APUSH Chapter Questions (All Questions)

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What was the populist argument against "Fusion"? Why did it occur?

"Fusion" melting of the populist party into the Democratic party. They were in a difficult place with the democratic nomination because he fell in line with many of their protests but to have their own candidate would divide the party. Many populists were opposed to it because it would ignore most of their reform goals and would destroy the party, but it eventually did occur because there was no other viable alternative.

According to their leader, John Winthrop, what did the Puritans believe to be their purpose in coming to America?

According to John Winthrop, the Puritans' purpose to coming to America was to be a "city upon a hill," in other words to set an example of how a pious Puritan colony prosper and inspire others to join. This is the root of the ideal of American exceptionalism.

How did Roosevelt distinguish between "civilized" and "uncivilized" nations?

According to Theodore Roosevelt, a civilized nation was "predominantly white and Anglo Saxon or Teutonic (German)" and were producers of industrial goods meanwhile uncivilized nations were "generally non-white, Latin, or Slavic" and were suppliers of raw materials and markets.

What were the reasons for the US going to war that President Wilson enumerated in his speech to Congress on April 2, 1917?

According to Wilson's speech to Congress, the US was entering the Great War in order to protect democracy, allow people to have self-determination, and promote peace and safety to all nations. It would be a war to end all wars.

What was it about post-1763 British policy that would cause colonists in every section to see the disadvantages rather than the advantages of being part of the British Empire?

After 1763 there were so many new taxations (see #8) that were imposed on the colonists despite having no representation in government. From all aspects of life, colonists were seeing the negative ways these new policies could affect their livelihood. All of the colonists from all colonies were slowly beginning to unite because of the common fear that these imperial policies would cause a permanent economic depression and cause everyone's standard of living to decline. The British empire was milking every penny out of the colonies while giving little back.

What happened to the women's movement after suffrage was accomplished in 1920.

After the 19th amendment which gave women the right to vote, Alice Paul argued that the movement hadn't ended and that they needed to fight for an Equal Rights Amendment to protect against discrimination based on sex. Once able to vote, the women didn't create as much change as they said they would because voting was largely still out of their reach.

Identify the factors which helped create a new nationalistic mood more receptive to overseas expansion in the late 19th century.

After the Civil War and a recovery from the Panic of 1893, the mood of the US was more open to the idea of imperialism due to a need for new markets (from a growing economy), the closing frontier and a fear for availability of resources, and a desire to join the movement already in Europe to colonized out of fear that there would be no places to colonize if they didn't enter the race soon.

Explain the origins of the Grangers.

After the Civil War, the Agriculture Department official, Oliver Kelly was shocked by the isolation and boringness of rural life. He left his federal job in 1867 to found the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. Their original goals were to bring farmers together at local lodges to learn new scientific farming techniques and to create a sense of community to relieve the loneliness of rural life.

How did the US economic prosperity lead it to pursue a policy of imperialism?

After the Panic of 1893, the US began to expand and the economy prospered. Attitudes changed and the economy was producing more than was consumed. With the frontier ending while the economy was prosperous, the US government decided that it was best to enter the race for colonies as a market for their unconsumed goods in addition to a source of raw minerals.

What was the role of the US in Puerto Rico after the Spanish-American War? What was the Foraker Act?

After the Spanish-American War, Spain happily gave over Puerto Rico, a rebellious island seeking freedom, to the US. The US had military forces occupying the island until 1900 when the Foraker Act ended military rule and established a formal colonial government (a US governor with two chamber legislature with the upper being all appointed by the US and the lower being elected by Puerto Rican people).

How was the demise of the Granger Laws related to the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act? Why was the ICC so ineffective?

After the Supreme Court declared the Granger Laws unconstitutional, the Interstate Commerce Commission was created to regulate railroads. The ICC was ineffective because the courts did not enforce the ICC to do their job. What the ICC was suppose to do never rarely and usually ineffectively happened. Now that the laws were unconstitutional, the Granger Party lost members and power dramatically and wasn't able to demand legislation on railroad regulation.

What was the response to these regulations of the Supreme Court in these rulings? ( Munn v. Illinois, Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois)

After the Supreme Court ruled that the Granger Laws that regulated Railroad by regulating their rates and practices were unconstitutional because railroads were interstate and therefore were only subject to federal law, not state. In response, the Granger Party had a dramatic decline in power and there was a new calling for an effective railroad regulation.

What was the status of the US-Japanese relationship in the early 20th century?

After the mediation between Russia and Japan, the Japanese-US relationship began to deteriorated steadily in the years following. Japan destroyed a Russian fleet at Port Arthur, Japan had now emerged as the preeminent naval power of the Pacific and began to exclude American trade from its territories. The US passive aggressively send an entire fleet of warships around the world to boast to Japan their naval power and to send a message of the US's power.

How prepared was America for the War of 1812? Where was recruitment appealing? Where did it not go well and why?

America wasn't prepared for the war of 1812 but had a little advantage because British presents in Canada was little and there wasn't many British troops there because Britain was fighting wars with other countries. Recruitment was appealing because people viewed the war as a second revolution which sparked a new wave of patriotism. America failed at the invasion of Canada.

What did Europeans gain from the Indians that proved more important than gold?

Agricultural discoveries (including corn, squash, beans, potatoes, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, and peppers) were proved to be more important to the future of Europe than gold or silver.

What was Alfred T. Mahan's thesis concerning national power?

Alfred T. Mahan's thesis in The Influence of Sea Power upon History stated that countries with seapower were greater in history nad that America had a huge potential because we were connected to two oceans. He suggested expanding the US sea power, colonizing, forming trade route protected by the navy, and take control over pacific islands.

What were the causes of America's involvement in Cuban affairs?

America tried for a while to remain peaceful and uninvolved in the conflict between Spain and Cuba. The public and Congress wanted a war to free Cuba. After hearing of the atrocities committed, such a concentration camps in addition to the sinking of the American warship Maine, President McKinley reached out to Spain to agree to a permanent peace, an end to the concentration camps, and freedom for Cuba but Spain rejected. McKinley's only option was to declare war on Spain on April 25, 1898.

Why did Americans have an interest in annexing Hawaii?

America was interested in annexing Hawaii because of Pearl Harbor, which they keenly wanted to build a naval base on, in addition to expanding America's market. By annexing Hawaii, they would have a loophole around the high tariffs.

What effect did America's transportation system have on industrialization?

America's transportation systems helped to create an industrial boom in America, for it fed ideas and material into America, and provided the merchants with a port to international selling. The rapid growth in American shipping, products were able to be available to a much larger, international market, that was often much richer than the small market in America. This allowed industrial companies to make money, and allowed new companies to emerge, helping stimulate industrialization. Interstate roads also helped stimulate quicker inter-state trade, and the innovation of the river steamboat helped to speed up trade, which in turn gave bigger markets to industry, in turn improving industry and helping it to grow.

Explain the nature of Nativism and it's impact on mid-1800 America.

American Nativists feared the invasion of the immigrants because the immigrants took their jobs, were Roman Catholic (most Americans were protestant), and the immigrants brought a different culture with them than the one existing in America. In 1849, Nativists formed the "Know-Nothing" Party and their goal was to restrict immigration via passing laws. Nativists occasionally were violent and burned a Boston convent in 1834. Also, in another feud, the Philadelphia Irish fought back, after days of Nativists and Irish fighting, 13 were killed.

What changes did the Revolution produce in the structure of the American economy?

American lost their main trading partner (Great Britain), lost the protection of the British navy for their merchant ships (pirates), and their industry was still in it's infancy (very little textiles).

What problems did the Americans face in providing the necessary supplies and equipment for the war and in paying for them? How were these problems, at least initially, overcome?

Americans face difficulty getting the necessary supplies and equipment for the war because the British blockage prevent majority of their trading. Without trading they had very little sources of income. They had gunsmiths in the states but they weren't able to produce as much guns and ammunitions as the armies needed. They had difficulty raising money because the Continental Congress had no power to raise taxes and there was a lack of paper money. When Congress tried to print more money, a drastic inflation occurred because States also had their own paper money. This led to America to look to the French for foreign aid to finance the war.

Describe early American business and political interests in Cuba and the threats to these interests during Spanish rule of the island.

Americans wanted Cuban sugar and to build naval bases on the island. By having it be a colony of Spain, they were unable to do so. To firmly put Cuba in America's sphere of influence, Cuba needed to be free from Spain, which favored both American businessmen and politicians.

Explain the nature of our mid-1800's Westward movement and Population Growth.

Americas were moving westward in the 1860s and became Frontier people. During the movement, the people experienced a hard life full of disease and loneliness and tobacco exhausted the lang. The population growth experienced in this time period was caused by a high birthrate which caused the population to double within 25 years. In addition, Immigration soared due to European immigrants who were trying to escape the hardships that faced them at home.

Discuss the accomplishments of Andrew Jackson.

Andrew Jackson was considered the "Protector of the Common Man" because he was the first common man (western) President, began universal male suffrage, limited the power of the federal government by vetoing the bank, and he preserved the union turning the tariff crisis by putting his foot down against the treasonous discussions in the south but also when making a compromise to ensure the union would not separate.

What was the impact of the Chesapeake incident on Anglo-American relations?

Anglo-American relations after the Chesapeake incident had tensions. An American ship refused to allow the British to search their ship which lead to the British ship opening fire and the American ship having to surrender. It almost caused war. America expelled all British warships from American wars and demanded that the British stop impressing their citizens. The British government responded by paying for reparations to the families and people injured in the accident but refused to stop impressing Americans.

Who were the women and their roles in the suffrage movement? Which were probably the most influential in finally obtaining the vote for women? Why was the West different?

Anna Howard Shaw (a Boston social worker) and Carrie Chapman Catt (journalist) allowed for the suffrage movement to become better organized and more politically sophisticated which led to an exponential increase in membership to the National American Suffrage Association. The most influential were the moderate suffrage advocates that saw that women belonging in both the house and the world because their women charm would ease societal problems. The West at first began to allow for women to vote which began to spread eastward. This was due to religion and women's suffrage being less intertwined in the West than the East.

What sort of social order took root in the Carolinas? Why was it different from that proposed under Carolina's Fundamental Constitution?

Anthony Ashley Cooper wanted an elaborately designed social order but actually got a slavery-based society with white aristocrats on the top. It differed because it went completely against the original ideas for the colony which included community and orderliness based on principles of John Locke which turned out to become a broken community with fights all over the place. Carolina had so many internal disputes that the king eventually split Carolina into North and South Carolina.

How did the arts both reflect and challenge values of the 1920s? How was the "flapper" reflective of those challenges?

Art and intellectuals responded to their disillusionment by moving to more isolated and "natural communities. They adopted lifestyle which included: drinking, drugs, casual sex, and wild parties. They argued that only art could allow them full individual expression and would create personal fulfillment. The flapper reflected a "New Era" with new, more secular view of womanhood; women concluded that they didn't have to maintain the rigid, Victorian female "respectability." They could smoke, drink, dance, wear seductive clothes and makeup, and attend lively parties. They strove for physical and emotional fulfillment for a release from repression and inhibition. Both art and flappers showed the change in American values to become more about the individual and self expression.

What was the relationship between the weakening of political parties and the rise of interest groups?

As the power of political parties was weakening (due to progressive reforms), interest groups started to replace them. The group were organizations that existed outside of the party system in which the group could lobby the government for their demands and could influence government directly (rather than going through the parties).

What was the significance of the Battles of Trenton and Princeton?

At the Battle of Trenton Americans captured 1,000 prisoners (Hessians), seized muskets, powder and other supplies from, and overall raised American morale. In the Battle of Princeton, the British weren't able to capture the American armies.

Identify the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 that ended the war.

At the end of the Spanish-American War, the Treaty of Paris of 1898 dictated that: Cuba was free from Spanish rule, Spain gave Puerto Rico and Guam to the US, and the US paid $20 million to Spain for the Philippines. The US became an Imperialist power.

Why did Bacon's Rebellion occur in 1675-76?

Bacon's Rebellion initially happened because Nathaniel Bacon was angry about how Governor Berkeley refused to grant him some of the fur trade business and how there was clear nepotism in the Green Spring group (which Bacon wanted to be apart of). Bacon and other angry whites with no land began fighting both the Indians and the Englishmen.... in return the Indians destroyed English plantations and killed many white people.

How did this rebellion have an impact on African slavery?

Bacon's Rebellion taught people (with land) that it was an important interest to prevent social unrest from the servants/works. This lead to people turning to black slaves as a means for workers rather than white indentured servants. It would fulfill their labor demand and it would be easier to stop any insurrections if they happened again.

Why did President Wilson refuse to recognize General Victoriano Huerta's government?

Before Taft's administrations could place Huerta in power, Wilson became president. The new government murdered Madero and the new President instantly announced that he would never recognize Huerta's "government of butchers" even though it was completely orchestrated by the US government.

Identify the advantages and disadvantages of both the Patriots and the British on the eve of the Revolutionary War.

Britain had the upper hand because they possessed the world's greatest navy and best-equipped army in the world. They had complete access to any resources they needed and had a strong coherent structure of command. Their disadvantages were that they were fighting the war half-heartedly and they were unfamiliar with the terrain. Americans, on the other hand, were ardent about their freedom and committed to the war. Their downfalls were that they were struggling to create a new army and government (at the same time) while trying to win their first war.

What were the causes/effects of the British invasion of 1814?

Britain invaded America because the Napoleonic Wars were over (therefore having enough troops to direct attention to the US) and because the British sought revenge for America's burning of Toronto. Effects include the burning of Washington DC and an assault on the US mainland.

How did British officials in the colonies carry out (or fail to carry out) their duties? What was the effect of their activities?

British officials failed to carry out their duties because instead of abiding to the law they succumbed to bribery from merchants/ colonials to not carry out trade restrictions or taxes. Many royal officials were not in office because of their merit, but because of favoritism or bribery so many of the men that were suppose to be ruling the colonies were really incompetent.

After the initial spate of New Freedom legislation, why did Wilson back away from reform? What led him later in his first term, to advance reform once again?

By 1914, Wilson believed the program of the New Freedom was essentially complete and that agitation for reform would now subside. They suffered major losses in the election, so he began to support a second bought of reforms (which included: easier access for farmers to have credit, workers compensation for federal employees, regulation of child labor, and education).

How did the weakness of consumer demand contribute to the severity of the depression?

By mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed increasing the severity of the depression.

Explain the background to the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act.

By the mid-1880s, fifteen states had passed laws prohibiting combinations that restricted competition. Big corporations easy found loop-holes to these laws by moving to states with no laws against monopolies/ trusts. Many supporters of these laws determined that the only way to pass effective antitrust legislation was to pass a federal law against trusts.

Explain the Growth of Democracy in America by the 1828 election.

By the time of the 1828 election, there was a sizeable growth in democracy due to population shifts moving westward which gave the west more political power. Voting requirements such as property were dropped and there was universal male suffrage by 1830

Explain how chartered companies and mercantilism theory contributed to England's decision to seek colonies in the New World.

Charter companies allowed companies to have control of trading within a certain region. This allowed England to set up merchants in the New World to send raw goods back to England to be exported as finished products. Mercantilism increased the attractiveness of establishing colonies because they could produce goods in their colonies instead of purchasing it from other countries.

What happened to him and why?

Chester A. Arthur became President after 4 months of Garfield being president because a Stalwart allied person assassinated Garfield because he didn't get a position in office for his loyalty (corruption of the Spoils System). As President after an assassination, he didn't retain his Stalwart alignment and allowed for reform to happen such as the Pendleton Act which helped decrease the amount of corruption causes by the Spoils System.

What were the circumstances that led to the fighting at Lexington and Concord?

Colonial militias were being formed that had stockpiled ammunition, gunpowder, and guns and trained "minutemen" in case of British attack. General Thomas Gage heard of the stockpiling and sent ~1,000 red coats to Lexington and Concord to seize the illegal supplize. They thought it would be easy but, the colonials were keeping their eyes open and Paul Revere and WIlliam Dawes warned the minutemen the night before the troops came. They were very prepared and practiced guerrilla warfare. The British lost 3x as many men as the colonials did.

How did the colonial view of nature of the British Empire differ from the view by George III and his supporters?

Colonists believed in actual representation where an elected representative from each community went to vote on behalf of the communities wishes (as seen in the town hall meetings); colonists believed that because they had no representation in parliament they were not being represented. This concept confused the king and his supporters because the way parliament worked in England was that the people in Parliament represented the interests of the entire country/ empire, there were no elected representative.

What did Columbus hope to achieve through his voyages, and what did he actually accomplish?

Columbus hopes to find a new sea route to Asia but actually found an entirely new continent.

What were the political divisions within Congress regarding the ratification of the Versailles Treaty? What issues led to the failure to ratify it?

Congress was adamantly against the Treaty (and joining the League of Nations) because they were accustomed to their nation's isolation from Europe and felt uncertain about the US's new internationalism. After visiting Washington to listen to harsh objections to the treaty, he returned to Europe and insisted on serveral modifications in the Treaty; these revisions limited America's obligations to the League by ensuring that the US would not be obliged to accept a League mandate and that it wouldn't change the Monroe Doctrine. Still, after these revisions, Congress refused to ratify it. Wilson's trusted friend and advisor, Colonel House, told him to be prepared to compromise more, the president refused and outcasted House. Also, Senator Henry Cabot (who hated Wilson) used every possible tactic to obstruct, delay, and amend the treaty.

Identify the main provisions of the Versailles Treaty. What were its main weaknesses?

Countries were able to self-determine their sovereignty; Palestine, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia were created along ethnic lines. Germany was told to pay for the war preparations ($56 billion) and were blamed completely for the war; the provisions led Germany into an awful depression and led to a very weak Germany. The country was all stripped of its colonial possessions in the Pacific. Other nations were found guilty for provoking diplomatic crises before the war. The League of Nations was ratified, but the US didn't join it, and it was set up for failure.

What was Coxey's Army? How was this "movement" different from socialism?

Coxey's army consisted of 500 men led by Jacob S. Coxey to Washington DC. The movement advocated for massive public works programs to create jobs and to inflate the economy during the Panic of 1893. This movement is different from socialism because it wanted to create jobs via public works instead of the government taking control of private industry or giving handouts to the unemployed.

Describe the evolution of Democracy in how political parties choose candidates.

Democracy in America has slowly become more democratic through the changing of the electoral process. From 1790 to 1828 the candidates were chosen by a small group of leaders called the "Caucus". This system was undemocratic because it had a small group of wealthy people choose the candidates for presidency. From the election of Jackson in 1828 to 1900, a convention would be held where members of a political party would nominate a candidate, this removed the need for a "King Caucus." Democracy in America became slightly more democratic than the the past but the common people were still excluded and there was risk for corruption. From the 1900 to present day, the electoral process uses direct primaries where registered voters participate in choosing a candidate. This is by far the most democratic method seen in America because the common man (and woman) has influence in who is going to represent their party in the presidential election.

What were the policies of Grover Cleveland's presidency from 1884 to 1888?

Democratic Grover Cleveland lowered the protective tariff and was known as the "veto governor" because of his use of the veto.

How were the views of Democrats and Republicans about the role of government different and the same at this time? [Identify for the federal, state, and local governments]

Democrats during this time period tended to be white southerners, believed in White Supremacy, were Catholic/ new immigrants/ poor workers. Republicans were mainly northern middle class Protestants, supported immigrations restrictions and temperance legislation.

What diplomatic problems did the French Revolution and the war that followed pose for the United States? How did Washington and Congress deal with this problem?

Diplomatic problems with the French Revolution, including being allies with two countries that were enemies and the French undermining the Neutrality Act to raise money and moral for their revolution, created confusing alliances and raised questions about America's foreign policy between allies. Washington advised staying neutral in conflicts, which began the American policy of neutrality and isolationism.

What were Teddy Roosevelt's views about America's role in the world? How did sea power fit into his vision?

Due to his definitions of "civilized" and "uncivilized", Roosevelt saw that the US had the duty to intervene in the affairs of "backward nations in order to preserve order and stability. This belief led him to gain support of the development of American sea power; by 1906 US naval power rivaled that of Great Britain.

How did Coolidge establish the "Coolidge Prosperity"?

During Coolidge's presidency, it was a brief era of calmness between WWI and the Great Depression. In the 1920s the ability to produce and distribute goods on a mass scale, aided by technological development and federal policies favoring industry (laissez faire, high tariff, cut spending, probusiness), brought about a stabilization of the economy that led to wide prosperity.

Explain the causes of, the details of, and the results of FDR's "Court Packing Plan."

During FDR's administration, the president and the Supreme Court were often at odds. There were "Nine Old Men" serving on the Supreme Court, they were very conservative and declared several New Deal programs to be unconstitutional. FDR felt the Supreme Court was unfairly blocking what the people had mandated him to do. FDRs solution was to reform the courts. He wanted to increase the court up to 15 members and appoint a new judge for every judge over the age of 70 years (this would apply to 6 judges at the time). The law was not passed, but if it had, it would've dismissed the system of checks and balances because the president would of been able to appoint New Deal supporters to the bench.

Identify the "New Deal," the "Braintrust," and the relief programs enacted during the first 100 days.

During Franklin D. Roosevelt's first Inaugural address, he mentions a "new deal" for the American people and tried to restore the confidence of the people. His "New Deal" is the nickname of his economic program that can be summed in the 3R's: relief, recovery, reform. He worked with his "Braintrust," his cabinet advisors, to brainstorm ways of jump starting the economy. The programs the New Deal included had direct relief to the needy, government spending to stimulate the economy, therefore giving people the money to spend (also known as "Priming the Pump") and that in order to prevent the Great Depression again, to regulate business and capitalism (an end to laissez faire). The first 100 days of his presidency can be described as a "honeymoon" between Congress and the President because there was much legislative activity which included the passing of the Agricultural Adjustment Act (government agricultural subsidies), Tennessee Valley Authority, and FDIC Banking Act (government insurance of the people's money and banks were inspected).

Identify the new technologies that the two sides employed in WWI? What were the consequences of this new killing power?

During WWI new technologies such as poisonous gases, tanks, flamethrowers, and machine guns, high-powered artillery, and planes led to increased death. The new forms of technological warfare required elaborate maintenance and more ammunition. Vehicles required fuel and spare parts. War was revolutionized, it couldn't be in an open field (it would be suicide), troops couldn't camp out, new weaponry would slaughter troops in an instant, and indirect combat became a norm. All that we knew of war had to be rewritten.

Discuss the nature of and give examples of New Deal reform programs. Give your opinion as to the most important.

During the New Deal there were numerous reform programs which were aimed at preventing a future depression in addition to radically changing American society. The programs include: the Social Security Act of 1935, National Labor Relations Act, Fair Labor Standards Act, Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Federal Housing Authority. The Social Security Act of 1935 was funded by the payroll tax and provided old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, aid to dependence. The National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) legalized collective bargaining, protected the rights of workers to form unions, and created a government agency to oversee labor issues. The Fair Labor Standards Act set a federal minimum wage (25 cents an hour in 1938), set overtime pay as "a time and a half," and implemented child labor laws. The Tennessee Valley Authority brought electricity to a very poor area and provided flood control by creating a dam built to create hydroelectric power. The Federal Housing Authority gave government loans for home repairs and new building projects. In my opinion, the Fair Labor Standards Act was the most important because it gave workers protection from low pages and forced employers to pay more for an employee that works more than they should. Without this act, today people could have lower wages or work 60 hours a week without any overtime compensation.

What role did Speaker of House, "Uncle Joe" Cannon, play in the fragmentation of the Republican party by 1910? What other issues aided in this fragmentation?

During the Republican Party tensions caused by the Payne-Aldrich Bill and the Pinchot-Ballinger quarrel, Progressives began to attack the leading Old Guard, "Uncle Joe" Cannon which led to Taft deserting the Progressives and eventually to the complete split in 1910.

Why was the survival rate so low for the English settlers of early Virginia?

Early settlers focused too much on finding gold and other riches than labor that need to be done; as a result, nobody was concerned with growing food and disorganization in Jamestown so many people died of inadequate diets which increased their chances of dying from New World diseases. Since there was a lack of women in Jamestown, it made it difficult to establish a colony and the men didn't take too well care of themselves.

What role did Eli Whitney play in America's Industrial Revolution? What impact did his inventions have on the South? On the North?

Eli Whitney not only created the cotton gin, but also introduced the idea of interchangeable parts, the ancestor of the assembly line, with interchangeable gun parts. This sped up industrialization by making creating products faster and easier (with less human labor). The cotton gin impacted the South because it revived slavery, which had been diminishing after the decline of the tobacco industry. It also changed the economy of the north, because it began the American textile industry, based in New England. Northern states learned to turn cotton into yarn into thread, and became industrial prosperous. This economic difference between the two demographics helped to contribute to the Civil War.

List and explain several factors that inspired the English to get into the race for the colonies.

England was inspired to get colonies because they had an excess population with high rates of unemployment and thought that by sending the able-bodied excess population to the colonies would help alleviate some of the internal stress in England and would supply the jobs in the colonies with men to work. By having colonies to produce raw goods, England could bypass having to trade with other countries and could hoard wealth.

What evidence was there that the influence of the Enlightenment was spreading in America?

Enlightenment thinkers were used as inspiration for the foundations of America as seen in the constitution of the nation but also in constitutions of independent colonies. Also, due to increased literacy (~50% for white males) there was more access to Enlightenment ideas, science, and secularism. More schools were being founded that freed men to think about Enlightenment ideas.

What role did US policies on trade and international debt play into worsening economic conditions?

European demand for American goods began to decline. After the war, all the nations allied with the US owed money to the banks, but it was too much money for them considering their economies had been destroyed by the war. American banks began making large loans to European governments to pay off their earlier loans so that they could then pay back America. So debts and reparations were being paid only by piling up new and greater debts. American protective tariffs made it hard for Europeans to sell their goods in America.

List the factors that promoted American support for Cuban independence in the late 1890s.

Factors that prompted US support for Cuban independence in the late 1890s was yellow journalism exaggerating the story, reports of concentration camps, the destruction of the USS Maine, America had to defend democracy, and a war with Spain seemed inevitable.

Which segment of American society was at the heart of the populist movement? What was their frustration caused by? What did they seek?

Farmers (known as Grangers)were at the heart of the populist movement. Their frustrations were caused by unfair railroad practices such as charging farmers higher rates which were caused by the tyranny of monopolies. They seeked to free themselves from the oppression by establishing cooperative businesses and to influence state lawmakers to protect the Grangers from the unfair practices of railroads (aka, Granger Laws)

What were FIVE major decisions made at the First Continental Congress? What were their significance?

First, they rejected a plan of a colonial union (proposed by Joseph Galloway). Second, they endorsed a statement of grievances against the king which allowed parliament to regulate colonial trade and address the king as "Most Gracious Sovereign" but also to repeal the oppressive legislation passed since 1763. Third, they passed a series of recommendations aiming at preparing the colonies against a possibly attack by British troops. Fourth, they formed a "Continental Association" that was aimed at enforcing complete boycotting of all British goods. Fifth, they agreed to meet again next spring to continue the organization.

What were the major planks of the Populist Party platform of 1892?

For the 1892 election, the populist party's platform contained "sub-treasuries" to replace and strengthen cooperatives, establish a network of warehouses for farmers to deposit crops (to then use as collateral to borrow money with low interest rates), graduated income tax, silver currency/ inflation, and postal savings banks. Populists wanted the abolition of national banks because they believed concentrated institutions were dangerous. They called for direct election of senators and other modes to improve the ability of the people to influence politics. Lastly, they called for the regulation and government ownership of railroads, telephones, and telegraphs.

What was the significance of the Yorktown victory for the colonists? For the British?

For the most part, it symbolized the end of the war. Americans were able to settle down to create their own government that were independent from Britain. For the British, there were many outcries about America gaining their independence and British emissaries began to talk to American diplomats.

Explain how FDR attempted to solve the Banking Crisis and his economic philosophy of "Pump Priming."

From 1930 to 1933, over 10,000 banks closed. As president, FDR ordered a bank holiday where banks closed for four days for government inspection. The bank could only reopen after the government gave the bank its approval. He created the FDIC in the FDIC Banking Act which gave government insurance of the people's money in banks. He had the philosophy of "Pump Priming" as a means of stimulating the economy. "Priming the Pump" was the government spending money on the economy and public works programs in order to create jobs. The people would then spend their money and would stimulate businesses which would also create jobs. His work-based relief programs reduced unemployment and created work that bettered society such as parks.

Why was Georgia founded? How was it different from the other British colonies?

Georgia was founded as a colony that was primarily driven by military and philanthropic motives. They wanted to create a barrier between English colonies and the Spanish colonies and use military to enforce the barrier. Also, they wanted to make the colony into a refuge for the impoverished English men and women so they could begin a new life. A major difference between Georgia and other British colonies was that excluded Catholics (because they feared they would become friendly with the Catholic Spaniards they were trying to keep out) and that they brought over hundreds of impoverished tradesmen and artisans from all over Europe and allowed Jews to come too. They also tried to have friendly relationships with the Native Americans and forbid rum because they didn't want the Indians to become alcoholics like in other colonies.

Explain the birth of the populist party. Who were its early spokesperson?

Georgian Tom Watson was the early spokesman and mastermind behind the birth of the populist party. Him and other alliance leaders discussed planned for a third party later known as the populist party. In 1892, they proclaimed the creation of a new political party, approved an official set of principles, and candidates for president and VP. In the election of 1892, James B. Weaver ran, and lost, but won 8.5% of the votes.

Describe the colonization efforts of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh.

Gilbert tried to establish a colony in Greenland but it was a miserable fail due to a horrible storm wrecking their ship (and killing Gilbert). His half-brother, Raleigh, was not discouraged. He successfully convinced the Queen to allow him to set up a colony on an island the natives called Roanoke. He had to leave his new colony for three years to get funds and returned with the island desolated.

Distinguish between sound [hard/gold] money policy and the inflationary [soft/silver] being debated at the end of the 19th century.

Gold, hard money, was worth more and had less fluctuation than silver, soft money, did. It was used more in banks and urban businesses because it was reliable. Silver money was the prefered currency of farmers and miners because it caused inflation, which would allow miners to collect more money and farmers to be able to pay their debt back faster. One ounce of gold was worth as much as sixteen ounces of silver, silver often fluctuated to the point that the government stopped coining it, but after they stopped coining it, they realized it could be utilized as a tool to expand the economy, but it was too late.

How did Prime Minister George Grenville change British policy toward her colonies in North America?

Grenville's change in policy led to a dramatic increase in mercantilistic policies overnight. It made it so that British troops were stationed in America and passed the Mutiny Act of 1765 that required the colonists to feed and dorm the troops. British ships were patrolling American waters in look out for smugglers 24/7 and the customs office was reorganized and enlarged. Colonial manufacturing was restricted because they didn't want the colonies to compete with British industries. The Sugar Act of 1764 was passed that was designed to stop sugar smugglers and created a new court that didn't have sympathetic jurors on it. The Currency Act prohibited the use of paper currency in all of the colonies and the Stamp Act imposed a tax on all printed material.

What was the legacy of George Perkins Marsh?

He was the father of the Conservation Movement and described the purpose and ways to manage the forest so that it may be used without being stripped. He advocated for the regulation of forests.

What were Teddy Roosevelt's assumptions about the proper role of government, especially with regard to economic concentration?

He assumed that the proper role of government was not as the agent of any particular interest, but as a mediator of the public good, with the president at its center. He didn't oppose economic concentration (trusts, monopolies) but he acknowledged that consolidation produced dangerous abuses of power and needed to be regulated, not destroyed.

What was T.R.'s theory of "Trust Busting?" To what extent would he be considered a "trust buster?"

He didn't oppose economic concentration (trusts, monopolies) but he acknowledged that consolidation produced dangerous abuses of power and needed to be regulated, not destroyed. He wasn't a trust trust buster but he made some highly publicized efforts to break up the trusts and ordering the Justice Department to invoke the Sherman Antitrust Act against a new great railroad company in the North East. He won an the monopoly was disbanded. Although he made over 40 trusts disband, he had no serious commitment to reverse the prevailing trend towards economic concentration.

How did Teddy Roosevelt's earlier life prepare him to take the role as the youngest president in American history?

He led a very varied lifestyle which consisted of: New York Legislature, Rancher, NYC Police Commissioner, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, a Rough Rider, and Vice President of McKinley. Him being the Vice President while having a very distinguished background and then McKinley being assassinationed prepared the path for him to be the youngest president in the US.

Why was George Washington selected as the best person to make the most of these advantages?

He possessed more experience than anyone else, was admired, respected and trusted by majority of the Patriots, and he was an early advocate for independence.

Why do historians care about the number of pre-Columbian native peoples? How does it impact the historical significance of Columbus?

Historians care about the number of pre-Columbian native people because it shines light on whether or not Europeans committed genocide to Native Americans. If the population was small, it would be semi-understandable; but if the population was massive like most predict, it will show how European settlers and descendants killed off the majority of an entire culture of millions of people. By under-estimating the population of the Americas in the pre-Columbian age, it makes the genocide more "okay".

Why did Herbert Hoover push so strongly for the creation of trade association?

Hoover encouraged voluntary cooperation in the private sector as the best avenue to stability. Hoover believed public institutions had a duty to play an active role in creating the new, cooperative order. Hoover became the champion of the concept of business "associationalism" - a concept that envisions the creation of national organizations of businessmen in particular industries. Through these trade associations, private entrepreneurs could stabilize their industries and promote efficiency in production and marketing (aka, trickle down economics).

Why did the US want a canal through the Isthmus of Panama?

How did the US go about gaining control of the land necessary to build the Panama Canal? The US wanted to build a canal through the Isthmus of Panama in order to cut the distance it took to go from the Atlantic to the Pacific and because it 40% competed by the French and was less wide than other location options. The US bought the land from the French and requested the Colombian government to give them the right to build the canal. They said no repeatedly. In turn, the US setup a faked revolution which gave independence to Panama. The new Panama government readily said yes to the canal.

What roles did women and African American play in the military?

How were African-American troops treated? Women were not allowed to participate in combat but over 10,000 women enlisted in the navy and marines and served crucial auxiliary roles in hospitals and offices. Over 400,000 black soldiers enlisted or were drafted into the army/navy (but the marines wouldn't accept them. They performed relatively menial tasks on military bases and over 50,000 went to France. African American soldiers were segregated in all black units under the control of white commanders. Even in Europe, they were segregated and often served in noncombat positions.

Why do you think that Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy was nicknamed "Moral Diplomacy?"

I think Wilson's foreign policy was nicknamed "Moral Diplomacy" because he demonstrated that he was not okay with corruption, double dealing, and killing opponents. Unlike other administrations, Wilson did what was morally right, not just what was economically beneficial to the US.Why did the US intervene in Nicaragua in the early 20th century. When Nicaragua had a revolution in 1909, Taft's administration sided with the insurgents and sent American troops to seize customs houses. When peace was restored, Taft encouraged American bankers to offer large loans to Nicaragua in order for Washington to have increased financial leverage over the country. The US wanted Nicaragua to be apart of its sphere of influence.

What obstacles did Wilson face in getting the European leaders to accept his approach to peace? What domestic development weakened his position?

Idealistic Wilson was faced with the other peace-negotiations (the leaders of France, Britain, and Italy) whom didn't want such an easy and idealistic end to the war like WIlson propose. Britain and France had suffered incalculable losses in their long years of war and stored up an enormous reserve of bitterness towards Germany and was in no mood for a benign and generous peace agreement. Domestically, the leaders of the Republican Party were developing their own reasons for opposing Wilson. Some were angry that he had tried to make the 1918 balloting a referendum on his war aims, esp. Since many republicans had been supporting the Fourteen Points. Wilson further antagonized them when he refused to appoint any important Republicans to the negotiating team that would represent the US at the Paris peace conference.

Identify the immediate and long-term effects of the War of 1812 on America.

Immediate effects of the war was a commercial treaty between the US and Britain which allowed the US to trade in London. The Rush-Bagot agreement disarmed the Great lake region which created the longest unguarded frontier in the world. Long term effects include America's desire to push westward and a new friendship formed between Britain and the US

Why did imperialists view colonization as a solution to their domestic economic problems?

Imperilists believed that the solution to their domestic economic problems was colonization because colonies were sources of raw minerals for industrial production and served as markets for manufactured good. In addition, colonies supplied cheap labor to the mother country. All this together allowed a favorable trade balance as seen in mercantilism.

What war did Teddy Roosevelt mediate? What was the result?

In the Russo-Japanese War, Roosevelt mediated an end to the war. Russia agreed because they knew they had bad luck to begin with in the war. He got the Russians to agree to Japan's territorial gains and an agreement on both sides to cease fire. He secretly negotiated with Japan to ensure that US could still trade freely in the disputed territory. It was a success.

How did the introduction of tobacco to the Chesapeake region affect the colony of Virginia?

In Jamestown, John Rolfe experimented with a high quality strain of tobacco that the local indians used. He sold the tobacco to England, it got very popular. Jamestown became a tobacco economy that relied heavily on the single cash-crop, tobacco. Within a few years the Englishmen had expanded from the original Jamestown because in order to grow tobacco people need a lot of land (which gets depleted every few years due to farming).

Identify and describe the elaborate native civilizations that developed in South and Central America and Mexico.

In South and Central America/ Mexico there were the Incas, Mayans, and Aztecs. The Incas had a powerful empire with over 6 million inhabitant in modern-day Chili; they had a complex political system, a system of paved roads throughout the empire, and united dozens tribes together under a single ruler. The Mayans were located in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico; they had a sophisticated culture with a written language, numerical system that was superior to the Roman numerals, an accurate calendar, and an advanced agricultural system. The Aztecs succeeded the Mayans. The Aztecs were once risk taking nomads but built an elaborate administrative, educational, and medical systems that were comparable to those in Europe. The Aztecs also had a harsh religion that called for human sacrifice.

How did Male Authority compare between the Chesapeake area and New England?

In both the Chesapeake area and New England were women seen as inferior, married early, and raised many children. In the Chesapeake area, women had greater freedom than in the north because there was a huge gender imbalance which allowed women to choose their husbands, they were more free to pick a husband without their family's consent, were able to inherit land from their spouse if they were a widow. Children produced out of wedlock were accepted much more than in the south because of indentured servitude. There were downfalls too; due to the south's lack of medical knowledge many kids died at infancy and many women died during childbirth. Women were able to remarry a lot with greater freedom over domestic and economic duties. In the north, women often produced many kids that survived past infancy but they often had arranged marriages and there was an extreme stress of female chastity. Men in the north controlled the family unit including the wife and kids and women were expected to be devoted to making their husbands happy and to accept that they were inherently inferior and weak.

Discuss the nature of and give examples of FDR's Work Based Relief programs.

In order to "Prime the Pump" to get the economy running and people employed, FDR's administration instituted various work based relief programs in order to decrease unemployment and to better society. His programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps, Civil Works Administration, and Work Progress Administration. The Civilian Conservation Corps have jobs to able young men for environmental projects such as parks, trees, and flood control. Each man was paid $30 a month, $25 of which was sent back to their family. The Civil Works Administration served to construct bridges and buildings; within a year of its birth it spend over $1 billion dollars.

Explain the realities of the system of Indentured Servitude.

In reality, freed indentured servants often found themselves without land, a job, a family, or opportunities. There was a large population of floater men that traveled all over the place looking for work or land. They were a major source of social unrest. Women fare a little better off because they were more likely to find a husband after their contract was ended. Indentured servants began to decrease c. 1670s because Europe's birth rate dropped and they were prosperous at the time. Servants that did come over tended to try to find jobs in the northern colonies because it was less labor intensive than in the south. This led the southern landowners to turn to slavery instead of servants.

Describe the candidates and the results of the 1824 electoral college vote.

In the 1824 election, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and William Crawford were competing for presidency. The results were mixed. Jackson won the majority popular vote but didn't become president because he did not will the electoral vote. Instead John Quincy Adams became president even though he only had 31% of the popular vote (meanwhile Jackson had 43%).

Who won the presidencies in the 1888 and 1892 elections? What were their governing philosophies?

In the 1888 election, Republican Benjamin Harrison won the presidency. Harrison was a lame duck and did little notable during his presidency. One notable event during his presidency was that Congress passed Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 (without a party argument) in order to decrease the power of trusts and gain competition in the market again. Also, Harrison raised the protective tariff to the highest it had ever been (and in turn, lost re-election). In the 1892 election, Grover Cleveland won (he was the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms). Cleveland's second term was characterized by minimal government and hostility to efforts to solve social and economic issues. The protective tariff was lowered once again.

What did the results of the election of 1920 indicate about the mood of the American people?

In the 1920 election, Warren Gamaliel Harding (an Ohio Senator), won the presidency with 61% of the popular vote. He offered a vague promise of "normalcy" which included cutting taxes, conservative policies, cut government spending, pro-business (laissez faire), isolationism, and high tariffs in order to take a break from the war time and the progressive era to give America a chance to breath and return to normal.

Identify the candidates and the issues of the 1928 presidential election? Why did Governor Al Smith of NY lose?

In the 1928 election, Herbert Hoover (Republican) and Al Smith (Democrat) ran. Many were suspicious of Al Smith because he was a Catholic (allegiance to the Pope) and because he was "big city." Since the era was a conservative era, Herbert Hoover won in a landslide.

Discuss the candidates and their philosophies in the 1932 election including the results.

In the 1932 election, Republican Hoover and Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for office. Herbert Hoover believed that the federal government should not try to fix the people's problems (because it would create a big government and go against laissez faire) and that direct relief would destroy people's self respect. Instead, Hoover favored "trickle-down" economics which included making money available to businesses with low taxes and reduce regulation in order to stimulate the economy. Franklin D. Roosevelt's philosophy was a mirror image; he believed that the government should provide direct relief to the needy and that capitalism and laissez faire needed to be reformed with regulations. He wanted to "Prime the Pump" which meant for the government to stimulate the economy with deficit spending putting money in the people's hands.

Explain the issues, events, and outcome of the Bank War.

In the Bank War, the issue was that Congress passed a bank recharter bill in 1832 to keep the bank of the US going, but Jackson vetoed the bill. Jackson believed the US bank was too powerful and corrupt and he considered it unconstitutional because it was created using the with the elastic clause of the constitution. Nicholas Biddle was the President of the United States Bank and along with Henry Clay and Daniel Webster supported keeping the bank. In the end, Jackson's veto was the final word. Soon thereafter the Panic of 1837 began where banknotes lost their value, credit was not available, businesses began to fail, and unemployment rose.

Explain the candidates, parties, and issues in the Election of 1828.

In the Election of 1828, John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson ran against each other. The previous election created new political parties; Adams was a National Republican meanwhile Jackson was a Democrat. The National Republicans were mainly Northerners that believed in a strong national government, were pro-national bank, tariffs, and the American System. The Democrats were Southerners and Westerners that believed in pro-state's rights, favored individual liberty, against too much government, and wanted to protect the common man. The issues included People vs. Special Interests and how this election was the first election where the common man voted. Both candidates were "mudslinging." Adams was accused of gambling in the White House and an Anti-Jackson newspaper said that he was the son of a common prostitute and a mulatto. Andrew Jackson won the election and was the first western, common man president. He won because the population shifted to western states and more men were voting because property restrictions on voting were dropped.

Explain the nature of our mid-1800's immigration patterns up to the 1850's.

In the mid-1800's America's immigration patterns showed that the population was shifting westward toward the western frontier. During this time period, the rate of immigrants coming to America rose exponentially. Many people from Europe, especially Germans, Irish, English, and Scottish people, came to America to find a better life and to run from the problems back in their home land (such as the potato famine in Ireland. The Irish tended to migrate to the cities such as New York and Boston, but the Germans tended to settle in the mid-west.

What changes did T.R. initiate in the traditional role of the federal government regarding labor disputes? How did he deal with the Anthracite Coal Strike in 1902?

In the past, federal intervention in industrial disputes had almost always meant action on behalf of employers. Roosevelt was willing to consider labor's position as well. When a bitter 1902 strike by the United Mine Workers endangered coal supplies for the coming winter, Roosevelt asked both the operators and the miners to accept impartial federal arbitration. When the mine owners balked, Roosevelt threatened to send federal troops to seize the mines. The operators finally relented. He saw the government as an impartial regulator for labor.

What were some of the progressive reforms pushed by organized labor?

Labor groups pressured the government to pass child labor laws, workmen's comp., and a limit on the hours which women could work.

What were the characteristics of American population growth and expansion in the years between 1790 and 1800?

In the years between 1790 and 1800, America remained mainly rural and agrarian. Only 3% of non-Indian population lived in towns of more than 8,000 (so 97% of people lived in towns exactly like East Haddam). Only ten percent lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, and overall, much of the country was still wilderness; not even the biggest cities could even begin to be compared with the great cities (in size or culture) of London and Paris.

Why did indentured servants become important to the early Virginia economy and society?

Indentured servants were vital to America becoming successful. It got skilled workers and young people into America. It brought laborers to work on plantations which allowed tobacco plantations to turn a profit. Eventually, white servants were becoming more expensive and rare to the point that it became more logical to bring black slaves over from Africa (aka, the start of slave trade).

Describe the political scandals in the Harding administration. During the Harding administration was the "Teapot Dome" scandal.

It involved the rich naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California. At the urging of Fall, Harding transferred control of those reserves from the Navy Department to the Interior Department. Fall then secretly leased them to two wealthy businessmen and received in return nearly half a million dollars in "loans" to ease his private financial troubles. Fall was convicted of bribery and Harding died before the scandal came to light.

How did the witchcraft hysteria of the 1680-90s result from a "gap between the expectations of a united community and the reality of a diverse and divided one?"

It was a reflection on social strains in the community and how highly religious it is. It revealed that there is jealousy between the isolated, unsuccessful members and the prosperous members

Was the War of 1812 "America's Second War for Independence?"

It was not a second war for independence because America was not fighting for their national sovereignty again, but rather for freedom of the seas and free trade.

Discuss the criticisms of Andrew Jackson.

Jackson was giving the nickname "King Andrew" because he used the veto power to increase the power of the presidency. During his "reign" the spoils system which involved giving government positions to supporters instead of those with merit caused corruption in government. He choose to not enforce Marshall's decision in Cherokee v. Georgia case and in the Indian Removal Act, the Trail of Tears caused thousands of Natives to die of exposure, disease and starvation while relocating to a new territory.

Explain the nature of "Jacksonian Democracy" and how it differed from Jeffersonian Democracy.

Jacksonian Democracy favored the common man. Jackson wanted a small government that had more influence from the common man and focused on making the statement "of the people, by the people, and for the people" literal. Jackson and Jefferson were alike in the manner that they both believed in small governments run by common people, but differed in the fact that Jefferson did not want the lower class, non-property owning people to vote meanwhile Jackson did. Jackson spread universal male suffrage and dropped all voting requirements.

What was England's first permanent settlement in the Americas?

Jamestown in 1607 (in the Chesapeake Bay) was the first permanent English settlement in America.

What were the fundamental principles of Jeffersonian democracy?

Jeffersonian democracy favored a limited federal government, small taxes, modest government spending, model level of debt, and a small army. Jefferson wanted an agrarian state. It favored a small, decentralized government, a strict interpretation of the constitution, no national bank to ensure there wouldn't be tyranny.

What were the justifications for imperialism put forth by its most ardent advocates? How did the British Empire influence American thinking?

John Fiske predicted that the English-speaking people would eventually control all lands not already inhabited by civilized people. Josiah Strong strongly declared that Anglo-Saxons were "divinely commissioned" to spread its culture all over the earth. John W. Burgess used the theory of natural selection to state that it was inevitable that the superior Anglo-Saxons would prevail over barbarians. Great Britain was imperialistic and colonized many lands. They influenced America by saying that in the modern industrial world, a nation without any colonies would have a difficult time becoming a great power like Britain.

What were the principles of John Hay's Open Door Policy? How was it calculated to prove maximum commercial and diplomatic advantage at a minimum cost? What did the costs turn out to be in the end?

John Hay's Open Door Policy dictated that each nation with a sphere of influence in China was to respect the rights and privileges of other nations in its sphere, Chinese officials were to continue to collect tariff duties in all spheres, and nations were not to discriminate against other nations in levying port dues and railroad rates within their own sphere. It was calculated to have the maximum commercial and diplomatic advantage at a minimum cost because it laid the foundation for peaceful trade in order to avoid conflict in the region while China remain to look independent. In turn, the actual cost was the Boxer Rebellion.

What were the circumstances that sent John Jay to England? What were the results of his mission?

John Jay was sent to England in order to demand the immediate removal of British troops from the frontier (which should have left after the American Revolution) and compensation for the recent attack on American ships and to negotiate a new commercial treaty. Most of the goals weren't met, but a satisfactory trade relationship was established.

Describe the impact of the Marshall court, use examples other than Marbury.

John Marshall was the chief supreme court justice and was a federalist. He carried out Federalist policies for over 30 years after the Federalist party died out. His court cases reflected the need for a strong national government over the states. He single-handedly increased the power of the Supreme Court by starting the precedent of Judicial Review. Judicial review allowed the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional (and therefore null and void). In addition, in the Dartmouth College v. Woodward, the Court sided with Dartmouth college stating that a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state and that the sanctity of contracts and private property were to be upheld. The Court also declared that the states may not tax federal property in the McCullock v. Maryland. This ruling firmly established that federal laws were supreme over state laws. Overall, the Marshall Court was characterized by the broadening of the national government's power and a decrease in states rights. The Supreme Court became an equal branch in government and the branch took away the state's ability to review the laws.

Identify the key black writers of the Harlem Renaissance. What were some of the important literary themes of these writers? How was it a "rebirth"?

Key black writers included Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington, and Fletcher Henderson. A major theme was overt racial pride that came to be represented in the idea of the New Negro, who through intellect and production of literature, art, and music could challenge the pervading racism and stereotypes to promote progressive or socialist politics, and racial and social integration.

Explain the rivalry between London and Plymouth merchants over the exploration of North America? How was the rivalry settled?

London and Plymouth merchants both wanted to setting up colonies in North America but argue over who gets to colonize what land. King James I in 1606 put the dispute to an end when he declared that the London group got the exclusive rights to colonize the south and the Plymouth group got the exclusive rights to colonize the north.

What happened to the Loyalists?

Loyalists (Tories) were ostracised by their communities. Patriots hounded them, the legislative and judicial branches harassed them, and many loyalist nobles lost their land. Up to 100,000 loyalists were completely fed up America and escaped to England or Canada for refuge. People often lost their land and lived in a difficult exile while abroad.

Who were the Loyalists? What elements in America remained loyal to the King and for what reasons?

Loyalists were people that were still loyal to the king. People that lived relatively isolated from the political unrest, merchants, officials, and people that thought England would win were usually the loyalists because they wanted to protect their own interests or were completely disinterested in the war and just continued on with their traditional loyalties to the crown.

How were things German perceived by Americans during WWI?

Many Americans with German names lost their jobs. Schools stopped teaching the German language, and librarians removed books by German authors from the shelves. People resorted to violence against German Americans, flogging them or smearing them with tar and feathers.

What role did Margaret Sanger play in challenging gender roles in the early 20th century?

Margaret Sanger was a nurse in a neighborhood in new york city. In 1916, she founded the first birth control clinic in the United States. At that time, it was illegal to distribute information on contraception but she did it anyway. She was an advocate for Women's Rights and Birth Control so she was very active in both. She later founded the American Birth Control League and later it became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.

What social forces combined to disenchant many intellectuals and give them the label of "The Lost Generation"?

Many artists and intellectuals coming of age in the 1920s were experiencing a disenchantment with modern America; rather than trying to reform or influence society, they isolated themselves from it and embarked on a restless search for personal fulfillment. The Lost Generation's critique of modern society was a sense of personal alienation, a belief that contemporary America no longer provided individuals with avenues by which they could achieve personal fulfillment. To many, it was a society and culture utterly devoid of idealism or vision, steeped in outmoded and priggish morality, obsessed with materialism and consumerism, alienating and dehumanizing.

Why was Maryland founded? How did it differ from the Virginia colony?

Maryland was formed because the Calvinists in Europe were being persecuted by the Anglican king. They wanted a place of religious freedom and was seen first as a retreat, then it was a capital investment.

Why did William McKinley win the 1896 presidential election? How did he make good on his campaign promises?

McKinley won the election by a difference of less than 4% of the popular vote. This may have been because he stayed true to "standing" for president and not actively campaigning while Bryan actively "ran" for president and campaigned across the country. He raised the protective tariff and enacted a gold standard. During his presidency, the economy began being prosperous again and the Panic had ended.

Compare and contrast the views of the modernists and the fundamentalists. How did Darwinism and the Scopes trial symbolize the conflict between the two?

Modernists consisted of mostly urban, middle-class people who had attempted to adapt religion to the teachings of science and to the realities of their modern, secular society. Fundamentalists consisted of mainly rural men and women, fighting to maintain the centrality of religion in American life. Fundamentalists were outraged at the abandonment of traditional beliefs in the face of scientific discoveries; they insisted the bible was to be interpreted literally and opposed Darwin's theory of evolution and that the story of creation is fact. In 1925, a Tennessee legislature adopted a law to make it illegal for any public school teacher to "teach any theory that denies the story of the divine creation of man as taught in the Bible." Soon, a Tennessee biology teacher, John T. Scopes, agreed to have himself arrested for breaking the law. During the trial, the two schools of thought came as a conflict because an expert of evolution wasn't allowed but an expert of the bible was allowed in court.

Explain President Madison's strategic vision for the invasion of Canada. Why did it fail?

Monroe planned on cutting Britain off from resources and any land invasion. It failed because the British gave Native Americans guns. In addition, Federalists and New Englanders sabotages Madison's plan to blockade the British by smuggling in supplies. They wanted to make sure that Madison's plan failed.

What role did the movies play in American life in the 1920s?

Movies offered a romantic/comedic escape from the woes of American life after WWI.

Who were the muckrakers? Identify some of the major muckrakers and their writings. How did they prepare the way for Progressivism?

Muckrakers were investigative journalists that were committed to exposing scandals, corruption, and injustice (social, economic, and political) to the public sphere. Notable Muckrakers included Charles Francis Adams who in the 1860s uncovered the degree of corruption among the railroad barons. Ida Tarbell published works on Standard Oil Trust which showed the monopolistic, dangerous practices of Standard Oil. Lincoln Sheffens, a reporter in McClure's magazine uncovered the political machines and corruption that existed in city governments. They paved the way for Progressivism by exposing to the public the issues facing America which needed reform.

Why did New England oppose the War of 1812?

New Englanders oppose the war because they were financially hurt by the Embargo Act and felt that the war was just a ploy to strengthen the power of the republican party (they themselves were Federalists).

Explain the philosophical contest between "New Freedom" and "New Nationalism" in the 1912 presidential campaign.

New Freedom by Wilson promoted antitrust laws, bank reform, and tax revision. New Nationalism by Roosevelt was for welfare, the protection of labor workers against monopolies. Both were progressive but had different targets in mind in order to solve societal problems.

What were the key reform "impulses" that characterized progressivism?

One impulse was "antimonopoly": fear of concentrated power and the urge to limit and disperse authority and wealth. This impulse was supported by both the lower and middle classes and helped empower the gov't to break up the trusts. Another impulse was social cohesion; they wanted to institute a welfare program to help women, children, industrial workers, and immigrants because they viewed the welfare as a society as directly dependent to the welfare of a person. Another impulse was knowledge, they believed that old practices which included party bosses, amateurs, and antiquated institutions needed to be faded out of society to make room for a new breed of leaders and experts to deal with the increasingly complex world.

What circumstances led to an administrations with a Federalist president and a Republican vice president?

Originally, elections were based on two votes. The candidate with the most votes was president and the runner-up was vice president. In an election, the Federalist majority voted for John Adams meanwhile the democratic-republican minority voted for Jefferson, leading to a federalist president and a democratic-republican vice president. This causes disorder.

Explain the debate over the origins of slavery between historians Oscar and Mary Handlin, Carl Degler, Winthrop D. Jordan, Peter Wood and Robin Blackburn.

Oscar and Mary Handlin in 1950 believed that the first Africans in America were treated much like white indentured servants. They thought that slavery began from legislators who were ardent about maintaining a labor force; they argued that racism stemmed to justify slavery but did not cause slavery. Carl Degler and Winthrop D. Jordan believed that Africans were never seen as equals to whites in any way and that racism began long before America came to be. Peter Wood argued that at first both races were pretty equal but as the field work got harder and more labor intensive it was easier to buy slaves than to control indentured servants who were willing to do the work. Robin Blackburn argued that Africans were used for slavery because there were seen as fundamentally different than Europeans and easier to subjugate and justify.

What effect did the Battle of New Orleans have on the war? On Andrew Jackson's career?

Overall, it didn't have much of an effect because technically the war was already over several weeks weeks prior. The battle increase Andrew Jackson's popularity by demonstrating that he can fend off the British with a rag-tag team of misfits (Southerns, Creoles, blacks, pirates, and some troops) without losing many lives (only 8 killed on US meanwhile 700 killed on Britain's side).

What was the "political outlook" that gained a following in America and ultimately served to justify revolt?

People from other parts of the British empire (such as the Scots) also spoke out against the British because they too felt the government was tyrannical. The colonies did not like how the English constitution was not a written set of rules, but rather a philosophy of "that's how things were done," they were used to written constitutions and charters that were fixed, not flexible. The English constitution said that there was suppose to be a system of checks and balances to keep corruption down but soon, the king was getting too much power without any checks.

Why did people accuse someone of witchcraft?

People were accused of witchcraft because of class tensions, and social and economic grievances. Poor Salem residents often accused the better off members of society (or their servants) because they were angry and jealous.

By what means did some urban political machines, such as Tammany Hall, manage to survive the progressive era?

Political machines acknowledged that to survive they must change, therefore they adapted themselves to be vehicles of social reform. In Tammany Hall, the hall used its power to take an increasing interest in state and national politics and it used its political power on behalf of legislation to improve working conditions, protect child laborers, and eliminate the worst abuses of the industrial economy.

Why was President Coolidge called "Silent Cal"?

President Coolidge was called "Silent Cal" because he was very reticent and spoke very succinctly to simply get his point across. He didn't talk a lot and was stern, Puritan-like, and passive.

How did progressive reform impact the operation and structure of city government?

Progressives hated how the city governments were run by party bosses and the elected politicians were completely corrupt. After a hurricane in Galveston, Texas the town threw out their mayor/council in favor for an elected, non partisan commission. It was so effective at responding to the needs of the people that it was adopted by over 400 cities during the progressive era. A different restructuring would be the city-manager plan where an elected official hired outside experts to take charge of government, it was thought that the city manager would be then untainted from the corruption of politics. In addition, cities elected mayors non-partisanly and had elections in off-years.

Today, anti-liquor laws are often thought of as conservative. Why was prohibition regarded as a progressive issue?

Prohibition of alcohol was regarded as a progressive issue because in the early 20th century alcohol was a huge social problem especially in cities. Alcohol was seen as the source of the working class because their small wages vanished after a night at the saloon and drunkenness spurred violence and sometimes murder. It slowed down work because many employees would miss time on the job because they were drunk or come to work drunk and perform badly and risk injury/death. It was a huge social problem that needed to be addressed.

What were the effects of Prohibition? How did criminals like "Scarface" Al Capone take advantage of it?

Prohibition sparked a crime/gang wave across the nation. Soon, it became as easy to get illegal alcohol as it used to be to obtain legal alcohol. Since an enormous, lucrative industry was now barred to legitimate businessmen, organized crime figures took over. Al Capone built a criminal empire based largely on illegal alcohol. He guarded his empire with 10,00 gun men.

What were the characteristics of communities that emerged in Puritan New England?

Puritan communities each formed covenants with all the residents of town which binded everyone to a commitment of social and religious unity and harmony. Puritans laid out their village in a fashion that divided up the lands among its residents. How big your plot was depended on family size, wealth, and social situation. Fathers split up their land to their sons instead of the first son.

What were the major political party positions on the silver issue? Why?

Republicans in the North favored a gold currency because there was less inflation and it was a more reliable form of currency. Banks prefered gold because of this. Democrats of the South, usually planters, prefered gold and silver currency because it led to inflation which led to their debts being easier to pay off and their products being worth more.

Why did Republicans include Chester A. Arthur as their Vice Presidential candidate in the 1880 election?

Republicans included Chester A. Arthur as the Vice Presidential candidate for the 1880 election to ensure equality in the factions of the Republican Party at the time. The Presidential candidate was James A. Garfield who was a Half-Breed (favored reform) with Arthur a Stalwart (favored traditional, professional machine politics) in order to prevent further divisions in the Republican party.

Who was Robert La Follette? Why did his state, Wisconsin, become known as "The Laboratory of Democracy"?

Robert La Follette was an elected governor of Wisconsin in 1900. The state was known as a "Laboratory of Democracy" due to his very progressive reforms which included but not limited to: direct primaries, initiatives, referendums, regulation of railroads and utilities, regulation of workplace, workers comp, graduated tax, and doubled corporate rates.

What threats did Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson pose to the Massachusetts Bay leadership?

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson threatened the end of the theocracy that the clergy and nobles were enjoying. Roger Williams argued that there should be a separation between church and state and that Massachusetts should abandon all allegiance to the Church of England. Anne Hutchinson was "hostile to the law" and argued that women should have a larger part in society than what the Puritans allow. She gathered support from a large group of people who were unhappy about the oppressive government they lived under. She had enough influence that she was able to sway enough people to not vote for John Winthrop for governor.

Contrast the personalities of T.R. and William Taft.

Roosevelt and Taft were very different kinds of men. Roosevelt was a dynamic person who loved the spotlight and the rough-and-tumble world of politics. He had grand ideas and schemes, but left the details of administering them to others. Taft was in many ways the opposite. He was a skillful administrator and judge. He disliked political maneuvering, and preferred to avoid conflict with others. Unlike Roosevelt, who acted quickly and decisively on issues, Taft responded slowly, approaching problems from a legalistic point of view.

Why did T.R. break from the Republicans to form the Progressive "Bull-Moose" Party in 1912?

Roosevelt broke away from the Republican Party to form the Progressive Party because he failed to win the Republican nomination for the election of 1912. Still determined to become president, he formed his own party in order to be on the ballot.

What was Roosevelt's lasting effect on the national environmental policy?

Roosevelt used executive power to restrict private development on government land because he saw a goal of conservation to manage development and apply the scientific method of management. He supported public reclamation and irrigation projects. He also wanted to preserve land so he expanded the National Forest system for rational lumbering, while growing the National Park System. Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite was seen as beautiful land by naturalists, but San Francisco residents and Roosevelt's head of National Forest System Gifford Pinchot wanted land to build dam and reservoir for city's growing water needs. Pinchot saw needs of city more important than claims of preservation so the issue was placed in 1908 referendum and it was approved by a large margin in the election.

What was Roosevelt's program for the conservation of natural resources? Who were the sources of opposition to this program?

Roosevelt used the National Reclamation Act in order to protect and reclaim public lands. Opposition came from those businessmen that wanted to exploit and destroy the land. Roosevelt used executive power to restrict private development on government land because he saw a goal of conservation to manage development and apply the scientific method of management. He supported public reclamation and irrigation projects. He also wanted to preserve land so he expanded the National Forest system for rational lumbering, while growing the National Park System.

What were the key issues of the Progressive "Bull-Moose" Party platform in 1912?

Roosevelt's "Bull-Moose" Party platform was based on "New Nationalism" which included social justice through a vigorous strong federal government. It primarily seeked graduated income, inheritance taxes, workers' compensation for industrial accidents, regulation of the labor of women and children, tariff revision, and firmer regulation of corporations.

What role did Samuel Adams play in the American protests? How did his view of the need for American independence differ from those of most other colonial leaders at the time?

Samuel Adams was a radical politician in the colonies that was very outspoken about unpopular English policies. Eventually he gained support and formed the committee of correspondence which publicized the colonists' grievances about England throughout Massachusetts. He differed from other colonial leaders because he was a radical that believed that the colonies should sever all ties to their mother country and refuse to pay taxes. The Boston Massacre caused colonists to turn even more against the English. It became a symbol of British oppression and brutality. Those who were killed in the Massacre were turned into martyrs and it created new fuel for rebellion and dissent.

Explain the rulings of the following cases: Schenck v US and Abrams v US.

Schenck, in open opposition to the war, was arrested for violating the Espionage Act because he mailed over 2,000 letters to draftees stating that the that the government had no right to send American citizens to other countries to kill people. He argued that his act was constitutional because the Espionage was unconstitutional (because it broke our free speech). The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the government because in times of war, people aren't allowed to say dangerous things during times of war and the metaphor "shouting fire in a crowded theater" is often used to demonstrate the Justices' point. In Abrams v US, Russian immigrants were giving out pamphlets advocating labor strikes. It was seen that these leaflets were not protected under the Constitution (therefore weren't protected by Freedom of Speech) because they posed a "clear and present danger" to the U.S. war effort. It was interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court that these leaflets were printed to "excite, at the supreme crisis of war, disaffection, sedition, riots and as they hoped, revolution in this country for the purpose of embarrassing and if possible defeating the military plans of the Government in Europe."

Most progressives abhorred the urban disorder resulting from the influx of immigrants, but they differed about the appropriate response to the problem. Which one dominated and why?

Some progressives believed in eugenics and used "science" to justify limiting which immigrants, based on race, can come into America depending on how well they were "scientifically" able to assimilate. There was a belief in the purity of the Anglo-Saxon and Nordic people which shouldn't be polluted with inferior genes of eastern Europeans, Hispanics, and Asians.

Who were the "War Hawks"? "War Hawks" were representatives in the north and south that were eager for war with Britain.

Some were ardent nationalists that wanted territorial expansion, others were men impassion in their defense of republican values. Two famous war hawks that played a great role in national politics were Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. Clay, Speaker of the House in 1811, filled committees with people who shared his own eagerness for war. He appointed Calhoun to a crucial Committee on Foreign Affairs. Both were lustful for Canada.

What other means of suppression were used by state and local governments as well as private groups?

State and local governments, corporations, universities, and private citizens contributed as well to the climate of repression. Vigilante mobs sprang up to "discipline" those who dared challenge the war. The American Protective League was formed as a group to mobilize respectable members of communities in order to root out disloyalty. They enlisted over 250,000 people to pry into the activities and thoughts of their neighbors, opening mail, tapping telephones, and in general attempting to impose unity of opinion on their communities; the government funded them.

How did state legislatures attempt to regulate the railroads?

State legislatures tried to help the farmers ("Grangers") by passing laws to regulate railroad rates and practices because the Grangers had experienced malpractice from railroad companies such as increased rates.

How did T.R. modernize the role of the American Presidency?

T.R. modernized the presidency by broadening the use of executive power, shifting the balance of power to the national government, reorganizing the executive branch, and exploiting while managing mass media.

Identify the major laws passed during T.R.'s administration which effectively expanded the regulatory powers of the federal government.

T.R. passed the Pure Food and Drug Act, National Reclamation Act, and the Square Deal in order to expand the regulatory powers of government in addition to strengthening prior laws such as the Sherman Antitrust Law.

What were the major political problems that confronted Taft during his presidential administration? How did his actions, and lack of, contribute to the division of the Republican Party?

Taft's first problem as president was when he called Congress into a special session to lower the protective tariff rats but the president made no effort to overcome the opposition of the congressional Old Guard, arguing that it would violate the constitutional doctrine of separation of powers which led the the feeble Payne-Aldrich Tariff which barely reduced the tariffs (sometimes raising them). When Taft replaced Garfield with Ballinger (who was more conservative corporate lawyer) in the Department of the Interior and Ballinger then made the decision to free 1 million acres of public forest/mineral reserves to private development. This act destroyed Taft's popularity and Progressives resented the president's passivity.

Why was President Taft's foreign policy called "Dollar Diplomacy?"

Taft's foreign policy was called "Dollar Diplomacy" because his administration worked aggressively to expand American investments into less-developed regions.

How and why did taverns become a central institution in colonial American social life? What circumstances and events taverns central to political life as well?

Taverns because the central institution to social life because it was the one common place where people from all walks of life (though, it was predominately men), literate or not, could drink alcoholic beverages while being able to meet and talk openly in public. It became a center to political life because the Sons of Liberty often met there and people could meet to talk about their grievances about the British and formulate a resistance. Literate, illiterate, rich, and poor people could come together and learn about the latest political news and join in on the discussions.

What was Tecumseh's agenda? Was it achieved?

Tecumseh agenda was to unite the tribes of the Mississippi Valley, halt white expansion, recover the whole North West, and make the Ohio River the boundary between the US and the Indian country. His goal was never fulfilled achieved.

How were the approaches of Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson to foreign affairs different?

Teddy Roosevelt had the ideology to "speak softly and carry a big stick" and was willing to break rules and undermine others in order to get his way in the end meanwhile Woodrow Wilson was a man of principle and was idealistic. His foreign policy was based on principle and what was morally right, not economically right.

What caused the "quasi-war" with France during the Adams administration? What was the result of this struggle?

The "quasi-war" was caused by a conflict between France and America; the US wanted to stay neutral and remain isolated, but the French wanted the US to fight with them against the British. The US stayed neutral and made a trade agreement with Britain which France interpreted as the US breaking their neutrality. The French began to attack US merchant ships. In response, the US under the "necessary and proper" clause created a navy and captured French ships.

Why was the period of the late 17th c. and early 18th c. called the "Era of Salutary Neglect"?

The 17-18th centuries were called the "Era of Salutary Neglect" because overall, the British government ignored the colonies and tended to have relaxed policies. At first the Navigation Acts (that were suppose to strengthen mercantilism) were purposely not strictly enforced because the prime minister thought relaxed trading restrictions would stimulate commerce. Overall, there were no true advisory councils in Britain to regulate the colonies and many governors appointed other officials to carry out their duties but those officials tended to succumb to bribery.

What changes took place in the way Americans used their time during the 1920s?

The 1920's was different in the idea that people had extra money and extra free time. People were no longer worked all the time and now they had time to relax and drive in their new car somewhere. New technologies, and the crediting system gave people new ways of making home life easier. This is important because this forever changed the way that the world works.

Why was the term "Jazz Age" often used to describe the 1920s?

The 1920s was described as the "Roaring 20s" and the "Jazz Age" because it was a period of great change in US society and modern, urban America was born at this time.

How did the African slave trade originate, and how did it evolve?

The African slave trade originated in the Old World because Mediterranean and Middle Eastern families wanted slaves to domestic and agricultural duties. In the late 16th-century the demand for slaves increased dramatically because European's desire for sugar increased. The Mediterranean sugar crops couldn't sustain the demand. They moved the sugar operations to the Caribbean islands and Brazil and needed a lot of slaves because growing sugar was a labor intensive crop.

What was the Albany Plan of Union? Why did it fail? What did it reveal about colonial unity?

The Albany Plan of Union was a plan to unify majority of the colonies into a single government (each still having it's own sovereignty and constitution) that would have a president general and an elected legislative body. The goal of it was to unify the colonies enough have a colonial confederation for defense against the Indians and to form a treaty with the Iroquois (because the British told them to). It failed because everyone disapproved of it. It revealed that the colonies were very disconnected and didn't actually want to be united.

What gave rise to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? What attitude toward the nature of the federal government did these Resolutions reveal?

The Alien and Sedition Acts gave rise to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. It was Republicans' way of fighting back at what they saw as a Federalist attempt to destroy them. Jefferson wrote the Kentucky resolution anonymously, and Madison wrote the Virginia one. Although the resolutions were not passed throughout the country, they did nullify the acts in Virginia and Kentucky. These acts revealed that many people believed that in the acts, the federal government was breaking its compact or contract to serve the people (John Locke ideals) and that their should be more checks and balances on government.

Why did the Allies ultimately win WWI?

The Allies ultimately won in WWI because of the US joining the Ally Forces. The US helped produce weapons, brought eager men to the battlefields, and offered huge loans to Allied Powers.

What was the goal of the American System and what are some examples?

The American System was an idea formed by Henry Clay. The goal was to promote business, economy, and power within the United State through certain measures. The goal was obtain through the Protective Tariff of 1816, the building of roads and canals, and the chartering of a 2nd national bank. Examples of the American system include Cumberland Road, the Erie Canal, the first steamboat, railroads, and the Land Act of 1820 (which allowed the purchase of 80 acres of land in the west for $1.25/acre). The American system helped facilitate internal trading and made America stronger by being able to not rely on foreign trading as much and goods produced in the back country could be brought to urban markets to be sold.

What was the role of the Anti-Imperialist League in the public debate over the acquisition of the Philippines? Why did the annexation of the islands prevail?

The Anti-Imperialist League, formed of the nation's wealthiest, industrial workers, sugar growers, and racists, opposed the acquisition of the Philippines and American Imperialism in general. Some believed that Imperialism is immoral and America was nation founded on freedom, others feared it would be pollution the population with inferior people, and cheap labor from the colonies would undermine pre existing Industrial workers. Sugar growers feared competition from the new territories. The annexation prevailed because William Jennings Bryan (fervent anti-imperialist) signed the treaty allowing the annexation expecting to being able to repeal it with a referendum the next year when he was planning on becoming president in order to move the issue out of the Senate. He didn't win and McKinley continued the Imperialistic attitude.

What were the circumstances surrounding the Boxer Rebellion? What was the US position regarding this incident?

The Boxer Rebellion was a rebellion led by a secret Chinese martial-arts society who launched a revolt against all foreigners in China. The United States worked with Britain and China to quell the rebellion in order to have a voice when the rebellion settles to ensure that China wasn't broken up by other European powers.

What were the Coercive Acts?

The Coercive Acts were four acts passed in 1774 (exclusive to Massachusetts) that closed the port of Boston, drastically reduced colonial self-government, permitted royal officers to be tried in other colonies or in England when accused of crimes, and provided the quartering of troops in the colonists barns/ empty houses because of the destruction of tea during the Boston Tea Party.

Why did the British decide to launch a campaign against the southern colonies in 1778? What advantages and disadvantages did each side have in this region?

The British thought that majority of the South was loyalist and that they would accept with open arms the responsibility to The British could win small victories and pacify cities, but their outlander behaviors and lack of knowledge about the terrain ultimately led to their demise.

How did the Cleveland administration handle the annexation issue? What role did Queen Liliuokalani play?

The Cleveland administration discussed with a provisional Hawaiian government (consisting of Americans) to negotiate a treaty of annexation and in 1898, the treaty was approved. Queen Liliuokalani was determined to challenge US control over the islands but surrendered her authority when warships came ashore Hawaii.

What role did the Committee on Public Information play during WWI?

The Committee of Public Information was a vast propaganda campaign in order to make the public energetic, coercive, and united in public opinion about the war. It printed over 75 million pieces of pro-war literature and plastered posters in all community locations. They encouraged reporters to exercise "self-censorship" when reporting news of the struggle, although reporters hated it, most complied with their vague threat. The published works that painted German people as savages.

What was the nature of the "Corrupt Bargain"?

The Corrupt Bargain was the title to of a Henry-Adams alliance. Henry Clay gave his support to John Adams while the House of Representative were choosing president which led to Adams becoming president. Within two weeks of winning the election, Adams appoints Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. Jackson (who was suppose to be president) called this a Corrupt Bargain because it showed that the government was corrupt and acting against the wishes of the people. Jackson then promised to smash Adams in the 1828 election.

How were the cultural tensions of the 1920s reflected in the Democratic Party?

The Democratic Party suffered in the 1920s due to tensions between its urban and rural factions. More than the Republicans, the Democrats were a diverse coalition of interest groups, linked to the party more by local tradition than common commitment. Tensions broke out at the Democratic Conventions over the platform when the part's urban wing attempted to win approval of planks calling for the repeal of prohibition and a denunciation of the Klan. Also, the Democratic Party also faced tensions when a Catholic presidential candidate was chosen because a widespread anti-Catholic sentiment, esp. In the South.

Discuss the causes and impact of the Dust Bowl and the nature of FDR's farm program.

The Dust Bowl was a catastrophe that occurred in the Great Plains. Due to an overuse of the land (via farming), a regional drought, and high winds that blew away the topsoil, the Great Plains became uninhabitable and difficult to farm on. As a result, over 500,000 people became homeless. Farmers from Oklahoma "Okies" fled the Dust Bowl to go to California for farm jobs; around 15% of Oklahoma's population migrated. As a result, California passed "anti-Okie" laws and wages decreased. FDR had a farm program part of his first 100 days, the Agricultural Adjustment Act. The goal of the act was to increase the prices for farm goods by paying farmers not to produce (therefore reduce surpluses). Today, his program has become the farm subsidy program.

Why were the Dutch unable to maintain a colony in New York? How were the British able to acquire it?

The Dutch were unable to maintain a colony because it was involved in a conflict between them and the English, also Peter Stuyvesant was unable to mobilize a resistance to a English Invasion. The British acquired New York by sailing into the lightly defended port of New Amsterdam then forcing them to surrender.

How economically and politically effective was the Embargo Act? What role did it play in the 1808 presidential election?

The Embargo Act was an act passed by republican legislators, restricting any trade to anywhere in the world. Economically and politically this law was a failure. Economically, it created a depression throughout most of the nation. Politically, it was a complete failure also, because it was widely evaded, and eventually replaced by the Non-intercourse act, that reopened trade with all except France and Britain. In the election of 1808, Madison won the election because of a stronger running from Federalists because of the damage they have taken from the Embargo Act.

Give several examples of the way of life of the North American Indians - where they lived and how they supported themselves.

The Eskimos of the Arctic Circle fished and hunted seals and used dogsleds to transverse thousands of miles of frozen land. Some were big-game hunters that traveled all over the northern forests in pursuit of moose and caribou. Tribes along the Pacific North coast rivaled often over resources, built permanent settlements, and ate mainly salmon. In the Far West there were successful, wealthy, densely packed communities that were based on fishing, small game hunting, and gathering. Other North American societies were primarily agricultural. The people of the Southwest had a large irrigation system that allowed farming in the dry land. They created huge towns that were trade, craft, and religious centers. They carved out canyon sides to make apartment style houses. In the great plains there were mainly sedentary farmers. Along the Atlantic region, native americans practiced farming, hunting/gathering, and fishing (at the same time). There were huge trade networks based on corn and grain.

In what ways did the government use the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act to suppress criticism of the war? What were the penalties for violating these acts?

The Espionage Act gave the government the ability to punish harshly for spying, sabotage, or obstruction of the war effort. It empowered the post office to ban seditious material from the mail. It banned many forms of speech that were seen as disloyal, profane, or slanderous to the US government. THe Sedition Act was added in order to close loopholes in the Espionage Act and made it illegal to express any public opposition to the war and allowed officials to prosecute anyone who criticized the president or the government. Thousands of Americans were arrested, imprisoned, and/or fined because of these acts and some fled the US to the Soviet Union to escape persecution.

What was the purpose of the creation of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)?

The FTC was created as a regulatory agency that would help businesses determine in advance whether their actions would be acceptable to the government. The agency would also have authority to launch prosecutions against "unfair trade practices" along with a wider power to investigate corporate behavior.

How does the Federal Reserve System work? Why is it considered to be one of the important domestic achievements of Wilson's administration?

The Federal Reserve System included twelve regional banks, each owned/ controlled by individual banks, that would hold a certain percentage of the assets of their member banks in reserve; they would use those reserves to support loans to private banks at an interest (or "discount") rate that the Federal Reserve System would set. They would aos issue paper currency and enabled funds to be shifted quickly to troubled areas. It is considered important because it regulated the banks and made the banking field more clear and transparent; within a year of instituting the act, half the nation's banking resources were included and within a decade that increased to 80%.

How did America treat the Filipino people during the Filipino-American War? How were these actions a repudiation of the ideals that had led the US to help Cuba secure its independence?

The Filipino people were treated terrible. They were sent to concentration camps, 15 were killed for every one Filipino wounded. They fought against the Imperialists but we treated as savages. It shows how the US didn't want to help countries, as seen when the US was trying to help Cuba in the Spanish American War, but rather the US was doing things in order to benefit itself.

Why did the French lose?

The French lost because they had a bad harvest in 1756 that caused them to be unable to sustain their military successes. The British took advantage of this and seized many French ports, eventually leading to the conquering of Quebec. A year later, the French formally surrendered to the British in Montreal.

What organizations/clubs helped politically organize women during the Progressive Era?

The General Federation of Women's Clubs, National Association of Colored Women, and the Women's Trade Union League helped women politically organize themselves by persuading women to join unions (and to help strikes), lobby the gov't for regulation of the workplace, food, and drug industries, and to reform Indian polcies.

What level of government and in what area of the country did the Grangers have most influence on?

The Grangers had the most influence on state and local levels because they pressured legislatures to pass Granger Laws. They were found most in west, the breadbasket of America.

What were the economic grievances of the Grangers?

The Grangers were grieved by the unfair business practices of the railroads which set unfairly high rates for farmers' produce. They hated the middlemen and monopolies that took their money.

What effect did the Hartford Convention have on Federalist policy?

The Hartford Convention created a distrust for the Federalist party because they plotted to have seven amendments added to the Constitution or else New England would succeed from the Union. Once news came that the war ended, the Federalists knew the Convention and their plans were futile, irrelevant, and possibly treasonable.

What was the significance of the John Peter Zenger trial?

The John Peter Zenger trial is the trial that inspired the Freedom of the Press which stated that people could publish whatever they wanted, including negative things about the government without the government arbitrarily punishing them or saying they couldn't publish it.

How did the publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle in 1906 affect the safety of the meat that people eat today?

The Jungle featured appalling descriptions of the conditions in the meatpacking industry, Roosevelt immediately pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act, which ultimately helped eliminate many diseases once transmitted in impute meat.

What was the Mayflower Compact? How did it contribute to the development of Democracy in America?

The Mayflower Compact was an agreement made between forty-one "saints" in Plymouth that established a civil government and proclaimed their allegiance to the king. This developed into American democracy because it showed established laws and social contracts that gave the citizens a responsibility to listen to the government as long as the government was good.

What problems did the McKinley Tariff of 1890 cause for American sugar growers in Hawaii?

The McKinley Tariff of 1890 caused American sugar growers in Hawaii after a duty-free privaledge was removed devastated the economy of the islands and led to the decision that in order to be prosperous, Hawaii must join the United States to escape high tariffs.

Explain the Monroe Doctrine foreign policy and its impact.

The Monroe Doctrine protected new "republics" in the Western World from their ex-parent country. The Doctrine recognizes pre-existing European colonies, stated that the US would remain distant for European affairs, and that the US is the protector of new democracies in the Americas and that no European colonizer may colonize in South America. It was a continuation of Washington's neutrality and isolation policies. The Doctrine, to sum, was America telling Europe "hands off" to all land in South America. The impact resulted in Latin America being in the US's sphere of influence and the US being the central power in the Western Hemisphere.

What was the National Farmers' Alliance movement?

The National Farmers' Alliance was the successor to the Grange. Farmers were banding together into Farmers' Alliances and by 1880, they had over 4 million members. The group fought against the middlemen and processing plants which they thought kept them in the cycle of debt. To get around the middlemen, they created cooperatives, stores, banks, processing plants, and other facilities for members which was based on a form of collectivism for mutual, neighborly responsibility in order to resist oppressive forces.

Discuss the nature of the NIRA and the Schechter Poultry Supreme Court case. Explain the relationship between the two.

The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was part of the New Deal industrial recovery program. It set prices for goods and wages and implemented codes of "fair competition" to replace anti-trust laws. The Act was enforced by the National Recovery Administration (NRA) and merchants proudly supported it because it kept businesses in business because competition didn't make them "go under." In the Schechter Poultry Supreme Court case, the chicken plant felt that the NRA setting prices and quantities on chicken production was unconstitutional because it violated the Commerce Clause of the constitution. The NRA policies weren't signed into law but were a result of executive power. The court ruled that the NRA gave too much power to the executive branch and declared the NRA unconstitutional.

What were some of the religious beliefs of the early Puritans who settled in New England? Why were they called the Puritans?

The Puritans (aka Calvinists) believed that the bible was the word of god, piousness, predestination, and original sin. They were called Puritans because they wanted to "purify" the church of all their wickedness.

What were the changes in immigration laws brought by the National Origins Act and subsequent legislation? What ethnic groups were favored?

The National Origins Act of 1924 banned immigration from east Asia entirely. That provision deeply angered Japan, which understood that the Japanese were the principal target (Chinese immigration had been illegal since 1882). THe law also reduced the quota for Europeans from 3% to 2%. The quota would be based not on the 1910 census, but on the 1890 census, a year in which there had been many fewer southern and eastern Europeans in the country. Immigration heavily favored northwestern Europeans and every year after the laws had passed, immigration shrunk even more.

What role did Native Americans play in the French and Indian War?

The Native Americans at first allied themselves with the French who respected them (and their culture) more than the British. Once the British weakened the French a lot, the Indians allied themselves with better-supplied British. They also raided French and British towns and played the French and British to against each other in such a way that it was favorable to the Indians.

Discuss the end of the New Deal and it's legacy. Was the New Deal a positive era of our history?

The New Deal ended when the US began involvement in WWII. On December 7, 1941, the US entered the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Once the war effort began, there was full employment in the states and it marked the end of the depression. The war was the medicine that jump started our economy. The legacy of the New Deal can be felt today. It's legacy included a growth of government, deficit spending, a welfare state ( or safety net), and it inspired Lyndon B. Johnson's "Great Society" welfare programs. In addition to creating a strong government aimed at helping the people, the 22nd amendment was added to the constitution to make the two term precedent into law. In my opinion, the New Deal was a great era in history and it shows how helping the people can benefit society as a whole. Without the New Deal, there would be no minimum wage, overtime compensation, social security, and making iconic American structures such as the Golden Gate Bridge. If there was a history without the New Deal, it may involve its own "Hoovertowns."

Explain the sectional differences in the early 1800s - economic, role of government, and slavery.

The Northeast, South, and West were all in the same continent but shared starkly different views. The Northeast was headed by Daniel Webster and had a business and manufacturing economy. They were pro-tariffs, pro-internal improvements, increasingly nationalistic, and anti-slavery. The South was headed by John C. Calhoun and had a cotton-based economy. They were anti-tariffs, anti-American System, pro-state's rights, and pro-slavery. The West was headed by Henry Clay and had an economy based off of frontier agriculture. They were pro-internal improvements, wanted cheap land, were loyal to the US government, and were anti-slavery (though, they did believe in the state's right to choose for themselves whether slavery should be allowed or not in the individual state).

What were the major causes of the Panic of 1893? How did President Cleveland respond to this depression?

The Panic of 1893 was caused by the Philadelphia and Reading Railroads going bankrupt due to an inability to pay their loans. Then two months later National Cordage Company failed too. Both of these companies falls triggered a collapse in the stock market. Like dominos, everything else began to fail. The problem was worsened by the fact that Europe years prior had their own depression and many foreign investors withdrew from rapidly expanding markets. 20% of workers lost their jobs. President Cleveland did little to nothing to help ease the those affected.

What were the provisions of the Pendleton Act of 1883?

The Pendleton Act of 1883 stated that a few (at first) government positions must be fulfilled by federal applicants that passed a competitive written examinations rather than their patronage to their party. At first, only a few positions required a civil service exam but by the turn of the century, majority of positions required a civil service exam.

List the provisions of the Platt Amendment. How did it define the role of the US in Cuba following the Spanish-American War.

The Platt amendment gave the United States the right to prevent any foreign power from intruding into the new nation. It barred Cuba from making treaties with other nations (thus giving the US control over Cuba's foreign policy), gave the US the right to intervene in Cuba to preserve independence, life, and property, and required Cuba to permit the US to build naval stations on the island. The US was pretty much in control.

How did the influence of the Quakers make Pennsylvania an unique colony? Why was it called a "holy experiment"?

The Quaker values such as gender equality, no formal church hierarchy/ government, and not believing in predestination original sins made it so that people tried to be good for the sake of being good and there was much less corruption and abuse of power than in other states. There was relative gender equality that allowed them to forgo a situation similar to Massachusetts (Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson)

What forced Wilson out of his professed stance of true neutrality?

The US had strong relations with Britain and had economic opportunities in Britain. Germany was using unrestricted submarine warfare which led to the deaths of hundreds of American citizens in Britain along with Zimmerman Note (telegraph from Germany to Mexico asking Mexico to declare war on the US in order to distract us). Germany's aggression and the US's investment and markets in Britain leaned the US toward favoring Britain instead of remaining truly neutral.

What was the intent of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine? What was its impact on the role of the US in the Western Hemisphere?

The Roosevelt Corollary was unwritten addition to the Monroe Doctrine which the US claimed that it "had the right not only to oppose European intervention in the Western Hemisphere but to also intervene itself in the domestic affairs of its neighbors if those neighbors proved unable to maintain order and national sovereignty on their own." The US now opened the door for themselves to order around Latin American countries and expanded their sphere of influence completely into Latin America.

What caused the Second Great Awakening?

The Second Great Awakening was caused by the efforts of conservative theologians in the 1790s to fight the spread of religious nationalism, and the efforts of traditional church establishments to revitalize their organizations. Many different religious leaders drove to create the revival that would bring people back to the churches, and reestablish the church as a key part of life.

Why didn't WWI "make the world safe for democracy?"

The Senate didn't ratify the treaty. Germany was saddled with an enormous war debt (which they couldn't pay) along with complete blame for the war. The blame game and countries, domestically and foreignly, unable to agree ensured future conflict and increased tensions.

Identify the main points of the philosophy of the Social Gospel movement. What contributions did this movement make to Progressivism?

The Social Gospel movement was characterized by the combination of religion (mainly Protestant, but also Catholic and Judaism) and reform; they wanted to redeem the nation's cities. The Salvation Army brought social welfare to the cities and was offering both material and spiritual services to the urban poor. Many church workers left their jobs to help the troubled cities. Bringing religion into reform helped make progressivism a powerful moral component and a commitment to redeem the lives of the nation's poor.

Discuss the differences between the Southern and Northern Economy.

The Southern economy was based off of the farming of cash crops such as tobacco and because agriculture required a lot of land there was few urban centers nor a big merchant community. The Northern economy was diverse. Some colonies practiced agriculture but the New England colonies had a topography not well suited for farming. In response to that, they worked in trades, built ships, and had a booming metal industry. There was a lot of domestic industries where families would produce their own goods to sell.

How did the German U-Boat campaign affect US public opinion and actions?

The US saw Germany's submarine warfare as barbaric. After the Lusitania, without warning, was sunk with over 1000 people including over 100 Americans, America considered the attack an act of piracy. We told Germany to respect neutral rights and not repeat such outrages. Later, Germany began again firing down vessels without warning and Wilson demanded that Germany abandon their "unlawful" tactics. US's relationship and opinion of Germany decreased and we were outraged with them.

Explain the nature of the Tariff Debate of 1828.

The Tariff Debate of 1828 was caused by a very high protective tariff (45%). The South was upset and viewed it as the US government favoring the North and industry. They feared that other countries would retaliate, in turn hurting the South's exports. Meanwhile, those in the North viewed it as helping American business. The results led to an increase in sectionalism and division, the end of the Era of Good Feelings, and issues in the election of 1828 (such as mudslinging).

List the provisions of the Teller Amendment. Why was it added to the bill declaring war on Spain?

The Teller Amendment declared that the US will occupy Cuba militarily to help fight for independence, but after the war they would leave and not want any of Cuba's land. It allowed the US to declare war on Spain while fighting for another country while ensuring that the US wouldn't conquer Cuba.

List the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763.

The Treaty of Paris forced the French to give all their land in North America to the French, everything east of the Mississippi belonged to the English. They also gave some islands in the West Indies to the English too.

Why was the Versailles Treaty a great disappointment? How did it create as many problems as it solved?

The Treaty of Versailles failed to do much of what it was originally set out to do and the US didn't join the League of Nations. The Treaty made Germany the one at fault and ensured bitter feelings to continue. Self-determination made it so that more countries were made but they were controlled but other nations. The treaty also led Wilson to his death bed.

Who were the member nations of the Central Powers? Allied Powers?

The Triple Alliance (aka, Central Powers) consisted of German, Austria-Hungary, (initially) Italy, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. The Triple Entente (aka, Allied Powers) consisted of Russia, France, Italy (1915), and the US (1917).

Why did the United States feel that its neutrality rights were being violated by Britain and France in 1805-1807?

The US felt that their neutrality rights were being violated between Britain and France in 1805 to 1807 because the two nations, which were at odds with each other but allied to America, weren't allowing the US to remain neutral. Both sides would become hostile to the US if they traded with the other country and the countries were constantly impressing US troops into the French and British armies.

What were the US plans and preparations for the Spanish-American War? How effective were these efforts?

The US found the war to be a "Splendid Little War" but it was difficult. There was a serious problem of not enough modern rifles and ammunition, the uniforms were too heavy for the hot, humid weather, inadequate medical services, and awful food. It was overall very ineffective, even at mobilizing troops.

Why did the US government intervene in the Mexican Revolution of 1910?

The US government intervened in the Mexican Revolution of 1910 because American businessmen had a huge economic presence in Mexico. When dictator was overthrown, the popular leader, Madero, was going to become president and was hostile to American business in Mexico. America quietly encouraged a reactionary general, Victoriano Huerta, to dispose of Madero. The US intervened in order to protect our economic interests in the region.

What impact did domestic debt factors have on the American economy?

The US had a large debt from WWI that was being paid off due to economic prosperity. People began paying for everything on credit and there wasn't much backing up the credit. When the bubble burst, credit was the one to blame.

Explain the role and significance of the Virginia House of Burgesses.

The Virginia House of Burgesses was the first elected legislative, representative assembly in what was going to be America. It's role was to bring order to the chaotic Chesapeake Bay.

Why was a graduated income tax needed in 1913?

The Underwood-Simmons Tariff provided cuts substantial enough, progressives believed, to introduce real competition into American markets and thus, help break the power of trusts. To make up for the loss of revenue under the new tariff, Congress approved a graduated income tax which increased the tax rate as income increased (richer pay more taxes).

How did the Federalists attempt to silence those who opposed the undeclared war, and what groups did theses attempts most affect?

The United States attempted to silence those who opposed the undeclared war by enacting the Alien and Sedition Act which affected republicans most. The Alien Act made it more difficult for non-citizens to become citizens and gave the President the power to deny any person, for whatever reason, the right to citizenship. The Sedition Act allowed the government to prosecute those who take part in sedition against the state, this Act was often abused and used to quiet political dissenters.

How did the United States raise the troops necessary for the massive war effort?

The United States didn't have a large enough standing army to provide the necessary ground forces in 1817; their army/national guard consisted of ~200,000 people whom have not had combat experience in decades. To solve this problem, they issued a Selective Service Draft which provided 3 million soldiers; they also urged voluntary recruitment which accounted for 2 million soldiers.

What were America's motives for going to war with Spain in 1898?

The United States wanted to be the superior country in the western hemisphere by expanding its sphere of influence in addition to wanting to build naval bases. The US also wanted to stop the atrocities that were happening to the Cubans by the Spanish, but that was less of a focus.

Why was the United States interested in obtaining control over such places as the Samoan Islands?

The United States was interested in the Samoan islands because American commerce with Asia was increasing and they wanted to build a naval base on a Samoan Harbor and American businesses began taking interest in the chain of islands.

Why was progressivism especially strong in the Western states?

The West was very progressive because they had to rely more on the federal government than the state government for majority of things. Therefore, the influence of political parties were weak. The West was often able to move very quickly and decisively to embrace reforms that the parties didn't like (initiative, referendum, recall, direct primaries).

On what two methods did the Wilson administration depend to finance the war effort? How did the war cost compare with the peacetime budgets of the era?

The Wilson administration depended on taxes and "liberty bonds" in order to fund the war. By the time the Great War ended, the US government had appropriated $32 billion for expenses; comparatively, the peacetime governmental budget rarely exceeded $1 billion. The US only had $35 billion in gross national product. The government launched a major drive to solicit loans from the American people by selling "Liberty Bonds" to the people using elaborate patriotic marketing appeals; the bonds raised $23 billion. Additionally, it issued new taxes summing nearly $10 million by issuing levies on "excess profits" from corporations and a steep graduated income and inheritance taxes (which in some tax brackets went 70%>)

How did the Wilson administration organize the wartime economy? List the government boards responsible for the economy during WWI.

The Wilson administration originally tried to establish a Council of National Defense and a Civilian Advisory Commission in order to set up local defense councils and urged economic mobilization through large scale dispersal of power to local communities. It proved itself to be unworkable. The administration then tried to functionally divide the economy and have each sector supervised by a planning body. There were agencies for transportation, agriculture, manufacturing, fuel supplies, and almost every other part of the economy. With the help of Herbert Hoover, the agencies generally succeeded in meeting essential war needs without paralyzing the domestic economy. The War Industries Board in 1917 in order to coordinate government purchases of military supplies and decided what resources were to be used and where they would be used and set up government contracts for businesses to meet their orders.

Why was the Tea Act seen by many Americans as a threat to themselves and their institutions?

The act was seen as another time they were taxed without representation. There was no middle men in the Tea Act so, many colonial merchants feared becoming bankrupt. Many people boycotted the tea (even though it was cheaper).

What was the basic purpose of the initiative, referendum, direct primary, and recall?

The basic purpose was to circumvent boss-controlled legislatures by increasing the power of the electorate (voting people) and to limit the power of the party. Initiative allowed reformers to submit new legislation directly to the voters in general elections and a referendum provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the voters for approval. Direct primaries allow voters to directly choose candidates instead of party conventions (with lots of corruption). Recall gave voters the ability to remove an official from office via a petition.

Explain the causes and results of the Pequot War and King Philip's War.

The causes for the Pequot were because of hostilities that broke out due to competition between the Pequots and Englishmen over trade with the Dutch. It resulted in the brutal death of many Indians (they were set afire, killed when trying to escape, and if they survived they were sold into slavery). In King Philip's War, hostilities were caused by the Puritans hanging three natives for murdering three natives in the same tribe but there was other aggressions that bothered the natives such as the Puritans continually encroaching on their land and trying to push English law onto them. King Philip's War resulted with 1/16 of Massachusetts men dead, destruction of natives' food supply, murder of King Philip (aka Metacomet), and alliances between native tribes being broken.

What role was played by Committees of Correspondence in the American protests?

The committees of correspondence disciplined bands of vigilantes who tried to ensure everyone was following the boycotts and started to perform political functions such as trying to create cooperation among the colonies and rebelling against the Coercive Acts.

How did the conquistadors treat Native American Civilizations? What was the end result for the Natives?

The conquistadors treated Native Americans brutally, they forcefully subjugated and almost exterminated entire populations of Native Americans and their cultures. Some populations were spared from the cruelty and adapted European foods and animals to assist their lives. They were forcefully converted to Christianity.

Explain the "cultural independence" that Jeffersonian Americans sought. What means of expression did this "independence" find?

The cultural independence that Jeffersonian Americans sought was the idea of creating a distinctive culture, different than that of Europe's from which they had just broken free. They dreamed of a unique American literature and artistic life that would rival the cultural achievements of Europe. These means of "independence" found its expression most often in early America schoolbooks, such as Noah Webster and his history, and especially great writers such as Washington Irving, who wrote the famous "Legend of Sleepy Hollow".

Why did "witchcraft" seem to appear so suddenly in Salem, MA in 1692? Were there any political, economic, and/or cultural reasons?

The cultural reason was that the Puritan society that was primarily male dominated didn't like strong independent women. Economically, the poor people accused richer Salemites because they were jealous. Political reasons included the Puritan values which as seen in the case with Anne Hutchinson, they didn't like women to get too strong or independent because it undermined their authority.

What is the debate over the pre-Columbian population of America's about?

The debate over pre-Columbian populations is about how scholars have argued over and over about how to calculate pre-Columbian populations. Some historians argue that the populations couldn't of been very big (compared to Europe) because of their primitive lifestyles and that there were relatively few Native Americans interfering with settlers a century after Columbus came to America. Surviving native peoples argue that the population of the Americas was much larger than historians are willing to admit to. We aren't sure how many natives died because of European diseases which makes it harder to estimate pre-Columbian populations

How was the economy of New England different from that in the South?

The economy of New England was able to turn over a profit faster than in the South because they got along very well with the Indians (that were left...) and were able to make raw goods faster and easier than the South could.

Explain the historical importance and impact of the 1940 and 1944 elections. Was FDR right in acting as he did?

The election of 1940 and 1944 broke a two centuries old tradition: a two term presidential limit. Franklin D. Roosevelt drafted himself for a third term and won. During this time period, WWII was occurring in Europe and the US was still in a depression. Four years later he wins re-election for his fourth term, two terms longer than usual. In the time after he left office, in 1951, the 22nd amendment was added to the constitution to make the two term tradition a law. Some felt that FDR was abusing the presidency and acted like a dictator because of his over use of executive powers and the breaking of the term precedent formed by George Washington. In my opinion, FDR was a great president that carved the United States into what it is today. He acted dutiful and only wished for the best of the people even if it meant extending the law. If there had been a new president during WWII, who knows what would have happened. We had a skilled president who was fully capable of handling the war effort and it would be illogical to hand over the office at a such a vital time.

How did the government under the Constitution guarantee that people on the frontier would be loyal to it? What was the impact on Native Americans?

The government guaranteed that the frontier people would be loyal to it because the new government allowed the new territories to go through the process of becoming a state and establishing population requirements. The territorial claims between the Native Americans and Americans were confusing because the constitution didn't discuss Indians other than the fact that they were not citizens nor were they given rights. The two groups decided to respect the treaties made but the constitution was unclear how to expand the country while having inhabitants (Indians) already living on the land.

Explain the headright system.

The headright system granted 50-acres of land to each new settler. Any settlers that already lived in a colony when the system was implemented was given 100-acres of freeland. Those who paid for others to come (aka indentured servants) were given 50 more acres per person they brought over to keep for themselves. In return for this free land, settlers with headrights would pay 1 shilling per headright every year

What impact did the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) have on the ground war in Europe?

The inclusion of the AEF in the European ground war tipped the balance towards the Allied Powers and dampened German morale. In APril 1917, over 900,000 tons of ship had been sunk but by October 1918, it was down to 112,000 tons because of the US aided the British navy with a fleet of destroyers (in order to destroy German U-Boats) and helped escort merchant ships across the Atlantic. The US aided in morale and allowed the Allied Powers to receive their desperately needed supplies. On the ground, we halted German advance and the Allies were beginning a successful offensive. During a 7-week offensive, the AEF pushed the Germans back towards their own border and had cut their major supply lines. American help led to the end of a stalemate and brought actual successes.

What were the causes of the "Great War for Empire" ( aka the Seven Years' War or French Indian War)? Why was it given that name?

The initial causes for the French and Indian War was because of land disputes over the Ohio River valley. It was called the "Great War for Empire" because throughout the world including the West Indies, India, Europe and North America the French and British were battling for territories that would make or break their world presence.

Explain the issues, debate, and solution to the Missouri Compromise.

The issues that led to the Missouri compromise is that territories in the Louisiana Purchase were applying for statehood. This threatened the balance of power in Congress (at the time there were 11 free and 11 slave states). Each side worried that there would be an unfair representation in Congress. Henry Clay formulated a solution to the debate. The Missouri Compromise were three bills which would make it so that Missouri was admitted as a slave state but Maine was free state and that in the future any territory that becomes a state which is north of 36-30', slavery was to be prohibited.

What were the key issues in the 1800 presidential election? Why is it called the "Revolution of 1800?"

The key issues in the 1800 presidential election was how much power the central government should have, how the society should be economically: Federalists wanted a strong, mercantile, international economy with a central bank while Republicans wanted an a society based on self-sustenance and small farmer agriculture (Jeffersonian ideals). It is called the Revolution of 1800 because Jefferson himself used the phrase to describe his election. It represents a shift from Federalists held office and a country dominated politically by Federalist views to a country in control of Republicans. This change in power of politics is considered a revolution because it is a change in power (which is the definition of a revolution). The change from a government dominated by Federalists to one controlled by Republicans resulted in a shifting of power, which is why the election of 1800 is referred to as the "Revolution of 1800".

What were the major long-term causes of WWI?

The long term causes of WWI can be summed up in 4 points: militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism (MAIN). For militarism, European powers began a naval and weapons arms race while developing new technologies. For alliances, countries were allied to one another so if another county messed with an allied country, their allies would back them up and declare war too (which led to the expansion of WWI across the European continent). For imperialism, nations were competing for colonies (and resources) around the world and tensions were high between countries fighting for land in the same regions.

Explain the long-range and immediate causes of the Great Depression and it's impact on the nation's banking system.

The long term causes of the Great Depression included a slew of overlooked problems which shattered together when the immediate causes began the economic downturn. The problems included: drop in farm prices, increased farmer debt, massive wealth inequality, overextension of credit, surplus of goods, and buying stocks "on margin." To buy a stock "on margin" was a practice of allowing investors to purchase a stock for only a fraction of its price by using credit and borrowing money at high interest rates. People began a habit of buying high-risk investments in hopes for a huge return. All of these problems burst like a bubble when on October 29, 1929 the Stock Market crashed; the Great Depression began. When the market began to crash, banks started to demand the loans be repaid; in order to repay them, investors sold their stocks for less than the amount that they purchased it for. The market collapse led to bank failures and depositors panicking for their money.

Make a list of the long-term causes of the great stock market crash of 1929. What was the "last straw"?

The long term causes of the stock market crash of 1929 included: farmer's depression, high tariffs reducing foreign trade, uneven distribution of wealth, over production, and an overuse of credit. The "final straw" was an over speculation in real estates and stocks. When the stock crashed, everything was purchased on credit with no true money behind it.

What was the "message" and the impact of the Second Great Awakening?

The message of the Second Great Awakening was that "Individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives, embrace a reverent piety, and to reject the skeptical rationalists that had threatened such traditional beliefs." Young women in particular were drawn to the revivalism, and many more females than males converted. This religious enthusiasm helped many young women compensate for the losses and adjustments that the current transition from economic roles produced, and provided a social norm. In places where revivalism was available, many African Americans embraced the new religious fervor, and many African American preachers emerged from within the slave community.

Who were the major targets of the Alien and Espionage Acts?

The most frequent targets of the new legislation were such anti capitalist groups (now antiwar) as the Socialist Party and the Industrial Workers of the World. Many Americans had favored the repression of socialists and other radicals event before the war but the wartime policies now made it possible to move against them in full legal sanction. Eugene V. Debs opposed the war and was sentenced to ten years in prison in 1918; a presidential pardon in 1921 ultimately won his release. Those targeted often fled to other countries to escape long imprisonment for simply criticizing the government.

What were the characteristics of the so-called new professionalism? How did it express itself in the social sciences?

The new professionalism brought college programs and formal education to jobs such as social workers, lawyers, and doctors. It included scientific studies, efficient organizations, a reliance on experts in addition to elaborate surveys and reports, statistics, and they published scholarly tracts on the need for urban reform. It began to weed out the amateur professionals and led to board certified professionals that were formally educated in their profession.

How did the resurrection of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s differ from the Reconstruction-era Klan? How influential was the new Klan?

The original KKK focused on intimidating and lynching African Americans. The new klan had the same focus in addition to targeting new groups (Catholics, Jews, foreigners) and declared to devote themselves to purging American ife of impure, alien influences, and anything that posed a challenge to "traditional values." The KKK was fighting not just to preserve racial homogeneity but to defend its definition of a traditional culture against the values and morals of modernity.

What were the American diplomatic goals at the start of the war? What problems did these "military diplomats" face? What efforts were made to overcome them?

The original diplomatic goals at the start of the war was to convince European countries that America was no longer a colony, but rather it's own independent country. The diplomats faced the problem that nobody believed in the war and thought it was impossible for the Americans to win. Countries refused to give support, money, supplies, or men because of this. After the victory at Saratoga, the war was accepted and countries (mainly France) were either indirectly or directly assisting Americans because of shared interests (hatred for Britain).

What was the initial plan for the British campaign of 1777? How was it altered? What effect did this alteration have on the outcome?

The original plan was to cut the US in two by having two armies (General Burgoyne's army coming down the Hudson from Canada, and General Howe's army coming up from NYC) to meet in Albany to effectively cut off New England from the rest of the colonies. General Howe decided last minute to attack Philadelphia (where Washington was at Valley Forge) but didn't actually attack them. This led to General Burgoyne's to being left alone and defenseless when colonial militias came to fight. In 1777, Burgoyne surrendered Saratoga to the Americans. This is the turning point for the war.

How did the pamphlet, Common Sense, address the problem of the aim of war? What was its impact on American opinion?

The pamphlet changed the American outlook toward the war. Prior, the goal of the war was ambivalent but as time progressed and this pamphlet was published, it became evidence to the politicians and the people that a complete break from England was necessary. He addressed how it was silly for them to blame everyone on certain aspects of Britain that were at fault, he said that the entire system was corrupt and unnecessary.

Why was the period of the late 1870s to the early 20th century called the "Gilded Age?"

The period of the late 1870s to the early 20th century was called the "Gilded Age" as a satire coined by Mark Twain stating that there was a glittering layer of prosperity covering the poverty and corruption which existed in most of America at the time.

What were the philosophical roots of the Declaration of Independence? What effect did the Declaration have on the struggle?

The philosophical roots of the Declaration of Independence was that it took ideas from John Locke (social contact, "life, liberty and pursuit of happiness," and consent of the governed), ideas expressed throughout the colonies in their own informal declarations of independence, and George Mason's quote "all men are created equal." Thomas Jefferson simply summarized the ideas already present throughout the colonies and in the enlightenment and summarized in in the Declaration of Independence. The effect of the document was that it encouraged American Patriots to keep fighting on and to reject the idea of peace that stopped show of winning independence, but it also create a deep rift within the American society. The colonies now called themselves the "United States of America" which led to an augmentation of foreign aid to the struggling rebels.

Who were the populist's constituency? Who was not?

The populist party was mainly small farmers including family farms, share/tenant farming. It also included many immigrants, people of color, and working-class people. Many of their leaders were members of the rural middle class such as professionals, editors, lawyers, and politicians. Originally, the Knights of Labor were involved but the Union goals and populist goals were often at odds. Corporations were also against populism.

What were the positive and negative effects of this law on the quality of government employees hired at the turn of the 20th century?

The positive effects of the Pendleton Act was that government positions were awarded to those with the proper merit instead of people that demonstrated party loyalty. This led to a waning in the power of the Spoils System. A negative of the Act is that it only applied to a small percentage of government jobs at first (but spread to majority of federal positions).

What powers did a proprietor have?

The proprietor had the power to grand huge manorial states and to make laws (with the consent of the gentry).

What were the provisions of the Clayton Antitrust Act? How did it benefit labor?

The provisions of the Clayton Antitrust Act had specific provisions against monopoly, price discrimination, exclusive sales deals, a person having two or more companies that were in competition with each other, and it also limited mergers and acquisitions. Unlike the Sherman act before it, the Clayton act made specific protections for unions and union workers because labor unions are exempt from antitrust laws because human labor is not a product. An organization that does not operate for profit/ offer stock and is dedicated solely to its members' mutual help shall not be considered a conspiracy or illegal restraint on business/ competition under existing antitrust legislation.

Who were the Puritans? Why did they wish to relocate to the America's?

The puritans were a radical sect of Calvinism who wanted to purify the church via reforms. They wanted to live a modest life and wanted to get the corruption, worldly matters, and uneducated men out of the church hierarchy. They were openly persecuted by the English throne. The throne made them pay arbitrary taxes and openly showed favoritism to English Catholics. By the 17th century, Puritans were so fed up with England that they were looking for places of refuge outside of the king's reach, so they moved to the New World in hopes of religious freedom.

Discuss the Hoover Administration's response to the depression, the symbolism of the Hoovervilles and the Bonus Army incident.

The response of the Hoover Administration to the Great Depression was all but great. President Hoover, expecting to be president in a time of Prosperity, suddenly felt overwhelmed. He believed in "trickle-down" economics and that private charities were best suited to solve the nation's problems. He thought that giving businesses tax cuts and other laissez faire principles would invigorate the economy and he personally favored a hands off government, therefore his administration didn't do much to ease the woes caused by the depression. Hoovervilles (name mocks Hoover) were formed; they were settlements of shacks inhabited by the homeless and unemployed. In addition, the Bonus Army incident involved Veterans camped out at the capital to support a bill that would move their veteran bonuses from 1945 to 1933 (because they needed it right then). Hoover, in response, sent US troops supplied with tanks to arrest the Veterans and to burn down their camps. The Americans were appalled at his lack of compassion and began blaming him for the depression.

Explain the role of Midwives in colonial society.

The role of midwives included assisting pregnant women in the birthing process and also prescribing their patients herbs and other natural remedies to cure their ailments. They practiced humoralism but were less fond of bleeding their patients and often found other remedies. Midwives were prefered over physicians because a midwife's clients were usually her close friends in the community and were friendlier than conventional doctors (whom lacked any knowledge of bacteria, infection, and sterilization).

Explain the nature of the Spoils System. Who used it and how was it justified?

The spoils system was the act of replacing federal office holders with the supporters, even if they don't have the right merit for the job. Jackson used this and removed federal office holders to his supporters instead of those who had the knowledge for the job. Jackson justified his actions by saying that it was part of the rotation of office and to help curb any official arrogance and corruption.

What were the characteristics of the governments - state and national - set up by Americans to conduct the war?

The states each formed their own government, raised taxes, and had their own constitution. On the national level, the Continental Congress didn't want much to do with running the nation but took up the responsibility when they borrowed from the French, printed money, and adopt the Articles of Confederation.

Explain the origins of the system of Indentured Servitude.

The system of Indentured Servitude began much earlier in England when young men and women would bind themselves to a master for a period of time and in return at the end of their contract they would receive clothing, tools, and sometimes land. American Indentured Servitude began around 1617 when the English dumped convicts, war prisoners, orphans, paupers, and "lewd and dangerous" people. Some people came voluntarily to escape their troubles at home, own land, and/ or learn a trade. Due to the headright system and native populations decreasing, landowners had an incentive to contract indentured servants to meet labor requirements.

Explain the system of indentureship? What was life like for indentured servants?

The system of indentureship included a richer person sponsoring trips for poor people to go from Europe to America, in return the poor people signed a contract that made them a servant to a master for 5-7 years. Life was overall pretty bad because their masters may not release them or give them land (like written in the contract) and only 1/10 servants outlived their contract.

How did the victory of Saratoga affect American diplomatic efforts? How did England and France respond to this news? What was the result?

The victory at Saratoga gave credibility and a much needed morale boost to the Americans. The English in reaction offered a peaceful treaty that pretty much said that America wouldn't have full independence, but British policy would go back to pre-1763. France, now recognizing this was a serious war, gave much needed economic aid to the US; they sent troops, supplies, and ships under French command. America decided that they invested too much into the war to accept Britain's treaty and decided they wanted full independence.

What inspired the Red Scare of 1919-1920? Was the threat real or imagined?

The threat of the red scare had some reality in it, but was mainly imagined. Tensions increased when Communist International announced that their goal was spread communism around the world. America had its own communist party and these radicals were presumably responsible for a series of bombing in 1919; dozens of parcels addressed to people high up with bombs in them were sent around the country and killed many people. In response, antiradicalism started in the US and anyone that was suspected of being a radical, anti-WWI, unionizer, agitator, or not "100 Percent American" was seen as a communist. Anti-radicals responded aggressively against the threat and non-war Sedition laws were passed.

What happened to the banking system and the GNP in the three years after the stock market crash of 1929? What economic statistic best represents the human costs of the depression?

The total money supply decreased by more than a third within three years. The declining money supply meant a decline in purchasing power, and thus, deflation. Manufacturers and merchants began reducing prices, cutting prices, and laying off workers. The GNP plummeted from over $104 billion in 1929 to $76.4 billion in 1932. Some estimates suggest that 25% of the workforce was unemployed and another third experienced wage/hour cuts.

List the provision of the Treaty of Ghent.

The treat was mostly a neutral agreement where neither side really benefited. Britain wanted to stop the conflict because they had war debt meanwhile America's desire from a treaty stemmed from the fact that they knew impressment would end because they would no longer need such a big navy. Britain and America gave up any possession and desire for Canada and gave it back to the tribes (never enforced though).

What were the provisions of the Treaty of Paris in 1783? How did the Treaty affect relations among the United States, France, and Spain?

The treaty forced Britain to recognize the US as a separate country, gave a gracious amount of land to America (everything west of the mississippi and below Canada except Florida). France and Spain got some land out of this.

Discuss the triangular trade routes origins and purpose. Discuss the nature of the stratified Southern Society.

The triangular trade routes began as a way for the colonies to trade with one another and also trade with the West Indies, England, and Africa. The South was stratified in such a way that large farmers both put down small farmers and slaves alike. Small farmers had a difficult time keeping up with the big farmers because they lacked slaves.

What sort of works by Americans authors were most influential? Why?

The type of work that became most influential was the works of history that glorified the nation's past. This became most influential because it helped instill a sense of nationalism in the American people, and these glorified historical stories had a large audience in the patriots of the US.

What effect did the war have on other minorities? How was its significance to African- Americans both limited, yet significant?

The war affect religious groups like the Anglicans because the government cut their funding. The Quakers were also weakened because of their pacifist culture. Catholics increased power because of French support and that most Patriots were Catholics. The significance to African Americans were limited yet significant still. They received more rights and ~20% were freed; the notion of freedom ingrained in them.

What were the major interpretations of the origins of the American Revolution that have been advanced by historians?

There is two schools of thought about the origins of the Revolution One side believes that it was a political and intellectual event and argues that the revolt against Britain was part of a defense of ideals and principles. The other theory is that social and economic forces drove America to a revolution. There was an inbetween party that said that it was a mix of both theories that ultimately led to the revolution because everyone has economic interests and everyone has an ideology.

Why were there labor shortages at this time? How was this problem solved?

There were labor shortages because many of the working men left for the war, leaving their positions open. The government established the National War Labor Board in April of 1918 in order to negotiate between workers and employers in order to ensure minimum strikes and unrest; membership to unions increased by over 1.5 million. Women entered the workforce, taking "manly" industrial jobs in steel, munitions, trucking, and public transportation. In addition, a "Great Migration" of African Americans from the rural south came to Northern Industrial cities in order to provide labor for the war effort but also to enjoy greater freedom and try to escape poverty, debt, and violence. The labor scarce economy dispatched agents to the South to recruit African American workers and advertised northern employment opportunities.

Discuss the changing source of European Immigration in the early 18th-century.

There were less England people coming over to America because England was now more prosperous and had a lower birthrate. Immigrants from other European countries increased due to a slew of reasons. Many French Calvinist and Germans came to America looking for religious freedom. More Scottish and Irish people were coming over because they were being persecuted left and right by the English. Britain was trying to subjugate all Irish culture and was taxing the Scottish to death. At a certain point, they just began moving to America in large numbers, often leaving behind their ethnic culture.

Why did Aaron Burr hate Alexander Hamilton so much?

There were rumors that Burr was supporting the Federalist plans for succession and Hamilton accused Burr of plotting treason and made remarks to the press that Burr was a "despicable" character. Burr blamed Hamilton when he lost the 1800 election, then challenged Hamilton to a duel (which killed Hamilton and sent Burr into hiding as he was a murderer).

Why did the British "Southern Strategy" backfire?

They overestimated how many loyalists were in the South and thought that the loyalists would help fight in the war. They were completely unable to pacify the countryside and the Patriots there were guerilla fighters. People in the South refused to comply with the British. They were able to pacify some of the coastal cities thought.

What is the main role played by third parties in the American political process to date?

Third parties forced an end to a stalemate and for issues not covered in the two major parties to be brought up in Congress. A third party, even if not elected President, forced the major parties to realign their agenda to win elections.

What did the adoration of Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, and esp. Charles Lindbergh show about the changes in American culture?

Thomas Edison, the inventor of the electric lightbulb and many other technological marvels; Henry Ford, the creator of the assembly line and one of the founders of the automobile industry; and Charles Lindbergh, the first aviator to make a solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean. ALl three men represented the triumphs of the modern technological and industrial society. All of them had risen to success without the benefit of formal education and were genuinely self-made men.

What were the major arguments presented by Thomas Paine in Common Sense?

Thomas Paine argued in Common Sense that it was simple common sense for Americans to break completely with a government that could produce so corrupt a monarch as George III, a government that could inflict such brutality on its own people, a government that could drag Americans into wars in which America had no interest. The pamphlet decreed that the island kingdom of England was not fit at all to rule to continent of America.

What were the principal arguments for and against women's suffrage?

Those who were for women's suffrage believed that like men, women had natural rights including the right to vote and they belonged to society, not just the house. Those who were against women's suffrage believed that it was too radical to argue "natural right," that a man and a woman have the same rights, and therefore the same ability to vote. In addition they argued that the woman's place was distinctively in the house and their most important job was to be a wife and mother. Opponents believed that suffrage came with divorce, promiscuity, looseness, and child neglect.

What reform was made to avoid the problems caused by the 1800 presidential election?

To prevent a president and vice president that belong to different parties, the 12th amendment was added to the constitution which changing the presidential voting process from first place being president and second place being vice president to having two separate elections for the offices. The thought was that if the majority voted for a democrat president, they would also vote for a democrat vice president.

Explain examples of Territorial Expansion during the Monroe Presidency.

Two examples of American Expansion include the Rush-Bagot Agreement of 1818, this agreement was a treaty with Britain and declared American border of the Louisiana Purchase was at 49 N. Britain and America shared the Oregon territory for almost 10 years. In addition, there was the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1818 that had Spain turn over Florida to the US in return for 5 million dollars to Spain. The US, in the land treaty, had to give up any territorial claims to Texas. Both territorial expansion treaties expanded the land of the US and brought the US closer to "sea to shining sea."

What events finally prompted President Wilson to ask for a declaration of war in the spring of 1917?

Two weeks before Wilson's speech, Germany had torpedoed three American ships.

Why did the Stamp Act so antagonize the American colonists?

Unlike the other acts, the Stamp Act affected colonists. Everyone had to buy stamps, and it wasn't the cost that antagonized them (the stamp was rather cheap), but the fact that the only reason why the Stamp Act was enacted was to raise revenue for Britain without the consent of colonial assemblies. Colonists believed that if this act was passed without resistance, then the door would be open for more burdensome taxations in the future

How did Washington's reaction to the Whiskey Rebellion underscore the differences between the Constitution and the Articles of Confederation?

Washington underscored the differences between the Constitution and the Articles of Confederation by being able to call up an army. He ordered ordering three states to send a total of 15,000 militiamen to the rebellion and quickly squashed all resistance, which is very different from how during Shay's Rebellion, Washington had to plead the states to quell the rebellion, only for mercenaries to actually do the work. The new powers granted to the government were shown in the Whiskey Rebellion.

What were the reasons for the Whiskey Rebellion? Who was it aimed at particularly?

Western Pennsylvanian farmers started the Whiskey Rebellion because they were unhappy and angry about a tax on whiskey excise. They refused to pay the tax and began terrorizing tax collectors to make a statement.

What role did US policies on trade and international debt play into worsening economic conditions?

What role did US policies on trade and international debt play into worsening economic conditions? After the stock market crash, over 9,000 American banks went bankrupt or closed their doors. Depositors lost over $2.5 billion in deposits. Partly as a result of banking closures, the nation's money supply greatly decreased.

Why was T.R. pushed into open opposition of Taft?

When Taft replaced Garfield with Ballinger (who was more conservative corporate lawyer) in the Department of the Interior and Ballinger then made the decision to free 1 million acres of public forest/mineral reserves to private development, Roosevelt was pushed into open opposition to Taft. Roosevelt openly opposed Taft because he went against Roosevelt's policies and became more conservative and were undoing his work. He then, in September of 1910 announced that he was running as president again.

What were the goals and motivations behind English colonization of the Chesapeake?

When colonizing the Chesapeake Bay, the english colonizer's goals and motivations were to find gold and other valuable stuff to send back to the London Company (whom were sponsoring their trip), they wanted to end up rich.

Who were typically accused? Typical accusers?

Widows and unmarried women were typically accused because the Puritan community didn't look kindly upon independent women.

Identify William Jennings Bryan. Explain his role in American politics. Explain the significance of his famous speech.

William Jennings Bryan was the Democrat Party presidential candidate for the elections of 1896. He was pro-silver, lived a modest lifestyle symbolic of rural, Protestant, middle-class America. His "Cross of Gold" speech vilified the gold currency by making an allusion to the crucifixion of Christ. His speech enabled the parties to adopt a pro-silver platform with him as their candidate.

What plans did William Penn have for the establishment of a new colony from the land granted to him by King Charles II?

William Penn wanted his colony to be profitable to him and his family. He wanted a place for other Quakers and others alike to have religious freedom.

Into what three parts could the Fourteen Points be characterized?

Wilson appeared before Congress to present the principles for which he claimed the nation was fighting which could be separated into three broad categories. First, Wilson's proposals contained eight specific recommendations for adjusting postwar boundaries and for establishing new nations to replace the defunct Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. Those recommendations reflected his belief in the right of all peoples to self-determination. Second, there were five general principles to govern international conduct in the future: freedom of the seas, open covenants instead of secret treaties, reduction in weapons, free trade, and impartial mediation of colonial claims. Finally, there was a proposal for the league of nations what would help implement these new principles and territorial adjustments and resolve future controversies.

What was the diplomatic philosophy that WIlson brought to the Paris Peace Conference?

Wilson was determined to create long lasting peace in Europe (and the world) and to establish the league of nations with idealistic initiatives. He believed that once he had produced a just and moral treaty, je believe, the weight of the world and American opinion would compet his enemies to support him.

Identify the main points of Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom."

Wilson's "New Freedom" domestic policy included the Federal Trade Commission to restore free competition and investigate corporations, the Clayton Antitrust Act to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act by closing loopholes, and creating the Federal Reserve Banking System in order to regulate banks and have federal banks control the supply of money and the interest rates.

What were the basic principles of Wilsonianism?

Wilsonianism consisted of intervening in order to spread democracy, opposition to aristocracy and militarism, and opposed foreign policies focused on economic/ military gains. Wilson's Fourteen Points demonstrated Wilsonianism: Free trade, Diplomatic end to the war, International disarmament to lowest point "consistent with domestic safety," Withdrawal of Central Powers from occupied territories, Creation of Poland, Territorial restructuring along ethnic lines, League of Nations, Return Alsace‐Lorraine to France, Self‐determination (right of people in region to determine whether to be independent or not).

Why did some many upper- and middle-class women becomes progressives?

Women couldn't vote, hold public office, and were limited in professions. In addition, they're job in the house was dwindling because of new technology to make housework easier in addition to having less kids and kids spending longer amounts of time in school. To pass their free time, they entered the reform movement in order to gain equality and to face the problems they saw (many worked in settlement houses). Many women didn't marry in order to retain freedom.

What was the impact of WWI on the lives of women and African Americans?

Women were able to get better paying jobs during the war (but quit/were fired after the war) and furthered the reasoning that women should have the right to vote because they were vital to the war time effort. African Americans moved in a Great Migration to the north for job opportunities. See #3.

What was the economic and social impact that the war's end had on women, African Americans, labor unions, and radicals?

Women were laid off from their jobs for the men to reclaim when the war ended and were expected to be domestic again. For African Americans, the war was a blessing and a curse; it reignited black nationalism and they took pride in their achievements but it also led to race riots, mass layoffs, and lynchings. Labor unions were encouraged during the war, but after the war the government worked against the unions and used their authority to dismiss the post-war recession strikes that were occurring (because they were afraid of Communism). Radicals found themselves to be targeted and discriminated; during the Red Scare, socialists were fired and harassed frequently.

What is meant by "yellow journalism?" How was it spurred by the Spanish-American War? What was its legacy?

Yellow journalism referred to exaggerated sensational stories. During the Spanish-American War they published, without verification, blamed Spanish authorities. Their legacy became widespread because it was easy to sell copies and today they are known as tabloids.