APUSH Chapter 4

In which British North American colonies was slavery legally established by the early 1700s?

All the colonies

The immediate reason for Bacon's Rebellion was

Indian attacks on frontier settlements

The system of indentured labor used during the colonial period had what effects?

It enabled poor people to seek opportunity in America.

The late seventeenth-century rebellion in New York was headed by ____, whereas that in Maryland was led by _____.

Jacob Leisler, Protestants

______ reaped the greatest benefit from the land policies of the headright system

Merchant planters

Thomas Jefferson once observed that the "best school of political liberty the world ever saw" was the

New England town meeting

By 1730, blacks were a majority of what mainland English colony's population?

South Carolina

The physical and social conditions of slavery were harshest in

South Carolina

What about Africans brought as slaves to the British North American colonies is true?

They maintained cultural practices brought from Africa

By 1700, the most populous colony in English America was

Virginia

For their labor in the colonies indentured servants received what?

a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes; at times a small parcel of land; passage to America

Compared with indentured servants, African American slaves were

a more manageable labor force

The New England family can best be described as

a very stable institution

When new towns were established in New England, what was true?

a village green was laid out, a land grant was given by the legislature, schools were required in towns of more than fifty families, a meeting house was built

The Half-Way Covenant...

admitted to baptism but not full membership the unconverted children of existing members

Compared with most seventeenth-century Europeans, Americans lived in

affluent abundance

Which of the following were important differences between slavery in the northern and southern colonies in colonial British America? 1.Slaves tended to live in urban areas in the north. 2. Slave codes were milder in the north. 3. Slaves had more contact with free blacks and poor whites in the north. 4. Slaves were less likely to die of disease in the north. 5. The ratio of slaves to whites was lower in the north.

all of the above

What were important factors that shaped the degree of slave systems in British America?

availability of an ample supply of fresh slaves; ratios of blacks to whites in a colony's population; type of work that slaves performed; climate and disease

The early "slave codes" in colonial America

defined slavery as inheritable servitude, defined slavery as lifetime servitude, usually forbade whites from teaching slaves to read or write

The Puritan system of congregational church government logically led to

democracy in political government

As a result of poor soil, what conditions prevailed in New England?

diversification in agriculture and industry were encouraged, hard work was required to make a living; frugality became essential to economic survival; the area was less ethnically mixed than its southern neighbors

The impact of New England on the rest of the nation can best be described as

extremely important

Over the course of the seventeenth century, most indentured servants

faced increasingly harsh circumstances

The New England economy depended heavily on

fishing, shipbuilding, and commerce

As slavery spread in the South,

gaps in the social structure widened

The "headright" system, which made some people very wealthy, consisted of

giving the right to acquire fifty acres of land to the person paying the passage of a laborer to America

The special characteristics of New England's population led to the observation that these colonists "invented"

grandparents

Seventeenth century colonial tobacco growers usually responded to depressed prices for their crop by

growing more tobacco to increase their volume of production

Unlike those in the Chesapeake, New England immigrants

had a low premarital pregnancy rate, usually migrated in family units, were less ravaged by infectious diseases, enjoyed a longer life expectancy

In contrast to the Chesapeake colonies, those in New England

had a more diversified economy

By the end of the seventeenth century, indentured servants who gained their freedom

had little choice but to hire themselves out for low wages to their former wages

In seventeenth century colonial America what was true regarding women?

husband's power over his wife was not absolute, abusive husbands were punished, women were regarded as morally weaker than men, women could not vote

During the seventeenth century, indentured servitude solved the labor problem in many English colonies for what reasons?

in some areas families formed too slowly, African slaves cost too much money, the Indian population proved to be an unreliable work force because they died in such large numbers, families procreated too slowly

English yeomen who agreed to exchange their labor temporarily in return for payment of their passage to an American colony were called

indentured servants

Most immigrants to the Chesapeake colonies in the seventeenth century came as

indentured servants

What were consequences of the Half-Way Covenant?

it conferred partial membership rights in the once-exclusive congregations; women became the majority in the Puritan congregations; it weakened the distinction between the elect and others; it increased the numbers of church membership

What is a correct statement about the use of slave labor in colonial Virginia?

it spread rapidly in the late seventeenth century, as blacks displaced white indentured servants in the tobacco fields

African American contributions to American culture include

jazz music, bongo drums, a variety of words, the banjo

What are products of the American slave culture?

jazz; a new language, Gullah; several modern American dances

Most of the inhabitants of the colonial American South were

landowning small farmers

It was typical of colonial New England adults to

marry early and have several children

The reason slavery flourished in the Southern English colonies and not in New England is

most New England farms were too small for slaves to be economically necessary or viable, whereas in the South the cultivation of staple crops such as rice and tobacco on large plantations necessitated the use of large numbers of indentured servants or slaves

The slave society that developed in North America was one of the few slave societies in history to

perpetuate itself by its own natural reproduction

As a result of Bacon's Rebellion,

planters began to look for less troublesome laborers

After 1680, reliance on slave labor in colonial America rapidly increased because

planters feared the growing number of landless freemen in the colonies; Americans rushed to cash in on slave trade; higher wages in England reduced the number of emigrating servants; the British Royal African company lost its monopoly on the slave trade in colonial America

The expansion of New England society

proceeded in an orderly fashion

During the Salem witchcraft trials, most of those accused as witches were

property-owning women

While slavery might have begun in America for economic reasons,

racial discrimination also powerfully molded the American slave system

What contributed to the success and stability of the New England colonies, and the bare survival of the Chesapeake Bay colonies?

ratio of males to females in Chesapeake Bay was much more imbalanced than in New England, making it more difficult for males in Chesapeake Bay to find wives and start families; New England colonists tended to arrive in family units while the vast majority of Chesapeake colonist were young single men who arrived as indentured servants; the Chesapeake Bay region had a much higher death rate among its colonists than did the New England region; the population increased faster in New England, allowing for the development of stable communities, than it did in the Chesapeake Bay region

By 1700, the colonial south generally lacked

reliable overland transportation, an urban professional class

The combination of Calvinism, soil, and climate in New England resulted in the people there possessing what qualities?

resourcefulness, self-reliance, stubbornness, energy

The population of the Chesapeake colonies throughout the first half of the seventeenth century was notable for its

scarcity of women

Southern colonies generally allowed married women to retain separate title to their property because

southern men frequently died young

In the seventeenth century, due to a high death rate families were both few and fragile in

the Chesapeake colonies

What reflected the lessening hold of Puritan piety on later generations of New Englanders?

the Congregational Church's reliance on the Half-Way Covenant to bolster church membership, the erosion of the distinction between "the elect" and other members of society, the geographical dispersion of New England's population

The use of slavery in the English colonies became widespread after 1660 because

the availability of indentured servants dropped dramatically

The immediate issue in dispute in Bacon's Rebellion was

the failure of Virginia's governor to protect the colony's frontier area from the depredations of raiding Indians

Bacon's Rebellion stemmed from

the frontier's resentment of the tidewater gentry, Governor Berkeley's Indian policies

For those Africans who were sold into slavery, the "middle passage" can best be described as

the gruesome ocean voyage to America

As the seventeenth century wore on, regional differences continued to crystalize, most notably

the importance of slave labor in the south

In the seventeenth century, what was true of slavery in British North America?

the number of slaves increased rapidly in the last quarter of the century

What was and important result of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia?

the restriction of white settlement west of the Appalachian mountains

The Salem witchcraft trials were

the result of unsettled social and religious conditions in rapidly evolving Massachusetts

Puritans refused to recognize a woman's separate property rights because

they worried that such rights would undercut the unity of married persons

Slave Christianity emphasize what in their faith?

using religious songs as encoded messages about escape, God's freeing the Hebrews from slavery, Jesus was the Messiah who would deliver them from bondage, heaven was a place where they would be reunited with their ancestors

The slave culture that developed in America

was a uniquely New World creation

The Salem "witch hunt" in 1692...

was opposed by the more responsible members of the clergy

Urban development in the colonial South

was slow to emerge

The English justified taking land from the native inhabitants on the grounds that the Indians

wasted the earth

Slaves in colonial America:

were a generally manageable labor force, were mostly menial field hands

The majority of African slaves coming to the New World

were delivered to South American and the West Indies

Many of the slaves who reached North America

were originally captured by African coastal tribes

In the eighteenth century, colonial Virginia and colonial Massachusetts were most alike in that both

were royal colonies

The great majority of Africans who left Africa as captured slaves

were taken to South American and Caribbean colonies, came from the west coast of Africa

Throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century, the Chesapeake colonies acquired most of the labor they needed from

white servants

Bacon's Rebellion was supported mainly by

young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land