APUSH Chapter 28

Head Start

provided Free nursery schools to prepare disadvantaged preschoolers for kindergarten

Chicano Moratorium Committee

the Chicano Moratorium Committee organized demonstrations against the war. Chanting "Viva la Raza, Afuera Vietnam" ("Long live the Chicano people, Get out of Vietnam"), 20,000 Mexican Americans marched in Los Angeles in August 1970. At another rally, Cesar Chavez said: "For the poor it is a terrible irony that they should rise out of their misery to do battle against other poor people." Claimed that the draft was biased against the poor

Free Speech Movement

the Free Speech Movement and organized a sit-in at the administration building. Some students had just returned from Freedom Summer in Mississippi, radicalized by their experience.

Warren Court

the chief justice that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson in Brown v. Board of Education (1954); he was the first justice to help the civil rights movement, judicial activism

1963 Equal Pay Act

which established the principle of equal pay for equal work.

Miller v. California

- A 1973 Supreme Court decision that avoided defining obscenity by holding that community standards be used to determine whether material is obscene in terms of appealing to a "prurient interest" and being "patently offensive" and lacking in value.

women's liberation

- A new brand of feminism in the 1960s that attracted primarily younger, college-educated women fresh from the New Left, antiwar, and civil rights movements who sought to end to the denigration and exploitation of women.

Silent Majority

- A phrase used to describe people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s

The Immigration Act of 1965

- Abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere

The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964

- An economic legislation that created many social programs to help provide funds for youth programs antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training; part of the Great Society. - which created a series of programs to reach these Americans, was the president's answer

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

- An organization for social change founded by college students in 1960. - College students, many of them inspired by the civil rights movement, had begun to organize and agitate for social change. In Ann Arbor, Michigan, they founded Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) in 1960.

Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

- Cabinet department of the Executive branch of the United States government that oversees home mortgage lending practices. - won funding for hundreds of thousands of units of public housing; made new investments in urban rapid transit such as the new Washington, D.C., Metro and the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system in San Francisco; ushered new child safety and consumer protection laws through Congress; and helped create the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities to support the work of artists, writers, and scholars.

the new left

- Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam. - The founders of SDS referred to their movement as the New Left to distinguish themselves from the Old Left — communists and socialists of the 1930s and 1940s. As New Left influence spread, it hit major university towns first — places such as Madison, Wisconsin, and Berkeley, California.

Roth v. United States (1957)

- Established that obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected speech or press.

Port Huron Statement

- Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace.

Southern Strategy

- Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Vietnamization

- President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

- The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent. - They pointed, for instance, to the Court's rulings that people who are arrested have a constitutional right to counsel (1963, 1964) and, in Miranda v. Arizona (1966), that arrestees have to be informed by police of their right to remain silent.

Yippies

- Youth International Party; anarchist party headed by Abbie Hoffman that opposed the Vietnam War & conformity; poured bags of dollars onto the New York Stock Exchange and carried pictures of LBJ upside down - The Yippies' stunts were geared toward maximum media exposure. But a far larger and more serious group of activists had come to Chicago to demonstrate against the war as well — and they staged what many came to call the Siege of Chicago.

The Tet Offensive

- a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968. ON January 30, 1968 the VIetcong unleashed a massive well coordinated assaults in S. Vietnam Timed to coincide with "tet" the vietnamese new year It struck 5 of the 6 major cities and thirty six provincial capitals The vietcong nearly overran the US embassy in Saigon The Tet OFfensive was a failure and brought the Vietcong many casualties But psychologically the effect was devastating TV brought into AMerican homes shocking live images Made a mockery of official pronouncements that the United States was winning the war. Undermined JOhnson and discredited his war policies

busing

- achieving racial balance by transporting students to schools across neighborhood boundaries

Operation Rolling Thunder

- bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight - a massive bombing campaign against North Vietnam in 1965. Over the entire course of the war, the United States dropped twice as many tons of bombs on Vietnam as the Allies had dropped in both Europe and the Pacific during the whole of World War II. the bombing had little effect on the Vietcong's ability to wage war in the South. Hardened their will to fight

1968 Democratic National Convention

- significant event in presidential election of 1968; demonstrated the confusion and lack of unity among Democrats; outside, protests and police brutality - In August, at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, the political divisions generated by the war consumed the party. Thousands of protesters descended on the city. The most visible group, led by Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman, a remarkable pair of troublemakers, claimed to represent the Youth International Party. To mock those inside the convention hall, these

Summer Love

- the height of the hippie movement during the Summer of 1967 in San Francisco - San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury, New York's East Village, Chicago's Uptown neighborhoods, and the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles swelled with young dropouts, drifters, and teenage runaways whom the media dubbed "flower children." - American youth was rejecting the nation's social and cultural norms.

Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique

Betty Friedan's indictment of suburban domesticity, The Feminine Mystique, appeared in 1963, it targeted a different audience: college-educated, middle-class women who found themselves not working for wages but rather stifled by their domestic routine. Became a bestseller Postwar baby boom women were again having fewer children Aided now by the birth control pill

Equal Credit Opportunity Act

Congress authorized child-care tax deductions for working parents in 1972 and in 1974 passed the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, which enabled married women to get credit, including credit cards and mortgages, in their own names.

Ms. Magazine

Founded by Gloria Steinem and several other women, provided viewpoints of feminist issues and familiarized its audience with the arguments and issues of the women's movement.

S2- Explain how LBJ's viewpoint on Vietnam was shaped by the three Presidents that came before him (JFK, Ike and Truman).

French took control of IndoChina in early times Then Japan lost which makes things complicated because it was under their control after the french The vietnam people wanted freedom but the french wanted their territory back We get involved the stop the spread of communism and because we are allies of France The Leader of Japan (Ho Chi Minh) we are worried that he is a communism He is a nationalist Fascinated by american history He gets pushed into communism because the US was against him so he sought help in the people that were against the US In 1954 The French decide to give up US sets up a puppet government In south Vietnam North Vietnam is controlled by _______ There would be a vote and the people would decide what gov they wanted but we do not allow that to happen Diem ends up being assassinated because JFK proposes to get a new guy In South Vietnam a rebel urgency grew called the Vietcom because they wanted freedom from us Our mission is to save the south Vietnam but now we are fighting them more than fighting the north Most of the fighting in vietnam is guerilla style warfare and they are civilians not dressed in uniforms and we are proto rolling the people Vietnam ruins LBJ because he cannot be the president that loses vietnam

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Friedan and others, including many labor feminists from around the country, founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966. Civil rights org for women "women into full participation in ... American society now, exercising all the privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men. Powerful voice for equal rights

George Wallace

George Wallace was the conservisial governor of Alabama and was running as a third party presidential candidate He tried to prevent the national gov from desegregating the University of Alabama in 63 Wallace's hoped that he could carry the SOuth and deny a major candidate an electoral majority and force the election

S3- What strategies did Nixon employ to win the 1968 Presidential election?

He is not saying let's pull out because that will be admitting defeat He says lets change our approach Many people agreed and did He wants to change it so less americans die which is an important strategy The southern strategy is all about Nixon realizing that the shift from the dem to repub south is happening so he is appealing to them They are saying how the democrats ignored the south Nixon was going to not do anything else regarding civil rights Another strategy is him calling himself "the law and order president" saying that he will restore order within society In 72 he implies this strategy again and wins with a landslide

S1- Why is it difficult to assess JFK's Presidency?

He was popular because of his assassination He has a young wife and young kids He would have def been elected for another term and got his agenda done but we will never know because he was assassinated A president had not been assassinated since '01

Barry Goldwater

IN '64 Johnson faced Republican Barry Goldwater of Arizona Anti Communist Anti government platform Offering "a choice, not an echo" Meaning he represented genuinely conservative alternative to liberalism rather than the echo of liberalism offered the moderate wing of the Republican party during the 50s Goldwater's candidacy marked the beginning of a grassroots conservative revolt that would eventually transform the Republican Party.

My Lai

In 1968 US Army Troops had executed nearly 500 people in the South Vietnamese village of My Lai Many including women and children The massacre was hidden within the military until 1969 Until journalist seymour Hersh broke out the stories and photos and appeared in Life Magazine This discredited the US worldwide Although high-ranking officers participated in the My Lai massacre and its cover-up, only one soldier, a low-ranking second lieutenant named William Calley, was convicted.

S2- How did the media help to expose the "credibility gap" within the JOhnson Administration and what impact did this have on overall public opinion?

It is being shown on TV and they see JOhnson and other officials within the government giving briefings talking about the war There is a gap between what the gov is reporting vs what people are seeing on tv and the dead bodies coming home LBJ is basically saying mission accomplished Now the US people believe they are being lied to so the anti war movement grows throughout the 60s The Americans were being told that it was over then a coordinated surprise attack from the Vietcom and N. Vietnam attacks the US and even though we destroyed them it was still a failure

The Sharon Statement

Its founding principles were outlined in "The Sharon Statement," drafted (in Sharon, Connecticut) two years before the Port Huron Statement, and inspired young conservatives, many of whom would play important roles in the Reagan administration in the 1980s.

S1- What made the 1960 Presidential election unique?

JFK was catholic It was the closest election ever He ran against Richard Nixon He only won Texas because LBJ was from JFK was attractive JFK was very young (people questioned his experienced) Nixon was VP for prior presidents so people were more comfortable with him He was very active as a VP JFK is basically saying do not worry about my youth they eventually have to pass the torch to the younger generation (inaugural address) His assassination makes him stand out

Jackson State College

Jackson State College in Mississippi, Guardsmen stormed a dormitory, killing two black students

LBJ

LBJ arose to challenge of Kennedy's stalled programs and ma in the ambitious great society

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

One of Johnson's first successes was breaking a congressional deadlock on education and health care. Passed in April 1965, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act authorized $1 billion in federal funds for teacher training and other educational programs. Standing in his old Texas schoolhouse

S3- Why was 1968 a pivotal year in the Vietnam War? What impact did it have on LBJ?

People thought the war was dialing down Then the tet offensive happens This had a large impact on LBJ LBJ decides not to run again and hopefully the party will nominate someone else who will win The war is associated with him therefore he knows he is a toxic candidate and if he runs it will result in an automatic victory for the republicans We stayed committed to vietnam in the 70s It is pretty clear how the Vietnam war is going to end once the late 60s arrives

Great Society

President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women

Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, which issued a 1963 report documenting job and educational discrimination.

Richard Nixon

Republican, Richard Nixon had engineered a remarkable political comeback He won the republican presidential nomination in 68

Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy

Robert Kennedy- brother of JFK. He decided he will do a better job then Johnson. Democratic. Eugene McCarthy- senator, was going to run for president. Democratic. Both thought americans are tired of war.

(SALT I)

SALT I: the first time the SV and US are sitting down to talk about the nuclear arms race Agree to stop testing and making nuclear weapons He gets them to sit down and come to an agreement

Job Corps

and Upward Bound provided young people with training and employment

Kent State University

at Kent State University in Ohio, panicky National Guardsmen fired into an antiwar rally, wounding eleven students and killing four.

Young Americans for Freedom (YAF),

conservative students asserted their faith in "God-given free will" and their fear that the federal government "accumulates power which tends to diminish order and liberty." largest student political organization in the country defended free enterprise and supported the war in Vietnam.

S1- How GREAT is the Great Society? What makes it very unique?

1964 Civil Rights Act 1965 Voting Rights Act 1964 Economic Opportunity Act (War on Poverty) Head start (public preschool) Job corps (job training for young people) Vista (similar to peace corps but in the us) 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act LBJ did not ignore the poor Usually it is hard to get these things get passed because taxes will have to go up Because education has become so important and vital the states cannot handle the funding of schools alone If we want to keep up with the world and the soviets the national gov must help 1965 HIgher Education Act 1965 Medicale Care Act (Medicare - elderly) and Medicaid (poor) Federally funded health care 1964 Wilderness Preservation Act 1965 Air and Water Quality Acts The modern environmental movement kicked in in the 60s The government was becoming more involved 1965 Establishment of Department of HUD 1965 Establishment of the Department of HUD Housing in urban development 1965 Establishment of National Endowment for the arts and humanities Artists are often times starving so they depend on the gov 1965 Immigration Act No more quotes and they reformed the system LBJ appealed to the southern Democrats because he was from the south LBJ was the top democrat in the Senate Everyone thought LBJ was going to win the democratic primary LBJ and Kennedy were political rivals LBJ was a minority leader in the Senate His job was to make sure the entire party voted for the bill LBJ has good experience and knows how to get votes The Johnson Treatment - he would make people feel uncomfortable by touching them to get what he wants I'm going to the bathroom but you can come in and we can continue our meeting He was a master manipulator

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

S2- What makes the Gulf on Tonkin Resolution of 1964 a radical decision on the part of Congress?

A US ship was fired upon by a Vietnam ship but we were in waters that we should not have been in but nobody died LBJ took this as an act of war The US basically says in the resolution that LBJ can do whatever he deems necessary to win the "war" Congress basically ceding their power

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." - With the adoption of Title IX in 1972, Congress broadened the 1964 Civil Rights Act to include educational institutions, prohibiting colleges and universities that received federal funds from discriminating on the basis of sex. By requiring comparable funding for sports programs, Title IX made women's athletics a real presence on college campuses.

S2- What were the major characteristics of the counterculture of the mid to late 1960s?

A counterculture is a group that is against the societal norms Associated with the beats Rebellious music and it was unique because it is social protest music (they are literally using the lyrics to promote anti war or anti segregation)

Credibility Gap

A public distrust of statements made by the government

S1- What factors accounted for the resurgence of feminism in the 1960s?

Betty Friedan's indictment of suburban domesticity, The Feminine Mystique, appeared in 1963, it targeted a different audience: college-educated, middle-class women who found themselves not working for wages but rather stifled by their domestic routine. Became a bestseller Postwar baby boom women were again having fewer children Aided now by the birth control pill States liberalized divorce laws, more women divorcing Women made up 42% of college population Kennedy appointed the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, which issued a 1963 report documenting job and educational discrimination. Friedan and others, including many labor feminists from around the country, founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966. Civil rights org for women "women into full participation in ... American society now, exercising all the privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men. Powerful voice for equal rights

S4- What is busing and how did it create more racial tension in the nation?

Busing was used to integrate schools In the 70s schools for following laws But because of de facto segregation the schools were still segregated So the bussed kids out of their neighborhoods to create integrated schools The supreme court says no busing it has gone overboard They shut down busing in the 70s

S3- What changed between 1965 and 1968, and how did these developments affect national political life?

By 1968 a sense of crisis gripped the country A general youth rebellion was about to tear the country apart Violent clashes in both Vietnam and back home in the US combined with political assassinations IN 1965 President Johnson gambled on a quick victory in Vietnam BY early 1968 the death rate of US troops reached several hundred a week President Johnson kept saying that there was a light at the end of the tunnel;

S4- How did Nixon's approach to the Cold War differ from past Presidents? (detente, SALT I, Chinea)

Detente: He says we can win the war with the SV by lessening aggression between us and them He claims the aggression has been counter productive We are talking about not making peace but our maneuver them and outsmart them Negotiate and win the negotiations Use politics to win Henry Kissinger is key in shaping this new approach It comes across the Nixon can get away with this changing the approach because his prior activism in the communist trials (ex. Alger Hiss) SALT I: the first time the SV and US are sitting down to talk about the nuclear arms race Agree to stop testing and making nuclear weapons He gets them to sit down and come to an agreement China: Nixon changes the fact of us recognizing Taiwan as the ENTIRE chinese government We are now recognizing the CCM as the entire Chinese government He has a secret meeting with Maze DOm It is not official until president Carter He is also outmaneuvering the soviet because the soviets are not at peace with communist china It highlights the fact the the SV and China have a bad relationship

détente

Detente: He says we can win the war with the SV by lessening aggression between us and them He claims the aggression has been counter productive We are talking about not making peace but our maneuver them and outsmart them Negotiate and win the negotiations Use politics to win Henry Kissinger is key in shaping this new approach

S3- What made the 1968 Presidential election tumultuous?

LBJ choosing not to run created chaos Though there were people in his party trying to run against him Who will be the democratic nominee? Eugene McCarthy challenged LBJ He believes we need to get out of Vietnam Hubert Humphrey, LBJ's VP decides to run for the democratic nominee after LBJ drops out He said that we could not just pull out and we should reform Robert Kennedy runs as well He says we need to get out of Vietnam immediately because it has been a disaster Robert Kennedy would have been nominated at the Democratic convention But he was assassinated after a speech Which once again threw everything into chaos 1968 DNC is usually just a big party because you know who the candidate is going to be because the primary has already occurred but now the nominee has died People in chicago are protesting and they want McCarthy should be nominated They said that to convention has to do that because he best reflects Kennedy's view on Vietnam The yippies and the black panther party were protesting in chicago The chicago mayor tells the police to beat and arrest them Humphrey is nominated as the Democratic nominee McCarthy did not win because he was boring and not very charismatic It was a fairly close election Though Richard Nixon, Republican does win Makes a comeback because he ran against JFK 8 years prior It is rare that a presidential election loser will win again

Medicaid

Medicaid, a health plan for the poor paid for by general tax revenues and administered by the states.

Medicare

Medicare, a health plan for the elderly funded by a surcharge on Social Security payroll taxes

JFK assassination

Nov. 22, 1963, Kennedy was in Dallas, Texas on a political trip Jacqueline and JFK rode in an open car past the Texas School Book Depository where he was shot through the head and neck by a sniper and died within an hour The accused killer was 24 year old Lee Harvey Oswald and while in custody he was killed by a nightclub owner named Jack Ruby

the counterculture

The hippie identified by ragged blue jeans or army fatigues, tie-dyed T-shirts, beads, and long unkempt hair represented the counterculture roots in the 1950s Beat culture the 1960s counterculture initially turned to folk music for its inspiration. Popular music came from the beatles rebellious bands such as the Rolling Stones, So did the recreational use of drugs — especially marijuana and the hallucinogen popularly known as LSD or acid — which was celebrated in popular music in the second half of the 1960s.

S3- How did women's liberation after 1968 differ from the women's movement of the early 1960s?

The late 1960s spawned a new brand of feminism which was women's liberation These feminists were primarily younger, college-educated women fresh from the New Left, anti war and civil rights movements Women who tried to raise feminist issues at civil rights and antiwar events were shouted off the platform with jeers such as "Move on, little girl, we have more important issues to talk about here than women's liberation." Women's liberation was loosely structured and comprised of an alliance of collectives in NY, San Fran. Boston and other large cities and college towns Women's lib went public at the '68 Miss America pageant African American and Latina women continued to work within the larger framework of the civil rights movement. One of the most important contributions of women's liberation was to raise awareness about what feminist Kate Millett called sexual politics. With the adoption of Title IX in 1972, Congress broadened the 1964 Civil Rights Act to include educational institutions, prohibiting colleges and universities that received federal funds from discriminating on the basis of sex. By requiring comparable funding for sports programs, Title IX made women's athletics a real presence on college campuses. Ms. Magazine Cofounded by the feminist Gloria Steinem, Ms. magazine made its initial appearance in 1972. Steinem and her co founders believed that American women needed an explicitly feminist magazine distinct from the slew of available female-focused "lifestyle" magazines, such as McCall's and Redbook. Ms. would take on crucial, but neglected, issues relevant to women: reproductive rights, child care, employment and educational equality, sexual harassment, and marriage and relations between men and women. Inspired by women's liberation, Ms. has remained an important forum for feminist opinion and debate down to the present. Congress authorized child-care tax deductions for working parents in 1972 and in 1974 passed the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, which enabled married women to get credit, including credit cards and mortgages, in their own names.

S3- How did the antiwar movement, women's liberation, and gay liberation break with an earlier liberal politics?

The liberationist impulse transformed the gay rights movement too In the late 60s gay activists increasingly demanded immediate and unconditional recognition of their rights A gay newspaper in New York bore the title come out ' In NY's Greenwich Village, police had raided gay bars for decades making arrests, publicizing the names of patrons, and harassing customers simply for being gay When a local gay bar called the Stonewall Inn was raided by police in the summer of 1969, however, its patrons rioted for two days, burning the bar and battling with police in the narrow streets of the Village. Stonewall riots were not repeated, but activists celebrated them as a symbolic demand for full citizenship. Gay liberation movement grew quickly after Stonewall National Gay Task Force and other national organizations lobbied Congress, served as media watchdogs, and advanced suits in the courts. Gays and lesbians did not enjoy the same legal protections as other Americans

Henry Kissinger

The main negotiator of the peace treaty with the North Vietnamese; secretary of state during Nixon's presidency (1970s) SALT I .

S4- What was Nixon's Silent Majority's opinion on many of the Supreme Court decisions of the 50s and 60s?

They are called the silent majority because they are a lot of the population but they are not protesting and outspoken They think that the outspoken people are going overboard and they are crazy They look at the race riots, 68 convention violent, counterculture of the hippies, and the antiwar movement and the are horrified by them and in shock Their way of speaking out is voting for Nixon as a change of pace the democrats were in the white house and dominated congress during the same 8 years Many of the silent majority were white southerners but they were nationwide as well They cannot keep their mouth shut anymore Many cases stood out that surrounded around free speech cases dealing with "pornography" making it more acceptable More cases about the rights of people accusing crimes MIranda v. Arizona Cases about the right to an attorney Rights of people being accused of crimes The silent majority says why do these criminals need rights If procedures by police are harder than a guilty man can go home innocent when a procedural thing is not followed They want Nixon to stop these cases by appointing judges that are more conservative

Milliken v. Bradley (1974),

This Supreme Court decision responded in some ways to the backlash against integration via busing by stating that busing was only legal where schools were deliberately using racist tactics to segregate schools. It also said that the goal of Swann was not to create racially balanced schools with certain numbers of each race but to stop wilful segregation.

S2- What were the major characteristics of the antiwar movement centered around the New Left?

This age group was the one predominantly getting drafted Also a commonality with young people and protesting They call themselves new left to differentiate themselves from the old left because they are not happy with their party (democratic party)

Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA)

Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), modeled on the Peace Corps, offered technical assistance to the urban and rural poor.

S2- What made the US Operation Rolling Thunder a failure?

We are going to drop bombs on North Vietnam More bombs were dropped during this than any country during WWII It made South Vietnam hate us even more Agent Orange (chemical that dropped) and Naypong It destroyed the North Vietnamese greatly but it was not a success It hurt us from a public opinion standpoint from the south Vietnamese

S4- What was Nixon's proposed policy for Vietnam and how did that help him win the election in 1968? HOw did Vietnam affect Nixon's presidency?

We can't leave vietnam because it would be dishonorable and ruin our reputation Though he did not want americans to continue to die so he input Vietnamization We are not quitting but we are still supporting S. Vietnam but the help can no longer be american soldiers fighting the war It is time for them to fight the war with our air support, financial support ... etc Many americans are upset that the war has gone so poorly and so many people died Though we do not want to come across as having been defeated Vietnamization is no more american lives being lost but we are still "fighting" We see troops coming home The ho chi minh trail (supplies on weapons) ran through Cambodia Secret bombing in cambodia to try to cut off the supply line When the american people find out about this Nixon is now dealing with the credibility gap More lives being lost And it is not de escalating the war The defense system was trying to push all of this under the rug The peace talks establish the notion that there will be elections and there will be elections But north vietnam swoops in and establishes communism countrywide

Stonewall Inn

When a local gay bar called the Stonewall Inn was raided by police in the summer of 1969, however, its patrons rioted for two days, burning the bar and battling with police in the narrow streets of the Village. Stonewall riots were not repeated, but activists celebrated them as a symbolic demand for full citizenship. Gay liberation movement grew quickly after Stonewall National Gay Task Force and other national organizations lobbied Congress, served as media watchdogs, and advanced suits in the courts. Gays and lesbians did not enjoy the same legal protections as other Americans