APUSH - chapter 8
Richard Montgomery
(1738-75) officer in the Continental army, born at Swords, County Dublin, Ireland. Montgomery captured Montreal but was killed in the subsequent attack on Quebec. Montgomery had been in America with the British army during the French and Indian War (1754-63), when he took part in the siege of Louisbourg (1758) and in the expedition against Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point (1759). In 1772 he sold his commission in the British army and moved to New York.
Saratoga
(1777) Engagements in the American Revolution. British troops under John Burgoyne marched from Canada to join with other British troops, and, after camping at Saratoga, N.Y., engaged the Continental Army under Horatio Gates at the First Battle of Saratoga (September 19), also known as the Battle of Freeman's Farm. Failing to break the American lines, the British faced a counterattack led by Benedict Arnold at the Second Battle of Saratoga (October 7), or the Battle of Bemis Heights. With his forces reduced to 5,000 men, Burgoyne began to retreat, but Gates, with 20,000 men, surrounded the British at Saratoga and forced their surrender (October 17). The American victory induced the French to offer open recognition and military aid.
Declaration of Independence
(July 4, 1776) Document approved by the Continental Congress that announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Britain. The armed conflict during the American Revolution gradually convinced the colonists that separation from Britain was essential.
Bunker Hill
(June 17, 1775) First major battle of the American Revolution. Within two months after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, more than 15,000 colonial troops assembled near Boston to prevent the British army from occupying several hills around the city, including Bunker and Breed's hills. The colonists fortified Breed's Hill in Charlestown, across the Charles River from Boston. They withstood a cannonade from British ships in Boston Harbor and fought off assaults by 2,300 British troops but were eventually forced to retreat. Although the British won the battle, it was a Pyrrhic victory that lent considerable encouragement to the revolutionary cause. British casualties (about 1,000) and the colonists' fierce resistance convinced the British that subduing the rebels would be difficult.
Richard Henry Lee
(born Jan. 20, 1732, Stratford, Va. — died June 19, 1794, Chantilly, Va., U.S.) U.S. statesman. As a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses (1758 - 75), he opposed the Stamp Act and the Townshend Acts. He helped initiate the Committees of Correspondence and was active in the First and Second Continental Congress. On June 7, 1776, he introduced a resolution calling for independence from Britain. Its adoption led to the Declaration of Independence, which he signed, as he did the Articles of Confederation. He again served in Congress from 1784 to 1787, acting as its president in 1784. He opposed ratification of the Constitution of the United States because it lacked a bill of rights. He later served in the first U.S. Senate (1789 - 92).
how many troops didbWashington have in 1776?
18,000 poorly trained men
how many ships and troops did British have? in 1776?
500 ships and 35,000 men
Redcoats
A British soldier, especially one serving during the American Revolution.
Iroquois Confederacy
A Native American confederacy inhabiting New York State and originally composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca peoples, known as the Five Nations. After 1722 the confederacy was joined by the Tuscaroras to form the Six Nations. Also called Iroquois League.
Trenton
A battle of the Revolutionary War following a surprise attack of Continental troops under the command of George Washington on British and Hessian troops at Trenton, New Jersey. Washington and his men crossed the icy Delaware River on Christmas Day, 1776, and attacked the next day, completely surprising the British. It was the first American victory of the war, and helped to restore American morale.
Olive Branch Petition
A document of American colonial grievances addressed to King George III and signed by members of the Continental Congress in July 1775. It was delivered by Richard Penn to the King in London in August 1775. The King refused to see him or the document. It was an effort by the Americans to resolve differences with Britain and to avert the Revolutionary War.
Fort Stanwix
A fort in the Mohawk Valley of New York that was the site of a twenty-day siege by British forces during the Saratoga campaign in August 1777. The siege ended with the arrival of forces under the command of Benedict Arnold.
Patriots
A name often used to describe the colonists of the British Thirteen United Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution. It was their leading figures who, in July 1776, declared the United States of America an independent nation. Their rebellion was based on the political philosophy of republicanism, as expressed by pamphleteers, such as Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Paine.
Why was Common Sense important?
A pamphlet written in America by Englishman Thomas Paine, published on January 10, 1776. It called for American independence and a union of the American colonies, and as propaganda, it influenced colonists to pursue both in the Revolutionary War.
Republic
A political order whose head of state is not a monarch and in modern times is usually a president. A nation that has such a political order. A political order in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who are entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them. A nation that has such a political order.
Privateers
A ship privately owned and crewed but authorized by a government during wartime to attack and capture enemy vessels
Fort Ticonderoga
A stronghold during the Revolutionary War, in New York on Lake Champlain. It was built by the French in 1755, during the French and Indian War (1754-63), on a vital inland water route to Canada. The French first named it Fort Vaudreuil, but soon changed the name to Fort Carillon. The fort was captured in 1759 by the British and renamed Fort Ticonderoga. In 1775, during the Revolutionary War, it was seized from the British by Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys (Vermont troops) in a surprise attack. The British recaptured Fort Ticonderoga in 1777 but abandoned it in 1780. The fort was rebuilt in 1908, and a museum was opened there
Whigs
A supporter of the war against England during the American Revolution
Johnny Burgoyne
Actor-playwright-soldier who would push down the Lake Champlain route from Canada in order to capture the Hudson River valley from the colonists
John Paul Jones
American naval hero. He went to sea at age 12 and became a ship's master at age 21. He joined his brother in Virginia in 1775. When the American Revolution began, he joined the new Continental Navy under Esek Hopkins. In 1776 he sailed the Providence along the Atlantic coast, capturing eight British ships and sinking eight more. Appointed by Congress to the newly built Ranger, he made a spectacular cruise through St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea (1777 - 78), where he took a number of prizes. In 1779 he commanded the Bonhomme Richard and intercepted a merchant fleet. Though outgunned by an escort ship, the Serapis, he forced its surrender after a fierce battle, answering its challenge to surrender with "I have not yet begun to fight!" His ship sank soon after, and he sailed two British prizes to the Netherlands. In 1790 he retired, in ill health, to France.
Patriots
American rebels;,also called Whigs after opposition party in Britain.
Hessians
American slang for the German troops under British command hired by George II
Loyalists
An American who, during the period of the American Revolution, favored the British side. Also called Tory
Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain.
Answer in your own words
Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain.
Answer in your own words
George III slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation. How and why?
Answer in your own words
If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important?
Answer in your own words
Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war?
Answer in your own words
What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris?
Answer in your own words
What does the Declaration of Independence say?
Answer in your own words
What happened to Loyalists during the war?
Answer in your own words
What kinds of people were Loyalists?
Answer in your own words
Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain.
Answer in your own words
Why did Paine want a democratic republic?
Answer in your own words
Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant?
Answer in your own words
Why did the French help America win independence?
Answer in your own words
Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain.
Answer in your own words
What were some of the flaws of General William Howe?
Answer in your own words Moving his forces to Philadelphia, he left troops under John Burgoyne vulnerable in New York state, thus contributing to the British defeat at the Battles of Saratoga. He resigned in 1778 and was succeeded by Henry Clinton.
Thomas Paine
Author of the influential Common Sense which argued for republic over a monarchy (or king); sold 120,000 copies.
Saratoga
Battle in which Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command on October 17, 1777 to American general Horatio Gates
who were the 3 American peace negotiators?
Ben Franklin, John Adams and John Jay
Benjamin Franklin at the Treaty of Paris
Benjamin Franklin was a hero of Colonial America and a man of amazing talents. His achievements are too varied to sum up easily; they include signing the Declaration of Independence, publishing the famous Poor Richard's Almanack, serving as postmaster of Philadelphia. He was a Pennsylvania delegate to the Continental Congress, then spent much of the war in France as a diplomat, charming America's French allies. He helped negotiate and write the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the Revolutionary War, and in 1787 he signed the new U.S. Constitution.
what events shocked the colonials to want independence?
British burning of Falmouth and Norfolk, then hiring of the Hessians and Paine's " Common Sense" publication.
John Burgoyne
British general. After serving in the Seven Years' War he was elected to the British House of Commons in 1761 and 1768. Assigned to Canada in 1776, he began a campaign to join British forces from the north, south, and west to isolate the rebellious New England colonies. In 1777 his army captured Fort Ticonderoga, N.Y., but was stopped at the Hudson River by a larger army of colonists under Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold. After several months of fighting, he surrendered to Gates at Saratoga Springs, N.Y.; he returned to England to face criticism for his defeat.
William Howe
British military commander. The brother of Adm. Richard Howe, he fought in the last French and Indian War (1754 - 63), in which he earned a reputation as one of the army's most brilliant young generals. In the American Revolution, he succeeded Thomas Gage as supreme commander of British forces in North America in 1776. He soon captured New York City and the surrounding area, and in 1777 he led British troops to victories at the Battles of the Brandywine and of Germantown. Moving his forces to Philadelphia, he left troops under John Burgoyne vulnerable in New York state, thus contributing to the British defeat at the Battles of Saratoga. He resigned in 1778 and was succeeded by Henry Clinton.
with France entering war how was the British strategy altered?
British no longer had naval blockades blocking US supplies; there were many French ships. British retreated to New York
Charles Cornwallis
British soldier and statesman. In 1780, during the American Revolution, he was appointed British commander in the American South. He defeated Horatio Gates at Camden, S.C., then marched into Virginia and encamped at Yorktown (see Siege of Yorktown). Trapped and besieged there, he was forced to surrender his army (1781), a defeat that effectively ended military operations in the war.
Norfolk, Virginia
Burned by the British in January 1776
Falmouth, Maine
Burned by the British in October of 1775
why did colonists invade Canada?
Candid would be 14th colony and deprive British of valuable base for striking colonists
George Washington
Chosen by fellow delegates to head the continental army; 6'2"
Richard Montgomery
Colonial General who pushed up the Lake Champlain route and captured Montreal, Canada; formerly of British army
Charleston
Colonial city captured that was crippling
Benedict Arnold
Colonial general who repulsed British troops at Quebec (1775) and Lake Champlain (1776), turned traitor
Loyalists
Colonials loyal to the king; Also called Tories. 16 percent were loyalists
what British general fell into a trap against Colonials and French at Yorktown?
Cornwallis surrendered with 7000 men in 1781
Horatio Gates
English-born American general. He served in the British army during the French and Indian War. In 1772 he immigrated to Virginia, where he sided with colonial interests. He was made adjutant general of the Continental Army (1775) and succeeded Gen. Philip Schuyler in New York (1777). Assisted by Benedict Arnold, he forced the surrender of British forces under John Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga (1777). Congress then chose Gates as president of the Board of War. Supporters, including Thomas Conway, sought to have Gates replace George Washington, but the plan failed, and Gates returned to his New York command. In 1780 he was transferred to the South, where he attempted to oust the British forces under Charles Cornwallis but was defeated at the Battle of Camden, S.C. An official inquiry was ordered, but charges never were pressed. He retired to Virginia, then freed his slaves in 1790 and moved to New York.
Ethan Allen
Ethan Allen fought during the American Revolution as the leader of the Green Mountain Boys, a ragtag militia made up of settlers of what it now the state of Vermont.
Treaty of Fort Stanwix
First treaty between the United States and an Indian nation
George Rogers Clark
Floated down the Ohio River and captured the forts Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes
Declaration of Independence
Formal declaration of independence from Britain, approved by Congress on July 4, 1776
both Britain and France offered treaties to the. colonies?
France offered everything British had plus independence which British did not. France did not want US reconnecting with British
what countries assisted US against British?
France, Spain, Holland and later Armed Neutrals led by Russia; it was Britain against the world
George Rogers Clarke
Frontier military leader in the American Revolution. The brother of William Clark, he worked as a surveyor in Kentucky in the mid-1770s. During the Revolution he raised troops and defended the region against the British and Indians. He captured settlements along the Mississippi River in the Old Northwest (Illinois), and in 1780 he helped defeat a British attempt to capture St. Louis. Appointed an Indian commissioner, he helped conclude a treaty with the Shawnee.
who was the British General battling Washington in New York, New Jersey etc?
General William Howe
George Washington
George Washington is called "the father of his country" for his crucial role in fighting for, creating and leading the United States of America in its earliest days. Washington was a surveyor, farmer and soldier who rose to command the Colonial forces in the Revolutionary War. He held the ragtag Continental Army together -- most famously during a frigid encampment at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania during the winter of 1777-78 -- and eventually led them to victory over the British.
hessian flies
German mercenaries that were seduced by American promises of land. the deserted the British army and stayed in America to become respected citizens
Hessians
German mercenaries who fought with the British forces in North America during the Revolutionary War. The 29, 000 German mercenaries represented about one-third of all British forces in America. Only some 17, 000 were actually subjects of the Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel (i.e., genuine Hessians), the remainder came from other German principalities. They served in almost all the campaigns of the Revolutionary War suffering notable defeats at Trenton (1776) and during the Saratoga campaign (1777). A large number of Hessians remained in North America after the Revolutionary War.
Second Continental Congress
Group of delegates who met in Philadelphia to continue addressing colonial grievances to the king and Parliament; drafted new appeals to the British people and king. Also adopted measures to raise money and create an army and navy; no initial desire for Independence
Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army?
He fought in the French and Indian Wars, was a surveyor and a commanding presence.
Nathaniel Greene
He served in the colonial legislature and as commander of the colonial militia (1775). He led troops in the Continental Army at Boston and New York, then fought in the battles at Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown. He succeeded Gen. Horatio Gates as commander in chief of the southern army (1778), and his strategy so weakened the British troops that Gen. Charles Cornwallis abandoned plans to conquer North Carolina (1781). Greene began the reconquest of inner South Carolina, and by late June 1781 he had forced the British back to Charleston. He presided at the court-martial of John André in the Benedict Arnold affair (1780).
John Adams at the Treaty of Paris
John Adams followed George Washington as president of the United States, becoming the country's second chief executive. An early colonist agitator against the Stamp Act of 1765, John Adams helped draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776. He served as an all-purpose diplomat for the new republic during the Revolutionary War, and after the war, in 1785, he became the first American Minister to London. He served two terms as vice-president under Washington (1789-97), and beat Thomas Jefferson in 1796 to become president himself.
John Jay at the Treaty of Paris
John Jay was one of the heavy-hitters in the early days of the United States, a "founding father" who was a member of the Continental Congress and the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Jay was a lawyer from New York whose service in drawing up the state constitution led to his appointment as a delegate and, later, president of the Continental Congress.
Admiral de Grasse
Joined the Americans in an assault on Cornwallis at Yorktown
What happened to Loyalists after the war?
Moved mostly to Canada
Richard Henry Lee
Moved that "these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." June 7, 1776
Princeton
On January 3, 1777, George Washington having drawn back across the Delaware after Trenton) again crossed into New Jersey, this time outflanking British forces in Princeton. The American army, reduced to 1, 200 men, attacked disorganized British troops at Princeton with modest success. The victories at Trenton and Princeton helped foil the British conquest of northern New Jersey and marked the turning point of the Revolutionary War.
Benedict Arnold
One of history's best-known traitors, Benedict Arnold was a successful general from Connecticut during the American Revolutionary War -- until he switched sides and was caught trying to help the British in 1780.
republicanism
Paine argued a republic over monarchy; laced ideas with biblical imagery, familiar to common folk
Common Sense
Pamphlet written in 1776 by Thomas Paine
where was the treaty signed?
Paris
Patrick Henry
Patrick Henry was the American orator who urged colonists to take up arms against the British, proclaiming, "I know not what course others may take; but as for me... give me liberty or give me death!"
John Jay
Percieved the French could not satisfy the conflicting ambitions of both Americans and Spaniards
Olive Branch Petition
Professed American loyalty to the crown and begged the king to prevent further hostilities; developed in July 1775 after Bunker Hill
Natural Rights
Rights which persons possess by nature: that is, without the intervention of agreement, or in the absence of political and legal institutions. Natural rights are therefore attributable to individuals without distinction of time or place.
Natural Aristocracy
Rule by the members of a long-established ruling class distinguished by ability, property, and a privileged education which instils a high sense of honour, responsibility, and public duty. Some thinkers, especially Burke , believe in the natural aristocracy of those whose place in the social fabric has been established by stable hierarchical values hallowed by time.
what victory revived the Colonial cause?
Saratoga; this enabled French foreign aid which helped ensure American Independence
Bunker Hill
Seized by colonists in June 1775 from which they menaced the enemy in Boston
Treaty of Paris of 1783
The British formally recognized the independence of the United States, and granted generous boundaries of land
Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met briefly during 1774, also in Philadelphia. The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States.[1] With the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, the Congress became known as the Congress of the Confederation.
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris, signed on 3 September 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War and represented a major diplomatic triumph for the young nation. Following the decisive victory of the American and French forces at the Battle of Yorktown (1781), the British recognized that they could not defeat the rebellious colonists on the battlefield. After a change of government brought in a ministry devoted to ending the conflict, the British opened talks with the delegates from the Continental Congress: John Adams, John Jay, and Benjamin Franklin. The Americans declined the guidance of their French allies and negotiated their own settlement, signing the initial articles on 30 November 1782. The final document was agreed to by all parties in September 1783. The treaty recognized the independence of the United States, generously fixed its western boundary at the Mississippi River (a move that doubled the size of the United States), and gave the new country fishing rights off Newfoundland. The United States agreed to terminate reprisals against loyalists and to return their property. The Continental Congress ratified the pact in 1784. Issues arising from the treaty would trouble Anglo‐American relations in the 1790s, but the team of Adams, Franklin, and Jay had made the most of what their countrymen had won in the battles of the Revolution.
Yorktown
The plan's key element was de Grasse's fleet, which arrived on 26 August from the West Indies, established control of the coastal waters inside the Capes of Virginia, and contributed 4,800 more men to the besieging force. Ten days later, de Grasse fought a strategically decisive engagement with a British squadron sent by Clinton to evacuate Cornwallis's force. The British failure to penetrate past de Grasse, plus Cornwallis's inertia, allowed Washington and Rochambeau to spring their trap. The allies closed in on Yorktown on 28 September, and on 6 October began formal siege operations, which would have been impossible without French heavy artillery. By 14 October, the cannonade had weakened British positions sufficiently to allow the allies to capture key outposts: 400 American light infantry, led by Alexander Hamilton, took the smaller Redoubt No. 10 sooner and with fewer casualties than the French at Redoubt No. 9. Cornwallis and 8,000 men surrendered on 17 October.
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States and one of the drafters of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson served as vice-president, secretary of state, minister to France, congressman, governor of Virginia; he also founded the University of Virginia and served as president of the American Philosophical Society. For all that, Jefferson is best remembered as a champion of human rights and the lead draftsman of the Declaration of Independence. High points of his presidency include the Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon and the exploration of the west by Lewis and Clark. The third person to be president, Jefferson followed John Adams as president and was succeeded by James Madison.
Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine was one of the great fiery voices of the American Revolution. Paine emigrated from England to Philadelphia in 1774. Two years later he published Common Sense, a popular pamphlet that argued for complete American independence from Britain. Later that year in his pamphlet The American Crisis he penned his famous line, "These are the times that try men's souls." The revolution won, Paine returned to England in 1787, and in 1791 he published The Rights of Man, which opposed the idea of monarchy and defended the French Revolution. To escape being tried for treason, he fled to Paris, where he wrote The Age of Reason. In 1802 he returned to America, only to find himself outcast and poverty-stricken in his final years.
Republic
Type of society where power flows from the people themselves
where was George Washington from?
Virginia planter
Thomas Jefferson
Virginian lawyer chosen to prepare a more formal statement of declaration; drafted declaration independence
who was Baron Von Steuben?
a Prussian general who helped train Continental army
who was General Nathanael Greene?
a Quaker who used strategy of delay. standing and then retreating. he exhausted his foe, General Cornwallis and eventually won a georgia and South Carolina
who was Mohawk Indian Chief Joseph Bryant?
believed if British won it would deter colonial expansion into West impactng Indian territory; Senecas, Mohawks, and other tribes supported British with fires and and tomahawks
what event triggered King George III to slam the door on all hope of reconciliation?
bunker hill
Washington and his raw recruits were beaten at Battle of Long Island? how did Washington and troops escape?
by boat because of wind and fog
what was washington highest rank before being selected?
colonel
90 percent of all gun powder used by colonials in first 2 1/2 years of war came from where?
france secretly because they did not yet want an open war with British
patrick Henry
give me liberty or give me death
who was George Rogers Clark?
had idea of floating down Ohio River and capturing Indian forts.
evacuation day
in March 1776 British took friends of King and fled Boston; still celebrated in Boston today
strengths of George Washington
leadership, strength of character and patience and widely trusted
where were loyalists least commonly located?
new England
where was the British base of operations after evacuating Boston?
new York city because of it seaport and central location
where were loyalists most commonly located?
new York city, charleston, Quaker pennyslvania and new jersey.
why was Washington selected?
political reasons; because of jealousy in New England
why were the rebel militia more effective with common people then the red coaters?
provided political education to people about evils of British
most important single action of Congress
selection of George Washington at 43
how did washinton surprise Howe and his men?
striking day after Xmas and leaving campfires going and having a surprise attack
Breed's Hill
the real name for Bunker Hill
