued to believe that their view of secession was correct and that the "lost cause" was still a just war

How was the Freedmen's Bureau's accomplishments weak and meager?

- Although the Bureau was authorized to settle former slaves on forty-acre tracts confiscated from the Confederates, little land actually made it into black peoples' hands - The South resented the Bureau - President Andrew Johnson, who shared the white supremacist views of most white Southerners, repeatedly tried to kill it, and it expired in 1872

Ku Klux Klan

- An extremist, paramilitary right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s - Anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger - Pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. - Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War - By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks

BAUER SLIDES: What were the causes of radical reconstruction?

- Black people were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as white people - Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in secession and the Civil War - The trying times called for the federal government to provide direct intervention

What did the Fourteenth Amendment do?

- Conferred civil rights, including citizenship but excluding the franchise, on the freedmen - Reduced proportionately the representation of a state in Congress and in the Electoral College if it denied black people the ballot - Disqualified from federal and state office former Confederates who as federal officeholders had once sworn "to support the Constitution of the United States" - Guaranteed the federal debt, while repudiating all Confederate debts

Johnson's Reconstruction Proclamation

- Disfranchised certain leading Confederates - Called for special state conventions, which were required to repeal the ordinances of secession, repudiate all Confederate debts, and ratify the slave-freeing Thirteenth Amendment

What did the Black Codes aim to do?

- Ensure a stable and subservient labor force - Restore as nearly as possible the pre-emancipation system of race relations - Prevent black people from serving on a jury, renting or leasing land, and voting

Why was Andrew Johnson not fully impeached?

- Fears of creating a destabilizing precedent - Principled opposition to abusing the constitutional mechanism of checks and balances - He was clearly guilty of bad speeches, bad judgment, and bad temper, but not of "high crimes and misdemeanors"

Oliver O. Howard

- Headed the Freedmen's Bureau - Founded and served as president of Howard University

What were the four questions that loomed large at the end of the war?

- How would the South rebuild? - How would liberated black people fare as free citizens? - How would the Southern states be reintegrated into the Union? - Who would direct the process of Reconstruction - the Southern states, the president, or Congress?

How did the war affect the South (physically)?

- It's big cities were run down and nearly destroyed - It's economic life came to a halt as banks and businesses closed their doors due to runaway inflation - Factories were empty and dismantled - The transportation system was broken down - Agriculture was hopelessly crippled - The slave-labor system had collapsed

Black Codes

- Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts - Increased Northerners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies

Moderates' Opinions and Wants in Regards to Reconstruction

- More attuned to the time-honored principles of states' rights and self-government - Preferred policies that restrained the states from abridging citizens' rights rather than policies that directly involved the federal government in individual lives

Radicals' Opinions and Wants in Regards to Reconstruction

- Opposed to rapid restoration of the Southern states and wanted to keep them out as long as possible - Wanted to apply federal power to bring about a drastic social and economic transformation in the South

BAUER SLIDES: What were the black successes of reconstruction?

- Participated in the Union League to promote political education and provide support for Republican candidates - Able to build black churches and schools - Created organizations to fight back against white intimidation and the likes of southern scalawags and northern carpetbaggers

Force Acts

- Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence - Banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts

Wade-Davis Bill

- Passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln's "10 percent plan" - Required that 50 percent of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation - Reflected divisions between Congress and the President, and between radical and moderate Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated South

Military Reconstruction Act

- Passed by the newly-elected Republican Congress - Divided the South into five military districts - Disenfranchised former confederates - Required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise/suffrage before gaining readmission to the Union

Civil Rights Act

- Passed over Andrew Johnson's veto - Aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property

Andrew Johnson

- President from 1865-1869 - Taught himself how to read and learned writing and arithmetic from his wife because he was never formally educated - Champion of poor white people against the planter aristocrats - Elected to Congress and appointed as war governor and later vice presidency before his presidency - Dogmatic champion of states' rights and the Constitution

Fifteenth Amendment

- Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race - Disappointed feminists who wanted the Amendment to include guarantees for women's suffrage

Union League

- Reconstruction-Era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers - Campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation

Tenure of Office Act

- Required President to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees - When Andrew Johnson removed his secretary of war in violation of the act, he was impeached by the house but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him

Why did Congress and the American public sanction the purchase?

- Russia was was conspicuously friendly to the North during the Civil War - The territory was rumored to be teeming with furs, fish, and gold, and that it might pan out profitably

The Purchase of Alaska

- The Russians by 1867 were in a mood to sell the expanse of land now known as Alaska - They had already overextended themselves in North America, and they saw that in the likely event of another war with Britain, they probably would lose their defenseless northern province to the British - The Russians were then eager to give Alaska to America - In 1867 Secretary of State William Seward signed a treaty with Russia that transferred Alaska to the United States for the bargain price of $7.2 million

What was the Republicans' specific fear about the South taking control of Congress?

- The Southerners would join with Democrats in the North and win control of Congress or the White House - They would perpetuate the Black Codes and re-enslave black people - They would dismantle the economic program of the Republican party by lowering tariffs, recounting the transcontinental railroad, and repealing the free-farm Homestead Act, and repudiating national debt

BAUER ASSIGNMENT: Why did Reconstruction apparently fail so badly?

- The idea of resentment between the North and the South - The president (Lincoln) was assassinated, and his successor was not capable of leading the way that Lincoln had - The Civil Rights Act was not enforced in Southern states - The South felt that the North was imposing their way of life on them

Thaddeus Stevens

- The most powerful radical in the House - Defended runaway slaves in court without fee and insisted on burial in a black cemetery - Hated rebellious white Southerners - A leading figure on the Joint (House-Senate) Committee on Reconstruction

Benjamin Wade

- The president pro tempore of the Senate - Disliked by members of the business community for his high-tariff, soft-money, pro-labor views - Distrusted by moderate Republicans

The Role of Black Women in Politics

- They faithfully attended the parades and rallies common in black communities during the early years of Reconstruction - They helped assemble mass meetings in the newly constructed black churches - They showed up at the constitutional conventions in the South in 1867

The Role of Black Men in Politics

- They formed the backbone of the black political community - They sat down with white people at the constitutional conventions hammer out new state constitutions - Black political participation expanded exponentially during Reconstruction; between 1868 and 1876, fourteen black congressmen and two black senators served in Washington, D.C. - They served in state governments as lieutenant governors - They served in local governments as mayors, magistrates, sheriffs, and justices of the peace

The Church's growth and role in Black Life Following Emancipation

- They formed their own churches pastored by their own ministers - Black churches grew robustly; the Baptist Church of 1850 reached 500,000 members by 1870 and the African Methodist Episcopal Church went from 100,000 to 400,000 members in the first decade after emancipation - Churches formed the bedrock of black community life and helped black people protect their newly won freedom

What were the successes/plus sides of the radical regimes' rule?

- They passed much desirable legislation - They introduced many needed reforms - They helped establish public schools for the first time in Southern history - Tax systems were streamlined - Public works were launched - Property rights were guaranteed to women

Why did many former slaves have a passion for learning?

- They wanted to close the gap between themselves and whites - They longed to read the Word of God

The Wade-Davis Bill revealed differences among Republicans, and they eventually split into two factions. What did the majority faction believe in?

- They were moderate - Tended to agree with Lincoln that seceded states should be restored to the Union as simply and swiftly as reasonable on Congress's terms

The Wade-Davis Bill revealed differences among Republicans, and they eventually split into two factions. What did the minority faction believe in?

- They were radical - They believed that the South should atone more painfully for its sins - They wanted the South's social structure uprooted, the haughty planters punished, and the newly emancipated blacks protected by federal power before it would be restored

What did many slaves do/make other do once they accepted and fully realized their freedom?

- Took new names in place of the ones given by their masters and demanded that whites formally address them as "Mr." or "Mrs." - Abandoned the coarse cotton clothes and sought silks, satins, and other finery - Took to the roads, some to test their freedom, others to search for long-lost spouses, parents, and children (strengthened black family relationships) - Formalized "slave marriages" for personal and pragmatic reasons, including the desire to make their children legal heirs - Left their former masters to work in towns and cities, where existing black communities provided protection and mutual assistance

BAUER SLIDES: What was the outcome of reconstruction?

- Women were not afforded protection or rights under the 13th, 14th, or 15th amendments - The policies of Radical Reconstruction were never brought to fruition - Reconstruction did not change the way black people were viewed or treated by most Americans, especially in the South - Reconstruction was weakened by economic depression and unofficially ended with the election of Rutherford Hayes in 1878

By _________________ all of the Southern states had reorganized their governments and had been accorded full rights.

1870

Not until __________ did the seceded states produce as large a cotton crop as that of the fateful year 1860.

1870

How and why did the political war over Reconstruction begin before the Civil War even ended?

Abraham Lincoln believed that the Southern states had never legally withdrawn from the Union

The radicals in the Senate were led by _____________________________.

Charles Sumner

In the clash between the president and Congress, ___________________ increasingly assumed the dominant role in running the government

Congress

Fourteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited States from taking away such rights without due process

When did the clash between the president and Congress explode?

February 1866, when the president vetoed a bill (later repassed) extending the life of the controversial Freedmen's Bureau

Which state's Black Codes were the most lenient?

Georgia's

The root of the controversy between Congress and the president was ____________________________________________________________________________________.

Johnson's "10 percent" governments that had passed the most stringent Black Codes

Which state's Black Codes were the harshest?

Mississippi's

Radical Republicans

Republicans who believed that the South should atone more painfully for its sins. They wanted the South's social structure uprooted, the haughty planters punished, and the newly emancipated blacks protected by federal power before it (the South) would be restored

BAUER SLIDES: Who led the radical reconstruction in the House? In the Senate?

Thaddeus Stevens led radical reconstruction in the House and Charles Sumner led it in the Senate

The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

The House of Representatives immediately voted 126 to 47 to impeach Johnson for "high crimes and misdemeanors," as required by the Constitution, charging him with various violations of the Tenure of Office Act. Two additional articles related to Johnson's verbal assaults on the Congress, involving "disgrace, ridicule, hatred, contempt, and reproach." But, on May 16, 1868, they failed to muster the two-thirds majority for Johnson's removal

________________________ became the focus of black community life in the years following emancipation.

The church

Why did the passage of the three Reconstruction-era deeply disappoint advocates of women's rights?

Women had played a huge part in the abolitionist movement both before and during the Civil War and often pointed out that both black people and women both lacked civil rights, especially the right to vote. Therefore, in their eyes, the struggle for black freedom and women's rights were one in the same, and they believed that women should've been granted the right to vote at the same time as black men

sharecropping

a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use land in return for a share of the crop that was produced; freedmen would get housing, tools and seeds, and 1/3-1/2 of crops in exchange for working land

Thirteenth Amendment

abolished slavery; deemed slavery illegal

Most of the Southern leaders who ran for office at different government levels were tainted by _____________________________________________________________________________________________.

active association with the "lost cause"

Why did emancipation take effect haltingly and unevenly in different parts of the conquered Confederacy after the war?

as Union armies marched in and out of various localities, many black people found themselves emancipated and then re-enslaved

Freedmen's Bureau

created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators

scalawags

derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War

How did the slaves initially respond to emancipation?

differently; responses to emancipation varied between saves due to the complexity of master-slave relationships

The Freedmen's Bureau achieved its greatest successes in ______________________.

education

Both Presidents Lincoln and Johnson had proposed to give the ballot gradually to selected black people who qualified for it through ____________________, _____________________, or ______________________________.

education, property ownership, or military service

Johnson's administration achieved its most enduring success in the field of ______________________.

foreign relations

The radical faction of Republicans was disappointed that the Fourteenth Amendment did not _________________________________________________________________.

grant the right to vote

Emancipation took effect _______________ and ___________________ in different parts of the conquered Confederacy after the war.

haltingly; unevenly

How did Lincoln respond to the Wade-Davis Bill?

he "pocket-vetoed" it and refused to sign it

Why were many radical Republicans pleased and happy when Lincoln was assassinated?

he had shown a tenderness towards the South, and Andrew Johnson shared their same hatred for theplanter aristocrats and their desire to reconstruct the South with a "rod of iron"

10 percent plan

introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation

Even though it was strong in education, how was the Freedmen's Bureau in the other areas?

meager and mischievous

Did Johnson's views of re-admission into the Union actually align with the radical Republicans'?

no; once in office he agreed with Lincoln that the seceded states had never legally been outside the Union and recognized several of Lincoln's 10 percent governments

carpetbaggers

pejorative used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure

"Seward's Folly"

popular term for Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia. The derisive term reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War

Lacking capital, and with little to offer but their labor, thousands of impoverished former slaves and landless white people slipped into the status of _______________________________________________

sharecropper farmers

The Black Codes varied in severity from ________________________.

state to state

"Moderate" Republicans

tended to agree with Lincoln that seceded states should be restored to the Union as simply and swiftly as reasonable on Congress's terms

What did Johnson indicate that he would do in return for remaining in office after the attempted impeachment?

that he would stop obstructing Republican policies in return for remaining in office

Why did the Black Codes aim to ensure a stable and subservient labor force?

the Cotton Kingdom couldn't rise back up to where it used to be until the fields were put back into use, and the white people wanted to make sure that they still had tight control over slaves

How did the Black Codes make an ugly impression on the North?

the Northerners began to questions if fighting the war was really worth/if they actually "won" the war it if slaves were just being re-enslaved anyway

Who was victorious in the congressional elections of 1866?

the Republicans (they had rolled up more than a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress)

What were the three Reconstruction-era amendments passed?

the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments

What was the Republicans' response to the 10% percent Reconstruction plan?

the Wade-Davis Bill

William Seward

the ardent expansionist who signed the treaty with Russia to transfer Alaska to the United States

What did the controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill reveal?

the differences between the president and Congress, and the differences among Republicans

Even though the moderate and radical Republicans were still very divided in 1867, what was the one thing they agreed on?

the necessity to enfranchise black voters, even if it took federal troops to do it

What problem faced the emancipators after the slaves were freed?

the reality that slaves were overwhelmingly unskilled, unlettered, without property or money, and with scant knowledge of how to survive as free people, despite always preaching how degrading the institution was

Edwin Stanton

the secretary of war under Andrew Johnson who was secretly serving as a spy and informer for the radicals

Why did some planters resist emancipation/Why did they claim that that was okay?

they believed that slavery was lawful until state legislatures or the Supreme Court declared otherwise

What did the radical Republicans do out of annoyance of the obstruction of Andrew Johnson?

they falsely accused him of maintaining there a harem of "dissolute women," and later decided to remove him altogether by constitutional processes

How did Republicans respond to Lincoln's pocket-veto of the Wade Davis Bill?

they refused to seat delegates from Louisiana after that state had reorganized its government in accordance with Lincoln's 10 percent plan in 1864

Why did Russians prefer the United States over any other purchaser in the selling of Alaksa?

they wanted to strengthen the American Republic as a barrier against their ancient enemy, Britain

How did the Republicans feel on December 4, 1864 when many of the Southern leaders entered the congressional session? Why?

they were infuriated because they were able to pass much legislation in their favor/they had a relatively free hand while the South wasn't present AND they realized that the South would be stronger and more influential in national politics than it had ever been before

What worried radical Republicans about the Reconstruction Act?

they worried that once the unrepentant states were readmitted, they would amend their constitutions so as to withdraw the ballot from blacks

What was the overriding purpose of the moderates in the Reconstruction Act?

to create an electorate in Southern states that would vote those states back into the Union on acceptable terms and thus free the federal government from direct responsibility for the protection of black rights

What was the only solution to the radical Republicans' problem with the Reconstruction Act?

to incorporate black suffrage in the federal Constitution

Republicans still feared that the South would take control of Congress, and possibly repeal the Civil Rights Law, so what did these Republicans do?

undertook to rivet the principles of the Civil Rights Bill into the Constitution as the Fourteenth Amendment

Even though the Republicans won control of Congress in 1866, they were still divided amongst each other over what issue?

what the best course to pursue in the South was