APUSH Chapter 4
In which British North American colonies was slavery legally established by the early 1700s?
All the colonies
The immediate reason for Bacon's Rebellion was
Indian attacks on frontier settlements
The system of indentured labor used during the colonial period had what effects?
It enabled poor people to seek opportunity in America.
The late seventeenth-century rebellion in New York was headed by ____, whereas that in Maryland was led by _____.
Jacob Leisler, Protestants
______ reaped the greatest benefit from the land policies of the headright system
Merchant planters
Thomas Jefferson once observed that the "best school of political liberty the world ever saw" was the
New England town meeting
By 1730, blacks were a majority of what mainland English colony's population?
South Carolina
The physical and social conditions of slavery were harshest in
South Carolina
What about Africans brought as slaves to the British North American colonies is true?
They maintained cultural practices brought from Africa
By 1700, the most populous colony in English America was
Virginia
For their labor in the colonies indentured servants received what?
a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes; at times a small parcel of land; passage to America
Compared with indentured servants, African American slaves were
a more manageable labor force
The New England family can best be described as
a very stable institution
When new towns were established in New England, what was true?
a village green was laid out, a land grant was given by the legislature, schools were required in towns of more than fifty families, a meeting house was built
The Half-Way Covenant...
admitted to baptism but not full membership the unconverted children of existing members
Compared with most seventeenth-century Europeans, Americans lived in
affluent abundance
Which of the following were important differences between slavery in the northern and southern colonies in colonial British America? 1.Slaves tended to live in urban areas in the north. 2. Slave codes were milder in the north. 3. Slaves had more contact with free blacks and poor whites in the north. 4. Slaves were less likely to die of disease in the north. 5. The ratio of slaves to whites was lower in the north.
all of the above
What were important factors that shaped the degree of slave systems in British America?
availability of an ample supply of fresh slaves; ratios of blacks to whites in a colony's population; type of work that slaves performed; climate and disease
The early "slave codes" in colonial America
defined slavery as inheritable servitude, defined slavery as lifetime servitude, usually forbade whites from teaching slaves to read or write
The Puritan system of congregational church government logically led to
democracy in political government
As a result of poor soil, what conditions prevailed in New England?
diversification in agriculture and industry were encouraged, hard work was required to make a living; frugality became essential to economic survival; the area was less ethnically mixed than its southern neighbors
The impact of New England on the rest of the nation can best be described as
extremely important
Over the course of the seventeenth century, most indentured servants
faced increasingly harsh circumstances
The New England economy depended heavily on
fishing, shipbuilding, and commerce
As slavery spread in the South,
gaps in the social structure widened
The "headright" system, which made some people very wealthy, consisted of
giving the right to acquire fifty acres of land to the person paying the passage of a laborer to America
The special characteristics of New England's population led to the observation that these colonists "invented"
grandparents
Seventeenth century colonial tobacco growers usually responded to depressed prices for their crop by
growing more tobacco to increase their volume of production
Unlike those in the Chesapeake, New England immigrants
had a low premarital pregnancy rate, usually migrated in family units, were less ravaged by infectious diseases, enjoyed a longer life expectancy
In contrast to the Chesapeake colonies, those in New England
had a more diversified economy
By the end of the seventeenth century, indentured servants who gained their freedom
had little choice but to hire themselves out for low wages to their former wages
In seventeenth century colonial America what was true regarding women?
husband's power over his wife was not absolute, abusive husbands were punished, women were regarded as morally weaker than men, women could not vote
During the seventeenth century, indentured servitude solved the labor problem in many English colonies for what reasons?
in some areas families formed too slowly, African slaves cost too much money, the Indian population proved to be an unreliable work force because they died in such large numbers, families procreated too slowly
English yeomen who agreed to exchange their labor temporarily in return for payment of their passage to an American colony were called
indentured servants
Most immigrants to the Chesapeake colonies in the seventeenth century came as
indentured servants
What were consequences of the Half-Way Covenant?
it conferred partial membership rights in the once-exclusive congregations; women became the majority in the Puritan congregations; it weakened the distinction between the elect and others; it increased the numbers of church membership
What is a correct statement about the use of slave labor in colonial Virginia?
it spread rapidly in the late seventeenth century, as blacks displaced white indentured servants in the tobacco fields
African American contributions to American culture include
jazz music, bongo drums, a variety of words, the banjo
What are products of the American slave culture?
jazz; a new language, Gullah; several modern American dances
Most of the inhabitants of the colonial American South were
landowning small farmers
It was typical of colonial New England adults to
marry early and have several children
The reason slavery flourished in the Southern English colonies and not in New England is
most New England farms were too small for slaves to be economically necessary or viable, whereas in the South the cultivation of staple crops such as rice and tobacco on large plantations necessitated the use of large numbers of indentured servants or slaves
The slave society that developed in North America was one of the few slave societies in history to
perpetuate itself by its own natural reproduction
As a result of Bacon's Rebellion,
planters began to look for less troublesome laborers
After 1680, reliance on slave labor in colonial America rapidly increased because
planters feared the growing number of landless freemen in the colonies; Americans rushed to cash in on slave trade; higher wages in England reduced the number of emigrating servants; the British Royal African company lost its monopoly on the slave trade in colonial America
The expansion of New England society
proceeded in an orderly fashion
During the Salem witchcraft trials, most of those accused as witches were
property-owning women
While slavery might have begun in America for economic reasons,
racial discrimination also powerfully molded the American slave system
What contributed to the success and stability of the New England colonies, and the bare survival of the Chesapeake Bay colonies?
ratio of males to females in Chesapeake Bay was much more imbalanced than in New England, making it more difficult for males in Chesapeake Bay to find wives and start families; New England colonists tended to arrive in family units while the vast majority of Chesapeake colonist were young single men who arrived as indentured servants; the Chesapeake Bay region had a much higher death rate among its colonists than did the New England region; the population increased faster in New England, allowing for the development of stable communities, than it did in the Chesapeake Bay region
By 1700, the colonial south generally lacked
reliable overland transportation, an urban professional class
The combination of Calvinism, soil, and climate in New England resulted in the people there possessing what qualities?
resourcefulness, self-reliance, stubbornness, energy
The population of the Chesapeake colonies throughout the first half of the seventeenth century was notable for its
scarcity of women
Southern colonies generally allowed married women to retain separate title to their property because
southern men frequently died young
In the seventeenth century, due to a high death rate families were both few and fragile in
the Chesapeake colonies
What reflected the lessening hold of Puritan piety on later generations of New Englanders?
the Congregational Church's reliance on the Half-Way Covenant to bolster church membership, the erosion of the distinction between "the elect" and other members of society, the geographical dispersion of New England's population
The use of slavery in the English colonies became widespread after 1660 because
the availability of indentured servants dropped dramatically
The immediate issue in dispute in Bacon's Rebellion was
the failure of Virginia's governor to protect the colony's frontier area from the depredations of raiding Indians
Bacon's Rebellion stemmed from
the frontier's resentment of the tidewater gentry, Governor Berkeley's Indian policies
For those Africans who were sold into slavery, the "middle passage" can best be described as
the gruesome ocean voyage to America
As the seventeenth century wore on, regional differences continued to crystalize, most notably
the importance of slave labor in the south
In the seventeenth century, what was true of slavery in British North America?
the number of slaves increased rapidly in the last quarter of the century
What was and important result of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia?
the restriction of white settlement west of the Appalachian mountains
The Salem witchcraft trials were
the result of unsettled social and religious conditions in rapidly evolving Massachusetts
Puritans refused to recognize a woman's separate property rights because
they worried that such rights would undercut the unity of married persons
Slave Christianity emphasize what in their faith?
using religious songs as encoded messages about escape, God's freeing the Hebrews from slavery, Jesus was the Messiah who would deliver them from bondage, heaven was a place where they would be reunited with their ancestors
The slave culture that developed in America
was a uniquely New World creation
The Salem "witch hunt" in 1692...
was opposed by the more responsible members of the clergy
Urban development in the colonial South
was slow to emerge
The English justified taking land from the native inhabitants on the grounds that the Indians
wasted the earth
Slaves in colonial America:
were a generally manageable labor force, were mostly menial field hands
The majority of African slaves coming to the New World
were delivered to South American and the West Indies
Many of the slaves who reached North America
were originally captured by African coastal tribes
In the eighteenth century, colonial Virginia and colonial Massachusetts were most alike in that both
were royal colonies
The great majority of Africans who left Africa as captured slaves
were taken to South American and Caribbean colonies, came from the west coast of Africa
Throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century, the Chesapeake colonies acquired most of the labor they needed from
white servants
Bacon's Rebellion was supported mainly by
young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land