APUSH Chapter 7-9
Anti-Masonic Party
First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants. Where connected to the Whigs
War Hawks
Republicans during Madison's presidency who pressed for war with Britain. Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand. Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
City Upon a Hill
Name for Mass. Bay Colony coined by Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence.
Missouri Compromise
"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36 30 parallel were ( and to be for future admitted states ) free states and all South were slave states.
James Madison
"Father of the Constitution" Democratic Republican (president 1808 election to 1816) Domestic Affairs: Rechartering of National Bank (20 year charter) Tippecanoe Harrison vs. Tecumseh and Prophet Hartford Convention Embargo Act Consequences Non-Intercourse Act Foreign Affairs: Macon's Bill No. 2 War of 1812 Harrison New Orleans (Jackson)
Oliver Hazard Perry
"We have me the enemy, and they are ours." Naval hero during the War of 1812. Won battle on Lake Erie against the British.
Rush-Bagot Agreement
(1817) Agreement between the U.S. and Britain (which controlled Canada at that time) for mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. Later expanded to an unarmed U.S.-Canada border.
Adams-Onis Treaty
(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory, in exchange U.S. "gave up" claims to Texas.
Anglo-American Accords
. Series of agreements reached in the British-American Conventions of 1818 that fixed the western boundary between the United States and Canada, allowed for joint occupation of Oregon for ten years, and restored American fishing rights
House of Burgesses
1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America.
Monroe Doctrine
1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.
Tariff of Abominations (1828)
1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. Led to Nullification Crisis.
Force Bill
1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed Northern border of Maine. Resolved Aroostook War
Pope's Rebellion
A violent Indian uprising in 1680 in Santa Fe, New Mexico.
War of 1812
A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.
Salem Witch Trials
Accusations of witchcraft led to trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather was judge. 18 people were hanged as witches.
Judicial Review
Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws. Determined in Marbury v. Madison
Five Civilized Tribes
Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion
Roger B. Taney
Close friend of Jackson became his Secretary of Treasury and took government's deposits out of the Bank of the United States and putting them in state banks. Became Supreme Court chief justice when Marshall died in 1835. In the case Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge(1837) he went against Marshall's previous ruling saying that the State had the right to breach previously made contracts. Taney argued providing happiness to the people took precedent over the right to property.
Treaty of Ghent
December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. Ended the War of 1812. Did not address grievances that led to the war (stalemate for both sides).
Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)
Democratic Domestic Affairs: Spoils system in appt's Indian Removal Worcester v Georgia Trail of Tears Rejection of American System Eaton Affair Tariff/Nullification crisis Compromise of 1833 Force Bill Take down of the Bank Kitchen Cabinet Peggy Eaton Whigs Bank War—Pet Banks Foreign Affairs: Near conflict with France over Napoleonic debts Butler incident Texan independence Tariff of Abominations (1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process. The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
Martin Van Buren (1836-1840)
Democratic Domestic Affairs: Panic of 1837 Continued Jackson's policy of Indian Removal Specie Circular—hard currency Aroostook War Foreign Affairs: Opposed annexation of Texas Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Henry Clay
Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Missouri Compromise and Clay's Compromise
Panic of 1819
Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and commercial relations with England, and mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. Shortly after election, the Monroe Administration faced, the Panic of 1819. The growth of the agriculture economy had led to land prices rising and when the national bank couldn't take on all the loans, six years of depression followed. Some Americans saw it as a warning that economic and territorial growth would destabilize America, but most Americans were still committed to growing and expanding.
American System
Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, protective tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.
Daniel Webster
Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal of National Bank and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union. Was a popular Whig, and part of Great Triumvirate with Calhoun and Clay.
John C. Calhoun (1782-1850)
He served in both the House of Representatives and the Senate for South Carolina before becoming secretary of war under President Monroe and then John Quincy Adams's vice president. He introduced the bill for the second national bank to Congress and led the minority of southerners who voted for the Tariff of 1816. However, he later chose to oppose tariffs. During his time as secretary of war under President Monroe, he authorized the use of federal troops against the Seminoles who were attacking settlers. In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis. (1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class. A Whig and part of the Great Triumvirate.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Held that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty; ignored by the Jackson administration.
Chesapeake-Leopard incident
In 1807 the US Chesapeake was stopped in the mid-Atlantic by the British Leopard. The British demanded the return and surrender of four deserters from the royal navy, in which the Chesapeake's commanding officer, James Barron, refused, resulting in British attack. Barron relented and the men were seized. Led to Jefferson passing the Embargo Act of 1807.
Dorr Rebellion
In 1841, Rhode Island was governed by a 1663 charter which said that only property holders and their eldest sons could vote (1/2 the adult male population). Thomas Dorr led a group of rebels who wrote a new constitution and elected him governor in 1842. The state militia was called in to stop the rebellion. Dorr was sentenced to life imprisonment, but the sentence was withdrawn. Dorr's Rebellion caused conservatives to realize the need for reform. A new constitution in 1843 gave almost all men the right to vote.
Act of Toleration (1649)
In Maryland granted religious freedom to all Christians; also called for death of all non-Christians (1649)
Corrupt Bargain of 1824
In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority (Jackson had gotten most though) of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.
Log Cabin Campaign
It was a Whig party presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison in 1840. It portrayed Harrison as a simple man sprung from the people when in reality he was rich. It won Harrison the election. Campaigning among the masses.
Battle of New Orleans
Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S. A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.
Bank War
Jackson vs. Biddle and Clay; Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich; vetoed the 2nd Bank charter & withdrew gov. money from the US Banks & put it into "pet banks";Jackson vetoed bill he thought was wrong
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Jefferson sent Monroe to Paris to purchase New Orleans; Monroe ended up spending $15 million, because he was able to get all of Louisiana, Jefferson conflicted about the purchase, since he didn't feel he had the authority to do so under the Constitution, but the deal was too good to pass up and provided more than enough land to fulfill his dream of an America populated with small farmers.
Marshall and the Supreme Court Boost Federal Power
Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), McCulloch v. Maryland (loose Constitutional interpretation, constitutionality of National Bank, states cannot control government agencies), Gibbons v. Ogden (interstate commerce controlled by Congress), Fletcher v. Peck (valid contract cannot be broken, state law voided), Dartmouth College v. Woodward (charter cannot be altered without both parties' consent) Created after the election of 1800 in order to maintain Federalist power in the government. Part of the Midnight Judges Act.Marshall was the Chief Justice from 1801 to 1835 and kept federalists in power. John Marshall became the fourth chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1801. He is largely responsible for establishing the Supreme Court's role in federal government. He kept federalism alive in the court system during his time as chief justice. Strengthened Federal Government power often at expense of State Government Under John Marshall, who served as Chief Justice from 1801 to 1835, the Supreme Court favored a strong federal government and a national economy. Marshall applied several Federalist principles to interpret the Constitution. For example, the Marshall Court claimed the power to review the acts of Congress and of the President for their constitutionality. This was established in the landmark decision Marbury v. Madison (1803). Marshall also insisted upon the "sanctity of contracts." In Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) and Fletcher v. Peck (1810), the Marshall Court limited a state government's power to interfere in business contracts. Further, the Marshall Court insisted that federal law was superior to state law. This point was famously established in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819). The case involved the renewed Bank of the United States. When it was reestablished in 1816, branches were placed in states across the country. In effect, the bank competed with and threatened many state and local banks. In Maryland, state officials tried to defend their banks by levying a tax on the operations of the Bank of the United States. The Marshall Court struck down this Maryland law. Embracing a broad interpretation of the Constitution, Marshall insisted that Congress had the power to charter a national bank. Further, no state could destroy such a bank with taxes. Finally, Marshall broadly interpreted the Constitution to give greater power to the national government. In the 1824 case Gibbons v. Ogden, Marshall rejected a steamboat monopoly granted by the state of New York. The monopoly threatened the business of a steamboat operator who had run a service between New Jersey and New York. Marshall ruled that steamboat traffic was "commerce" and that the power to regulate commerce involving more than one state—interstate commerce—belonged to the federal government. As in McCulloch v. Maryland, the ruling extended federal power by creating a broad definition of commerce and by asserting the supremacy of federal over state law. In general, Marshall's Court encouraged the development of large, far-flung business corporations by freeing them from meddling by the states. (Think, for example, how difficult it might have been to build a railroad company that covered several states if each state had the power to establish its own monopolies within its borders.) Corporations took the place of the older, smaller, and simpler forms of business—single proprietorships and limited partnerships whose reach was confined to a small area. Due in part to the Marshall Court, the United States increasingly became one large integrated market.
Hartford Convention
Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence.
New Lights/Old Lights
Old Lights: orthodox members of the clergy who disliked the new emotional preaching. New Lights: modern-thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the Great Awakening and its values
Mesoamerican Societies
Olmec, Maya, Aztec
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. It authorized the president to negotiate with Indians tribes in the Southern U.S. for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands. The act was strongly supported by non-native people of the South, who were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the Five Civilized Tribes. The Removal Act paved the way for the reluctant migration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West, an event widely known as the "Trail of Tears".
Era of Good Feelings
Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank. A period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.
James Monroe (1817-1825)
Presidency was Era of Good Feelings (1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas. Was very popular. Democratic Republic Domestic Affairs: "Era of Good Feelings National Tour Assembled strong cabinet The Panic of 1819 Missouri Compromise Liberia The American System Henry Clay Foreign Affairs: Rush-Bagot Treaty Adams-Onis Treaty Monroe Doctrine Neutrality in Europe Prevent regaining colonies Prevent further coloization
Nicholas Biddle
President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.
Specie Circular
Presidential Order issued by President Jackson 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.
Bartolome de Las Casas
Priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans
John Quincy Adams (1824-1828)
Secretary of State under Monroe. Made Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. Presidency largely uneventful because of Jacksonian opposition. Won 1824 election through "corrupt bargain". Democratic Domestic Affairs: Corrupt Bargain American System Internal improvements
Aroostook War
Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842.
Tariff of 1833
Set up by Henry Clay, it was a way to prevent violent conflict. Clay aptly deserves his title as the "great compromiser". It stated that import taxes would gradually decrease until they matched the levels of the Tariff of 1816. Although the state and federal governments were able to strike a compromise, Jackson's near invasion of S. Carolina illustrated the federal government's stance on the power of a state to annul federal laws. Passed alongside Force Bill as was the compromise.
Nullification Crisis
Southerners favored freedom of trade & believed in the authority of states over the fed. gov.--> declared federal protective tariffs null and void; South believed individual state cannot defy fed. gov. alone; led to increased sense among Southerners as "minority" & threat of secession rather than nullification was the South's ultimate weapon.A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress. Argument over ability of states to nullify Federal Laws
Second Bank of the US
States resent the main role of banks (present a state's bank notes for redemption that can easily ruin a bank). Thought banks didn't agree with local needs. John C. Calhoun introduced this to help the financial stability of the country by issuing national currency and regulating state banks. A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit; modeled after Hamilton's original bank and fixing Revolutionary War debt
Trail of Tears
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey. Forced removal of Indians.
South Carolina Exposition
The document was a protest against the Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations. The document stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede
Tabacco
The major cash crop in Virginia, first U.S. cash crop.
Spoils System
The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters. Supported by Jackson to gain and maintain control.
Embargo Act of 1807
This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.
Tallmadge Amendment
This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South. Failed to pass in Senate.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, that welded a far-flung confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi. The Prophet was discredited by attacking a much larger American army, and Tecumseh was killed in the Battle of the Thames. Their actions were in response to the flood of western-bound settlers, and resulted in Indian unity and cultural revival. The death of Tecumseh ended the hope of an Indian confederacy.
Panic of 1837
When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.
Encomienda
a land grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of said area.
Whigs
conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster. Great Triumvirate.
Aaron Burr
served as the 3rd Vice President of the United States. Member of the Republicans and President of the Senate during his Vice Presidency. He was defamed by the press, often by writings of Hamilton. Challenged Hamilton to a duel in 1804 and killed him. Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.
Coverture
the legal status of a married woman, considered to be under her husband's protection and authority.
William Henry Harrison
was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.