APUSH Final

Which of the following achievements of the "carpetbag" governments survived the "Redeemer" administrations?

Establishment of a public school system

"All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pan-tribal Indianness." Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016 The claims made by White and Hahn about United States policies toward American Indians in the late nineteenth century are similar in that they both support which of the following arguments?

Federal officials desired to encourage the adoption of White American lifestyles by American Indians.

What was Jefferson's philosophy about the role of government?

Federal power should be limited.

Selected Western Railroads, 1883 Which of the following was a primary cause of the developments depicted on the map?

Federal subsidies encouraged the growth of infrastructure.

In 1800, Jefferson was elected president because he received crucial votes from

Federalists

Founded by Thomas Hooker

Connecticut

General who surrendered at Yorktown

Cornwallis

The expansion of transportation networks depicted in the map most closely linked the economies of which regions together?

The North and the Midwest

President Andrew Jackson's creation of a monetary system based on state-chartered banks most likely contributed to which of the following?

The Panic of 1837

Why did Congressional Reconstruction end in 1877?

The Republican and Democratic parties effected a compromise agreement after the 1876 presidential election.

One provision of the First Amendment is

free speech

The map above would be most useful to historians analyzing the

goals and interests of Britain in the Atlantic economy.

The crisis over the Missouri Compromise exposed the

growing sectionalism over the issue of slavery

Native Americans were more vulnerable to smallpox and measles than Europens, because Europeans

had developed resistance to the diseases.

Which of the following most likely contributed to the emergence of the Second Great Awakening?

The cultural responses to the Enlightenment

"[February 8, 1709] I rose at 5'o clock this morning and read a chapter in Hebrew and 200 verses in Homer's Odyssey. I ate milk for breakfast. I said my prayers. Jenny and Eugene were whipped.. . . I read law in the morning and Italian in the afternoon. I ate tough chicken for dinner. . . . In the evening I walked about the plantation. I said my prayers, I had good thoughts, good health, and good humor on this day, thanks be to God Almighty.[June 9, 1709] . . . My Eugene ran away this morning for no reason but because he had not done anything yesterday. I sent my people after him but in vain. . . . I neglected to say my prayers, for which God forgive me. . . .[February 27, 1711] I rose at 6 o'clock and read two chapters in Hebrew and some Greek. . . . I danced my dance and then went to the brick house to see my people pile the planks and found them all idle for which I threatened them soundly but did not whip them. . . . In the evening my wife and little Jenny had a great quarrel in which my wife got the worst but at last by the help of the family Jenny was overcome and soundly whipped. At night I ate some bread and cheese. I said my prayers and had good health, good thoughts, and good humor, thank God Almighty." Selected diary entries of William Byrd of Virginia, 1709-1711 The events described in the excerpt best serve as evidence of which of the following developments in the early 1700s?

The development of both overt and covert means of resisting slavery

Which of the following was a weakness of the Articles of Confederation?

Congress could not levy or collect taxes from the states.

Which of the following came from the idea of Predestination?

the elect

We Owe Allegiance to No Crown - John Archibald Woodside (1781-1852) Oil on canvas, c. 1814, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution The painting best serves as evidence of

the emergence of a new national culture

According to historian Frederick Jackson Turner, a key factor in the development of American individualism and democracy was

the frontier

Manumission means

the gradual freeing of slaves

Which of the following occurred during Radical Reconstruction?

The formation of the Ku Klux Klan

William Henry Harrison The Farmer of the North Bend What was the purpose behind the publication of the 1840 illustration above?

To portray William Henry Harrison as a common man

The Loyalists were also known as

Tories

Which of these was an American victory?

Trenton

Where did Washington retreat to after the Battle of Germantown?

Valley Forge

Which colonies raised the staple crop, tobacco?

Virginia and Maryland

Who was chosen to command the Continental Army?

Washington

The battle which effectively ended the war was

Yorktown

In a theocracy sins can become

crimes

Chancellor of the Ex-Chequer is most similar to

finance minister

Which is considered to be an advantage for the British in the War?

none of these

Which of the following was a consequence of the shift to sharecropping and the crop lien system in the late nineteenth-century South?

A cycle of debt and depression for Southern tenant farmers

According to the Constitution what is the smallest number of members of Congress that a state could have

3

"That it be and hereby is recommended to the legislatures of the several states represented in this Convention, to adopt all such measures as may be necessary effectually to protect the citizens of said states from the operation and effects of all acts which have been or may be passed by the Congress of the United States, which shall contain provisions, subjecting the militia or other citizens to forcible drafts, conscriptions, or impressments, not authorized by the Constitution of the United States. . . .Resolved, That if the application of these states to the government of the United States, recommended in a foregoing resolution, should be unsuccessful and peace should not be concluded, and the defence of these states should be neglected, as it has been since the commencement of the war, it will, in the opinion of this convention, be expedient for the legislatures of the several states to appoint delegates to another convention, . . . with such powers and instructions as the exigency of a crisis so momentous may require." Report and Resolutions of the Hartford Convention, January 1815 Which of the following most directly resulted from the sentiments expressed the excerpt?

A national political realignment

Which of the following political changes most likely influenced the Second Great Awakening?

A participatory democracy expanded belief in the importance of the individual.

William Lloyd Garrison established a newspaper that advocated which of the following issues?

Abolition of slavery

Which two political opponents did Andrew Jackson accuse of creating a "corrupt bargain?"

Adams and Clay

"Not far from this time Nat Turner's insurrection [a slave rebellion] broke out; and the news threw our town into great commotion. . . . "It was always the custom to have a muster every year. On that occasion every White man shouldered his musket. The citizens and the so-called country gentlemen wore military uniforms. . . . "I knew the houses were to be searched; and I expected it would be done by country bullies and the poor Whites. . . . "It was a grand opportunity for the low Whites, who had no Negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subserviency to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation. . . . Colored people and slaves who lived in remote parts of the town suffered in an especial manner. In some cases the searchers scattered [gun]powder and shot among their clothes, and then sent other parties to find them, and bring them forward as proof that they were plotting insurrection." Harriet Ann Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861, describing events earlier in the nineteenth century Which of the following pieces of evidence best supports the excerpt's depiction of reactions to slave rebellions?

Additional restrictions were placed on enslaved and free African Americans.

W. E. B. Du Bois differed in philosophy from Booker T. Washington in that Du Bois believed

African Americans should pursue immediate and full equality

In the late nineteenth century, state governments in the South were largely successful in restricting

African Americans' voting rights guaranteed by the Fifteenth Amendment

The main purpose of the Tariff of 1816 was to

Aid American industry

"The great increase of drunkenness, within the last half century, among the people of the United States, led a number of philanthropic individuals . . . to consult together, upon the duty of making more united, systematic, and extended efforts for the prevention of this evil. Its cause was at once seen to be, the use of intoxicating liquor; and its appropriate remedy, abstinence. It was also known, that the use of such liquor, as a beverage, is not only needless, but injurious to the health, the virtue, and the happiness of men. It was believed, that the facts which had been . . . collected would prove this . . . ; and that if the knowledge of them were universally disseminated it would, with the divine blessing, do much toward changing the habits of the nation. . . . [The American Temperance Society's] object is . . . the exertion of kind moral influence . . . to effect such a change of sentiment and practice, that drunkenness and all its evils will cease." Introduction to a book of reports from the American Temperance Society, 1835 Which of the following evidence did the American Temperance Society in the excerpt use to support its argument about the need for the temperance movement?

Alcohol consumption damaged people's physical and emotional well-being.

The Theory of Nullification was developed in response to the

Alien and Sedition Acts

Settlement by the US 1800-1820 Which of the following most likely accounts for the limits of United States settlement in portions of North Carolina and Georgia depicted on the map?

American Indians maintained sovereign control over those regions.

What happened when Jefferson refused to continue paying the Barbary States of North Africa for protection of American merchant ships?

American ships went on the offensive and attacked Barbary ships.

Which of the following developments helps to explain the rise in exports from the West Coast depicted in the graph?

An expansion in the railroad network led to greater access of western farmers to eastern markets.

Banner of the Society of Pewterers of New York, carried in the Federal Procession, July 23, 1788 The ribbon at top right reads "The Federal Plan Most Solid & Secure/Americans Their Freedom Will Endure/All Art Shall Flourish in Columbia's Land/And All her Sons Join as One Social Band. "Which of the following groups would have most strongly supported the sentiments expressed in the image?

Antifederalists

"Congress has the power...to create all laws that are necessary and proper..." can be found in which part of the Constitution?

Article I

Why are bills of attainder forbidden in the Constitution?

Because they punish someone without a trial

What incident led Parliament to withdraw nearly all of the Townshend Acts?

Boston Massacre

How did the colonists react to the British East India Company's monopoly on trade?

Boston Tea Party

How can Congress override a presidential veto?

Both houses must pass the bill by a two-thirds majority

"WHEREAS by an act made in the last session of parliament, several duties were granted, continued, and appropriated, towards defraying the expences of defending, protecting, and securing, the British colonies and plantations in America: and whereas it is just and necessary, that provision be made for raising a further revenue within your Majesty's dominions in America, towards defraying the said expences: we, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the commons of Great Britain in parliament assembled, have therefore resolved to give and grant unto your Majesty the several rates and duties herein after mentioned." English Parliament, The Stamp Act, March 22, 1765 Which of the following best represents the reaction of American colonists to the legislation above?

Boycotts intended to secure their rights as Englishmen

During the American Revolution most Native American tribes sided with the

British

The questions below refer to the following 1770 image created by Paul Revere. The image was created most directly in response to

British efforts to assert imperial authority in the colonies

"[T]hese colonies ought to regard the act with abhorrence. For who are a free people? Not those over whom government is reasonably and equitably exercised but those who live under a government, so constitutionally checked and controlled, that proper provision is made against its being otherwise exercised. The late act is founded on the destruction of constitutional security. . . . In short, if they have a right to levy a tax of one penny upon us, they have a right to levy a million upon us: For where does that right stop? . . . to use the words of Mr. Locke, 'What property have we in that, which another may, by rights take, when he pleases, to himself?' . . . We are therefore—I speak it with grief—I speak with indignation—we are slaves." John Dickinson, Letter from a Farmer, 1768 The excerpt was most likely written in response to

British efforts to tax the colonies

Which of the following factors best explains the increase in White male suffrage in the early nineteenth century?

Changes to property ownership requirements

Which of the following pairs of immigrant groups were most prominent in the construction of the first transcontinental railroad?

Chinese and Irish

Which of the following most closely defines why members of the Society of Friends believed that all men (and women) were equal:

Christ died for the salvation of all people

"[T]hese colonies ought to regard the act with abhorrence. For who are a free people? Not those over whom government is reasonably and equitably exercised but those who live under a government, so constitutionally checked and controlled, that proper provision is made against its being otherwise exercised. The late act is founded on the destruction of constitutional security. . . . In short, if they have a right to levy a tax of one penny upon us, they have a right to levy a million upon us: For where does that right stop? . . . to use the words of Mr. Locke, 'What property have we in that, which another may, by rights take, when he pleases, to himself?' . . . We are therefore—I speak it with grief—I speak with indignation—we are slaves."John Dickinson, Letter from a Farmer, 1768 The sentiments expressed in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following developments?

Colonial resistance to the end of salutary neglect

"It is now fourteen weeks since the revolution of government here. Future consequences we are ignorant of, yet we know that, at present we are eased of the great oppressions that we groaned under . . . making the arbitrary commission of Sir Edmund Andros null and void in the law; . . . although some could not advise to [recommend] the enterprise, yet [all] are hopeful that we shall not be greatly blamed, but shall have a pardon granted for any error the law will charge us with in this matter. We do crave that the circumstances of our case and condition . . . may be considered. Nature has taught us self-preservation. . . . Our great remoteness from England denies us the opportunity of direction for the regulation of ourselves in all emergencies, nor have we the means to know the laws and customs of our nation. . . . We have always endeavored to prove ourselves loyal to the Crown of England . . . and we are not without hopes but that we shall receive from Their Royal Majesties the confirmation of our charter, with such addition of privileges as may advance the revenue of the Crown, and be an encouragement to Their Majesties' subjects here." Letter from Thomas Danforth of Massachusetts to a colleague in London, 1689 Which of the following was most likely a significant cause of the sentiments depicted in the excerpt above?

Colonies that were accustomed to a large measure of autonomy

"Not to look back further than the troubles that were between the Colony of New Plymouth and Philip, sachem [tribal chief] of Mount Hope, in the year 1671, it may be remembered that . . . [he] was the . . . offending party; and that Plymouth had just cause to take up arms against him; and it was then agreed that he should pay that colony a certain sum of money, in part of their damage and charge by him. . . . But sometime last winter the Governor of Plymouth was informed by Sassamon, a faithful Indian, that the said Philip was undoubtedly endeavoring to raise new troubles, and was endeavoring to engage all the sachems round about in a war against us. . . . About a week after John Sassamon had given his information, he was barbarously murdered by some Indians for his faithfulness to the interest of God and of the English. . . . Philip and his men continued constantly in arms, many strange Indians from several places flocked in to him . . . earnest for a war . . . given leave to kill Englishmen's cattle and rob their houses . . . on 14th June our Council wrote an amicable friendly letter to Philip therein showing our dislike of his practices; and advising him . . . not to suffer himself . . . concerning us, who intended no wrong or hurt towards him . . . thus slow were we and unwilling to engage ourselves and our neighbors in a war; having many insolencies almost intolerable from them, of whose hands we had deserved better." Josiah Winslow and Thomas Hinckley, commissioners of the Plymouth Colony, 1675 Winslow and Hinckley's account of colonial interactions with American Indians in the 1600s best serves as evidence of which of the following?

Colonists made alliances both with and against American Indian groups

Which of the following European explorers was the first to complete an eastern all-sea route to Asia?

DaGama

"[W]e view with great concern, both nationally and individually, certain late attempts, on the part of various descriptions of domestic manufacturers, to induce your honorable body to increase the duties upon imports, already so high as to amount, upon many articles, nearly to a prohibition. . . .That, although these attempts are sustained under the plausible pretext of 'promoting national industry,' they are calculated (we will not say in design, but certainly in effect) to produce a tax highly impolitic in its nature, partial in its operation, and oppressive in its effects: a tax, in fact to be levied principally on the great body of agriculturists, who constitute a large majority of the whole American people, and who are the chief consumers of all foreign imports. . . .[I]t is the duty of every wise and just government to secure the consumers against both exorbitant profits and extravagant prices by leaving competition as free and open as possible." Virginia Agricultural Society, petition to the House of Representatives, 1820 The arguments expressed in the petition best reflect which of the following developments?

Debates over the federal government's role in the economy

"The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. . . . The Unity of Government which constitutes you one people . . . is a main Pillar in the Edifice of your real independence . . . your tranquility at home; your peace abroad. . . . I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, with particular reference to founding them on geographical discriminations. . . . The Spirit of Party . . . is inseparable from our nature, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes, in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled or repressed; but in those of the popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate dominion of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge . . . is itself a frightful despotism; but this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism." George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796 The excerpt most clearly provides evidence for which of the following continuities in U. S. history?

Debates over the proper role of political parties

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal.... "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848 The language and themes of the excerpt were most directly inspired by the

Declaration of Independence

Which state ratified the Constitution first?

Delaware

What two new parties were formed from the Democratic-Republicans when they broke up over the election of 1824?

Democrats and National Republicans

The Dawes Act (1887) did which of the following?

Divided Native American tribal lands into individual holdings.

"Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America's inevitable historical condition....But theories of inevitability...are rarely satisfying.... The sectional reunion after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of American history from Appomattox to World War I." David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory, 2001 Which of the following best explains the reason for the reconciliation described by Blight?

Efforts to change southern racial attitudes and culture ultimately failed because of the South's determined resistance and the North's waning resolve.

"[T]he Colonies, had all along neglected to cultivate a proper understanding with the Indians, and from a mistaken notion, have greatly dispised them, without considering, that it is in their power at pleasure to lay waste and destroy the Frontiers. . . . Without any exageration, I look upon the Northern Indians to be the most formidable of any uncivilized body of people in the World. Hunting and War are their sole occupations, and the one qualifies them for the other, they have few wants, and those are easily supplied, their properties of little value, consequently, expeditions against them however successful, cannot distress them, and they have courage sufficient for their manner of fighting, the nature and situation of their Countrys, require not more." William Johnson, a New Yorker, to the British Lords of Trade, 1763 "Great numbers more of your people came over the Great Mountains and settled throughout the country, and we are sorry to tell you, that several quarrels have happened between your people and ours, in which people have been killed on both sides, and that we now see the nations round us and your people ready to embroil in a quarrel. . . . We find your people are very fond of our rich land. We see them quarrelling every day about land and burning one another's houses, so that we do not know how soon they may come over the river Ohio and drive us from our villages, nor do we see you, brothers, take any care to stop them." Gelelemend, a Delaware Indian, to the governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, December 1771 Which of the following best represents a reaction by the British government to the sentiments expressed by Johnson?

Efforts to prevent colonists moving westward

Georgia was initially founded as a haven for

English debtors

"WHEREAS by an act made in the last session of parliament, several duties were granted, continued, and appropriated, towards defraying the expences of defending, protecting, and securing, the British colonies and plantations in America: and whereas it is just and necessary, that provision be made for raising a further revenue within your Majesty's dominions in America, towards defraying the said expences: we, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the commons of Great Britain in parliament assembled, have therefore resolved to give and grant unto your Majesty the several rates and duties herein after mentioned." English Parliament, The Stamp Act, March 22, 1765 Which of the following most directly influenced colonial reaction to the ideas expressed in the excerpt?

Enlightenment thinking

"Although, among the enumerated powers of government, we do not find the word 'bank' or 'incorporation,' we find the great powers to lay and collect taxes; to borrow money; to regulate commerce; to declare and conduct a war; and to raise and support armies and navies. . . . [A] government, intrusted with such ample powers . . . must also be instructed with ample means for their execution. . . .We are unanimously of opinion, that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of the United States, is unconstitutional and void." Chief Justice John Marshall, McCullough v. Maryland, 1819 Which of the following groups would most strongly have supported the arguments expressed in the excerpt?

Federalists in the 1790s

Which of the following is the American colonies' response to the Intolerable Acts?

First Continental Congress

Was a potential threat to plantation wealth

Florida

Why is is the battle that is considered the turning point of the War called the turning point?

France signed an alliance with the colonies

Who was named the Swamp Fox for his elusive tactics?

Francis Marion

American ambassador to France during the American Revolution

Franklin

Most Native American tribes sided with whom in the French and Indian War

French

Who did the Native Americans tolerate the best?

French

Who led the military expedition to secure the Ohio Valley?

G. R. Clark

In the Declaration of Independence where is blame placed for taking away the rights of Colonists?

George III is blamed

Which country's support was absolutely necessary for the Monroe Doctrine?

Great Britain

"Whereas the enforcing of the conscience in matters of religion has frequently fallen out to be of dangerous consequence in those commonwealths where it has been practiced, and for the more quiet and peaceable government of this Province, and the better to preserve mutual love and amity among the inhabitants thereof. Be it therefore enacted that no person or persons whatever in the Province . . . professing to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be any ways troubled, molested, or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof within the Province . . . nor in any way compelled to the belief or exercise of any other religion against his or her consent, so [long] as they not be unfaithful to the Lord Proprietary, or molest or conspire against the civil government established in this Province under him. . . ." Maryland Act Concerning Religion, 1644 The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly show the influence of which of the following?

Greater religious independence in the colonies

Which of the following is not correct?

Gunpowder and the Black Death helped to strengthen the nobles of Europe.

What ensured the 1828 election of John Adams after the near three-way tie in the electoral college?

Henry Clay, who came in fourth, asked his supporters to endorse Adams.

What triggered the events that resulted in the formation of the Church of England?

Henry VIII wanted a divorce.

"SECTION 1 . . . If any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States . . . , or to impede the operation of any law of the United States, or to intimidate or prevent any person holding . . . office in or under the government of the United States, from undertaking, performing or executing his trust or duty, and if any person or persons, with intent as aforesaid, shall counsel, advise or attempt to procure any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination . . . , he or they shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on conviction . . . shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term not less than six months nor exceeding five years. . . .SECTION 2 . . . If any person shall write, print, utter or publish . . . any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent to defame the said government . . . or to bring them . . . into contempt or disrepute; or to excite against them . . . the hatred of the good people of the United States . . . , or to aid, encourage or abet any hostile designs of any foreign nation against the United States . . . , then such person, being thereof convicted . . . shall be punished by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years." The Sedition Act, 1798 The excerpt most clearly provides evidence for which of the following?

Highly partisan political debates of the 1790s

"WHEREAS by an act made in the last session of parliament, several duties were granted, continued, and appropriated, towards defraying the expences of defending, protecting, and securing, the British colonies and plantations in America: and whereas it is just and necessary, that provision be made for raising a further revenue within your Majesty's dominions in America, towards defraying the said expences: we, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the commons of Great Britain in parliament assembled, have therefore resolved to give and grant unto your Majesty the several rates and duties herein after mentioned." English Parliament, The Stamp Act, March 22, 1765 Which of the following developments most directly contributed to passage of the Stamp Act?

Imperial struggles of the mid-eighteenth century

surrendered to New Netherlands

In 1655, New Sweden

The development of the printing press

Increased the volume of publishing

Growth of the US 1783-1853 The trend shown in the map led most directly to which of the following?

Increasing divisions between North and South because of questions about the status of slavery in new territories

What did the Adams-Onís Treaty do?

It gave East Florida to the United States.

Which of the following statements applies to the Great Compromise?

It granted each state an equal voice in the upper house and representation in the lower house according on population

When a government sells bonds,

It is borrowing money from its citizens

What happened to Florida after the American Revolution?

It was given back to Spain

Who is the least Catholic of the following

J. Calvin

Which of the following was a prominent Federalist?

James Madison

Who wrote the Bill of Rights?

James Madison

Who wanted to make one of England's Southern Colonies into a haven for English debtors?

James Oglethorpe

The first permanent English colony in America was

Jamestown

During the First Crusade in 1099, Christian knights succeeded in capturing

Jerusalem.

Who defended the soldiers at the Boston Massacre?

John Adams

Who developed the concept of the Social Contract?

John Locke

An important concept from the Magna Carta

King is not above the law

The French nobleman who became part of Washington's staff was

Lafayette

"Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude." George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870 Which of the following contributed most to the process described in the excerpt?

Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land

Who was responsible for improving relations with colonists after the Boston Massacre?

Lord North

"So many people ask me what they shall do; so few tell me what they can do.Yet this is the pivot wherein all must turn. "I believe that each of us who has his place to make should go where men are wanted, and where employment is not bestowed as alms. Of course, I say to all who are in want of work, GoWest! . . . "On the whole I say, stay where you are; do as well as you can; and devote every spare hour to making yourself familiar with the conditions and dexterity required for the efficient conservation of out-door industry in a new country. Having mastered these, gather up your family and GoWest!" Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, letter to R. L. Sanderson, 1871 The advice in the excerpt most directly reflects the influence of which of the following prevailing American ideas?

Manifest Destiny

Which of the following was not an expansion of presidential power

Marbury v Madison

Which colony was placed under martial law in 1774?

Massachusetts

The document that established a self-governing colony of male church members was the

Mayflower Compact

Created to settle a debt

NJ

Which group of colonies had Town Meetings, where people could vote directly on issues?

New England Colonies

Founded by Puritans moving north

New Hampshire

Founded on the banks of the Hudson

New Netherland

After withdrawing from Boston, where did the British attack next?

New York City

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. ... It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." — Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845 "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce ... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!" — Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," 1852 Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of Frederick Douglass in the excerpt?

Northern abolitionists

Which of the following provided a plan for governing western lands?

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Area of friction that caused the French and Indian War

Ohio Valley

Why did Thomas Paine's Common Sense inspire colonists?

Paine supported a gradual move toward independence from Britain. OR Paine talked about opportunities for the common man

Which of the following were founded for religious freedom?

Pennsylvania and Rhode Island

What was one way in which Pennsylvania differed from Virginia?

Pennsylvania cultivated peace with the local Indians

Which European nation greatly expanded the slave trade in the 1400s and 1500s?

Portugal

The United States gained which of the following from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ?

Possession of California and most of the Southwest

The Vice President of the United States also serves as

President of Senate

Which state refused to send representatives to the Constitutional Convention?

Rhode Island

Which of the following is correct during the time of the Articles of Confederation?

Right of deposit was an issue the US had with Spain

Which battle is the turning point of the war?

Saratoga

Which of the following is true about slavery?

Punishment for wrong doing by slaves was often harsh and public.

Which group immigrated to the colonies because of war, taxes, and religious persecution in their country?

Quakers

The capture of which city was seen as key to British victory in the French and Indian War

Quebec

"It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863 After 1863, which of the following most fulfilled the "new birth of freedom" that the excerpt refers to?

Ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments

"The federal government never acknowledged that a Conservative insurgency was underway in the South [after 1865]. . . . [It] simply divided the former Confederate states into five military districts, each commanded by a major general. . . . "Army officers had neither the orders nor the desire to provide military protection for the fledgling Republican state governments created by the Reconstruction Acts. Like any other states in the Union, these were expected to provide for their own security. Anxious to gain political legitimacy in the eyes of a white population who largely regarded them as 'regimes,' these state governments had strong reasons to downplay the subversive activities within their borders. Instead, . . . they respected the civil liberties of ex-Confederates and, with only a few exceptions, permitted their bitterest foes full participation [in] the political process. They treated the Ku Klux Klan's extensive campaigns of murder, assault, and intimidation as mere criminal activity. Those accused of such acts therefore enjoyed full access to the courts—and often dominated them." Mark Grimsley, historian, "Wars for the American South: The First and Second Reconstructions Considered as Insurgencies," Civil War History, 2012 The events described in the excerpt best support which of the following arguments about Reconstruction?

Reconstruction created only temporary political opportunities for formerly enslaved people.

The Presidential Election of 1796 Stacy//Ellington, Fabric of a Nation, 1e © 2020 Bedford, Freeman & Worth The Presidential Election of 1800 The maps most clearly provide evidence for which of the following?

Regional basis of early American political parties

The Salem Witch Trials were primarily instigated by

Religious hysteria and style of governance

The age of great change marked by renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman learning and the arts is called the

Renaissance.

Which of the following groups led violent protests against British taxation in the colonies?

Sons of Liberty

"After [the Confederate surrender at] Appomattox the South's political leaders saw themselves entering an era of revolutionary changes imposed by the national government, which many viewed as an outside power. Continuing a long pattern of American . . . behavior, many whites found an outlet for their frustration by attacking those deemed responsible for their suffering: white Republicans and blacks. . . . "Frustrated at their inability to bring their states back to Democratic control, some southerners turned to the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations, using terrorism to eliminate opposition leaders and to strike fear into the hearts of rank-and-file Republicans, both black and white. . . . "[Violence] in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina exposed the impotence of the Republican party in the South and the determination of Democrats to defeat their opponents by any means necessary. The final triumph of the counterrevolution awaited the withdrawal of northern Republican support from the so-called 'carpetbag regimes' in 1877. The inconsistency of federal Reconstruction policy and the strength of southern resistance seem to have doomed the Reconstruction experiment to inevitable collapse. Although Americans have often been loathe to concede that violence may bring about [political] change, terrorism in the Reconstruction era was instrumental in achieving the ends desired by its perpetrators." George C. Rable, historian, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction, published in 1984 "In its pervasive impact and multiplicity of purposes, . . . the wave of counterrevolutionary terror that swept over large parts of the South between 1868 and 1871 lacks a counterpart . . . in the American experience. . . . "By 1870, the Ku Klux Klan . . . had become deeply entrenched in nearly every Southern state. . . . In effect, the Klan was a military force serving the interests of the Democratic party, the planter class, and all those who desired the restoration of white supremacy. . . . "Adopted in 1870 and 1871, a series of Enforcement Acts embodied the Congressional response to violence. . . . As violence persisted, Congress enacted a far more sweeping measure—the Ku Klux Klan Act of April 1871. This for the first time designated certain crimes committed by individuals as offenses punishable under federal law. . . . If states failed to act effectively against them, [these offenses could] be prosecuted by federal district attorneys, and even lead to military intervention. . . . "Judged by the percentage of Klansmen actually indicted and convicted, the fruits of 'enforcement' seem small indeed, a few hundred men among the thousands guilty of heinous crimes. But in terms of its larger purposes—restoring order, reinvigorating the morale of Southern Republicans, and enabling blacks to exercise their rights as citizens—the policy proved a success. . . . So ended the Reconstruction career of the Ku Klux Klan. . . . National power had achieved what most Southern governments had been unable, and Southern white public opinion unwilling, to accomplish: acquiescence in the rule of law." Eric Foner, historian, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, published in 1988 Based on their arguments in the excerpts, both Rable and Foner would most likely agree with which of the following claims?

Southern resistance hindered Reconstruction.

By the Treaty of Paris, 1763 which received all the land west of the Mississippi River

Spain

Which of the following placed a tax on nearly all printed materials in the colonies?

Stamp Act

Which of the following describes Federalism?

State and national governments share power.

The decisions of the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries generally did which of the following?

Strengthened the position of big business.

Which of the following was not part of the Coercive Acts?

The General Court was ordered to put the Sons of Liberty on trial.

According to the passage, why does Tecumseh blame the United States for the "injury" and "mischief" committed by other Indians?"You try to force the red people to do some injury. It is you that is pushing them on to do mischief. You endeavor to make distinctions, you wish to prevent the Indians to do as we wish them: to unite and let them consider their land as the common property of the whole. . . .The reason I tell you this is you want by your distinctions of Indian tribes in allotting to each a particular track of land to make them to war with each other. You never see an Indian come and endeavour to make the white people do so. You are continually driving the red people when at last you will drive them into the great Lake where they can't eather stand or work."

The Americans refused to make distinctions among different Indian groups.

"The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution." United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 Which of the following invalidated the decision in the excerpt?

The Fourteenth Amendment

The western boundary of New France was

The Rocky Mountains

"Yes: Mexico must be thoroughly chastised! . . . The news of yesterday [at the southern border] has added the last argument wanted to prove the necessity of an immediate Declaration of War by our government toward its southern neighbor. "We are justified in the face of the world, in having treated Mexico with more forbearance [tolerance] than we have ever yet treated an enemy. . . . We have . . . submitted thus far to a most offensive rejection of an Ambassador personifying the American nation, and waited for years without payment of the claims of our injured merchants. We have sought peace through every avenue, and shut our eyes to many things, which, had they come from England or France, the President would not have dared to pass over without stern and speedy resentment. We have dammed up our memory, of what had passed in the South [Texas] years ago—of devilish massacres of some of our bravest and noblest sons . . . in violation of all the rules of war. . . . "We think there can be no doubt of the truth of yesterday's news; and we are sure the people here, ten to one, are for prompt and hostilities. . . . Let our arms now be carried with a spirit which shall teach the world that, while we are not forward for a quarrel, America knows how to crush, as well as how to expand!" Walt Whitman, journalist and poet, editorial in the Brooklyn Eagle, 1846 "President [James K. Polk] in his message, as a pretext for sending our army to invade and conquer the country upon the Rio Grande, says: "Texas by its [legislative] act of December 19, 1836, had declared the [Rio Grande] to be the boundary of that [formerly independent] republic.' . . . The truth is that Texas had agreed upon the Nueces [River] as her boundary. . . . "If [Mexico] be ours, why does he seek to justify the taking possession of it by references to the fact that Mexico is indebted to some of our people? If it be not ours, and he has taken possession of it in order to compel Mexico to pay those debts, why not say so? The fact that Mexico has not paid the debts due to our citizens can have no legitimate connection with taking possession of [it as] our own soil. But [the president] was obviously conscious that this invasion of the Mexican territory could not be justified. . . . "When the Executive and Congress openly and avowedly took upon themselves the responsibility of extending and perpetuating slavery by the annexation of Texas, and by the total overthrow and subversion of the Constitution, . . . my confidence in the stability of our institutions was shaken, destroyed. . . . Our Union continues, but our Constitution is gone. . . . ". . . No man regards this war as just. We know, the country knows, and the civilized world are conscious, that it has resulted from a desire to extend and sustain an institution on which the curse of the Almighty most visibly rests." Joshua Giddings, congressman from Ohio, speech in the United States House of Representatives, 1846 Based on their arguments in the excerpts, Giddings would likely agree with and Whitman would likely disagree with which of the following claims about the causes of the Mexican-American War?

The United States desired to expand slavery to Mexican territory.

Why did the English settle in the Maryland area?

The area offered fertile land for tobacco and religious toleration

Banner of the Society of Pewterers of New York, carried in the Federal Procession, July 23, 1788 The ribbon at top right reads "The Federal Plan Most Solid & Secure/Americans Their Freedom Will Endure/All Art Shall Flourish in Columbia's Land/And All her Sons Join as One Social Band." The image best provides evidence for which of the following historical developments?

The beginnings of a shared sense of national identity The growth of factories and an industrial economy

"Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligations as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge. ... It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness." — Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845 "Standing with God and the crushed and bleeding slave on this occasion, I will, in the name of humanity which is outraged, in the name of Liberty which is fettered, in the name of the constitution and Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and denounce ... slavery 'the great sin and shame of America'!" — Frederick Douglass, speech titled "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro," 1852 The excerpt from James Henry Hammond is most clearly an example of which of the following developments in the mid-19th century?

The growing tendency among Southern slaveholders to justify slavery as a positive good

"The Negroes are very numerous, some gentlemen having hundreds of them of all sorts, to whom they bring great profit . . . though some masters, careless of their own interest or reputation, are too cruel and negligent. . . . Several of them are taught to be sawyers, carpenters, smiths, coopers, etc . . . yet they are by nature cut out for hard labour and fatigue, and will perform tolerably well . . . and those Negroes make the best servants, that have been slaves in their own country; for they that have been kings and great men are generally lazy, haughty, and obstinate; whereas the others are sharper, better humored, and more laborious . . . [indentured] servants are but an insignificant number, when compared with the vast shoals of Negroes who are employed as slaves . . . with only this difference, that the Negroes eat wholesomer bread and better pork with more plenty and ease; and when they are sick, their owners interest and purse are deeply engaged in their recovery, who likewise are obligated to take all the care imaginable of their slaves for their own great profit; so that the Negroes, though they work moderately, yet can live plentifully, have no families to provide for, no danger of beggary, no care for the morrow." Hugh Jones, The Present State of Virginia, 1724 The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly show the influence of which of the following?

The growth of an Atlantic economy with a shared labor market

"[T]hese colonies ought to regard the act with abhorrence. For who are a free people? Not those over whom government is reasonably and equitably exercised but those who live under a government, so constitutionally checked and controlled, that proper provision is made against its being otherwise exercised. The late act is founded on the destruction of constitutional security. . . . In short, if they have a right to levy a tax of one penny upon us, they have a right to levy a million upon us: For where does that right stop? . . . to use the words of Mr. Locke, 'What property have we in that, which another may, by rights take, when he pleases, to himself?' . . . We are therefore—I speak it with grief—I speak with indignation—we are slaves." John Dickinson, Letter from a Farmer, 1768 Which of the following historical developments most directly caused the conditions Dickinson addressed in the excerpt?

The large British debt incurred from the Seven Years' War

Martial Law is defined as

The military now becomes the government

"Mr. Martin proposed to vary article 7, sect. 4 so as to allow a prohibition or tax on the importation of slaves. . . . [He believed] it was inconsistent with the principles of the Revolution, and dishonorable to the American character, to have such a feature [promoting the slave trade] in the Constitution. . . .Mr. [Oliver] Ellsworth [of Connecticut] was for leaving the clause as it stands. Let every state import what it pleases. The morality or wisdom of slavery are considerations belonging to the states themselves. . . .Col. [George] Mason [of Virginia stated that] this infernal trade originated in the avarice of British merchants. . . . The poor despise labor when performed by slaves. They prevent the immigration of whites, who really enrich and strengthen a country. . . . He held it essential, in every point of view, that the general government should have power to prevent the increase of slavery. . . .Gen. [Charles C.] Pinckney [argued that] South Carolina and Georgia cannot do without slaves. . . . He contended that the importation of slaves would be for the interest of the whole Union. The more slaves, the more produce to employ the carrying trade; the more consumption also; and the more of this, the more revenue for the common treasury." The Records of the Federal Convention of the Constitution, 1787 Which of the following was a direct response to the debates expressed in the excerpt?

The prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808

"We are just now making a great pretense of anxiety to civilize the [American] Indians. . . . As we have taken into our national family seven millions of Negroes . . . it would seem that the time may have arrived when we can very properly make at least the attempt to assimilate our two hundred and fifty thousand Indians. . . . "The school at Carlisle is an attempt on the part of the government to do this. . . . Carlisle fills young Indians with the spirit of loyalty to the stars and stripes, and then moves them out into our communities to show by their conduct and ability that the Indian is no different from the white or the colored, that he has the inalienable right to liberty and opportunity that the white and the negro have." Richard H. Pratt, founder, Carlisle Indian Industrial School, "The Advantages of Mingling Indians with Whites," 1892 Which of the following developments would the author have been most likely to use to support his assertion that African Americans had joined the United States "national family"?

The ratification of constitutional amendments during Reconstruction

Which of the following was a result of the Louisiana Purchase?

The size of the United States nearly doubled.

The expansion of transportation networks depicted in the map most directly resulted from which of the following technological innovations?

The steam engine

Theodor de Bry, engraving of the Black Legend, 1598 The sentiments expressed in the picture above were most likely a critique of which of the following?

The subjugation of the American Indians by Spanish colonizers

What effect did Marco Polo's writings have on Europeans?

They became inspired to find a water route to Asia

Which of the following statements best characterizes the activists who attended the Seneca Falls Convention?

They called for expanded women's rights.

As the Federalists lost power in the revolution of 1800

They decided to control the judicial branch

Which of the following describes Loyalists?

They thought Patriots were too radical and criminal in their actions.

"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection—never of incorporating them into our Union....To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes.... Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against such a project." Senator John C. Calhoun, "Conquest of Mexico" speech, 1848 The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century?

Westward expansion

"All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . . "Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . . "The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened to white farmers. . . . "The strength of Indian communities during this period declined while the power of the federal bureaucracy that supervised them increased." Richard White, historian, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West, published in 1991 "As reformers and federal officials alike recognized, the key to 'assimilation' was 'detribalization,' and the key to 'detribalization' was eradication of the land base and communal practices that sustained tribal culture. . . . "Congress enacted the General Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Severalty Act) in 1887. . . . The act authorized the president to survey reservation lands, have them divided up into allotments of up to 160 acres, and make them available to Indians family heads. . . . Reservation land that was not subject to allotment . . . would be made available for purchase and white settlement. . . . ". . . While effectively placing all Native Americans under the jurisdiction [control] of the federal government (as opposed to their own tribal laws and institutions), . . . those who remained on the shrinking reservations and maintained their tribal connections . . . continued to be excluded from the 'equal protection of the laws.' . . . ". . .Try as the federal government might to penalize reservation Indians through isolation and dependency, the reservation could in fact become a site of cultural and economic creativity—and of resistance to the projects of the state. Indians regularly traversed reservation boundaries, often in defiance of government regulations and [travel] pass requirements, to visit one another and to exchange labor and goods, extending lines of communication and interethnic relations . . . . In doing so, they deepened their own tribal attachments while developing a sense of pan-tribal Indianness." Steven Hahn, historian, A Nation Without Borders: The United States and Its World in an Age of Civil Wars, 1830-1910, published in 2016 Which of the following is a difference between White's and Hahn's claims in the excerpts about how American Indian societies changed in the late 1800s?

White claims that reservations reduced American Indian autonomy from the United States, while Hahn claims reservations could be used to resist federal encroachment.

Which group gained important political rights during the 1820s?

White men

"Yes: Mexico must be thoroughly chastised! . . . The news of yesterday [at the southern border] has added the last argument wanted to prove the necessity of an immediate Declaration of War by our government toward its southern neighbor. "We are justified in the face of the world, in having treated Mexico with more forbearance [tolerance] than we have ever yet treated an enemy. . . . We have . . . submitted thus far to a most offensive rejection of an Ambassador personifying the American nation, and waited for years without payment of the claims of our injured merchants. We have sought peace through every avenue, and shut our eyes to many things, which, had they come from England or France, the President would not have dared to pass over without stern and speedy resentment. We have dammed up our memory, of what had passed in the South [Texas] years ago—of devilish massacres of some of our bravest and noblest sons . . . in violation of all the rules of war. . . . "We think there can be no doubt of the truth of yesterday's news; and we are sure the people here, ten to one, are for prompt and hostilities. . . . Let our arms now be carried with a spirit which shall teach the world that, while we are not forward for a quarrel, America knows how to crush, as well as how to expand!" Walt Whitman, journalist and poet, editorial in the Brooklyn Eagle, 1846 "President [James K. Polk] in his message, as a pretext for sending our army to invade and conquer the country upon the Rio Grande, says: "Texas by its [legislative] act of December 19, 1836, had declared the [Rio Grande] to be the boundary of that [formerly independent] republic.' . . . The truth is that Texas had agreed upon the Nueces [River] as her boundary. . . . "If [Mexico] be ours, why does he seek to justify the taking possession of it by references to the fact that Mexico is indebted to some of our people? If it be not ours, and he has taken possession of it in order to compel Mexico to pay those debts, why not say so? The fact that Mexico has not paid the debts due to our citizens can have no legitimate connection with taking possession of [it as] our own soil. But [the president] was obviously conscious that this invasion of the Mexican territory could not be justified. . . . "When the Executive and Congress openly and avowedly took upon themselves the responsibility of extending and perpetuating slavery by the annexation of Texas, and by the total overthrow and subversion of the Constitution, . . . my confidence in the stability of our institutions was shaken, destroyed. . . . Our Union continues, but our Constitution is gone. . . . ". . . No man regards this war as just. We know, the country knows, and the civilized world are conscious, that it has resulted from a desire to extend and sustain an institution on which the curse of the Almighty most visibly rests." Joshua Giddings, congressman from Ohio, speech in the United States House of Representatives, 1846 Which of the following comparisons best describes Whitman's and Giddings' arguments about the Mexican-American War?

Whitman argued that the war was intended to deter bad behavior, while Giddings argued that the war represented aggression by the United States.

Who was the British Prime Minister who led England to victory over the French?

William Pitt

"Every one acquainted with southern slaves knows that the slave rejoices in the elevation and prosperity of his master; and the heart of no one is more gladdened at the successful debut of young master or miss on the great theatre of the world than that of either the young slave who has grown up with them and shared in all their sports, and even partaken of all their delicacies—or the aged one who has looked on and watched them from birth to manhood, with the kindness and most affectionate solicitude, and has ever met from them all the kind treatment and generous sympathies of feeling, tender hearts." Thomas Dew, president of the College of William and Mary, 1832 The sentiments expressed in the excerpt can best be understood as

a belief that slavery was part of the Southern way of life.

Religious toleration and economic opportunity in New Netherland attracted

a diverse group of colonists

According to the Fourth Amendment, the police can search and seize a person's property only if

a judge issues a warrant

What is a unicameral legislature?

a lawmaking body with a single house of elected representatives

What type of government did the Articles of Confederation create?

a loose confederation of strong state governments

What was the Great Compromise?

a plan to divide Congress into two parts

In the mid-1700's, what did New England, the Middle Colonies, and the South all have in common?

a reliance on an agricultural based economy

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal.... "Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs... have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere... assigned her. "Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. "Resolved,... That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means." Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848 In the decades following the Civil War, the woman's rights movement that began at Seneca Falls focused its energies most strongly on

achieving the right to vote

William Lloyd Garrison and the American Anti-Slavery Society were known for

advocating immediate and uncompensated emancipation

US Territorial Claims as of 1849 The acquisition of territory in the southwestern region shown in the map intensified controversies in the United States about

allowing slavery in the new territories

New York became an English colony when

an English expedition forced the original settlers to surrender.

In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, American agriculture was characterized by

an increase in acres under civilization

The intent of the Dawes Act of 1887 was to

assimilate American Indians into the mainstream of American culture

From the 1880s to the New Deal, the dominant United States government policy toward American Indians was to try to

assimilate them into White culture

During the Middle Passage, slaves

became ill and died due to brutal conditions

Why did King John sign the Magna Carta in England in 1215?

because he was forced to by nobles angered over his abuse of power.

To win support for the Constitution, Federalists promised to add

bill of rights

Colonists opposed new British taxes by protesting violently and

boycotting British goods

Jefferson supported political revolutions in America and France but not Haiti because the Haitian Revolution

challenged racial slavery and encouraged black freedom.

Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Bank of the United States partly because he believed that the bank

concentrated too much power in the hands of a few people

In what way does the legislative branch check the power of the judicial branch?

confirms judges

Which of the following is not correct? a. Hudson search for a water route to Asia through North America. b. Pizarro was aware of what had happened to Cortes in Mexico. c. The Lenni Lenape were settled and basically peaceful. d. Gunpowder and the Black Death helped to strengthen the nobles of Europe.

d. Gunpowder and the Black Death helped to strengthen the nobles of Europe.

Which of these would NOT be protected by the First Amendment?

damaging property in a protest march

The power of judicial review, established by the Supreme Court by 1820, was significant to the development of the young nation because it

determined that the judiciary was as powerful as Congress or the president.

Which of the following gave the Spanish their greatest advantage over the Indians?

diseases

The Ghost Dance was an American Indian religious movement associated with

distress over loss of tribal autonomy

Under the Articles of Confederation, small states like Rhode Island, wielded as much power as large states such as Virginia, because

each state had one vote in Congress

Under the Articles of Confederation, small states like Rhode Island, wielded as much power as large states such as Virginia, because

each state had one vote in Congress.

The Whiskey Rebellion showed that the federal government had the power to

enforce federal laws within states

An important consequence of the "tariff of abominations" (1828) is that it led to the

enunciation of the doctrine of nullification

In the mid-1700's, slave labor in the Middle Colonies

existed but was not essential to the economy

In the mid-1700's, slave labor in the Middle Colonies

existed but was not essential to the economy.

Native Americans believed that spirits

existed in everything in the natural world

"[The] Constitution, which, by the undefined meaning of some parts, and the ambiguities of expression in others, is dangerously adapted to the purposes of an immediate aristocratic tyranny; that . . . from the difficulty, if not impracticability of its operation, must soon terminate in the most uncontrolled despotism. . . . [1] . . . [The] best political writers have supported the principles of annual elections. . . . 2. There is no security in the proffered system, either for the rights of conscience, or liberty of the press. 3. There are no well-defined limits of the Judiciary Powers. . . . 4. The Executive and Legislative are dangerously blended as to give just cause of alarm. . . . 9. There is no provision for a rotation, nor any thing to prevent the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life. . . . 14. There is no provision by a bill of rights to guard against the dangerous encroachments of power. . . . 15. The . . . impracticability, of exercising the equal and equitable powers of government by a single legislature over an extent of territory that reaches from Mississippi to the . . . Atlantic ocean. . . . And it is to be feared we shall soon see this country rushing into the extremes of confusion and violence, in consequence of the proceedings of a set of gentlemen, who disregarding the purposes of their appointment, have assumed powers unauthorized by any commission, have unnecessarily rejected the confederation of the United States, and annihilated the sovereignty and independence of the individual governments." Mercy Otis Warren, Observations on the New Constitution . . . , 1788 The excerpt is best understood in the context of the

fears many people had of centralized federal power.

"[The] Constitution, which, by the undefined meaning of some parts, and the ambiguities of expression in others, is dangerously adapted to the purposes of an immediate aristocratic tyranny; that . . . from the difficulty, if not impracticability of its operation, must soon terminate in the most uncontrolled despotism. . . . [1] . . . [The] best political writers have supported the principles of annual elections. . . . 2. There is no security in the proffered system, either for the rights of conscience, or liberty of the press. 3. There are no well-defined limits of the Judiciary Powers. . . . 4. The Executive and Legislative are dangerously blended as to give just cause of alarm. . . . 9. There is no provision for a rotation, nor any thing to prevent the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life. . . . 14. There is no provision by a bill of rights to guard against the dangerous encroachments of power. . . . 15. The . . . impracticability, of exercising the equal and equitable powers of government by a single legislature over an extent of territory that reaches from Mississippi to the . . . Atlantic ocean. . . . And it is to be feared we shall soon see this country rushing into the extremes of confusion and violence, in consequence of the proceedings of a set of gentlemen, who disregarding the purposes of their appointment, have assumed powers unauthorized by any commission, have unnecessarily rejected the confederation of the United States, and annihilated the sovereignty and independence of the individual governments." Mercy Otis Warren, Observations on the New Constitution . . . , 1788 The ideas about government expressed in the excerpt are consistent with all of the following principles EXCEPT

hereditary privilege.

The overall strategy of the Americans during the Revolutionary War was to

hold together as an army and prolong the war

What plant or animal changed the way the Indians of the Great Plains lived?

horses

The Committees of Correspondence were

in charge of informing other colonies of what life was like under the Intolerable Acts

The Declaration of Sentiments (1848), issued at Seneca Falls, New York, called for

increased rights for women

Which of the following can be done by the federal government only?

issue money

By the time Church tried to silence Luther

it was too late, he had too many followers

Which branch has the power to declare laws unconstsiutional

judicial

America was at a disadvantage when dealing with Great Britain in the 1790's because of

lack of military strength

The source of all wealth and power in the Middle Ages

land

European aid to the Americans included all of the following except

land rights

The colonists in Viginia ultimately survived by

learning to cultivate tobacco, a popular trade item in Europe.

John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government Locke's writing here reflects his belief that

legislative bodies become tyrannical

In the structure of the Church, bishops are most similar to

lords

Which idea is contained in the Mayflower Compact

majority rule

Word that best describes Hessians

mercenaries

The Articles of Confederation gave the states

more power than the national government.

The Three-Fifths Compromise resulted in

more representation in Congress for Southern states

After the War, the U.S. was granted

most of the land east of the Mississippi

Under the Constitution, delegated powers are those held by the

national gov

"Joseph Smith... came from nowhere. Reared in a poor Yankee farm family, he had less than two years of formal schooling and began life without social standing or institutional backing. His family rarely attended church. Yet in the fourteen years he headed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Smith created a religious culture that survived his death, flourished in the most desolate regions of the United States, and continues to grow worldwide....In 1830 at the age of twenty-four, he published the Book of Mormon....He built cities and temples and gathered thousands of followers before he was killed at age thirty-eight." Richard Lyman Bushman, historian, Joseph Smith Rough Stone Rolling: A Cultural Biography of Mormonism's Founder, 2005 Based on the excerpt, the westward migration by the Mormons in the 1830s and 1840s was most likely motivated by the

need to take refuge from persecution

"This momentous question like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper. . . . But as it is, we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other." Thomas Jefferson, letter to John Holmes, 1820 Jefferson's letter was most likely written in response to

passage of the Missouri Compromise

Most people in Europe during the Middle Ages were

peasants

The Black Codes passed in a number of southern states after the Civil War were intended to

place limits on the socioeconomic opportunities open to Black people

Jacksonian Democracy was distinguished by the belief that

political participation by the common man should be increased

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a

possible explanation to be tested

John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government According to Locke, the purpose of a legislative is to

protect the property of the people

In adopting the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress was primarily concerned with

protecting legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slaves

The nullification crisis of 1832 arose over the issue of

protective tariffs

One way that Renaissance artists reflected new ideas was by painting

realistically by using perspective and studying anatomy

"We, therefore, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain... that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities...are unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and intent thereof and are null, void, and no law, nor binding upon this State...." South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1832 The ideas expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly from a larger intellectual debate over the

relationship between the federal government and the states

The most important factor in Andrew Jackson's successful bid for the presidency in 1828 was his

reputation as a hero of the War of 1812

The Louisiana Purchase raised constitutional questions regarding the

right of the federal government to buy land from foreign nations.

In order for the National Government to assume the debts of states, Southerners wanted

the national capital in the South

"Mr. Martin proposed to vary article 7, sect. 4 so as to allow a prohibition or tax on the importation of slaves. . . . [He believed] it was inconsistent with the principles of the Revolution, and dishonorable to the American character, to have such a feature [promoting the slave trade] in the Constitution. . . .Mr. [Oliver] Ellsworth [of Connecticut] was for leaving the clause as it stands. Let every state import what it pleases. The morality or wisdom of slavery are considerations belonging to the states themselves. . . .Col. [George] Mason [of Virginia stated that] this infernal trade originated in the avarice of British merchants. . . . The poor despise labor when performed by slaves. They prevent the immigration of whites, who really enrich and strengthen a country. . . . He held it essential, in every point of view, that the general government should have power to prevent the increase of slavery. . . .Gen. [Charles C.] Pinckney [argued that] South Carolina and Georgia cannot do without slaves. . . . He contended that the importation of slaves would be for the interest of the whole Union. The more slaves, the more produce to employ the carrying trade; the more consumption also; and the more of this, the more revenue for the common treasury." The Records of the Federal Convention of the Constitution, 1787 The excerpt would be most useful to historians analyzing the

role of compromise in creating a new national government.

A cash crop is grown mainly for

sale

Science made little real progress in Europe in the Middle Ages because

scientific thought did not help a person get into Heaven.

Spain explored and established colonies in the Americas in part to

search for gold and other riches.

At the Hartford Convention of 1814, New England Federalists called for

secession of New England from the United States.

Which political theory defines the different responsibilities for each branch of government?

separation of powers

During Reconstruction, a major economic development in the South was the

spread of sharecropping

Which is an example of a concurrent power?

taxation

Which method was not used by the Americans to finance the war

taxation

Renaissance scholars differed from medieval thinkers in that they

tended to focus more on the world around them.

The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established

that suffrage cannot be denied based on race, color, or previous servitude

In its report for 1890, the United States Census Bureau indicated that

the American frontier could no longer be distinguished from settled areas

What was the result of the French and Indian War?

the British were successful in driving the French from North America

Which event led most directly to the Renaissance?

the Crusades

"It is to be understood, that the people which now inhabit the regions of the coast of Guinea, and the middle parts of Africa, as Libya the inner, and Nubia, with diverse other great and large regions about the same, were in old time called Ethiopians and Nigritae, which we now call Moores, Moorens, or Negros, a people of beastly living, without a god, law, religion, or common wealth, and so scorched and vexed with the heat of the sun, that in many places they curse it when it rises. . . . There are also other people of Libya called Garamantes, whose women are common: for the contract on matrimony, neither have respect to chastity." Jon Lok, Second Voyage to Guinea, 1554 The attitude of Europeans toward West Coast Africans, as explained in the excerpt, most directly led to

the European belief in white superiority to justify subjugation of Africans.

US Territorial Claims as of 1849 The territorial changes shown in the southwestern region of the map most directly resulted from

the Mexican-American War

Which region raised the majority of the staple, bread, crops in demand by Europeans?

the Middle Colonies

Which group dominated the trade routes south and east of Africa in the 1400s?

the Portuguese

The earlier years of the Middle Ages began with

the collapse of the Roman Empire

A sharp increase in the number of slaves brought to the United States occurred as a result of the development of

the cotton gin

Objection 5: But what warrant have we to take that land, which is and has been of long time possessed of others, the sons of Adam?Answer: That which is common to all is proper to none. This savage people rule over many lands without title or property; for they enclose no ground, neither have they cattle to maintain it, but remove their dwellings as they have occasion, or as they can prevail against their neighbors. And why may not Christians have liberty to go and dwell amongst them in their waste lands and woods. . . . Secondly, there is more than enough for them and us. Thirdly, God has consumed the natives with a miraculous plague, whereby the greater part of the country is left void of inhabitants. Fourthly, we shall come in with good leave of the natives. John Winthrop, General Considerations for the Plantation in New England with an Answer to Several Objections . . . ,1629 Winthrop was most likely motivated to write the excerpt as a result of

the need to justify the takeover of American Indian lands.

The number of electors a state has in the Electoral College equals

the number of senators and representatives that state has in the U.S. Congress

Andrew Jackson supported all of the following EXCEPT

the right of nullification

God has created all these numberless people to be quite the simplest... most obedient, most faithful to their natural Lords, and to the Christians, whom they serve... as free from uproar, hate, and desire of revenge, as any in the world...The reason why the Christians have killed and destroyed such infinite numbers of souls, is solely because they have made gold their ultimate aim, seeking to load themselves with riches in the shortest time... namely by their insatiable avarice and ambition, the greatest, that could be had on the earth...In this way have they cared for their lives—and for their souls: and therefore, all the millions above mentioned have died without faith, and without sacraments. And it is a publically known truth, admitted, and confessed by all, even by the tyrants and homicides themselves, that the Indians throughout the Indies never did any harm to the Christians: they even esteemed them as coming from heaven, until they and their neighbors had suffered the same many evils, thefts, deaths, violence, and visitations at their hands.Bartolome de Las Casas, Short Report on the Destruction of the West Indies, 1552 The passage above was most supports the development of which of the following?

the spread of Christianity

Pontiac's Rebellion revealed for the first time

the tensions between the British and their colonies

Which voyage was the first to circle the entire globe?

the voyage begun by Ferdinand Magellan

The Compromise of 1877 resulted in

the withdrawal of federal troops from the South

Which describes Writs of Assistance the best?

they are open search warrants

When a person breaks the Social Contract

they are punished under the law

What is the majorty of states needed to ratify an amendment?

three fourths of all the states

Christopher Columbus sought a route to China to

to prove that sailing west was the fastest way

In Alexander Hamilton's view, what was one role of the national government?

to support manufacturing and trade

In the 1600s, Virginia attracted many colonists because of

tobacco cultivation.

The American Colonization Society was established in the early nineteenth century with the goal of

transporting African Americans to Africa

Early in the 1600s, African workers were

treated like indentured servants and freed after several years of service

John Adams as president

wanted to be remembered for avoiding war

The Monroe Doctrine

warned European powers not to interfere with the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

Slavery in West Africa

was based on the amount of land in Africa versus the amount of people.

Congress cannot pass a law that would punish an action that

was legal when it occurred

The men who staged the Boston Massacre

were members of the Sons of Liberty

In the early 1800s, new state constitutions expanded the electorate by giving the vote to

white men without property.