Apush Chapter 4
83. The Third Amendment to the U.S. Constitution relates most directly to (A) the Quartering Act (B) the Navigation Act (C) the Stamp Act (D) theQuebecAct (E) the Tea Act
(A) The purpose of the 1765 Quartering Act was to alleviate the costs of keeping a high level of soldiers in North America at the conclusion of the French and Indian War. The colonial assemblies were required to provide for the needs of soldiers stationed within the colonies, including bedding and food. The law later included providing soldiers with living quarters in taverns and unoccupied houses. The Third Amendment in the Bill of Rights addresses this by stating, "No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, with- out the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law."
96. Molly Pitcher is most associated with which American Revolutionary battle? (A) Monmouth (B) Trenton (C) Springfield (D) Saratoga (E) Bunker Hill
(A) Mary Ludwig Hayes's husband fought in Washington's army at the Battle of Mon- mouth. During the battle, she brought pitchers of water to cannons, so the barrels could be washed out before reloading. After her husband was injured in the fighting, she took his place at the cannons. Washington made her an honorary sergeant after the battle, and the nickname "Molly Pitcher" has become a part of American folklore.
75. What was the 18th-century principle of virtual representation? (A) The British government represents all citizens regardless of their actual representation in Parliament. (B) Although slaves lack the right to vote, they need to be considered when conducting an official government census. (C) Paper currency has value as long as it is backed by precious metal. (D) Onlythosemaleswhoownlandcanrightlyparticipatein government and vote. (E) All British subjects have the right to a jury trial.
(A) As early as the 1750s, colonists began to reject British taxes based on the notion "No taxation without representation." Boston lawyer James Otis argued that this taxation was "tyranny." Prime Minister George Grenville's rebuttal argument was that colonists were represented through virtual representation, meaning the government looked out for inter- ests of all English subjects. This notion was further enforced with the 1766 Declaratory Act.
66. Which of the following actions best illustrates the policy of salutary neglect? (A) Lack of enforcement of the Navigation Acts prior to 1763 (B) Creation of royal colonies such as the Carolinas (C) The practice of non-importation within the colonies after 1765 (D) The use of vice admiralty courts to prosecute smugglers (E) Lack of interference with indigenous populations west of the Appalachians prior to 1763
(A) Before the French and Indian War (ending in 1763), the English government had limited direct interference with the American colonists, treating them with a policy referred to as salutary neglect. As long as the colonies exported raw materials to Britain and imported finished goods from Britain, Britain left them alone. This policy came to an end after 1763 as Prime Minister George Grenville ordered the British navy to begin enforcing the Navigation Acts initially passed in 1651 to recoup funds and pay off debts accumulated during the French and Indian War.
86. Which of the following advantages did the colonists have during the American Revolution? (A) More accurate rifles (B) Developed manufacturing (C) An experienced military (D) MoreNativeAmericanalliances (E) A large treasury
(A) During the American Revolution, the British army often found itself outgunned. The British used muskets with unrifled barrels because these weapons were quicker to reload. The colonists, however, had muskets with rifled barrels, which greatly increased their accuracy, though they were slower to reload. The British maintained more Native American alliances, which would create troubles for the young United States as its people expanded west following the conclusion of the revolution.
Which of the following actions does not illustrate the strategy employed by Lord William Pitt during the French and Indian War (1756-1763)? (A) Taking over the French forts located along both sides of the Mississippi River (B) Making peace with important Native American allies (C) Changing the British fighting style to better match the frontier (D) Fighting in North America rather than on the European mainland (E) Establishing control of the Saint Lawrence Seaway
(A) In 1758, Lord William Pitt replaced the Earl of Loundoun as the commander in chief of the British troops in America, after Loundoun proved himself as inept in the all-important areas of Indian policy and frontier battle strategy. Pitt pursued a policy that involved making peace with important Indian allies and changing the army's strategy to fit the territory and landscape of the frontier. He also began to plan attacks on French forts within the Ohio River Valley. While the British eventually received lands east of the Mis- sissippi River, most of the fighting was concentrated in the Eastern Seaboard, Ohio River Valley, and Saint Lawrence River.
70. Non-importation is best illustrated by (A) American colonists refusing to purchase goods from Britain after the Stamp Act (B) the British Parliament limiting the sale of gunpowder to colonists under the Coercive Acts (C) the 1807 law banning the importation of slaves from Africa (D) the strict limits placed on the number of Catholic sallowed into the Massachusetts Bay Colony (E) the strict immigration restrictions on Japanese citizens established under the Gentlemen's Agreement
(A) In protest of such acts as the 1765 Stamp Act and the 1767 Townshend Acts, groups such as the Sons of Liberty organized colonial boycotts of British goods. These non- importation societies attempted to use economic pressure to force Britain to acknowledge what colonists saw as their political rights.
82. Writs of assistance refer to (A) general search warrants (B) requirements to house and feed soldiers (C) stamps that proved taxes were paid on goods (D) agreementstoserveforthecommondefenseofthecolonies (E) agreements to establish colonies overseas
(A) Starting in the 1760s, the British government began issuing writs of assistance to help end smuggling within the colonies. The warrant allowed soldiers to search for items without noting a specific location and did not expire. The Boston attorney James Otis chal- lenged the use of these general warrants in 1761. Though he lost, his case inspired other colonists such as John Adams. The requirement to house and feed soldiers was referred to as quartering. This action was also seen as a violation of colonial rights and helped inspire amendments in the Bill of Rights.
The main purpose of the was to create a united treaty with the Iroquois and serve for the common defense against the French. (A) Albany Congress (B) First Continental Congress (C) Second Continental Congress (D) CommitteesofCorrespondence (E) Articles of Confederation
(A) The Albany Congress of 1754 was led in part by Benjamin Franklin. It was estab- lished to develop a strategic alliance with the Six Nations of the Iroquois people. Further- more, Franklin believed it would allow the colonies to work for their own common defense against the French in the period leading up to the French and Indian War. The congress was to serve under appointments made by the Crown but contain a colonial representational body. The proposal was ultimately rejected by the colonists, but it served as a model for the later Articles of Confederation. The articles drafted by John Dickenson in 1777 were the first U.S. government after the American Revolution. The Committees of Correspon- dence were groups established by the local colonial governments in response to British actions leading up the American Revolution. They coordinated actions against the British government such as the colonial boycotts. The First Continental Congress formed in 1774 to respond to the passage of the Coercive Acts. The Second Continental Congress formed in the wake of the events at Lexington and Concord. It served as the ad hoc government throughout the revolution for the colonies.
The main purpose of the Albany Congress of 1754 was to (A) draw up a treaty with the Native Americans (B) protest restrictions on western settlements put in place by the British Parliament (C) develop common defensive measures against the Spanish after they acquired lands west of the Appalachian Mountains from France (D)create a confederation that could militarily challenge British control in the North American colonies (E) establish a strong governing body that would replace parliamentary control of the colonies
(A) The Albany Congress was a meeting of Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island to arrange treaties with the Native Americans and develop a defensive plan to repel any attacks made by the French. Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan to create a union among the colonies under the British Crown. The plan ultimately was rejected but later inspired the Articles of Confederation, written in 1777, which served as the first U.S. government until 1787.
72. Which of the following British laws illustrates an attempt to keep the colonists from purchasing goods from other colonial powers? (A) The Sugar Act (B) The Quartering Act (C) The Quebec Act (D) The CoerciveActs (E) The Currency Act
(A) The Sugar Act of 1764 was in many ways a reissue of the Sugar and Molasses Act of 1733, which had imposed a tax on molasses to make English products cheaper than those from the French West Indies. The 1765 Quartering Act was put in place to alleviate the expense of stationing the large number of British troops needed to secure newly acquired lands following the French and Indian War by having the colonists supply the soldiers' room and board. The Quebec Act of 1774 gave much of the land in the Ohio River Valley to the colony of Quebec and was seen by the colonists as a punitive measure against the American colonies, since it was passed at the same time as the Coercive Acts, which were created in response to colonial protests, most notably the Boston Tea Party. The Currency Act was an attempt by the British government to stop the production of colonial scrip, or colonial currency that was used by the colonies to cover expenditures during the French and Indian War. The currency was often of little value and was seen to destabilize the colonial economy.
Which of the following groups would most likely support the Articles of Confederation? (A) Those who held strong anti-monarchical views (B) Men who served as officers during the revolution (C) Citizens who held government-issued securities (D) NewEnglandmerchantsandbankers (E) Politicians who feared rule by the masses
(A) At the conclusion of the revolution, many Americans feared the reemergence of a monarchy or dictatorship. These fears of a strong central government are illustrated by the creation of the Articles of Confederation. In this government, most of the power was held by individual states. This arrangement proved ineffective, however, because the government lacked the power to tax or regulate commerce, leading to economic instability, inflation, and uprisings.
98. Which of the following events serves as an example of a citizen revolt following the American Revolution before the signing of the Constitution? (A) Shays' Rebellion (B) Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion (C) Bacon's Rebellion (D) TheWhiskeyRebellion (E) The Boston Massacre
(A) In 1786, Daniel Shays led an uprising of New England farmers and merchants against the government. It helped inspire the Philadelphia convention along with the cre- ation of the U.S. Constitution. The Whiskey Rebellion took place in western Pennsylvania during President Washington's administration. It was a response to Alexander Hamilton's creation of an excise tax on spirits. Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion was an attempted slave upris- ing in Virginia in 1800.
78. The death of Crispus Attucks is associated with which of the following events? (A) Lexington and Concord (B) The Boston Massacre (C) Shays' Rebellion (D) GabrielProsser'sRebellion (E) The Whiskey Rebellion
(B) Crispus Attucks was a black dockworker and sailor in Boston. He was one of five people killed in the event that became known as the Boston Massacre in 1770 and is con- sidered the first casualty of the American Revolution. In many ways, he became a martyr for the patriot cause, immortalized in Paul Revere's famous engraving of the event.
87. Which of the following statements best describes the role African- Americans played in the American Revolution? (A) The colonists actively enlisted black slaves to build up the Continental army's strength. (B) The British army adopted a policy of enlisting runaway slaves and offered emancipation to gain support. (C) African-Americans uniformly supported the patriot cause of freedom from Britain. (D)After the war,Britain returned most of the slaves who attempted to seek refuge in Canada. (E) African-Americans did not play a significant role during the American Revolution.
(B) During the war, the British actively recruited slaves, especially those whose owners were patriots. During the war, a majority of African-Americans fought for Britain under the promise they would gain freedom. Though some African-Americans fought for the patriot cause, the colonists were reluctant to enlist black soldiers. At the end of the war, the British took thousands of slaves with them as they withdrew from the South. Some were given freedom in Canada, while others remained enslaved and were forced into labor in the West Indies.
Which of the following issues was not addressed in the Declaration of Independence? (A) The disbanding of colonial governments (B) The principle that all men deserve access to equal wealth (C) The quartering of troops by colonists (D) Theideaoftaxationwithoutrepresentation (E) The trade restrictions being placed on the colonies
(B) While the Declaration of Independence states, "All men are created equal," Jef- ferson implied that all free citizens are politically equal. Most scholars feel that this notion of equality did not apply to wealth. Furthermore, the statement did not apply to those not considered to be full citizens, such as women and slaves. The notion of equality has evolved over time, however, and it inspired abolitionists, suffragists, and other civil rights groups in later generations.
Which power was not vested within the Articles of Confederation? (A) Declaring war (B) Regulating trade (C) Making foreign treaties and alliances (D) Establishingapostoffice (E) Regulating Native American affairs
(B) As a result of anti-monarchical sentiments and fears of a strong central govern- ment, the Articles of Confederation gave the central government few powers, allowing the states to retain many powers, including the power to regulate trade. This resulted in myriad economic problems for the early independent United States, including commerce disputes between the states themselves. The U.S. Constitution gave Congress the ability to regulate trade and commerce between states and with foreign nations.
81. The reason British troops were ordered to Concord in 1775 was to (A) impose marshal law on the town (B) defeat the Continental army in one decisive attack (C) capture a store of militia weapons (D) disruptcolonialintelligence (E) capture the Second Continental Congress
(C) On April 19, 1775, Massachusetts governor Thomas Gage ordered 700 British troops to destroy a store of arms being collected by the militias there. They were also to seek out the patriot leaders Samuel Adams and John Hancock. Colonial intelligence learned of the plan, however, and the arms were moved to another location. Regardless, a skirmish broke out between militiamen and British troops on the green of Lexington, sparking the American Revolution. The Second Continental Congress formed in response to the events of Lexington and Concord, which later created the Continental Army.
Which of the following was not a provision of the Coercive Acts? (A) The closing of Boston Harbor (B) The establishment of martial law in the colonies (C) The creation of colonial-controlled legislatures (D) The quartering of British troops by colonists (E) The allowance of trials to be held in jurisdictions other than where a crime was committed
(C) Part of the 1774 Coercive Acts (known by the colonists as the Intolerable Acts) was the Massachusetts Government Act, which repealed the Massachusetts Bay Colony's right to elect its own legislature, in effect turning it into a royal colony. Thomas Gage was made the royal governor and instituted martial law within the colony. Also, under these acts, many of the provisions of the Quartering Act, which had been repealed earlier, were put back into place. The Administration of Justice Act allowed trials to be held in locations outside of the area where the crime took place. Furthermore, the Boston Harbor was closed until the damages caused by the Boston Tea Party were repaid.
What movement most directly influenced the writing of the Declaration of Independence? (A) Scholasticism (B) Humanism (C) The Enlightenment (D) Transcendentalism (E) Romanticism
(C) The Enlightenment was an 18th-century intellectual movement with a strong focus on the individual, rationalism, and natural rights. Philosophers of this movement, such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, inspired Thomas Jefferson in his writing of the Declaration of Independence. The declaration's reference to "Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" echoes the ideas from Locke's Two Treatises on Government, though Locke originally referred to life, liberty, and property.
General Charles Cornwallis was forced to surrender at Yorktown mainly because (A) the British failed to capture key southern ports such as Charleston and Savannah (B) the Hessians no longer offered their support after Saratoga (C) the French navy won control of the Chesapeake Bay (D) the Spanish agreed to reinforce Washington's army (E) the Americans successfully recaptured New York City
(C) After 1778, the British army began to focus on the South, successfully capturing key southern ports. General Cornwallis attempted to secure Yorktown, but the French navy took control of the Chesapeake Bay at the Battle of Hampton Roads, cutting off Brit- ish supply lines and allowing American and French forces to besiege the British position. Cornwallis surrendered on October 19, 1781, marking the last major battle of the American Revolution.
79. Which of the following colonists defended the British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre? (A) James Otis (B) John Dickenson (C) John Adams (D) SamuelAdams (E) Andrew Hamilton
(C) Believing in all citizens' right to trial and the necessity of the rule of law, John Adams defended Captain Preston and other soldiers involved in the incident known as the Boston Massacre. During the event, five colonists were killed after an angry mob attacked the soldiers. It took place on March 5, 1770. In the end, Captain Preston and six other sol- diers were acquitted. Two other soldiers were found guilty after evidence showed they had fired directly into the crowd. John Dickenson, author of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsyl- vania" and the "Olive Branch Petition," was a lawyer from Pennsylvania. He also served in both the First and Second Continental Congresses, penning the Articles of Confederation in 1777. Samuel Adams, brother of John Adams, was a leader of the Sons of Liberty. His use of propaganda helped increase support for the patriot cause. Andrew Hamilton defended John Peter Zenger in the 1735 case establishing a precedent for the freedom of the press in the colonies.
80. The main purpose of the Olive Branch Petition was to (A) create peace between western settlers and Native American tribes (B) end the war between the British and French in the Ohio River Valley (C) avoid the escalation of violence between Britain and the colonies (D) reconcile Britain and the colonies after the Boston Massacre (E) reconcile northern and southern states prior to the Civil War
(C) In the aftermath of the events of Lexington and Concord, John Dickenson authored the document to avoid the escalation of violence. It was ratified by the Second Continental Congress in 1775. The British king outright rejected the document, and the revolution began.
84. Which was not an advantage of the British during the American Revolution? (A) They had a superior navy. (B) They had more Native American allies. (C) They successfully utilized loyalist support. (D) They had a greater treasury. (E) They had greater manufacturing capabilities.
(C) Going into the war, the British possessed many advantages. They held the greatest navy in the world as well as the strongest army. The colonists had only a small, untrained group of volunteers, and their navy consisted of a few vessels. The British also had the manufacturing capability to make arms as well as a treasury that could support the war effort. They were unable, however, to fully utilize their loyalist support.
. Which Revolutionary War battle is considered the turning point in favor of the American colonists? (A) Brandywine (B) Monmouth (C) Saratoga (D) BunkerHill (E) Long Island
(C) The Battle of Saratoga has been considered by many historians to be the turning point of the war for the colonists. This battle ended the British plan to sever New England from the rest of the American colonies. It also convinced the French to extend their sup- port to the patriots more openly, and it convinced the Spanish to enter the conflict as an ally of the French.
94. The role of General Friedrich Von Steuben during the American Revolution would be best described as (A) leading the Hessian troops at the Battle of Trenton (B) leading the colonial militias at Saratoga (C) training the Continental army at Valley Forge (D) leadingFrenchforcesatYorktown (E) defeating the British navy in the Chesapeake Bay
(C) The Continental army consisted of many untrained militiamen and volunteers. A good number of them lacked knowledge of field drills and maneuvering, which put the army at a disadvantage against the well-trained British army. General Von Steuben trained Washington's army over the winter of 1778, instilling much-needed training in field drills. His practices became the foundation of the Continental army's field training manual.
99. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was responsible for (A) removing Native Americans from the Ohio River Valley (B) allowing for slavery in the Ohio River Valley (C) removing British troops remaining on American territory (D) establishingtheprocedureforcreatingnewstates (E) closing the land west of the Appalachian Mountains from settlement
(D) The Northwest Ordinance was a successful piece of legislation under the Articles of Confederation that dealt with the old West (the Ohio River Valley to the Mississippi River). It created a process through which territories could apply for statehood. The ordinance also outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory, and it promised to respect land claims of the Native Americans within the region (a provision that was often ignored).
77. Which of the following actions was a result of the Boston Tea Party? (A) All of the other colonies rejected the Bostonians' actions. (B) The tea tax was repealed. (C) The British government reopened Boston Harbor for trade. (D) The Coercive Acts were issued. (E) Britain opened negotiations with Boston concerning taxation.
(D) As a result of the December 16, 1773, "Tea Party" and the nearly £10,000 in damages, King George III believed harsh actions were necessary to force the colonists to submit to British authority. Four Coercive Acts were issued that closed the port of Boston until damages were paid, limited self-rule, allowed trials to take place in London, and rein- troduced the policies of the Quartering Act.
88. After 1778, the British military adopted a strategy of (A) using Native American allies to regain control of the West and then march east to the Atlantic (B) ending the revolution by cutting off New England from the rest of the colonies (C) adopting a defensive strategy and winning through attrition (D)capturing key southern ports with the aid of loyalist militias, and then advancing northward (E) convincing Benedict Arnold to turn West Point over to the British
(D) By 1778, the patriots gained control of the Ohio River Valley and halted the British attempt to isolate New England from the rest of the colonies. Starting in 1778, the British began to focus their strategy in the South, hoping to incite southern loyalist sympathizers and capture key ports such as Savannah and Charleston. General Cornwallis established a camp at Yorktown in Virginia. He found himself surrounded, however, and was forced to surrender after the patriots held siege on his position with the assistance of the French. The British government and Benedict Arnold did devise a plan to turn over West Point to the British in 1780, but the plan was foiled.
71. Which of the following was not an intention of the Proclamation of 1763? (A) Reducing conflicts between British colonists and Native Americans (B) Keeping British colonists loyal to the British government (C) Limiting the growth of manufacturing within the North American colonies (D) Enforcing the authority of the Church of England within the colonies (E) Ensuring British control over colonial trade
(D) The Proclamation of 1763 was issued by the British government following the French and Indian War. The first purpose of the treaty was to separate the colonists from the Native Americans by creating a boundary between the two groups along the Appala- chian Mountains in hopes of reducing conflicts between them as settlers began to push westward. Also, by not letting the colonists expand into the interior, the British government felt it could keep better control of the colonists and ensure their allegiance to the Crown. Furthermore, they could limit the creation of local industries that might undercut British trade. There was little discussion of religion within the proclamation.
76. The purpose of the Declaratory Act was to (A) require that colonists provide housing and board to British troops (B) create a new tax on sugar and molasses from the French West Indies (C) establish a tax on household goods such as lead, paint, tea, and glass (D) statethattheBritishgovernmenthadtheauthoritytocreatelaws without colonial representation (E) make it illegal for colonies to issue their own paper currency
(D) When the Stamp Act was repealed in March 1766, the colonists were convinced that their boycotts and protests had resulted in a victory against Britain. The British gov- ernment felt differently. With the repeal of the Stamp Act, Parliament put into place the Declaratory Act, affirming its right to tax and noting that the colonists were bound to the king "in all cases whatsoever." Colonists were required to provide housing for troops under the Quartering Act, the taxes on West Indies sugar came under the Sugar Act, the tax on household items came with the Townshend Acts, and the Currency Act ended the colonists' ability to produce their own currency.
85. Which of the following battles did not include the presence of George Washington? (A) Trenton (B) Brandywine (C) Monmouth (D) Saratoga (E) Yorktown
(D) The Battle of Saratoga, often considered the turning point of the American Revo- lution for the colonists, was led by Horatio Gates. At that time, General Washington was leading his troops at Brandywine. Here Washington was defeated, and Philadelphia fell to the British, forcing the Continental Congress to abandon the city.
74. Which of the following powers was vested within the Articles of Confederation? (A) The power to tax (B) The power to regulate interstate trade (C) The power to regulate foreign trade (D) Thepowertoraiseastandingarmy (E) The power to declare war
(E) The Articles of Confederation were drafted in 1777 and went into effect at the con- clusion of the American Revolution. This document created a loose confederation of the 13 states under a unicameral legislative body with representatives from each state. It illustrated the anti-monarchical sentiment within the colonies. The articles did not give the national government the ability to tax (they had to solicit funds from the states), raise an army (they had to ask the states to draw upon their militias), or regulate trade. The national government under the Articles of Confederation, however, was the only body that could declare war on a foreign power. The articles were replaced with the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.
97. Which of the following terms was not part of the 1783 Treaty of Paris? (A) Britain agreed to remove troops from U.S. territory. (B) The importation of slaves was banned. (C) The borders of the United States were established. (D)The United States agreed to pay existing debts owed to England. (E) The United States agreed not to persecute loyalists remaining in the country.
B) Though certain slaves gained their freedom during the American Revolution, at the war's conclusion, the institution remained unchanged, and the freedoms granted by the revolution did not extend to most Africans living in the country. The Treaty of Paris indirectly referenced slavery in Article 7, stating that the British should leave American property, including slaves, unmolested as they withdrew.
Which of the following battles was a decisive win for the Americans? (A) Brandywine (B) Monmouth (C) Bunker Hill (D) Trenton (E) Long Island
D) Going into the winter of 1776, the Continental army under George Washington was unable to secure a large victory. The army was badly defeated at the Battle of Long Island and was forced to retreat through New Jersey to Pennsylvania. The victory at Tren- ton in December 1776 helped save the Continental army as well as George Washington's career. The loss at Brandywine allowed the British to take Philadelphia, and the Battle of Monmouth ended in a draw. Bunker Hill was seen as a moral victory for the colonists in that they held off the first two British attacks. However, in the end, they lost their position at Charlestown Peninsula, losing the battle.