Nutrition 7,8,9,10,11
The presence of symptoms of scurvy may occur if vitamin C intake is below
10 mg/day
What is the BMI of a person who is 5'8 and weighs 170 lbs?
26
A food that is considered to be a good source of calcium is
Chinese cabbage
Which of the following statement describes indirect calorimetry?
Energy use is estimated by assessing oxygen utilization
A BMI of 30 kg/m2 is consistent with a person being considered overweight?
False
Adequate potassium, calcium and magnesium serum levels help to increase blood pressure
False
Based on a 2,000 kcalorie diet, two servings of sweets per day is recommended
False
Calcium is more readily absorbed than phosphorus in the diet
False
Decreasing caloric intake accompanied by an increase in physical activity and a proportional increase in fats form the three components of an ideal weight management plan
False
Direct calorimetry is a method of estimating energy use that compares the amount of oxygen consumed to the amount of carbon dioxide expired
False
Good dietary sources of sodium and potassium are found in processed foods
False
Ideal weight management plans are based on achieving short term results
False
In order to lose two pounds a week, one must decrease their caloric intake by 3,500 kcalories
False
In very low k-calorie diets, the composition of macronutrients is maintained at equal levels
False
Obese individuals have similar amounts of leptin as do normal weight individuals but the overall response to these levels is exaggerated leading to weight gain
False
The activation of vitamin K in the body leads to the formation of keratin, which helps maintain blood vessel elasticity
False
Weight loss medications (both prescription and over the counter) are essentially similar in their ability to help individuals lose weight and have little adverse effects if they are taken correctly
False
Which of the following physical activity levels describes a person who walks 2.2 miles at a rate of 3-4 mph in addition to the activities of daily living?
Low active
Why is vitamin D deficiency on the rise?
Low consumption of milk fortified with vitamin D
What is TRUE about low-fat diets for weight loss?
Low-fat diets satisfy hunger after less energy is consumed
What is TRUE about the location of the body fat on health risk?
People who carry fat in the hips and lower body have more subcutaneous fat
Why are fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies occurring in the developed world?
Rising reliance on fast food has reduced our intake of fruits and vegetables
Which one of the following methods assesses body composition?
Skinfold thickness
Compared to normal-weight individuals, obesity is associated with which of the following condition?
Sleep apnea
Vitamin B6 plays an important role in amino acid metabolism by participating in
decarboxylation, deamination and transamination
The three D's of pellagra are
dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia
The process whereby cell changes occur in structure and function leading to specialization is known as cell
differentiation
What does research reveal about overweight and obese individuals?
Those with the most body fat have the lowest levels of physical activity
What is a function of vitamin E?
Vitamin E neutralizes reactive oxygen compounds to prevent cell damage
How is vitamin K involved in blood clotting?
Vitamin K helps to produce the blood-clotting protein prothrombin
How is blood pressure is regulated?
Water follows the sodium, helping to maintain blood volume and blood pressure
What is negative energy balance?
When less energy is taken in than expended
The most accurate description of energy balance is
an equality between energy consumption and expenditure with a constant weight
Which substance increases the likelihood of cardiovascular disease?
an increase in homocysteine
A person who ingests a large amount of corn in the diet is at greater risk to have a niacin deficiency as a result of
increased binding to other molecules therefore limiting absorption
Which of the following factors can explain why vitamin D deficiency is on the rise?
increased use of sunscreen products
Healthy electrolyte intake for the American diet includes
increasing potassium intake
Calcium absorption is
inhibited by fiber
The portion of extracellular fluid located in the spaces between cells and tissues is called
interstitial fluid
In the body, vitamin E
is incorporated into chylomicrons,functions as a fat-soluble antioxidant,is used to neutralize free radicals.
Pregnant women are advised to start taking folic acid supplementation prior to becoming pregnant because
it is critical to allow for neural tube closure
The primary organ involved in the regulation of sodium, potassium and water balance in the body is the
kidneys
Which organ(s) participates in the activation of vitamin D?
kidneys and parathyroid gland
What is one contributing factor to the increased risk of fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies worldwide in developed countries?
limitation of exposure to sunlight
The active coenzyme form of thiamin is
located in the intracellular environment
Vitamin K deficiency can be caused by
long term use of antibiotics
Which of the following health problems seldom occurs in obese individuals?
low blood sugar
One reason that fat-soluble vitamins are grouped together is because they
require bile and dietary fat for absorption
Which visual pigment is formed by the combination of retinal vitamin A and opsin that allows for perception of light?
rhodopsin
The technique whereby calipers are used to measure the amount of subcutaneous fat is known as
skinfold measurement
The process of bioavailability related to vitamin requirements is affected by
solubility, transport systems, precursors, carrier proteins
According to current research, this vitamin may prove to be important to maintaining overall bone health
vitamin K
Which of the following disease conditions is related to vitamin A's role in maintaining epithelial tissue?
xerophthalmia
Of the following foods, which is the BEST source of vitamin E?
¼ cup of sunflower seeds
Abundant dietary sources of pantothenic acid are found in
½ cup of sunflower seeds
Raw egg consumption in the diet can affect biotin absorption
because the protein avidin binds with biotin
The set point theory suggests that
body weight is genetically determined and that there are internal mechanisms to defend against weight change
The majority of phosphorus in the body is found in
bone and teeth
In order for vitamin D to be actively formed, which of the following actions is required in the body?
chemical conversion in the liver and kidney to its active form
Which of the following is NOT a function of electrolytes?
composed of macronutrients
Total energy expenditure is calculated by
consideration of basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food and amount of physical activity
A person consumes a meal consisting of 38 grams of protein, 20 grams of fat and 65 grams of carbohydrates. The amount of total energy based on this meal is
592 kcalories
Which of the following types of people would benefit MOST from weight loss?
A person with other risk factors associated with excess body fat
What is the initial goal weight loss over a period of about 6 months?
About 10% of body weight
Considering the average person, what is the body's major energy expenditure?
Basal metabolism
How does the DASH diet affect blood pressure?
Fruits and vegetables decrease blood pressure
What happens when you eat more than you need at a time?
Glycogen is made from carbohydrates in the diet
What is a component of an ideal weight management plan?
Regular physical activity to increase energy expenditure
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the location of body fat?
Increased visceral fat is associated with a higher incidence of heart disease
What is TRUE about a healthy diet?
Is based on scientific principles
Which of the following is NOT true about vitamin A deficiency?
It affects few areas around the world
Why vitamin D is known as the "sunshine vitamin"?
It can be produced in the skin by exposure to ultraviolet light
How does vitamin A affect gene expression?
It can change the amount of messenger RNA (mRNA) that is made by the gene
What is TRUE about dehydration?
It can impair physical and cognitive performance
What is the effect of increasing dietary salt intake on blood pressure?
It increases blood pressure
What is TRUE about provitamin A?
It is bound to fatty acids
Which of the following statements is NOT associated with osteomalacia?
It is caused by increased mineral content of bone
What is a function of water in the body?
It transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
What is TRUE about the dietary sources of sodium and potassium?
Less processed foods tend to be high in potassium
Neurological symptoms associated with thiamin may be due to
alterations in acetylcholine synthesis
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding mineral needs?
Minerals that are essential in small doses can be toxic if consumed in excess
Based on the pH scale, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Regardless of which side of the continuum, extreme values in pH can be associated with death
What is meant by a set point for body weight?
Stable weight range
What are electrolytes in the body?
Substances that dissociate in water to form charged ions
Which statement about weight-loss surgeries is TRUE?
Success requires a permanent change in eating habits
What is TRUE about leptin levels in an obese individual?
The amount of leptin is secreted in proportion to the amount of body fat
What is TRUE about water movement across cell membranes?
The amount of water in blood and tissues is determined by blood pressure
How does the body generate ATP?
The body can break down amino acids
What contributes to water loss?
The kidneys regulate the amount of water excreted in urine
What is TRUE about a person with a "healthy" weight?
The person has a low risk for disease
How has the incidence of obesity changed in the United States and world-wide over the past 20 years?
The rate of obesity has increased
What is TRUE about night vision?
The regeneration of rhodopsin is delayed when vitamin A is deficient
What is one way that medications can promote weight loss?
They decrease fat absorption
Which statement MOST accurately depicts the difference in obesity trends between 1990 and 2009?
Trended results show a proportional increase in the presence of states having greater than 20% obesity
A female with a BMI of 28 kg/m2, a waist circumference of 35, who smokes and is sedentary should be encouraged to lose weight
True
A person who feels full thereby NOT attempting to eat further has achieved satiety
True
Genetic research has revealed that a possible defect is found in the receptor site of obese individuals coded for the protein leptin
True
If protein levels are adequate, it is unlikely that an individual will experience a sulfur deficiency
True
Individuals with renal disease are more likely to have problems related to dietary sodium intake
True
Potential complications of bariatric surgery can include gallstone formation, dumping syndrome and nutrient deficiencies
True
Regardless of whether a person is diagnosed with essential or secondary hypertension, they are at risk for similar complications
True
Research indicates that choline is needed throughout the life cycle but is NOT classified as a vitamin since it can be synthesized in the body
True
The majority of magnesium in the body is found in the skeletal system
True
Three good food sources of magnesium are sunflower seeds, almonds and spinach
True
If a person is dehydrated, which of the following physical symptoms will be observed?
Urine color would become darker
Why would vitamin A deficiency cause eye infections and blindness?
Vitamin A maintains epithelial tissues
What is TRUE about the function of vitamin D?
Vitamin D works with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium retention by the kidneys
Which statement is TRUE about the need for dietary supplements?
Women of child-bearing age need extra folate
A 30 year old man who is dancing for approximately 30 minutes would be considered to be performing
a moderate type of physical activity with a low active physical activity level
Coenzymes function in the body based on their
ability to combine with enzymes
When protein is consumed in excess it is stored as
adipose tissue
Examples of foods that are the highest in preformed vitamin A compounds include
fish and dairy products
Milk products are usually packaged in opaque bottles due to the fact that
exposure to light causes degradation
What factor affects the amount of water in different body compartments?
osmotic balance
Which of the following would be present if an individual had a calcium deficiency?
osteoporosis
The polar nature of water can BEST be described as the electrons forming a
positive charge around the hydrogen molecules and a negative charge around the oxygen molecule
Which of the following would be considered to be a risk of food fortification?
potential for nutrient toxicity
What is a consequence of hypertension?
stroke
Vitamin B12 and folate participate in the
synthesis of methionine from homocysteine
What is satiety?
the feeling of being full
The concept of a "healthy weight" is one in which
the presence of enough fat in one's overall body composition to minimize potential health risks but yet perform needed bodily functions
A shared function of thiamin and riboflavin is
they both participate in the citric acid cycle as coenzymes
Which of the following is a good source of vitamin E?
vegetable oil
Which of the following is a fat soluble vitamin?
vitamin A