APUSH FINAL ALSO

David Walker's Appeal

"An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World" (1829). The first indication of the spirit of abolitionism with the appearance an appeal to the colored citizens in the world by David Walker. He was a free black man, the appeal called for black Americans to mobilize abolition by force if necessary, and warned whites that the nation faced divine punishment if it did not mend its sinful ways. "America is as much your country as it is yours." pp. 345 - 348

Clara Barton (USA)

"Angel of the Battlefield"--American Civil War; known for her compassionate care; founder of the American Red Cross. p. 442

The Comprehensive Orders for New Discoveries

(1573) A policy put into place by Spanish leaders that used Franciscan missionaries and missions to convert and control the new world, instead of the violence. p. 43

Thomas Hobbes

(1588 - 1679) English political philosopher. In his book "Leviathan," Hobbes set out his doctrine of the foundation of states and legitimate governments and the necessity of creating an objective science of morality. This gave rise to social contract theory. Leviathan was written during the English Civil War; much of the book is occupied with demonstrating the necessity of a strong central authority to avoid the evil of discord and civil war. p. 78

Yeoman Society

(1630-1700)- American colonists who rejected the feudal practices in Europe. They had ownership of land, althought without equal wealth or status. p. 63

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French+ their Indian allies over possession of the Ohio Valley area. (The American theater of the 7-years war.)The English won. p. 124

Gibbons v. Ogden

(1824) "The Steamboat Case." A landmark case decided in 1824 in which the Supreme Court interpreted very broadly the clause in Art. I, Sec. 8, of the Constitution giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity. p. 232

Gibbons v. Ogden

(1824) The Court rules that the State of New York could not grant a steamship company a monopoly to operate on an interstate waterway, even though the waterway ran through New York. This ruling resulted in an increase in federal power over interstate commerce as it showed that anything concerning interstate trade could be regulated by the federal government. p. 287

John Quincy Adams

(1767-1848) Sixth President of the United States (1825-1829), member of the National Republican party; the son of John Adams and the first son of a president to also be elected president himself. He served as foreign minister on and off to many different countries under Washington, Adams, and Madison, as well as serving as Massachusetts senator. He helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent with the British, which ended the War of 1812. He served as Secretary of State under James Monroe, where he was influential in developing the Monroe Doctrine, and was elected for one term to the presidency. After his term, he was elected to the House of Representatives, where he served for 17 years. He argued successfully before the SCOTUS the case of the Amistad Slaves. P. 229 and 232

Boston Massacre

(1770) Clash between unruly Bostonian protestors and locally stationed British redcoats, who fired on the jeering crowd, killing or wounding 11 citizens. [Note the infamous engraving by silversmith Paul Revere which is now widely considered a piece of graphic propaganda intended to enflame colonists towards revolution.] p. 154

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

(1784) After the Treaty of Paris in 1883 [which ended the Rev. War], Britain's former Indian allies became a conquered people subject to the new American nation. US commissioners use military threats of force and bribes of liquor to compel the pro-British Iroquois peoples to relinquish a million acres more of their land in NY and Pennsylvania. pp. 212-213

Morrill Act

(1862) Federal law that gave 140 million acres of land to western states to build agricultural, engineering colleges, and other public universities. The goal was to foster technical expertise and scientific research. p. 500

Sand Creek Massacre

(1864) Cheyenne were traveling back to the Sand Creek Reserve in Colorado for the winter; Col John Chivington's militia massacred an encampment, killing over 150 (mainly women and children), including a chief who had made peace terms with the federal government. p. 515

Freedman's Bureau

(1865-72), during the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War, popular name for the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, established by Congress to provide practical aid to 4,000,000 newly freed black Americans in their transition from slavery to freedom. p. 466

14th Amendment

(1868) granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. Banned states from denying any person life, liberty, or property without due process of law, and banned states from denying any person equal protection under laws. The "due process of law" clause of this amendment was eventually used in countless cases to INCORPORATE civil rights as valid for states as well as the federal gov. in everything from free speech to gay marriage. p. 466

Harriet Tubman

(c.1820-1913) American abolitionist who escaped slavery and assisted other enslaved Africans to escape; she is the most famous Underground Railroad conductor and is known as the Moses of her people. p. 351

Committees of Correspondence

1772 - The Committees of Correspondence were almost shadow governments organized by the Patriot leaders of the 13 colonies on the eve of the American Revolution. They coordinated responses to Britain and shared their plans; by 1773 they had emerged as shadow governments, superseding the colonial legislature and royal officials. The Maryland Committee of Correspondence was instrumental in setting up the First Continental Congress, which met in Philadelphia, PA. p. 155

Washington Irving

1783-1859. American writer remembered for his advocacy that writing was a legit career and the stories about "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book, and also a series of biographies, including a critical bio. about Christopher Columbus now credited with beginning the myth that everyone but C. thought the world was flat in 1492. p. 251-252

Commonwealth System

1790s and thereafter. American plan of mercantilism, with a goal of increasing the "common wealth" of the society. State legislatures enacted measures to stimulate commerce and initially in the form of turnpikes and canals. States granted charters to private entrepreneurs to build infrastructure, but soon encompassed much more than transportation. p. 241 - 242.

The Mexican War

1846-1848 , Mexico broke relations with USA after annexation of Texas. Also, dispute over boundary of Texas and Americans were interested in New Mexico and California, as well. Polk sent Slidell to try and buy off the Mexicans... they wouldn't budge.Pres. Polk ordered General Zach Taylor to move army across Nueces River to the Rio Grande. They stayed stationed for a while,finally Mexicans crossed the river and attacked and started the war. America got New Mexico and California and it ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. pp. 405-407

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

1848 - treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S control of Texas, Mew Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million. pp. 408

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the United States (1877 - 1881), was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history. Also, his administration undertook housecleaning at the Bureau of Indian Affairs, where corruption was rampant. p. 516.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the United States, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history. p. 487

Hernan de Soto

1496 -1542: He was a Spanish conquistador who led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States, and the first European documented to have crossed the Mississippi River. A vast undertaking, de Soto's North American expedition ranged throughout the southeastern United States searching for gold, silver and a passage to China. With a force of 600 men, his group cut bloody swath across northern Florida and Alabama. De Soto died in 1542 on the banks of the Mississippi River in what is now Arkansas or Louisiana. p. 42

Hernan Cortes

1519 he led soldiers to Tenochtitlan, placed it under siege with help of natives, defeated Aztec empire and began Spanish empire in Mesoamerica. p. 26

Jamestown

1607. Virginia company sponsored English colonization in Jamestown, VA. English men didn't want to work/build colony. IT was a swampy area-hard to grow crops. There was disease and disputes with indians. Once women arrived, tobacco was planted, and the colonists established trade with the indians the colony survived. This was the first permeant english settlement. p. 51

Governor Peter Stuyvesant

1612 - 1672), Served as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherlands from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664, after which it was renamed New York. He was a major figure in the early history of New York City. p. 47

House of Burgesses

1619. The first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, it was a representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes, but England could veto its legislative acts. p. 51

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. p. 58

John Winthrop

1629 - He came over with a Puritan group in the Arabella and became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. Famous in his sermon, "A Model of Christian Charity" in 1630 for the phrase, "We will be as a city on a hill." p.58

John Locke

1632-1704. English philosopher whose Treatises of Government espousing natural rights, consent of the governed, and social compacts greatly influenced the Founding Fathers. p. 78

Roger Williams

1635 - He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom. p. 61

John Marshall

1755-1835. [Federalist] U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland. He and Thomas Jefferson were cousins and on opposite sites of the Federalist/Anti-Federalist polemic. p. 231

Pontiac

1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. p. 127

Paxton Boys

1764; group of Scotts-Irish frontiersmen that led an armed march on Philadelphia protesting the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Indians; spearheaded the Regular Movement. p. 114

The Stamp Act

1765 - Required that a tax be paid for all paper documents such a court documents, land titles, contracts, newspapers, and other printed items. When the tax was paid, the paper item would be "stamped" as above. p. 146.

Robert Fulton

1765-1815. American engineer and inventor, he built the first commercially successful full-sized steamboat, the Clermont, which lead to the development of commercial steamboat ferry services for goods and people. p.286

The Townshend Acts

1767. Duties imposed by Prime Minister Townshend. Items such as paper, paint, glass & tea produced in Britain and imported to the colonies were to be taxed at American ports to raise $$ for the British Crown. This caused price inflation. Also, Townshend suspending the NY colonial assembly for refusing to obey Quartering Act. p. 151

Unitarian

A "spin-off" faith from the severe Puritanism, Catholicism, and Calvinism of the early Republic. They believed that God existed in only one person and not in an orthodox trinity. They also denied the divinity of Jesus, stressed the essential goodness of human nature, proclaimed their belief in free will and the possibility of salvation through good works, and pictured God as a loving father rather than a stern creator. The movement began in New England at the end of the eighteenth century and was embraced by many of the leading "thinkers" or intellectuals of the day. p. 262

Unitarian

A "spin-off" faith in early 19th century from the severe Puritanism of the past. They believed that God existed in only one person and not in the orthodox trinity. They also denied the divinity of Jesus, stressed the essential goodness of human nature, proclaimed their belief in free will and the possibility of salvation through good works, and pictured God as a loving father rather than a stern creator. The movement began in New England at the end of the eighteenth century and was embraced by many of the leading "thinkers" or intellectuals of the day. p. 332

New York Emancipation Act

A 1799 law that allowed slavery to continue until 1828 and freed slave children at the age of 21. p. 253

self-made man

A 19th-century ideal; an ideology that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits. p. 292

mechanics

A 19th-century term used to refer to a skilled craftsman and inventor who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry. Mechanics developed a professional identity and established institutes to spread their skills and knowledge. p. 277

Sons of Liberty

A Boston group (originating in 1765) of primarily middling merchants and artisans who banded together to protest the Stamp Act and other imperial reforms of the 1760s. The group soon spread to all the colonies. p 148

Whig Party

A British political party that demanded a constitutional rather than an absolutist monarchy. British Whigs rose to power in "The Glorious Revolution" of 1688. In the USA a party called "The Whigs" emerged in 1834 to protest of monarchy-like policies of Pres. Andrew Jackson.

Barbados

A Caribbean island where many slaves were originally imported, only to be sold to slavers from the mainland. p. 82

The Enlightenment

A European (& later American) philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God. pp. 115-117.

Sentimentalism

A European cultural movement that emphasized emotions and physical appreciation of God, nature, and people. Sentimentalism came to the United States in the late 18th century and was a factor in the shift to marriages based on love rather than on financial considerations. p. 245

Sitting Bull

A Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux holy man who led his people as a tribal chief during years of resistance to United States government policies, especially at the Battle of Little Big Horn. He worked as a performer in "Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show." In 1890, He was killed in his home by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him, at a time when authorities feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement. p. 518

constitutional monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution. p. 79

General P.G.T. Beauregard (CSA)

A Louisiana-born author, civil servant, politician, inventor, and first prominent general for the Confederacy. He was the victor at the First Battle of Bull Run. He became the first Confederate brigadier general and commanded the defenses of Charleston, South Carolina, for the start of the Civil War at Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. p. 435 and throughout.

Sam Adams

A Massachusetts politician who was a radical fighter for colonial independence. Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have lead the Boston Tea Party. He served in the Continental Congress throughout the Revolution, and served as Governor of Massachusetts from 1794-1797. p. 150

Brigham Young

A Mormon leader that led his oppressed followers to Utah in 1846. Under Young's management, his Mormon community became a prosperous frontier theocracy and a cooperative commonwealth. He became the territorial governor in 1850. Unable to control the hierarchy of Young, Washington sent a federal army in 1857 against the harassing Mormons. pp. 340 - 341

gang-labor system

A common system of work discipline used on slaves on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century to enforce work norms and achieve greater productivity and thus higher profits. Black slave "drivers" and white overseers kept "gangs" of slave together on a single farming task.

Deism

A concept of God during the Scientific Revolution of the Enlightenment; the role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws in motion. p. 116

habeas corpus

A court order (or WRIT like the WRIT of Mandamus!) requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before the court so that the court can determine whether the prisoner is being held legally. Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment. p. 440

injunction

A court order that immediately requires or prohibits an activity, either temporarily or permanently. Especially between the 1830s and the 1930s, probusiness judges often issued injunctions to stop workers from picketing or striking. p. 282

lien

A creditor's claim against a property, which may entitle the creditor to seize the property if a debt is not repaid. Was used for greedy, exploitative shopkeepers and merchants to keep freed slaves who became sharecroppers. It kept them permanently in debt. p. 476-477

patrilineal

A descent pattern where lineage is traced exclusively (or at least primarily) through the man's family line. p 44

Price Revolution

A dramatic period of inflation in Europe in the 1500 - 1650s that was a result of the massive influx of American gold and silver: the greater the money supply, the higher prices will rise. It changed that financial condition of England's aristocracy, causing nobles to fall in wealth and gentry and yeomen to rise. p. 36

Whigs (British political party)

A faction and then a political party in the parliaments of Great Britain (and then later known as) the United Kingdom. Between the 1680s and 1850s, they Whigs contested power with their rivals, the Tories, who sided with the king and monarchical. The Whigs believed in and promoted constitutional monarchy and opposed the absolute rule of a king. p. 144

Radical Republicans

A faction in the Republican party led by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens who began to use wartime legislation to destroy slavery, beginning with D.C. After the Civil War, the Radical Republicans supported black suffrage. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after.p. 446 and later in Chapter 15

Joint -stock Corporation

A financial organization devised by English merchants around 1550 that helped them to colonize both North American and Asia. A group of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock (payments) when there was profit in proportion to their share of the total investment.

Panic of 1873

A worldwide depression that began in the UNited States when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. It intensified debtor's calls for inflationary measures such as the printing of more paper money and the unlimited coinage of silver. p. 484

The Panic of 1837

A financial panic that was caused by Jackson's presidential order for specie circular (gold/silver or securely backed paper money, that was sparked by a preceding speculation boom) in all governmental transactions, which was sparked by his desire to curb speculation. This causes a rush on the banks to get gold/silver/money, and the banks fail, because the "pet banks" had recently had a federal surplus withdrawn so that the states could receive what amounted to a subsidy. Without a central bank, the economy tanks, and people think that its Van Buren's fault. p. 337

conscription

A forced enlistment of citizens of a country to fight for their country. "The draft." pp. 439-440

Nonimportation Movement

A form of non-violent resistance during the pre-revolutionary period in American history. It involved ordinary citizens and wealthy alike refusing to use good imported from Britain, for example, clothing. Patriots wore homespun clothing. Other forms of nonviolent protest included boycotts, public protests, and non-cooperation with acts passed by British Parliament such as the Townshend Acts and the Stamp Act.

dictum

A formal or authoritative statement. p. 73

Algonquian

A group or nation in the northeast , who occupied the Atlantic Coast from North Carolina to Maine, developed very different dialects. Semi-nomadic people that used hunting, fishing and gathering as opposed to agriculture.p. 47

Oregon Trail (CA Trail) 1843-1860

A historical overland route to the western United States extending from various cities on the Missouri River to the Oregon Country and later Oregon Territory. The trail was opened in 1842, and by 1845 more than 5,000 migrants had made the arduous journey. By 1860, 250,00 Americans had braved the Oregon Trail, with 65,000 heading for Oregon and 185,000 splitting of to California. After the coming of the railroad, the trail fell into disuse and was finally abandoned in the 1870s. pp. 399-400

peonage

A labor system where employers paid their workers with voucher (rather than money) that could only be used at their own supply stores and forced the workers in to debt which passed through generations, "free" workers were little better than slaves. p. 477

hogshead

A large cask of liquid of a specified volume, used for shipping/trading. p. 146

representative assemblies

A legislature composed of individuals who represent the population. p. 98

Dower

A life estate to which a wife is entitled on the death of her husband-European system. p. 18

blacklist

A list of people to be excluded from an activity or organization. in the 19th century, employers compiled lists of workers affiliated with unions and either fired them or refused to hire them. In the 1950s, governments and private businesses blacklisted alleged communists, denying them positions in government, motion pictures, and many industries and unions. p. 281

temperance movement

A long-term reform movement that encouraged individuals and governments to limit the consumption of alcoholic beverages. Leading temperance groups include the American Temperance Society of the 1830s; the Washintonian Association of the 1840s; the Women's Christian Temperance Union of the late 19th Century; and Alcoholics Anonymous, which was founded in the 1930s. p. 296

Companionate marriages

A marriage based on equality and mutual respect - republican values. Men in these marriages came to see their wives as loving partners rather than as inferiors or dependents. p. 246

Eli Whitney

A mechanical genius who invented the cotton gin, which was machine that separated the cotton from the seed. This greatly improved efficiency, and the South was able to clear more acres of cotton fields, which also increased the demand for slaves. p. 216

caucus

A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform. p. 305

war of attrition

A military strategy of small-scale of attacks usually used by the weaker side in a conflict to sap the resources and morale of the stronger side. Examples are attacks by Patriot militias in the South during the Rev. War ( also guerrilla tactics of the Vietcong during the Vietnam War). p. 181

gold standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold. See below, the "Crime of 1873." p. 497

secret ballot

A more democratic voting practice ensuring anonymous voting. Significance: put in place in Alabama Constitution in 1819 which also granted suffrage (voting rights) to all white men, and population-based apportionment. p. 378

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powhatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him. She was said to have saved Captain John Smith's life which paved the way for many positive English and Native relations. p. 51

deism

A natural religion that developed in the Age of Enlightenment that embraced the belief that while God does exist and did create the world, he refrains from any sort of interference or participation in it. p. 259

Civil War Embalmers

A new funeral industry sprang up to handle the corpses of Civil War dead. Embalmers used zinc chloride injected into the dead body to preserve it for transportation back home. This innovation marked the beginning of modern funeral practices. p. 441-442

The cradle scythe

A new harvest tool introduced during 1750's that doubled or tripled the amount of grain one worker could cut during harvest. p. 109.

Restoration Colonies

A number of land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England in the latter half of the 17th century, ostensibly as a reward to his supporters in the Stuart Restoration of 1660. The grants marked the resumption of English colonization of the Americas after a 30-year hiatus. The restoration colonies were the Province of Pennsylvania, the Province of Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. (in purple on the map) p. 74

The Compromise of 1850

A package of five bills passed which defused a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North regarding the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War. pp. 415-416

gentility

A refined style of living and elaborate manners that came to be highly prized among well-to-do English families settling in America after 1600. p. 93

Anne Hutchinson

A religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She was latter expelled, with her family and followers, and settled in Rhode Island. p. 61

popular sovereignty

A republican principle that ultimate power resides in the hands of the electorate. p. 167.

Rio Grande River

A river that goes through Colorado and New Mexico that creates the border between The US and Mexico. p. 12

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society founded in the 1860s (with its leader Nathan Bedford Forrest) in the South; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American. The Klan was synonymous with the Democratic party in many parts of the South. p. 486

Navigation Acts

A series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between Britain and its colonies. They began in 1651 and ended 200 years later. They reflected the policy of mercantilism, which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside the Empire, and minimize the loss of gold and silver to foreigners. They prohibited the colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. p. 73

Napoleonic Wars

A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799-1812). p. 222

Radical Republicans

A small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after. p. 467

caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. p. 22

Caste System

A social structure in which classes are determined by heredity or race. p. 32

Toussaint L'Ouverture

A son of African slaves in San Domingue (Haiti), who led a slave revolt in 1790s to a successful conclusion. Napoleon later rescinded the abolition of slavery, captured L'Ouverture, returned him to a French prison where he died shortly after. Napoleon's troops are so wracked by disease in San Domingue that the slave revolt eventually triumphed again. p. 220

poll tax

A special tax that must be paid as a qualification for voting. The Twenty-fourth Amendment to the Constitution outlawed the poll tax in national elections, and in 1966 the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in all elections. Used to keep African-Americans from voting. For example, when Rosa Parks finally passed the "literacy" test and was ready to vote, she was compelled to pay a "tax" retroactively for all the elections she had missed prior to being registered. p. 469

"Sinners in the hands of an angry God."

A speech given by New Light Jonathan Edwards during the First Great Awakening (1730s and 1740s). In it he urges immediate repenting for sins, as God could "cast his enemies down to hell" as easily as we can "crush a worm." p. 120

(the modern) factory

A structure first built by manufacturers in the early 19th century to concentrate all aspects of production - and the machinery needed to increase output - in one location. p. 274

household mode of production

A system in which neighboring freeholders traded goods and services in order to maximize the efficiency of their output. p. 108

Chattel slavery

A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property. Was made legal in the American colonies in 1705. p.55

free markets

A system of economic exchange in which prices of goods, labor, and capital are determined by supply and demand and no producer or consumer dominates the market. The term also refers to markets that are not subject to government regulation. p. 195

Division of Labor

A system of manufacture that divides productions into a series of distinct and repetitive tasks performed by machines or workers. The system took shape in the shoe industry between 1800 and 1830 and soon became the general practice. Although the division of labor improved productivity, it eroded workers' control and sense of achievement. p. 274

progressive tax

A tax in which the average tax rate rises with income. People with higher incomes will pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes.

regressive tax

A tax in which the burden falls relatively more heavily on low-income groups than on wealthy taxpayers. The opposite of a progressive tax, in which tax rates increase as income increases. p. 291

classical liberalism

A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power, also called laissez-faire. p. 321

salutary neglect

A term often used to describe British colonial policy during the reigns of George I (r. 1714-1727) and George II (r. 1727-1760). By relaxing their supervision of internal colonials affairs, royal bureaucrats inadvertently assisted the rise of self-government in North America. p. 97

"Wild West"

A term used to describe cattle towns in Oklahoma, Missouri, Texas, and Kansas where cowboys and cattle drivers stopped. Considered extremely rough and lawless. The ethos of ghost towns, cowboys, gunfights, corrupt sheriffs and saloons has its origins in the towns that sprung up along the cattle drives up toward the railroads and meat packing locations of the north, p. 501.

nativist

A term used to describe the "natives" who felt threatened by immigrants and their willingness to take jobs at lower wages or grab land. For example, native-born Americans who worked to keep immigrants out of the U.S., and Native Americans who yearned to kick the English off the continent. p. 127

socialism

A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. A reaction to rising capitalist market economies of the 19th century and industrialization. p. 336

Brook Farm

A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley at a farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, at that time nine miles from Boston. The community, in operation from 1841 to 1847, was inspired by the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier. p. 335

vice-admiralty court

A tribunal run by a British-appointed judge used to prosecute merchants in violation of the Sugar Act of 1774, rather than the common law courts that used juries. p. 146

George Whitefield

A true catalyst of the Great Awakening, he sought to reignite religious fervor in the American congregations. During his tour of the American colonies in 1739, he gave spellbinding sermons and preached the notion of "new birth"—a sudden, emotional moment of conversion and salvation. He was extremely enthusiastic and emotional. p. 121

Fourierism

A utopian socialist movement started by Charles Fourier. He wanted to counter current industrial system to replace boredom of factory life. He advocated different forms of work each day as well as relatively free sexual activity. p. 336

pocket veto

A veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it. p. 464

political machine

A vote-gathering organization of politicians who loyally support a party boss and get the votes in their neighborhoods to support their party's candidates by fulfilling needs and providing services to constituents.p. 305

closed-shop

A workplace in which a job-seeker had to be a union member to gain employment. 19th-century craft unions favored closed shops to keep out incompetent and lower-wage workers and to enhance their bargaining position with employers. For that reason, employers strongly opposed closed shops and sought laws to prohibit them. p. 282

Evangelical

A world-wide Protestant movement maintaining that the essence of the gospel consists in the doctrine of salvation by faith in Christ's atonement. The movement gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of Methodism and the Great Awakenings in the British Isles and North America. p. 260

machine tools

Cutting, boring, and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts that are then assembled into other machines such as textile looms and sewing machines. The rapid development of machine tools by American inventors in the early 19th century was a factor in speeding the spread of industrialization. p. 279

Boston Tea Party

Dec. 16, 1773. A protest against British taxes and an imperial attempt to establish a tea monopoly in the American colonies on behalf of the East India Company. Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks Indians raided the vessel THE DARTMOUTH and dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor. The destroyed tea cargo was worth the equivalent of $900,000. in today's values. p. 156

trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies. The protective tariff of the post-Civil War era, fostered these trusts, monopolies by eliminating competition from the marketplace and giving "free reign" to emerging American corporations. p. 496

Federalists

First, the faction of delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 who favored a strong central government. They launched a campaign of pamphlets and newspaper articles (by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison) that became The Federalist Papers. p. 198

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 founding states that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution. Its drafting by the Continental Congress began in mid-1776, and an approved version was sent to the states for ratification in late 1777. The formal ratification by all 13 states was completed in early 1781. Even when not yet ratified, the Articles provided domestic and international legitimacy for the Continental Congress to direct the American Revolutionary War. p. 189

Guilds

Artisan trading organizations formed to safeguard the commercial transactions. p. 21

The Crittenden Compromise

Dec. 18, 1860: Proposed by John J. Crittenden of Kentucky who created it to preserve the Union after declaration of the CSA. It proposed that the Missouri Compromise should be enforced and extended to the west so that there can be slavery in the southwest and also possibly in Cuba or Central America. It also asked for the halt of northern interference with southern slavery and their property rights. It wanted to ensure permanent slavery in the south. Too many republicans opposed the expansion of slavery so the bill failed to pass. pp. 430-431

Treaty of Ghent

Dec. 1814-British tired of war. Peace talks started in Ghent, Belgium. Christmas Eve 1814 two sides signed treaty ending war. It took a while to get notice of peace to the U.S. Brit. Navy attacked New Orleans in Jan, and Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans. p. 229

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Congress created the federal Dept. of Agriculture in 1862 (same year as Homestead Act) to research seeds and farming methods for farmers, especially in the expanding midwest. p. 500

bills of exchange

Credit slips that British manufacturers, West Indian planters, and American merchants used in the 18th century in place of currency to settle transactions. p. 94

bills of exchange

Credit slips that British manufacturers, West Indian planters, and American merchants used in the eighteenth century in place of currency to settle transactions. p. 99

Liberal Republican

In 1872, Republican reformers, alarmed by the corruption and scandals in the Grant administration, organized this branch of the Republican Party and nominated Horace Greeley for president. They were laissez faire liberals who opposed legislation that benefited any particular group. p. 485

Baptist

It is any of various evangelical Protestant churches that believe in the baptism of voluntary believers. It was created in the Great Awakening and relies on a personal decision of acceptance of the Grace of God. They were dissenters of the Church of England; they were focused on the power of local churches, stressed following the example of Christ; each person interpreted the Bible the way the Holy Spirit moves them; they emphasize the New Testament. It was very simple and appealed to rural people, esp. African-Americans, free and enslaved. p. 260

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. Da Gama took advantage of the prevailing winds when sailing south around Africa by not hugging its coastline. Da Gama had been commissioned and provisioned by the Portuguese government under King Manuel I to find a maritime route to the East. Established trade ports at Mozambique and Calicut. p. 24

Plains Indians

Posed a serious threat to western settlers and proponents of Manifest Destiny because, unlike the Eastern Indians from early colonial days, the Plains Indians possessed rifles and horses.p 402-404

eminent domain

Power of a government to take private property for public use; the U.S. Constitution gives national and state governments this power and requires them to provide just compensation for property so taken. p. 241

Opechancanough

Powhatan's brother, Opechancanough, was chosen to lead the war effort agains the colonists in the Chesapeake. His plans were repeatedly foiled by the arrival of more colonists to the Chesapeake, and, after an attack in 1622 in which natives went into English towns and slaughtered all their inhabitants, caused a lasting distrust and dislike of all native people. p. 52

The Great Compromise

Presented by Roger Sherman at the Constitutional Convention, the Connecticut Compromise, also called the Great Compromise, resolved issues of representation in Congress. It blended the Virginia and New Jersey Plans as a model for representation in the two houses of Congress: states would be represented equally in the Senate, and proportionately in the House of Representatives. Every five slaves would be counted as three persons for purposes of determining population (though this did not give slaves the vote.) All proposed legislation for the purpose of raising money would have to come from the House of Representatives. p. 194-195

The Battle of Bunker Hill

The Battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775, mostly on and around Breed's Hill, during the Siege of Boston early in the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after the adjacent Bunker Hill, which was peripherally involved in the battle and was the original objective of both colonial and British troops, and is occasionally referred to as the Battle of Breed's Hill. p. 171

Town Meeting

The main institution of local government in colonial America. p. 63

Nat Turner's Revolt

The most famous Slave revolt in North America, accrued in Southampton County, Virginia in 1831. It was a hot August night and Nat Turner and his followers crept into their master's house and killed the family. By the end of the night 55 whites where dead and twice as many blacks. Nat ran away only to be found 2 weeks later and was put to his death.p. 348

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go. p. 92

Columbian Exchange

The movement of plants, animals, and disease, traded as food exchanged between the Western Hemisphere and other continents. p. 31

the "elect"

The name for the people who are the ones who God has chosen to save in predestination. This is the belief of the Calvinism religion and that only these people can be saved and ordinary people cannot earn salvation. This belief was started by John Calvin in 1536 in France when he published "Institutes of the Christian Religion" and is still the belief of Calvinists today. Was a central concern and anxiety of American Puritans. p. 59

Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroad

The railroad companies were chartered in 1862 to work together to create the first transcontinental railroad. This development far surpassed Henry Clay's plans in the old American System plans for government subsidized transportation expansion. One side was to begin in Omaha, Nebraska, and end in California. Irish men were the main labor force. The other began in California and Chinese men laid the tracks. p. 444

Franciscans

The religious order founded by St. Francis of Assisi in 1209 that stressed gentleness to all living beings. Catholic Franciscan missionaries established settlements in the late 1500's in what is now southwestern United States. Christian conversions were encouraged at their missions, but despite the principles of their order, they used Native Americans as virtual slaves. Rebellions at their missions began in 1598.p. 43

Five Nations Iroquois

This was the federation of tribes occupying northern New York: the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Seneca, the Onondaga, and the Cayuga. It was the most powerful and efficient North American Indian organization during the 1700s. Some of the ideas from its constitution were used in the Constitution of the United States. p. 15

domesticity

This was the middle-class ideal that stressed that a woman's role was to stay at home and provide for the needs of the children and husband. p. 473

New York colony

Was created when James, the duke of York, was given the land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers. In 1664, Nicolls went to New Amsterdam and received a surrender from its governor. The Articles of Capitulation allowed the British to have New Amsterdam as long as none of the Dutch settlers were removed. This colony had a natural harbor and became a substantial trading center. p. 49

Washington's Farewell Address

Washington retired from office after his 2nd term in 1797. His Farewell Address is actually a letter. In it he reacted sharply to Republicans, by warning against international entanglements (more specifically, denouncing against the Republicans that had been conspiring with the French to frustrate the Federalist diplomatic program.and against the dangers of permanent alliances with foreign nations. (Ex. The Jay Treaty)Warned against sectionalism (Ex: put down the Whiskey Rebellion). Temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies." He also spoke against partisan bitterness. (Federalist and Republican parties) 1775-1825. p. 226

General "Mad" Anthony Wayne

a United States Army general and statesman. Wayne adopted a military career at the outset of the American Revolutionary War, where his military exploits and fiery personality quickly earned him a promotion to the rank of brigadier general and the sobriquet of Mad Anthony. Washington sent him to defeat Miami Chief Little Turtle at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. p. 213

subordinate

a person under the authority or control of another within an organization.

Special Field Order No. 15

military orders issued during the American Civil War, on January 16, 1865, by Major General William Tecumseh Sherman, were intended to address the immediate problem of dealing with the tens of thousands of black refugees who had joined Sherman's march in search of protection and sustenance. This order was designed to give 40 acres for an average southern black family and a mule. p. 456

Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show

"Buffalo Bill" Cody founded "Buffalo Bill's Wild West," a circus-like attraction that toured the country. It began with a parade on horseback, with participants from horse-culture groups that included US and other military, American Indians, and performers from all over the world in their best attire.Turks, Gauchos, Arabs, Mongols and Georgians, displayed their distinctive horses and colorful costumes. Visitors would see main events, feats of skill, staged races, and sideshows. Many historical western figures participated in the show, including Annie Oakley. For example, Sitting Bull appeared with a band of 20 of his braves. Cody's show was famous for its revenge killing fantasies toward Indian resisters to federal policy. p. 518

Samuel de Champlain

"Father of New France". He sailed up St Lawrence River, and founded the fur-trading post of Quebec in 1608.p. 45

Whigs

"Opposition to the monarchy". The Whigs first emerged as a identifiable group in the Senate where Clay, Webster and Calhoun joined forces in 1834 to pass a motion censuring Jackson for his single-handed removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States. The Whigs evolved into a potent national political force by attracting other groups alienated by Jackson. Whigs thought of themselves as conservatives, yet they were progressive in their support of active government programs and reforms. p. 321

Noah Webster

"Schoolmaster of the Republic." Wrote reading primers and texts for school use. He was most famous for his dictionary, first published in 1828, which standardized the English language in America. [Don't confuse him w/Daniel Webster] p. 251

Zachary Taylor

#12 (1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore. pp. 416-416

Pres. James K. Polk

#11 (1845-1849) An expansionist President of the United States, James K. Polk was perhaps more responsible than any other single person for setting the boundaries of what came to be the American West. Although thousands of Spanish and Mexican documents showed that Texas' western boundary had traditionally been the Nueces River, Polk backed the Texans' claim that their western border was the Rio Grande. Since Texas claimed the river all the way to its source, their position implied that half of present-day New Mexico and Colorado was rightfully theirs. The Mexican government found this unacceptable and refused the United States' offer of about forty million dollars for New Mexico and California. When U.S. General Zachary Taylor led an army across the disputed area to the banks of the Rio Grande in 1846, Mexican troops attacked his units and killed sixteen of his men. Polk seized upon this incident as proof of Mexican treachery, and quickly secured a declaration of war from Congress. Although the United States ultimately defeated Mexico's poorly-armed troops in some of the most destructive warfare ever witnessed to that time, the acquisition of the West was, ironically, little help to Polk. The inescapable issue of slavery soon darkened the nation's expansionist prospects, as Congress took up legislation that would prohibit slavery in all newly-acquired territories. pp. 406- 408

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. p. 11-12

Martin Luther

(1483-1546) a German monk who, in 1517, took a public stand against the sale of indulgences by nailing his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenburg; he believed that people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them; his actions began the Reformation. p. 32

Dutch West India Company

(1500s and 1600s) The joint-stock company that ran the colonies in Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam which later became New York, carried on a profitable fur trade with the Native American Iroquois, instituted the patroon system in which large estates were given to wealthy men who transported at least fifty families to New Netherland to tend the land (few seized the opportunity). p. 108

Jonathan Edwards

(1703-1758) Revivalist preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans. He played a critical role in shaping the Great Awakening and his sermon "Sinners In the Hands of an Angry God" (1741) is considered a classic piece of early American Literature. pp.107 & 121

General William Howe

(1729 - 1814) A British army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American War of Independence. After leading British troops to a costly victory in the Battle of Bunker Hill, Howe took command of all British forces in America from Thomas Gage in September of that year. Howe's record in North America was marked by the successful capture of both New York City and Philadelphia. However, poor British campaign planning for 1777 contributed to the failure of John Burgoyne's Saratoga campaign, which played a major role in the entry of France into the war. pp. 172 - 176

Baron von Steuben

(1730 - 1794) A Prussian-born military officer who served as inspector general and Major General of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He is credited with being one of the fathers of the Continental Army in teaching them the essentials of military drills, tactics, and disciplines. He wrote the Revolutionary War Drill Manual, the book that served as the standard United States drill manual until the War of 1812. He served as General George Washington's chief of staff in the final years of the war. (Plus he was openly homosexual and carried a little white dog everywhere!) p. 177

Lord North

(1732-1792) Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782. He led Great Britain through most of the American War of Independence. Chapter 6

George Washington

(1732-1799) Former senior officer of the British colonial forces in the French and Indian War (1754-1763), Washington rose to Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and he was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.He presided over the convention that drafted the United States Constitution, which replaced the Articles of Confederation and remains the supreme law of the land. pp.172 - 182

John Adams

(1735 -1826) He was the second president of the United States (1797-1801), having earlier served as the first vice president under Washington. An American Founding Father,Adams was a statesman, diplomat, and a leading advocate of American independence from Great Britain. Well educated, he was an Enlightenment political theorist who promoted republicanism, as well as a strong central government, and wrote prolifically about his often seminal ideas, both in published works and in letters to his wife and key adviser Abigail Adams, as well as to other Founding Fathers (see THOUGHTS ON GOVERNMENT). Adams was a lifelong opponent of slavery, having never bought a slave. In 1770, he provided a principled, controversial, and successful legal defense to British soldiers accused in the Boston Massacre, because he believed in the right to counsel and the "protect[ion] of innocence." p. 186

King George III

(1738 - 1820) King of England during the American Revolutionary war.

Abigail Adams

(1744 - 1818) The wife of John Adams, the first Vice President, and second President, of the United States, and she was also the mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth President. Adams' life is one of the most documented of the first ladies: she is remembered for the many letters she wrote to her husband while he stayed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the Continental Congresses. John frequently sought the advice of Abigail on many matters, and their letters are filled with intellectual discussions on government and politics. The letters serve as eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front. p.186

James Madison

(1751-1836) An American statesman, political theorist and the fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). He is hailed as the "Father of the Constitution" for being instrumental in the drafting of the United States Constitution and as the key champion and author of the United States Bill of Rights. p. 194

Great War for Empire/7 Years War

(1754-1763)European conflict involving three rivaling countries: England, France, and Spain. The American theater of this war is called the French & Indian War. French and their inspired Indian allies ravaged British colonial towns, Spain allied with France, but were both eventually beaten by the English. England won Acadia (Nova Scotia) and the areas around the Hudson Bay. The significance of the war was seen as 1. growing British dominance in colonial America, 2. the large tracts of land and power Britain obtained in North America, 3. the enormous war debt Britain incurred defending the colonies. p. 124 - 127

Marquis de Lafayette

(1757-1834) In the American Revolution, La Fayette served as a major-general in the Continental Army under George Washington. Wounded during the Battle of Brandywine, he still managed to organize a successful retreat. He served with distinction in the Battle of Rhode Island. In the middle of the war, he returned to France to negotiate an increase in French support. On his return, he blocked troops led by Cornwallis at Yorktown while the armies of Washington and those sent by King Louis XVI under the command of General de Rochambeau. p. 181

The Second Great Awakening

(1790-1840s) a series of American religious revivals occurring throughout that eastern U.S.; these revivals encouraged a culture performing good deeds in exchange for salvation, and therefore became responsible for an upswing in prison reform, the temperance cause, the feminist movement, and abolitionism, (Chap. 8) pp. 259-265

Charles Grandison Finney

(1792 1875) American Evangelist, theologian, and educator. Licensed to the Presbyterian ministry in 1824, he had phenomenal success as a revivalist in the Northeast, converting many who later became noted abolitionists. p. 338

Horace Mann

(1796 - 1859) A brilliant idealist and secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he proposed the construction of better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum. His influence spread to other states and education in America was steadily improved. p. 355

Sojourner Truth

(1797-1883)American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women., United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women. p. 356

Dorothea Dix

(1801-1887) A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. p. 354-355

Marbury v. Madison

(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review. 230

Lucretia Mott

(1803-1880) Early feminist, who worked constantly with her husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and women's suffrage. Her home was a station on the underground railroad. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she helped organize the first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. p. 349

Nathaniel Hawthorne

(1804 - 1864) An American novelist and short story writer, born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts. Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a Puritan inspiration, such as The Scarlet Letter. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more specifically, Dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity, and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. His ancestors include John Hathorne, the only judge involved in the Salem witch trials who never repented of his actions. Nathaniel later added a "w" to make his name "Hawthorne" in order to hide this relation. p. 334-335

Joseph Smith

(1805-1844) founded the Morman Church; in a series of religious experiences that began in 1820, Smith came to believe that God had singled him out to receive a special revelation of divine truth; in 1830 he published The Book of Mormon, & he proceeded to organize the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; he revived traditional social doctrines such as patriarchal authority within the family & encouraged practices that were central to individual success in the age f capitalist markets & factories-frugality, hard work, & entrepreneurial enterprise; his goal was a church-directed society that would inspire moral perfection; the Mormons eventually settled in Nauvoo, Illinois which, by the 1840's, had become the largest utopian community in the US; Smith refused to abide by any Illinois law of which he didn't approve, asked Congress to turn Nauvoo into a separate federal territory, & declared himself a candidate for president; Smith also claimed to have received a new revelation that justified polygamy; in 1844 Illinois officials arrested Smith & charged him with treason for allegedly conspiring with foreign powers to create a Mormon colony in Mexican territory; an anti-Mormon mod stormed the jail in Carthage, Illinois, where he & his brother were being held, & murdered them. p. 339-340

William Lloyd Garrison

(1805-1879),Prominent militant American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. pp. 349-350

Abraham Lincoln

(1809-1865) Sixteenth president of the United States (from 1861 to death 1865), he promoted equal rights for African Americans in the famed Lincoln- Douglas debates. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation and set in motion the Civil War, but he was determined to preserve the Union. He was assassinated in 1865. 1. See Lincoln/Douglas Debates from 1858: http://www.ushistory.org/us/32b.asp 2. See Lincoln's first inaugural address 1861: http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres31.html 3. See Lincoln's Gettysburg Address - Nov. 1863: http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm 4. Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/lincoln2.asp

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. p. 356

Harriet Jacobs

(1813-1897) She was an American writer, who escaped from slavery and became an abolitionist speaker and reformer. Jacobs' single work, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, published in 1861 under the pseudonym Linda Brent, was one of the first autobiographical narratives about the struggle for freedom by female slaves and an account of the sexual abuse and exploitation they endured.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Henry David Thoreau

(1817 - 1862) An American author, poet, philosopher, polymath, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, 1854, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay Resistance to Civil Government, 1849 (also known as Civil Disobedience), an argument for disobedience to an unjust state. Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican-American War.

Frederick Douglass

(1818-1895)A former slave who was an abolitionist, gifted with eloquent speech and self-educated. In 1838 he was "discovered" as a great abolitionist to give antislavery speeches. He swayed many people to see that slavery was wrong by publishing "Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass" which depicted slavery as being cruel. He also looked for ways politically to end slavery. p. 351

Walt Whitman

(1819 -1892) An American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, his literary art was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. His work was controversial in its time, particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass, which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality. Born in Huntington on Long Island, Whitman worked as a journalist, a teacher, a government clerk, and—in addition to publishing his poetry—was a volunteer nurse during the American Civil War. Whitman's major work, Leaves of Grass, was first published in 1855 with his own money. The work was an attempt at reaching out to the common person with an American epic. He continued expanding and revising it until his death in 1892. p. 33

McCulloch v. Maryland

(1819) Marshall as Chief Justice, Settled issue of whether Congress has power to create a bank even though it is not specifically called for in the Constitution. Using the "necessary and proper" clause on the Art. I, Sec. 8. Marshall ruled that the federal government has implied powers, including the power to create national bank. It also said that a state could not tax a federal institution. p. 230

Herman Melville

(1819-1891) An American novelist, writer of short stories, and poet from the American Renaissance period. The bulk of his writings were published between 1846 and 1857. Best known for his whaling novel Moby-Dick (1851), p. 335

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. p. 223

Wilmot Proviso

(1846) bill proposed by congressman, David Wimot, to forbit slavery in any new territories from Mexico. p 408

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848)-an early and influential women's rights convention, the first to be held in the west, in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19-20, 1848. It was organized by local New York women upon the occasion of a visit by Philadelphia-based Lucretia Mott, a Quaker famous for her orating ability, a skill rarely cultivated by American women at the time. The local women, primarily members of a radical Quaker group, organized the meeting along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a skeptical non-Quaker who followed logic more than religion. p. 356-357

Gadsden Purchase

(1853) U.S. purchase of land from Mexico that included the southern parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico; set the current borders of the contiguous United States. pp. 409

The "Caning" of Senator Charles Sumner

(1856) The Senate was not in session when South Carolina Representative Preston S. Brooks entered the chamber to avenge the insults that Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner had levelled at Brooks' cousin, Senator Andrew P. Butler. Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" speech of May 19-20 was sharply critical, on a personal level, of Butler and several other senators who had supported the "popular sovereignty" provisions of the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act. Sumner was addressing copies of the speech at his desk when Brooks began his attack, striking the northern senator repeatedly with a walking cane, which splintered with the force of the blows. Although two House members intervened to end the assault, Sumner, who had ripped his desk loose from the bolts holding it to the floor in his effort to escape, was rendered unconscious. He regained consciousness shortly after the attack, but it would be three years before he felt able to resume his senatorial duties. The caning of Senator Sumner signalled the end of an era of compromise and sectional accommodation in the Senate, further heightening the discord that culminated in war after eleven southern states seceded from the Union during the winter of 1860-1861. p. 397

Evangelical Abolitionist

(Cultural) A religious concept originating from a section of evangelical Christians in the North/Midwest. Many Quakers, Methodists and Baptists had already freed their slaves, and advocated the gradual emancipation of all blacks. p. 348

National Woman Suffrage Association

(NWSA) Disappointed that the Fifteenth Amendment did not extend the right to vote to women, leading suffragists such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton (above) formed the group in 1869 to focus exclusively on women's rights. This represented a "break away" from rights for black men movements. p. 471

Loyalist

A colonial who remains loyal to the British crown during the American Revolutionary period. p. 162

Plymouth Colony

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691. p. 58

The Bill of Rights

...

Grenville's acts for imperial control of colonies

1. The Currency Act of 1764 (banned use of American printed paper money as legal tender); 2. The Sugar Act 1764 tax of 3 pence per gallon (to replace the 1733 Molasses Act which everyone was ignoring due to SALUTARY NEGLECT); 3. The Stamp Act 1765 (a tax on all paper documents like newspapers and legal documents -the STAMP was proof the tax had been paid); 4. The Quartering Act of 1765 (colonialists had to provide food and shelter to British troops {hence the 3rd Amendment to the US Constitution}). p. 147

The Navigation Acts

1651, 1660, 1663. Series of act that closed colonies to all trade except that with England; colonists could only export to England or English colonies; all goods from Europe headed to the colonies had to go through England on the way; imposed duties on the coastal trade among the English colonies; provided for the appointment of customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts. p. 56

New York Colony

1664: Duke of York, James II took control of Dutch colony from governor Peter Stuyvesant; treated Dutch settlers well and allowed them freedom of worship and language; originally ordered taxes, duties without consent of representative assembly, but later granted broad civil and political rights including a representative assembly. p. 74

Nathaniel Bacon

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.p. 56-57

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 Virginian rebellion of frontiersmen (wretched bachelors) sparked by governor Berkeley's refusal to retaliate for a series of brutal Indian attacks on frontier settlements; killed Indians, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, and set fire to Jamestown; plundering and pilfering; crushed by Berkeley with cruelty of haging over twenty rebels; rebellion ignited resentments of landless former servants and pitted the frontiersmen against the gentry of the plantations; caused gentry to seek out African slaves. As its legacy, the VA House of Burgesses legalized human slavery in 1705. p. 57

William and Mary

1688 Royal couple ruling England. Mary was daughter of James II and William was a prince of the Netherlands. Transformed England into a constitutional monarchy. p. 78

Glorious Revolution

1688; the British parliament deposed King James II, a Roman Catholic who had asserted royal rights over the rights of Parliament. Parliament gave the crown to the Protestant King William III, a Dutch prince, and his British wife, Queen Mary II (daughter of James II), as joint rulers. When the crown was offered to William and Mary, they agreed to a Bill of Rights that severely limited the king or queen's power. The British Bill of Rights is often regarded as a forerunner to the United States Bill of Rights. p. 78

Salem Witch Trials

1692: In the costal town of Salem, Mass. a group of young girls in women behaved as if possessed by demons and accused various citizens of witchcraft who were then executed."Witch fervor" spread and citizens accused each other and many citizens were executed based on "Spectral Evidence" only. Over 175 people were accused and 19 were executed. p. 63

Treaty of Utrecht

1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire. p. 81

Adam Smith

1723- 1790; Scottish; author of "Wealth of Nations" (1776); first economist; "laissez-faire capitalism"; not completely against govt regulation; pro free trade; believes in letting individuals (and businesses) pursue own interest; attacks mercantilism- believes people do thinks out of self interest; prices should be fluctuated on just natural forces of supply & demand- not what gov't say it is; economics should have an economic (not military) end goal. p. 83

Mercy Otis Warren

1728-1814 A political writer and propagandist of the American Revolution. In the eighteenth century, topics such as politics and war were thought to be the province of men. Few men and fewer women had the education or training to write about these subjects. Warren was an exception. During the years before the American Revolution, Warren published poems and plays that attacked royal authority in Massachusetts and urged colonists to resist British infringements on colonial rights and liberties. p. 244

John Adams

1735-1826 stared out as a young Massachusetts lawyer who defended merchant John Hancock (an American molasses smuggler). Adams was the second president of the United States (1797-1801), having earlier served as the first vice president of the United States (1789-1797) to Washington (his son, John Quincy Adams, becomes the 6th US President- yep, just like the Bushes!). An American Founding Father, John Adams was a statesman, diplomat, and a leading advocate of American independence from Great Britain. Well educated, he was an Enlightenment political theorist who promoted republicanism, as well as a strong central government, and wrote prolifically about his often seminal ideas—both in published works and in letters to his wife and key adviser Abigail Adams. Adams was a lifelong opponent of slavery, having never bought a slave. In 1770 he provided a principled, controversial, and successful legal defense of the British soldiers accused in the Boston Massacre, because he believed in the right to counsel and the "protect[ion] of innocence." p. 146

War of Jenkin's Ear

1739, quarrel between British and French, evidently spurred by a conflict wherein the ear of a soldier was severed by an enemy force. Becomes part of the War of Austrian Succession. p. 98

Jemima Wilkinson

1752 - 1819. A charismatic evangelist who preached openly in R.I. and Philadelphia. After a near-death experience she came to believe that she was neither male nor female, wore her hair in the masculine style, and did not use gender-specific pronouns. In the earl 19th century, she established New Jerusalem, a settlement with some 250 followers in western N.Y. p. 264

Charles Grandison Finney

1792 -1875. He was an American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism. Finney was best known as an innovative revivalist during the period 1825-1835 in upstate New York and Manhattan, an opponent of Old School Presbyterian theology, an advocate of Christian perfectionism, and a religious writer. Together with several other evangelical leaders, his religious views led him to promote social reforms, such as abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans. American clergyman and educator, he became influential in the Second Great Awakening after a dramatic religious experience and conversion. He led long revivals that annoyed conventional ministers.p. 295

Battle of Fallen Timbers

1794 Decisive battle between the Western (Miami) Confederacy and the U.S. Army, led by "Mad" Anthony. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States. (Took place near an area where acres of trees had been destroyed by a tornado.) p. 213

Pinckney's Treaty

1795 treaty with Spain allowing U.S. commercial use of the Mississippi River. p. 219, 1795 Treaty with Spain fearful of Jay Treaty with GB might threaten Spanish holdings in the West. Spain permitted U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi and conceded U.S. right to lands east of the Mississippi.p. 219

Pres. Andrew Johnson's racism

17th president of the U.S., took the job when Lincoln was assassinated in 1865. Dismantled meaningful incorporation of former slaves into society. Allowed South to reestablish slave state. Famous quote: "This is a country for white men, and by God, as long as I am president, it shall be government for white men." p. 466

Ralph Waldo Emerson

1803 - 1882 a famous American essayist, public speakers in the Lyceum Movement, and one of America's most influential thinkers. First expressed the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his essay "Nature." Emerson made a living as a popular lecturer in New England. pp. 332 to 333

Louisiana Purchase

1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million (Napoleon had reclaimed the Louisiana Territory from Spain in 1800). Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also more room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase. p. 220

Alexis de Tocqueville

1805-1859. French liberal politician who observed the evolution of American political thought, customs, and social interaction in the 1830's. His book "Democracy in America" is still considered one the most accurate primary sources on American culture. p. 237

War of 1812

1812-1815, Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (Leopard on Chesapeake) (1812 - 1815), Embargo Act. p. 224

Battle of Horeshoe Bend

1814. Andrew Jackson led force that fought Creeks and won resulted in Treaty of Ft Jackson; killed about 550 people. p. 225

Missouri Compromise

1820 series of political agreements that allowed Maine to enter Union as a free state in 1820; MO to enter Union as a slave state in 1821; no more slavery to be allowed in the Louisiana Territory above the 36th parallel (36.30), except in Missouri. p. 257

Monroe Doctrine

1823- Under the influence of John Quincy Adams (Monroe's Secretary of State), 5th Pres. James Monroe declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt to interfere by a European power would be seen as a threat to the US. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported this doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.p. 232

California Gold Rush

1848 gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California. News of the discovery soon spread, resulting in some 300,000 men, women, and children coming to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. These early gold-seekers, called "forty-niners," traveled to California by sailing boat and in covered wagons across the continent, often facing substantial hardships on the trip. San Francisco grew from a small settlement to a boomtown, and roads, churches, schools and other towns were built throughout California. A system of laws and a government were created, leading to the admission of California as a state in 1850. pp. 412-415

Uncle Tom's Cabin

1852, Uncle Tom's Cabin, or Life Among the Lowly, was the best-selling novel of the 19th century and the second best-selling book of that century, following the Bible. It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s. In the first year after it was published, 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the United States; one million copies were sold in Great Britain. It features the character of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black slave around whom the stories of other characters revolve. The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery. p. 356

Dakota Uprising

1862: Occurred when annuity payments promised to Native Americans in Minnesota in exchange for living on reservations never materialized, sparking a revolt. p. 514

Thirteenth Amendment

1865 constitutional amendment that abolished slavery. p. 453

Credit Mobilier

1872, This was a fraudulent construction company created to take the profits of the Union Pacific Railroad. Using government funds for the railroad, the Union Pacific directors gave padded construction contracts to Congress members

The Slaughter House Cases

1873. A SCOTUS case that dealt with the 13th and 14th amendments. N.O. Louisiana had created a partial monopoly of the slaughtering business and gave it to one company. Competitors argued that this created "involuntary servitude," abridged "privileges and immunities," denied "equal protection of the laws," and deprived them of "liberty and property without due process of law." This decision determined that the federal government was under no obligation to protect the "privileges and immunities" of citizens of a particular state against arbitrary actions by that state's government. p 487

Dawes Severalty Act

1887 bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. It was put forward by (white) Senator Henry L. Dawes, leader of the Indian Rights Association. He saw reservations as a thing of the past, and he hoped to break up tribal landholding and give Indians SEVERALTY (individual land ownership) by dividing reservations into personal Indian homesteads. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes because it played into the hands of whites who coveted Indian lands. To the shock of Dawes, the law was implemented in a way to sell land to non-Indians in record amounts. A government commission had seized 15 million "surplus" acres from native tribes by 1894. p. 517

Ulysses S. Grant

18th U.S. President. 1869-1877. Republican. Although his administration was plagued with scandal (for example Credit Mobilier and the Whiskey Ring), he was largely unresponsible for these. Other notable events during the Grant presidency include the Panic of 1873 depression and his enforcement of African American civil rights. pp. 483-484

European Enlightenmentment

18th century European intellectual movement that applied the ideas of the previous Scientific Revolution to human affairs like governments. Noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and belief knowledge can transform human society. p. 63

Civil Rights Act of 1866

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal. This legislation was enacted by Congress in 1865 but vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill. Although Johnson again vetoed it, a two-thirds majority in each house overcame the veto and the bill ostensibly became law. The activities of insurgent groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) undermined the act; and it failed to immediately secure the civil rights of African Americans. Since 1866 it has been illegal in the U.S. to discriminate in jobs and housing on the basis of race. However, federal penalties were not provided for, so that remedies were left to the individuals involved. Because those being discriminated against had limited access to legal help, this left many victims of discrimination without recourse. See above "The First Vote" lithograph the appeared in Harper's Weekly p. 466-467

Hiram R. Revels

1st African American elected to the U.S. Senate in 1870 during the post-war period of Republican-dominated governments in the South. p. 479

Panic of 1819

1st major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. Also risky lending practices of the state and local banks led to overspeculation on lands in west- the national bank tightened its credit lending policies and eventually forced these state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms, which resulted in bankruptcies and prisons full of debtors. p. 239

Andrew Jackson

7th Pres. of USA: (1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, "Old Hickory," "first southern/ western president" President for the common man, pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, etc. p. 225 and elsewhere.

Proclamation of 1763 (Proclamation Line)

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. p. 127

Presbyterian

A Protestant Christian religion characterized by governance by a group of elders and traditionally Calvinistic in doctrine. (page 115 & everywhere)

The Second Great Awakening

A Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800, and after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the late 1840s. It has been described as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism, although why those forces became pressing enough at the time to spark revivals is not fully understood. p. 237 & elsewhere.

Pietism

A Protestant revival movement in early-eighteenth-century originating in Germany and Scandinavia and becoming popular in the American colonies. It emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs. p. 115-121

Massachusetts Bay Colony

A Puritan Colony started by John Winthrop near Plymouth around 1630. In 1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts bay area. The colony established political freedom and representative government. They were intolerant of other religious interpretations, including other Christian religions. p. 58

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. p. 223

Sabbatarian

A US reform movement that aimed to prevent business on sundays. p. 294

West Virginia

A Union force under George McClellan moved east from Ohio into western Virginia where it "liberated" the anti-secession mountain people of the region, who created their own state government loyal to the Union. The state was admitted in 1863. p. 433

Shiloh

A battle that took place in Shiloh, Tennessee on April 6-7 1862, fought in Tennessee. Albert Johnson of the Confederacy surprised Grant, but Grant managed to make the Confederates retreat after heavy losses on both sides. After the battle Grant wrote that the field was, "so covered with dead that it would have been possible to walking over the clearing in any direction, stepping on the dead bodies, without a foot touching the ground." p. 439

indigo

A brilliant, blue dye that was a highly prized colonial trading item. The dye didn't fade or bleed. It was often bought from India, but was developed as an important cash crop in colonial America. p. 129

Benevolent Empire

A broad-ranging campaign of moral and institutional reforms inspried by evangelical Christian ideals and endorsed by upper-moddle-class men and women in the 1820s and 1830s. Ministers who promoted benevolent reform insisted that people who experienced saving grace should provide moral guidance and charity to the less fortunate. p. 293

"Fifty-four forty or fight?"

A campaign slogan, used in the election of 1844, that refers to the latitude 54-40, the northern limit of the disputed Oregon territory between America and the British. p. 406

Common Law

A centuries-old body of British legal customs and procedures intended to resolve disputes. p. 55

sachem

A chief of a North American tribe or confederation (especially an Algonquian chief). p. 67

Geronimo

A chief of the Chiricahua Apaches who fought encroachments in the Southwest for fifteen years but was captured in 1886. p. 518

Crazy Horse

A chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn. p. 518

Established Church

A church given privileged legal status by the government. Historically, established churches in Europe and America were supported by public taxes, and were often the only legally permitted religious institutions. p. 258

Manorial system

A quasi-feudal system of landholding. In the Hudson River Valley of New York, wealthy landlords leased farms to tenants who paid rent and a quarter the value of all improvements (houses, barns, etc.) if they sold the lease; tenants also owed the landlord a number of days of personal service each year. p. 74

Haitian Slave Revolt

A period of brutal conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue led by Toussaint L'Ouverture from 1794 to 1804. It lead to the elimination of slavery and the establishment of Haiti as the first republic ruled by people of African ancestry.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry. p. 32

Abolitionist

A person who wanted to end slavery in the United States p. 348

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. p. 332

Manifest Destiny

A phrase coined in 1845 by John L. O'Sullivan, editor of the DEMOCRATIC REVIEW, A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. The was a "ideology of conquest" that proclaimed it was Americans' G-d-given duty to extend American republicanism and capitalism across the entire continent - to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of western territories. This is a über famous painting is by John Gast, called "American Progress." (1872) pp. 398 to 401 The picture was modeled after Moriah Abrams (Is anyone reading this?)

leasholding

A piece of land rented out by means of a formal contract for a considerable period of time. The contract specified the obligations of the owner and lessee. Some leaseholds ran for "three lives" -- those of the lessee , his son or heir, and his grandson. (see Freehold p. 106)

William Bradford

A pilgrim that arrived with 67 other migrants on the Mayflower in 1620 and helped to write the Mayflower Compact. He lived in a north colony called Plymouth in 1620. He was chosen governor 30 times. He also conducted experiments of living in the wilderness and wrote about them; well known for "Of Plymouth Plantation." p. 58

Republicanism

A political ideology the advocates a representative system of government and repudiates hereditary rule by kings and princes. Also sometimes called democracy. p. 183

classical liberal

A political ideology, a branch of liberalism, which advocates civil liberties and political freedom with limited government under the rule of law and generally promotes a laissez-faire economic policy. Derives to the political and economic philosophies of John Locke and Adam Smith. p. 485

Primogeniture

A practice in which the father bestows his land to his eldest son forcing all the younger children to find their own way. p. 18

Capitalism

An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. p. 237

Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson (CSA)

Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the most well-known Confederate commander after General Robert E. Lee. Corps commander in Army of N. Virgina. Confederate pickets accidentally shot him at Battle of Chancellorsville, he survived but lost arm. Died of complications of pneumonia. His death was a severe setback for Confederacy. His death affected military, army, and the general public. p. 435

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

Heresies

Doctrines that were inconsistent with the teachings of the Church. p. 21

African American literacy - Post Civil War

Former slaves, once they got their freedom, quickly realized the importance education. They understood why slaveholders had criminalized slave literacy: The practice of freedom rested on the ability to read newspapers, labor contracts, history books, and the Bible. p. 482

Mercantilism (again!!!)

An economic theory & practice, commonly used in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. It includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods. Mercantilism dominated Western European economic policy and discourse from the 16th to late-18th centuries. p. 98

Mercantilism

An economic theory and system of state-managed manufacturing and trade entirely intended to enrich the coffers of the sponsoring government. p. 36

Revival (religious)

An outburst of religious enthusiasm, often prompted by the preaching of a charismatic Baptist or Methodist minister. The Great Awakening of the 1740s was significant, but it was the revival that swept across the United States between the 1790s and 1850s that imparted a deep religiosity to the culture. Subsequent revivals in the 1880s, 1890s, and late twentieth century helped maintain a strong evangelical Protestant culture in America. p. 117.

salutary neglect

An unofficial and long-lasting 17th- & 18th-century British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws such as the Navigation Acts. p. 146

Mayas

Ancient Mesoamerican civilization that thrived from about A. D. 300 to A. D. 900. p. 10

Maryland Colony

Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, founded to be a place for persecuted Catholics to find refuge, a safe haven, act of toleration. p. 53

Nativism

Generally, policy that favors native-born individuals over foreign-born ones in a political system, and more specifically, an anti-foreign feeling that arose in 1840's and 1850's United States in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics. p. 296

War Hawks

Henry Clay (Rep. KY) and John C. Calhoun (SC), aggressive young members of congress from the south and the west who called for war with Britain prior to the war of 1812. They wanted to seize territory in British Canada and Spanish and Florida and were big promoters of the War of 1812 - thus called War Hawks. p. 223

ethnocultural politics

Historians refer to the practice of voting along ethnic and religious lines becomes feature of American life. p. 327

Great American Desert

Arid region of the Great Plains that acted as a barrier to cross on the way to the Pacific and a refuge for Indians but changed in the last half of the nineteenth century as a result of new finds of gold, silver, and other minerals, completion of transcontinental railroads, destruction of the buffalo, the collapse of Indian resistance, the rise of the range-cattle industry, and the dawning realization that the arid region need not be a sterile desert. p. 504

DeWitt Clinton

Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson. p. 285

Republican motherhood

The idea that the primary political role of American women was to instill a sense of patriotic duty and republican virtue in their children and mold them into exemplary republican citizens. p. 246

Captain John Smith

Admiral of New England, an English soldier, sailor, and author. This person is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, 1607, and his brief association with the Native American girl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy and her father, Chief Powhatan. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay. p. 51

Margaret Fuller

American journalist, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movement. She was the first full-time American female book reviewer in journalism. Her book "Woman in the Nineteenth Century," 1844, is considered the first major feminist work in the United States; also known for editing the Transcendentalist journal The Dial. p. 334

Wendell Phillips

An associate of William Lloyd Garrison, this man founded the American Antislavery Society in 1833. p. 444

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york (First Party System), and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made AaronBurr Jefferson's Vice- President. Burr killed his enemy Alexander Hamilton in a famous duel. He was also involved in two infamous successionist schemes, for which he was tried for treason (and acquitted). p. 212

home rule

Ability to run state governments (in the South) without the interference of the federal government. p. 487

Angelina & Sarah Grimke (sisters)

Abolitionists and suffragettes. The sisters came from South Carolina in an aristocratic family, with an Episcopalian judge who owned slaves father. Both sisters became abolitionists, and after converting to the Quaker faith, they joined Society of Friends. In 1835, Angela wrote an anti-slavery letter to Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, who published it in, The Liberator. They spoke at abolitionist meetings. In 1837, Angelina was invited to be the first woman to speak at the Massachusetts State Legislature. Sarah and Angelina Grimke wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes (1837) - objecting to male opposition to their anti-slavery activities. p. 349

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States, passed July 13, 1787. The primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River. p.189

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Act passed by Congress that abolished previous state governments and set up 5 temporary military districts run by Union generals. To re-enter the Union, each former Confederate state had to grant the vote to freedman and the new state constitutions had to guarantee black suffrage. p. 467

Maryland Toleration Act 1649

Act that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians, regardless of sect but not to those who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus. Though it did not sanction much tolerance, the act was the first seed that would sprout into the first amendment, granting religious freedom to all. p. 54

Gullah

African American dialect that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa. p. 89

Gullah

African American language developed on the Sea Island of South Carolina's coast and spread through the slave-holding south. It mixes English and several different African languages. Very similar to the language Patois (spoken in Jamaica). Your textbook calls Gullah a "dialect" but it is now regarded as a language. pp. 382

Exodusters

African Americans migrating to the Great Plains states of Kansas & Oklahoma in 1879 to escape Jim Crow and impoverished conditions in the South. p. 504

(British) East India Company

An chartered English, and later (from 1707) British joint-stock company, formed to pursue trade with the East Indies but that ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent & Qing Dynasty China. The company rose to account for half of the world's trade, particularly trade in basic commodities that included cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpetre, tea and opium. The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India. *Joint-stock companies were the main trade and financial tool for carrying out the policy of mercantilism. p. 141

Stamp Act Repeal & Sugar Act reduction

After much debate, British Parliament agreed to repeal the Stamp Act of 1765 & reduce the Sugar Act duty to 1 penny a gallon. But in exchange Parliament passed the Declaratory Act. This act stated that Parliament had the right to make laws for the colonies in all matters: it had supremacy over all colonial assemblies. The Stamp Act was officially repealed on March 18, 1766, and the Declaratory Act passed the same day. p. 150

Albert Gallatin

Albert Gallatin was the secretary of the treasury under Thomas Jefferson. He was called the "Watchdog of the Treasury" and proved to be as able as Alexander Hamilton. He agreed with Jefferson that a national debt was a bane rather than a blessing. Using strict controls of the economy, he succeeded in reducing the debt, and he balanced the budget. p. 219

American System

An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power. p. 305

U.S. Department of the Interior

All those cute forest ranger types work for this government agency! Created by Congress in 1879 to map / survey the interior of the nation and manage its natural resources, including national parks. p. 500

"total war"

All-out war that affects civilians at home as well as soldiers in combat; military, economic, political, & social war; destruction of resources was vital. The lives and property of enemy civilians were legitimate objects of attack. p. 439

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. p. 45

The Shakers

American Utopian Group: Late 1770's through end of 19th century. This group, led by "Mother" Ann Lee, was known for their "shaking" as they felt the spirit of God pulse through them during church services. They eventually died out due to their forbidding of sexual relations. pp. 335 - 337

John C. Calhoun

American politician and supporter of slavery and states' rights, he served as vice president to Andrew Jackson and was instrumental in the South Carolina nullification crisis. p. 223

Benjamin Franklin

American public official, writer, scientist, diest and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove. p. 116- 117.

Robert E. Lee (CSA)

American soldier, he refused Lincoln's offer to head the Union army and agreed to lead Confederate forces. He successfully led several major battles until his defeat at Gettysburg, and he surrendered to the Union's commander General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse. p. 435 and throughout.

radical Whigs

An 18th-century faction in the British Parliament that protested political corruption, the growing cost of the empire, and the influence on government of a wealthy class of financiers. p. 97

Patrick Henry

An American attorney, planter, and politician in the VA House of Burgesses who became known as an orator during the movement for independence in Virginia in the 1770s. Henry drew on biblical metaphors and evangelical Protestantism in his moving speeches. A Founding Father, Henry led the opposition to the Stamp Act of 1765 and is remembered for his "Give me liberty, or give me death!" speech. Along with Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine, he is regarded as one of the most influential champions of Republicanism and an invested promoter of the American Revolution and its fight for independence. p. 147

Ulysses S. Grant (USA)

An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. p. 439

Jefferson Davis

An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865. p. 430

probate inventory

An accounting of a person's "property at the time of death, as recorded by court-appointed officials." Probate inventories list details of personal property, household items, and financial assets and debts, and tell historians a good deal about people's lives. p. 96

nativism

An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics. p. 344

Gradual emancipation

An approach to ending slavery that called for the phasing out of slavery over a period of time; many gradual emancipation proposals were built around the granting of freedom to children of slaves who were born after a specified sate, usually when they attained a specified age; in this way, as existing slaves aged and dies, slavery would gradually die too. Many of the northern states, which abolished slavery following the American Revolution, adopted this method of ending the institution.

craft workers & artisan republicanism

An artisan or other worker who has a specific craft or skill - for example, a mason, a cabinetmaker, a printer, or a weaver. Such workers maintained an ideology that celebrated small-scale producers, men and women who owned their own shops (or farms). It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by, and dedicated to the welfare of, independent workers and citizens. p. 280

British Romantic Movement

An artistic, literary, religious, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, it was also a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education, and the natural sciences. See William Wordsworth, Johann Goethe, William Blake, Coleridge, Keats, Byron, Mary Shelley. Referred to in Henretta as Sentimentalism. p. 245

Federalist No. 10

An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interest (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable. p. 221

Louis and Clark Expedition

An expedition commissioned by Pres. Thomas Jefferson and led by William Clark and Meriwether Louis that began in 1804 to explore the LA Purchase. [This is the statue at Case Park in Kansas City, MO where we had our CCO tour stop in 2014]p. 221

popular soverignty

An ideology in play before the Civil War that people living in a new state or territory had the right to decide by voting if slavery would be legal in their state. p. 416

Civic Humanism

An ideology that praise public virtue and service to the state. p.21

trade deficit

An imbalance in international trade in which the value of imports exceeds the value of exports. p. 129

land banks

An institution, established by a colonial legislature, that printed paper money and lent it to farmers, taking a lien on their land to ensure repayment. p. 99

Jamaica

An island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, comprising the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. A major sugar plantation that made massive amounts of money for its successive colonial holders (Spanish-British) in the 17th-20th centuries. (Hey AlmoBraf: You cannot fully understand Reggae Music until you understand colonial slave trade and SUGAR POLITICS!) p. 83

John Wesley

Anglican minister; created religious movement, Methodism; led to become missionary to the English people; appealed especially to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and community. p.121

Republics

Any political system utilizing representative democracy - in which the will of the majority is expressed through smaller groups of individuals elected by the people to act as their representatives. During the European Renaissance, wealthy Italian city states operated with republican forms of government. p. 21

Battle of Lexington & Concord

April 19, 1775: The first real battle of the Revolutionary War occurred when British troops attempt to seize Mass. colony arms and militiamen stop them outside of Boston at Lexington/Concord. This prompts the calling of the Second Continental Congress in Phily. p. 163

Battle of Long Island

August 1776. George Washington and his army are badly beaten at this "shock and awe"-style battle led by British Gen. William Howe. Sorely outnumbered and surrounded at Brooklyn Heights, the 9,500 troops that survived the initial attack retreated under cover of night across the East River to Manhattan Island.p.172

Cane Ridge Revival

August 6 to August 12 or 13, 1801. During a period where only 20% of the population were church members, the most significant religious event in the Second Great Awakening occurred in Cane Ridge, Kentucky. The event drew thousands, exceeding 20,000. Consisting mainly of Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians. The spiritual beliefs promoted were somewhat different from the First Great Awakening, but there was still an emphasis on the emotional aspect of conversion and being"born again," but there was also a greater sense of personal responsibility - the idea that free will exists and each individual can influence their own salvation by opening up to the grace of God. There was a shift away from Calvinistic theology of predestination. The Cane Ridge Revival and other revivals promoted religious frenzy, with dancing, singing, and regenerative experiences. See "A Camp Meeting in Indiana" by Frances Trollope. pp. 260 - 262

Western Confederacy

Begins in 1785: After US grabs most of the land belonging to the Iroquois Confederacy, treaties are used to grab most of the land in what became Ohio. A group of indian tribes (Chippewas, Delawares, Ottawas, and Wyandots) joined together to defend their lands in the North West Territory, and then included Shawnee, Miami, and Potawatomi tribes. p. 213

states' rights

Belief that because the states created the United States, individual states have the power to nullify federal laws. p. 444

The Great Migration

Between 1620 and 1640 about twenty thousand English men, women, and children crossed the Atlantic to settle New England. Entire APUSH period two. [Do not confuse with another "Great Migration" of African Americans to the northern cities like New York and Chicago in the first 1/2 of the 20th century.] See: www.greatmigration.org

black congressmen

Black congressmen history: 1868 there were several black politicians in state legislatures. With disenfranchisement 1890s, the next black congressman would not be elected for another 30 years. By the 1950s, there were growing numbers in black congressmen because of enfranchisement and concentrated black neighborhoods (gerrymandering, redlining, restrictive covenants, and white flight). These individuals either came up through the big city democratic machines or the civil rights movement. The VRA 1965 sparked greater voter turnout, making it possible for black politicians to enter the political scene. p. 479-480

Bering Strait

Body of water under an ancient land bridge that led to Alaska. Many ancient people are believed to have traveled across the bridge into the Western Hemisphere between 12,00 and 14,000 years ago due to the development of new tools and the migrations of large animals. p. 8-9

George Grenville

British Prime Minister in 1763 who believed the American colonies should pay the cost of the defense of the empire and began taxation and currency reforms such as the Currency Act of 1764, the Sugar Act of 1764, the Stamp Act of 1765. These led to the American Revolution. pp.144 - 145.

Gen. John Burgoyne

British general who, with Colonel Barry St. Leger, is best known for his role in the American War of Independence. During the Saratoga campaign, in which Burgoyne & St. Leger advanced one two separate paths with their well equipped and disciplined armies from Canada down to defeat the patriot army in the north. Burgoyne designed an invasion scheme and was appointed to command a force moving south from Canada to isolate New England and end the rebellion. Burgoyne advanced from Canada, but his slow movement through American forests allowed the Americans to concentrate their forces. Instead of coming to his aid according to the overall plan, the British Army in New York City (Gen. Howe), moved south to capture Philadelphia instead. Surrounded, Burgoyne fought two small battles near Saratoga to break out. Trapped by American forces Burgoyne surrendered his entire army of 6,200 men in October of 1777 to the American troops of Patriot General Horatio Gates. Key battle = Battle of Saratoga, Oct. 17, 1777. p. 174-175

General Edward Braddock

British officer and commander-in-chief for the 13 colonies during the actions at the start of the French and Indian War (1754-1765) which is also known in Europe as the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). He is generally best remembered for his command of a disastrous expedition against the French-occupied Ohio Country then in western Virginia or Pennsylvania (depending on which Royal grants) in 1755, in which he lost his life.p.126

Sioux

By the early nineteenth century the most powerful tribe in the Missouri River Valley. p. 513

Long Horn Cattle

By the end of the Civil War in 1865, 5 million head of long horn cattle grazed on ranches in Texas and were driven to railroad stops. The dominant destination for Texas cattle drives in 1865 was Sedalia, Missouri. p. 501

Ft. Sumter. April 12, 1860

By the time of Abraham Lincoln's inauguration on March 4, only two Southern forts remained in Union hands. The more important was South Carolina's this fort, on an island in Charleston harbor. The day after his inauguration, the new president received and urgent dispatch from the fort's commander, Major Anderson. The Confederacy was demanding that he surrender or face an attack, and his supplies of food and ammunition would last six weeks at the most. The news presented Lincoln with a dilemma. If he ordered the navy to shoot its way into Charleston harbor and reinforce Fort Sumter, he would be responsible for starting hostilities, which might prompt the slave states still in the Union to secede. If he ordered the fort evacuated, he would be treating the Confederacy as a legitimate nation. Such an action would anger the Republican Party, weaken his administration, and endanger the Union. Lincoln executed a clever political maneuver. He would not abandon Fort Sumter, but neither would he reinforce it. He would merely send in "food for hungry men.: Now it was Jefferson Davis who faced a dilemma. If he did nothing, he would damage the image of the Confederacy as a sovereign, independent nation. On the other hand, if he ordered an attack on Fort sumter, he would turn peaceful secession into war. Davis chose war.. Confederate batteries began thundering away. Charleston's citizens watched and cheered as though it were a fireworks display. The South Carolinians bombarded the fort with more than 4,--- rounds before Anderson surrendered. News of Fort Sumter's fall united the North. When Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to serve for three months, the response was overwhelming. In Iowa, 20 times the state's quota rushed to enlist. Lincoln's call for troops provided a very different reaction in the states of the upper South Virginia unwilling to fight against other Southern states, seceded- a terrible loss to the Union. Virginia was the most heavily populated state in the South and the most industrialized (with a crucial ironworks and navy yard). In May, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed Virginia, bringing the number of Confederate states to 11. However, the western counties of Virginia were antislavery, so they seceded from Virginia and were admitted into the Union as West Virginia in 1863. The four remaining slave states- Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri- remained in the Union, although many of the citizens in those states fought for the Confederacy.

Metacom (King Philip)

Called King Philip by the English and dressed in English clothes to get along; when it became clear to him the the native peoples were losing all of their land, he forged a pan-Indian alliance & mounted a series of coordinated assaults on English villages throughout new England; frontier settlements esp. hard hit, refugees went to Boston; when war ended, 52 Puritan towns had been attacked, 12 completely destroyed; his wife +son sold into slavery; beheaded, his head displayed in Plymouth for years. p. 65-66

Richmond, VA

Capital of Virginia; was capital of the confederacy during the Civil war. p. 435

The Dominion of New England

Centralized government imposed upon the New England colonies by England in 1686 as a result of the Restoration monarchy's need for control and renewed colonial interest. The Dominion was governed by New York governor Sir Edmund Andros. The consolidation was strongly opposed by the colonists because of the elimination of all colonial legislatures, and was ended by colonial insurrection. It was dissolved in 1689, due to the Glorious Revolution. p. 77

Indulgences

Certificates sold by the Catholic Church that allegedly pardoned sinners from punishment in the afterlife. p. 32

demographic transition

Change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. p. 246

Charles Townshend

Charles Townshend was cotroller of the British ministry and was nicknamed "Champagne Charley" for his brilliant speeches in Parliament while drunk. He persuaded Parliament in 1767 to pass the Townshend Acts. These new regulations included a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, and tea. It was a tax that the colonist were greatly against and was a near start for rebellions to take place. p. 99

Powhatan

Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy and father to Pocahontas. At the time of the English settlement of Jamestown in 1607, he was a friend to John Smith and John Rolfe. When Smith was captured by Indians, Powhatan left Smith's fate in the hands of his warriors. His daughter saved John Smith, and the Jamestown colony. Pocahontas and John Rolfe were wed, and there was a time of peace between the Indians and English until Powhatan's death. p. 51

Anglican Church

Church of England started by King Henry VIII in 1533; the monarch was head of the church, which was strongest in North America in the Southern Colonies. By 1776, it was the second-largest church in America behind the Congregationalists. p. 52

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or previous condition of servitude. p. 469

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war. resulting in 25,000 casualties

Minute Men

Colonial militiamen who stood ready to mobilize on short notice during the imperial crisis of the 1770s. These volunteers formed the core of the citizens' army that met British troops at Lexington and Concord in April 1775. p. 163

Sam Houston

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas. US senator for Texas after it joined the US, finally as governor of the state. p. 377

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Commonwealth v. Hunt, (1842), American legal case in which the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that the common-law doctrine of criminal conspiracy did not apply to labour unions. Until then, workers' attempts to establish closed shops had been subject to prosecution. Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw asserted, however, that trade unions were legal and that they had the right to strike or take other steps of peaceful coercion to raise wages and ban nonunion workers. p. 282

diaspora

Communities of immigrants removed from their homeland. p. 7

Old Lights

Conservative clergymen who were against the emotional approach of the Great Awakening. p. 121

Washington crosses the Delaware River

Dec. 25th, 1776. Gen. George Washington crosses the Delaware River with 5,400 troops, hoping to surprise a (mercenary for the British) Hessian force celebrating Christmas at their winter quarters in Trenton, New Jersey. The unconventional attack came after several months of substantial defeats for Washington's army that had resulted in the loss of New York City and other strategic points in the region. At about 11 p.m. on Christmas, Washington's army commenced its crossing of the half-frozen river at three locations. The 2,400 soldiers led by Washington successfully braved the icy and freezing river and reached the New Jersey side of the Delaware just before dawn. The other two divisions, made up of some 3,000 men and crucial artillery, failed to reach the meeting point at the appointed time. p. 172

Embargo of 1807

Declaration by President Thomas Jefferson that banned all American trade with Europe. As a result of the war between England and Napoleon's France, America's sea rights as a neutral power were threatened; Jefferson hoped the embargo would force England and France to respect American neutrality. p. 223

Bear Flag Republic

Declaring independence from Mexican control, this republic was declared in 1846 by American settlers living in California; this political act was part of a larger American political and military strategy to wrest Texas and California from Mexico.

Women's property rights in colonial society

Women were expected to relinquish all property to husband upon marriage; she was allowed to use 1/3 of the family property after husband's death; her property rights were subordinate to that of her children. p. 107

National Parks System

Established by the federal government to preserve historic sites & habitats of many plants & animals. As early as 1864, Congress gave 10 square miles of Yosemite Valley to the state of CA for "public use, resort, and recreation." In 1872 Congress set aside 2 million acres in Wyoming's Yellowstone Valley. In these and many other cases the US military cleared these areas of their native populations to preserve these "uninhabited" wilderness areas. The US National Park system was part of the process of conquest. pp. 510-512.

Homestead Act of 1862

Enacted during the US Civil War to encourage agricultural output. It allowed citizens to gain 160 acres of land for $30 as long as they lived on it for 5 years and made some sort of improvements to the land. p. 443

Mormon War

Ended in 1858. President Buchanan responded to pressure from Protestants to eliminate polygamy by removing Young from the governorship. He sent a small army to Salt Lake City. He feared that abolition of polygamy would serve as a legal precedent for ending slavery (he was pro-slavery). p. 340

3/5th's Compromise

Delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia accepted a plan offered by James Madison determining a state's representation in the U.S. House of Representatives. The issue of how to count slaves split the delegates into two groups. The northerners regarded slaves as property who should receive no representation. Southerners demanded that Blacks be counted with whites. The compromise clearly reflected the strength of the pro-slavery forces at the convention. The "Three-fifths Compromise" allowed a state to count three fifths of each Black person in determining political representation in the House. p. 198

Comstock Lode

Discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada. p. 502

Baptists

Dissenters of the Church of England; focused on the power of local churches; stressed following example; each person interprets the Bible the way the Holy Spirit tells them; emphasis on New Testament; no Church creeds. It was very simple and appealed to rural people. (page 115 & everywhere).

protective tariff

During and after the US Civil War, republicans supported protective tariffs on a range of manufactured goods and some agricultural products (non-US importers had to pay extra import fees in American ports, so their goods had a higher price tag). These tariffs gave US manufacturers a competitive advantage in the domestic market and helped to boost the US economy. p 494

middle class

During early U.S. republic, the ordinary citizens, especially in the Northeast, yeomen, farmers, artisans, businessmen, and etc. whose swelling numbers began to redefine American values in a more egalitarian direction p. 243

Whiskey Ring

During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars. p. 485

Colored Orphan Asylum

During the New York Draft Riots of 1863, these were the places that the rioters ransacked, as they were representative of the places where there was a strong association to the Republican bureaucratic and the wealthy, especially the philanthropic places like the Colored Orphan Asylum which was burned to the ground. Many people ultimately viewed the rioters as incoherent grievances that did not need to be taken seriously, and reflected larger schisms, which pits Irish immigrants, democrats vs. republicans. Rioters claimed to stand for local autonomy and the right to claim his own neighborhood. Ultimately showed that the police were in power of the federal government in the streets of New York to affirm the unity of the city. p. 440-441

homespun cloth

During the Stamp Act Boycott of 1765, cloth was spun and woven by American women and traditionally worn by poorer colonists. During the boycotts of British goods in the 1760s, wearing homespun became a political statement and proof that the wearer was not buying British goods, and even wealthy Patriots began wearing wearing it. Their work making homespun fabrics allowed women to contribute directly to the Patriot movement., p. 152

Roanoke Island

English colony that Raleigh planted on an island off North Carolina in 1585; the colonists who did not return to England disappeared without a trace in 1590. p. 50

Quakers

English dissenters (separatists) who broke from Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacificism, "inner light," and social equity. Under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania. Their spiritual leaders were George Fox and Margaret Fell. p. 76

American Consumer Revolution (1700's)

During this period, American used profits from agriculture to buy a wide array of English manufactured products, often on credit. It improved the standard of living of many colonialists, but also plunged the colonies into debt and created an American trade deficit. p. 129

Economie of scale

Economic term: The reduction of per-unit production and transportation costs (and increased profits) achieved through large-scale production. By developing mass-production techniques, a manufacturer reduces its cost on individual items (for example from 5 cents to 2 cents per item), and can sell more of the product -- and for a lower price - than its competitors. Midwest small-scale farmers had trouble competing in this marketplace. p. 507

George Fox

English religious leader (1624-1691) who founded the Society of Friends - the Quakers. p. 76

Pueblos

Elaborate multi-room stone or mud-brick structures created by native peoples of the Southwest.

Eli Whitney

Eli Whitney, 1765 - 1825, was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South. Whitney's invention made upland short cotton into a profitable crop, which strengthened the economic foundation of slavery in the United States. Whitney has often been incorrectly credited with inventing the idea of interchangeable parts, which he championed for years as a maker of muskets; however, the idea predated Whitney, and Whitney's role in it was one of promotion and popularizing, not invention.p. 279

Erie Canal

Erie Canal, historic waterway of the United States, connecting the Great Lakes with New York City via the Hudson River at Albany. Taking advantage of the Mohawk River gap in the Appalachian Mountains, the Erie Canal, 584 km (363 miles) long, was the first canal in the United States to connect western waterways with the Atlantic Ocean. Construction began in 1817 and was completed in 1825. Its success propelled New York City into a major commercial centre and encouraged canal construction throughout the United States. In addition, construction of the canal served as a training ground for many of the engineers who built other American canals and railroads in the ensuing decades.p. 285

Peasants

European people who lived in small agricultural groups, worked the land or served the nobles. p. 17

John Wesley Powell

Explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of the 100th meridian. p. 510

King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton. p. 364

Clans

Extended families that trace their lineage to a real or legendary common ancestor. p. 14

Robert Smalls

Freed himself & family from slavery on May 13, 1862, by commandeering a Confederate transport ship THE PLANTER, and surrendering it to Union forces. Later became a Congressman.

French Huguenots

French Protestants of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, who were frequently persecuted by the French government and by the Roman Catholic Church. For a time, the Edict of Nantes allowed them to practice their religion in certain cities. When the edict was revoked by King Louis XIV in the late seventeenth century, many Huguenots left France. p. 45

nouveau riche

French for "new rich." Refered to people who had become rich through business rather than through having been born into a rich family. The nouveau riche made up much of the American upper classof the late 1800s. p. 243

Alexis de Tocqueville

French liberal politician who observed the evolution of American political thought, customs and social interaction in the 1830's. His book Democracy in America is still considered one the most accurate primary sources on American culture. Our text claims that he coined the word INDIVIDUALISM. p. 332

Martin Van Buren

Friend of Andrew Jackson. Became president in 1836. In the Panic of 1837, he put $37 million to the states but it didn't help. He spent his 4 years with bank failures, bankruptcies and massive unemployment. p. 305

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America. p. 213

Nathan Bedford Forrest

General Forrest may have been one of the most respected cavalrymen of the Civil War, but his legend is marred by his racism. Before the Civil War, Forrest was a slave trader, and after the war he became one of the first Grand Wizards of the Ku Klux Klan.

Methodist

Grew out of the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and John's brother Charles Wesley were also significant leaders in the movement in high emotion and dramatic effect are a significant of the preaching. It originated as a revival within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate Church following Wesley's death. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, the United States, and beyond, today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide. Most Methodists teach that Christ died for all of humanity, not just for a limited group, and thus everyone is entitled to God's grace. Theologically, this view is known as Arminianism, which denies that God has pre-ordained an elect number of people to eternal bliss while others perished eternally. p. 260

Proprietors

Groups of approved settlers who received large land grants, mostly between 1630 to 1720, to be distributed among themselves based on social status and family need. Encouraged ownership of land in New England. The grants came from Mass Bay Courts, etc. p. 63

Benedict Arnold

He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and he was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history. p. 181

Gay Fawkes Day

November 5th is celebrated since 1605 plot by Catholic rebel Guy Fawkes to blow up the Houses of Parliament, known as the Gunpowder Plot. In NAmerican colonies, it became celebration of anti-British sentiment with effigy burning and crown action. p. 148

Stephen Douglas

Illinois Senator, debated Lincoln, Democrat, popular sovereignty, Kansas-Nebraska Act. p. 416

Henry Hudson

In 1609, discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America. p. 47

Popé

In 1680, a Pueblo shaman who was seen as a practicer of witchcraft and punished. He led an uprising that involved native peoples from all over New Mexico. For the next 14 years, native people rebelled and resisted the Spanish in the southwest region of the future United States, killing 400 Spaniards and forcing 1,500 Spanish colonists to flee to El Paso. p. 44

Freehold Society

In 1700's New England, 70 % of the European-settled land was owned in form of farms by faming families (as opposed to back in England where 75 of the land was owned by the gentry & nobility). Freehold societies were organized into communities. Women had a limited rights. As freehold families grew, they needed more space and/or smaller portions for their growing families. p. 106

Porkopolis

In 1802, Cincinnati, Ohio was chartered as a village, and in 1819, it was incorporated as a city. The introduction of steam navigation on the Ohio River in 1811 and the completion of the Miami and Erie Canal helped the city grow to 115,000 citizens by 1850. The nickname Porkopolis was coined around 1835, when Cincinnati was the country's chief hog packing center, and herds of pigs traveled the streets. Called the "Queen of the West" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (although this nickname was first used by a local newspaper in 1819), Cincinnati was an important stop on the Underground Railroad, which helped slaves escape from the South. p. 277

Mexican Independence

In 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla called the peons and Indians to revolt against Spain; began the Mexican Independence Movement; Mexicans believed it was possible, after seeing what the U.S. colonists were able to do; this revolutionary- independence sentiment spread; independence was finally won, throughout all of Latin America, by the mid-1820s; significance = the United States was the model for others' independence and could become the dominant nation in the hemisphere. Spain granted Mexico independence in 1821. p. 376

Mississippi

In 1817 elected delegates wrote a constitution and applied to Congress for statehood. On Dec. 10, 1817, the western portion of Mississippi Territory became the State of Mississippi, the 20th state of the Union. Natchez, long established as a river port, was the first state capital. In 1822 the capital was moved to a more central location at Jackson. Expansion of cultivation of cotton into the Deep South was made possible by the invention of the cotton gin that made short-staple cotton profitable. Americans pressed to gain more land for cotton and caused conflicts with the several tribes of Native Americans who historically occupied this territory. Americans forced the Civilized Tribes to cede their lands, and various leaders developed proposals for Indian Removal to west of the Mississippi River, which took place following passage of an act by Congress. As Indians ceded their lands to whites, they moved west and became more isolated from the American planter society, where many African Americans were enslaved.p. 391[PLEASE note location of Miss. (1819), Alabama (1819), and Louisiana (1812).

Black Infantry

In 1862, President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation opened the door for African Americans to enlist in the Union Army. Although many had wanted to join the war effort earlier, they were prohibited from enlisting by a federal law dating back to 1792. President Lincoln had also feared that if he authorized their recruitment, border states would secede from the Union. By the end of the war, approximately 180,000 African-American soldiers had joined the fight. By 1865, 200,00 Af-Am soldiers were serving in the Union army. p. 449

Forty acres and a mule

In 1864 and 1865, the federal government settled nearly 10,000 black families on abandoned plantation land, an act which caused former slaves throughout the South to believe the rumors that they would be given 40 acres of land to own and mule (to plow with). It did not happen as Reconstruction under Pres. Johnson, Southern plantations were returned to white owners. (This is where Director Spike Lee got the name of his film production company: see 40 Acres and Mule Filmworks at 40acres.com. I'll bet they end up making the Furguson movie...) p. 472

British Industrial Revolution

In England 1700's, the rise of the use of mechanical power to produce larger quantities of goods at lower costs. Utilized water mills and steam engines that powered a variety of new machines, including looms, spinners, hammers, jennies, etc. Led to Consumer Revolution in America. p. 128

Enclosure Acts

In England, laws that allowed owners to kick peasants off their lands, fence in their fields, and put sheep to graze there. Resulted in millions of dispossessed families in Europe looking for a way to make a living and thus encouraged American immigration. p. 37

rotten boroughs

In England, sparsely populated, artistocratically-controlled electoral districts, p. 144

Gentry

In Europe, non-noble landholders with substantial estates. p. 36

First Continental Congress

In response to the Coercive/Intolerable Acts, a convention of delegates from twelve of the original 13 colonies was convened (Georgia was not present) on September 5, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia. Although the colonies had vastly differing agendas and different objections to British policy, they were able to produce a single document, a resolution called "a Declaration of Rights and Grievances" that demanded the Coercive Acts be repealed and the Declaratory Act of 1766 (Parliament's supremacy) be limited to matters of trade. p.158-159.

Ghost Dance Movement

In the 1880's, the last effort of Native Americans to resist US domination and drive whites from their ancestral lands came through a religious movement known as the Ghost Dance. In the government's campaign to suppress the movement, the famous Sioux medicine man sitting Bull was killed during his arrest. Led to Massacre at Wounded Knee. p. 519

Thaddeus Stevens

In the House, he was Representative from Penn. and the man behind the 14th Amendment, which ends slavery. Stevens and President Johnson were absolutely opposed to each other. Known as a Radical Republican. p. 467

Hudson River Manors

Prominent Dutch and English families presided like lords over immense farms where they leased contracts to German tenants and refused to sell the land to free-holders. This was along the Hudson River Valley (flowing from upstate New York to Long Island). p. 109

Black Codes

Indeed, one of the main goals of the Civil War, freedoms for enslaved people, was being rolled back. One by one, southern states met Johnson's Reconstruction demands and were restored to the Union. The first order of buisness in these new, white-run governments was to enact black codes, laws that restricted freedmen's rights. The black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as these: Curfews, Labor Contracts, Limits on women's rights, and land restrictions. p. 464

Mesoamerica

Is a region and culture area in the Americas, extending approximately from central Mexico to Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, within which a number of pre-Columbian societies flourished before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries. p. 8

(The First) Great Awakening

It began in the 1730s and lasted to about 1743, though pockets of revivalism had occurred in years prior especially amongst the ministry of Jonathan Edwards, whose congregation was involved in a revival later called the "Frontier Revivals" in the mid-1730s. Prominent ministers Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield had little interest in merely engaging parishioners' intellects; rather, they sought a strong emotional response from their congregations that might yield the workings and experiential evidence of saving grace. [The term is used to refer to several periods of religious revival in American religious history. Historians and theologians identify three or four waves of increased religious enthusiasm occurring between the early 18th century and the late 19th, including: First Great Awakening (c. 1731-1755) Second Great Awakening (c. 1790-1840) Third Great Awakening (c. 1850-1900) Fourth Great Awakening (c. 1960-1980)] p. 117

Chesapeake Bay

It is the most extensive indentation on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Wholly enclosed within the boundaries of Maryland and Virginia, it separates the main section of Virginia from its narrow coastal peninsula and nearly bisects Maryland. It is where the Jamestown colonists landed in 1607. everywhere!

Battle of New Orleans

Jan. 1815: A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost. This occurred after the War of 1812 was over (Treat of Ghent, Dec. 1814), but word had not yet reached the British Navy, and they sailed on to try to take New Orleans. [Not on text.]

Female Moral Reform Society

It was organized by middle-class women in New York in 1834. They wanted to liberate prostitutes from lives of sin. Also they sought to protect the morality of single women. To this end they published lists of men who frequented prostitutes or abused women. This was a direct attack on the double standard of the time. The society was replicated in hundreds of American communities by 1840. p. 354

Emancipation Proclamation

January 1, 1863, Lincoln's proclamation made after a crucial victory at Antietam, allowed Lincoln to push for something radical; frees all slaves in areas under rebellion; this excludes the border states, keeping them on the side of the Union, prevents foreign powers from entering the war for slavery, provides a rationale for the war, and allows blacks to enlist in the army. p. 446-447

Election of 1844: Candidates

James K. Polk - Democrat. Henry Clay - Whig. James G. Birney - Liberty Party. p. 405

Common Sense

Jan. 1776: A pamphlet by Thomas Paine attacking the entire social order based on monarchy and calling for American independence. Tipped the scales by reaching & convincing hundreds of thousands of colonists. p. 165

Battle at Gettysburg

July 1 - 3, 1863. This was one of the worst battles fought in the North. General Lee tried to attack Washington, D.C., and his army ran into the Union near this location. They fought for 3 days and 50,000 soldiers were killed. The North won. (See above Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" delivered Nov. 1863.) p. 447

Ezra Stiles Ely

July 4th, 1827 Ezra Stiles Ely, guest pastor, at Philadelphia's Seventh Presbyterian Church preached a controversial sermon in Philadelphia that was published around the country. Its title could not have been clearer: "The Duty of Christian Freemen to Elect Christian Rulers." Calling for the formation of a Christian party in politics, Ely, a supporter of Andrew Jackson's in the 1828 presidential race, said: "Every ruler should be an avowed and sincere friend of Christianity. He should know and believe the doctrines of our holy religion, and act in conformity to its precepts." This was essentially a call to make America a Christian nation, uniting church and state. p. 264

The Albany Congress

June 1754. Meeting or talks called by Great Britain of 13 colonial representatives in Albany, New York in order to develop a treaty with Native Americans and plan the defense of the colonies against France. Ben Franklin proposed a "Plan of Union" the first organization with the purpose of uniting all the colonies in a single assembly. The Brits saw the danger in this, and it was not approved. p. 124.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

June 1807 - The American ship USS Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the HMS Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. It created uproar among Americans and strident calls for war with Great Britain,the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. The incident is often considered a catalyst to the War of 1812. p. 223

Battle of Little Big Horn

June 25-26, 1876 - General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse at Sitting Bull's camp in Montana. p. 518

"Custer's last stand"

June 25-26, 1876, General Custer led men of the 7th Cavalry to attack Chief Sitting Bulls' camp at the Little Big Horn River in Montana. The combatants in the Battle of Little Big Horn were warriors of the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes, battling men of the 7th Regiment of the U.S. Cavalry. The Indian resisters killed 263 American military personnel, including Custer himself. p. 518

Overseers

Kept slaves in line on plantations. Sometimes poor white, sometimes former (promoted) slaves. p. 373

Rivers of the United States (& Canada)

Know the location of the following rivers: The St. Lawrence The Hudson The Potomac The Delaware The Ohio The Mississippi The Missouri The Rio Grande The Columbia The Snake

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and aggressive assault on African Americans. p. 487

Battle at Wounded Knee

Last major conflict between the Sioux Indians and the United States, occured because of the Ghost Dance. 300 Indian men, women and children were killed, while 25 American soldiers died in the conflict. Resulted in the Indians not being allowed to bury their dead. p. 519-520

Indentured Servitude (again!)

Main problem in colonies was shortage of labor. For this reason, people agreed to this program so that they could gain free passage to the colonies in exchange for a specific term of work. Passage to the new world was pricey, so they were willing to sign these contracts. They also were often given land after their contract was over. p. 55

patriarchal rule

Males and male family heads had total control of younger males, all females, and slaves in a family system. p. 375

Election of 1844: Issues

Manifest Destiny Issues: The annexation of Texas and the reoccupation of Oregon. Tariff reform. pp. 404- 405

Second Continental Congress

May 1775: Called after battle between British troops and colonial militiamen at Lex/Concord. John Adams calls for a continental revolutionary army to be formed w/George Washington as leader. p. 163

B'hoys

Mid-19th century New York dandy's: Men who cropped their hair close in the back, wore long front locks matter with hair grease, rolled and combed shiny. Known for sexual promiscuity and stylish dress. p. 343

Minstrel Shows

Minstrel shows were preformed by white people in black face and portrayed black people as dim-witted, lazy, buffoonish, superstitious, happy-go-lucky, sexual indulgent, and musical. The minstrel show began with brief burlesques and comic actes in the early 1830s and emerged as a full-fledged form in the next decade. By 1848, blackface minstrel shows were the national artform, translating formal art such as opera into popular terms for a general audience. Famous minstrel performed John Dartmouth Rice developed the character named, "Jim Crow." By the turn of the 20th century, the minstrel show enjoyed but a shadow of its former popularity, having been replaced for the most part by vaudeville. It survived as professional entertainment until about 1910; amateur performances continued until the 1960s in high schools, and local theaters. pp. 343 - 345

Union army death toll

More Union soldiers died of disease than battle during the US Civil War. 135,000 Union soldiers died in combat. 250,000 Union soldiers died of deadly diseases like dysentery, typhoid, malaria, mumps, measles, and etc. p. 441

Hopewell peoples

Mound Builders. Settled in eastern N. America from Great Lakes to Gulf of Mexico from A.D. 100. p. 12

Southern Industrialization

NOT! "We have no cities... we don't want them. We want no manufacturers... or manufacturing or mechanical classes. As long as we have our rice, our sugar, our tobacco, and our cotton with can command wealth and purchase all we want. " US Senator Wigfall in 1861. The south refused to industrialize in the 19th century. This was a major reason why they failed to defeat the union forces in the US Civil War. p. 379

James Tallmadge

NY Congressman who introduced a amendment to block MO from entering the Union with slaves in 1819

Civil Rights Cases 1883

Name attached to five cases brought under the Civil Rights Act of 1875. In 1883, the Supreme Court decided that discrimination in a variety of public accommodations, including theaters, hotels, and railroads, could not be prohibited by the act because such discrimination was private. p. 487 discrimination and not state discrimination.

greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war. p. 444

Indian Bureau

Name given to the governmental department set up by President Grant to oversee the affairs of Native Americans under the control of the Federal Government. p. 513

Adena Peoples

Native American peoples centered in Ohio from 500 BC - AD 200 and were known for burial mounds. p. 14

Praying Towns

Native American settlements in 17th-century New England supervised by a Puritan minister. These were used to encouraged Indians to become English Protestants and adopt English culture.

New Orleans Slave Market

New Orleans was the largest slave market in the country in the years leading up to the Civil War, according to the National Park Service. In 1854, the city claimed to have at least 19 slave yards, many of them concentrated in what is now the Central Business District. An estimated 135,000 people were sold in the city between 1804 and 1862. New Orleans built its booming economy before the Civil War largely on the backs of slaves, a cruel reality in a city that also contained the largest population of free black people in the nation. The cotton and sugar trades were deeply dependent on forced labor on plantations throughout Louisiana. In the city, slaves often performed more skilled jobs or toiled in homes cooking or cleaning. Some slave women were purchased simply to bear children, which were born into slavery and would in time be sold. Even the city owned slaves, using them to perform manual labor such as digging ditches and building roads. p. 365

Free-soil movement

Northern Democrats & Whigs supported the Wilmot Proviso and position that all blacks, free & slave should be excluded from the Mexican Cession. Example of anti-slavery forces and racists uniting= Free soil party. Free-soilers didn't necessarily want the end of slavery, many were just worried about opportunities for whites decreasing with slave labor at hand. p..

Stamp Act Congress

Oct. of 1765. Nine of the 13 colonial assemblies sent delegates to this meeting in New York to protest the loss of various "rights and liberties." It challenged the vice-admiralty courts (loss of jury trial) and the constitutionality of the Stamp Tax and the Sugar Tax. Most delegates wanted compromise with English Crown.p. 148

Battle of Yorktown

October 19, 1781 at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau and Marquis de Lafayette over a British Army commanded by British lord and Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis. p.181

Confederate States of America (CSA)

On Dec. 20, 1860, after Lincoln's election to president, a special convention to dissolve the union voted unanimously made South Carolina the first to secede from the Union. By February 1861 Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas also seceded. They declared their new nation the CSA. p. 430

Battle of Bull Run/Manassas

On July 21, 1861, Union forces, led by General McDowell, collided with confederate forces by a little creek called Bull Run north of Manassas. The south won this, and this is when the north figures out that the south is more powerful than they realized.

"conscience" Whigs

Opposed the US-MEX war from the beginning on moral grounds. Warned of a Southern conspiracy to add new slave states in the expanding West, undermine the Jeffersonian ideal of a yeoman freeholder society and ensure permanent control of the fed govt by slaveholding Democrats. pp. 408

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Originally introduced by Radical Republican Charles Sumner, but finally passed in 1875. The law required "full and equal" access to jury service, and to transportation and public accommodations, irrespective of race. It was the last such act for almost a hundred year - until the Civil Rights Act of 1964. p. 483

Jesse and Frank James

Outlaw brothers from Missouri who fought on the Confederate side. Joined Quantrill's confederate guerrilla force. p. 433

Yeomen

Owners of small farms that can support their families. p. 36

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. Signed into law by Pres. Lincoln and favored by the "Free Soilers." p. 494

The Wade-Davis Bill

Passed on July 2, 1864: Radical republicans passed this because they thought Lincoln's 10% plan wasn't strong enough. It required a majority of the southern states' voters to take oaths of allegiance and also required the state constitutional conventions abolish slavery. Lincoln vetoed it by letting it go unsigned when Congress adjourned (pocket veto). p. 464

Indentured Servants

People that exchanged their labor and freedom for four or five years in return for their passage across the Atlantic. p. 37

Forty-Niners

People who went to California looking for gold during the CA gold rush in 1849.

Barbary Pirates

Pirates and privateers who operated from North Africa, based primarily in the ports of Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. This area was known in Europe as the Barbary Coast. Following the American Revolution, they began to raid the ships of the United States. The United States therefore formed treaties with Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunis, as European nations already had, that gave them immunity from these attacks. p. 217

Freeholds

Plantations in the Chesapeake region owned and farmed by colonial families or joint ventures between male partners - prior to 1650.

Patronage

Political machine politics -- Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support. p. 305

polygamy

Polygamy refers to a man attempting marriage with more than one wife; polyandry refers to a woman attempting marriage with more than one husband. In American history, the LDS had a practice of plural marriage. p. 506

The Republic of Texas

Texas declared its independence from Mexico in 1836. General Sam Houston forced Mexican President Santa Anna to sign a treaty in 1836 after Houston captured Santa Anna in the Battle of San Jacinto. Texans wanted to become a state in the U.S. but the northerners did not want them because of the issue of slavery. Admitting Texas would mean one more slave state. pp. 376-377

Union League

Reconstruction-Era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation. p. 479

"fire eaters"

Refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America. p. 430

Remember the Alamo

Refers to an event occurring in 1836 in San Antonio, Texas. The Mexican Army of 1500 men under Santa Anna, attacked the Alamo mission with about 100 American settlers, in San Antonio Texas. The famous battle ended with only 2 survivors. This was a pivotal event in the Texas Revolution that sparked new interest and support for Texas to fight for independence from Mexico, and their repeated cry became "Remember the Alamo". pp. 376-377

temperance movement

Reform movement begun in the 1800's that fought to ban alcohol in the U.S. This movement led to the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920. p. 354

Indian assimilation

Reformers in the 19th century advocated a policy toward native peoples that involved Christianizing them, eliminating their native languages and cultural practices. "Kill the Indian to save the man." was slogan of the assimilationists. The most infamous practices of assimilationist policy were the forced Indian Boarding schools, where children were forcibly removed from their parents' and tribe and educated by whites. One such school survives as a museum near Shawnee Mission Parkway in KS. (by Bishop Miege). p. 515

Pagans

Religious system involving the the natural world was animated by spiritual forces. Common in pre-Christian Europe and Native American peoples. Also called animists. p. 15

William Seward

Secretary of State (from Lincoln through Johnson - 1861 to 1872) who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. Also, Seward was a determined opponent of the spread of slavery in the years leading up to the American Civil War, he was a dominant figure in the Republican Party in its formative years. Although regarded as the leading contender for the party's presidential nomination in 1860, he was defeated by Abraham Lincoln. p. 494

Henry Clay

Senator & Congressman from KY. As part of the "Great Triumvirate" or "Immortal Trio," along with his colleagues Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun, he was instrumental in formulating the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850. He was viewed as the primary representative of Western interests in this group, and was given the names "Henry of the West" and "The Western Star."A plantation owner, Clay held slaves during his lifetime but freed them in his will. p. 257

Charles Sumner

Senator from Mass. and a leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote, A tall and imposing figure, was a leading abolitionist- one of the few prominent in political life. Highly educated but cold, humorless, intolerant, and egotistical, he had made himself one of the most disliked men in the senate. Brooding over the turbulent miscarriage of popular sovereignty (promoted by Stephen Douglas), he delivered a blistering speech titled "The Crime Against Kansas." He condemned the pro-slavery men as "hirelings picked from the drunken spew and vomit of an uneasy civilization." He also referred insultingly to South Carolina and to its white-haired senator Andrew Butler, one of the best liked members of the Senate. After Pres. Andrew Johnson's battles with Congress, power shifts to Radical Republicans. p. 467

Antietam

September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek. USA led by McClellan & CSA lead by Robert E. Lee. The first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. (By comparison, 6,000 Americans died on D-Day, the invasion of Nazi-occupied France). p. 435-437

Confiscation Act

Series of laws passed by fed gov. in 1862 designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters; virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy. p. 446

Shays' Rebellion

Shays' Rebellion was an armed uprising that took place in central and western Massachusetts in 1786 and 1787. The rebellion was named after Daniel Shays, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and one of the rebel leaders. It was precipitated by several factors: financial difficulties brought about by a post-war economic depression, a credit squeeze caused by a lack of hard currency, and fiscally harsh government policies instituted in 1785 to solve the state's debt problems. Precipitated a call to revise the weak Articles of Confederation. p. 191

Appomattox Courthouse

Site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign." p. 457

Seceded States & Border States in Union

Slave states that remained in the union: OK (was unorgnaized territory in 1861), MO, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, (breakaway) West Virginia, New Mexico territory. Slave states that left the Union SC, Miss., Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia (part of VA refused breaking away into W.Virginia), Arkansas, Tennessee, and N.Carolina. p. 432

middling lawyer-planters

Small land-holding Southerners, or yeoman, who made up the majority of the slave owners but were much less visible and wealthy than wealthy grand plantation owners. They owned from 5 to 20 slaves and also worked as skilled artisans or professional men. pp. 374-375

Trade Slaves

Sold as agricultural workers from one kingdom to another or carried overland

Bernal Diaz del Castillo

Soldier in Cortez's army, wrote the True History of the Conquest of New Spain, a populist history, exalting courage of common soldier. Along with Cortes he greatly admired the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. p. 27

Ordinance of nullification

South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void and forbade the collection of those duties. In February, 1833, they threatened secession if federal bureaucrats tried to collect them. p. 312

Encomiendas

Spanish royal grants that gave legal control of the labor of the native population to conquistadors in meso and South America. p. 31

Waltham Plan

Strategy for cheaper source of labor in the 1820s; recruit thousands of young women from farm families to work in textile factories, provide them with room and board, evening lectures and cultural activities with strict curfews, no alcohol and regular church attendance. p. 278

Fletcher v. Peck

Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution. SCOTUS asserted that states could not impair the obligation of contracts.

Black Robes

Term northern Native Americans used for the Jesuits because of the Jesuit's distinctive garb. p. 45

The Reconquista

The 15th century reconquering of Spain by the Christians after 900 years of Muslim control. It also banished Jews and Muslims from Spain through a brutal process known as the Spanish Inquisition. p. 24

Bank of North America

The Bank of North America was chartered on December 31, 1781 and officially opened on January 7, 1782. Robert Morris was the superintendent of finance. p. 238

Battle of Trenton

The Battle of Trenton took place on the morning of December 26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, after Gen. George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton, New Jersey. The hazardous crossing in adverse weather made it possible for Washington to lead the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at Trenton.p. 172

Colonial Boycotts

The Boston merchants who were angry about the profitable smuggling trade being diverted away from them took the lead and organized a boycott on British goods. American goods became popular and fashionable. This was a significant and clear act of rebellion against the British government. pp. 149-152

LDS

The Church of Latter-Day Saints: Mormons. A group following the teachings of Joseph Smith and then Brigham Young. Due to persecution, Mormons made their way to Utah. p. 506

Confederate Congress

The Congress in the south during the Civil War, they were the first to pass conscription (draft) law. Southern law that declared that all able-bodied men between 18-35 were eligible for three years of military service. Substitutes were allowed but the in the South the price was uncontrolled, rising to $10,000 in Confederate money. The most disliked part of the law was the provision exempting one white man on each plantation with twenty 20 or more slaves. p. 439

Constitutional Convention

The Constitutional Convention (also known as the Philadelphia Convention and/or the Federal Convention), May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to address problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain. p.193

The Dial

The Dial was an American magazine published intermittently from 1840 to 1929. In its first form, from 1840 to 1844, it served as the chief publication of the Transcendentalists. In the 1880s it was revived as a political magazine. From 1920 to 1929 it was an influential outlet for Modernist literature in English. On October 20, 1839, Margaret Fuller officially accepted the editorship, though she was unable to begin work on the publication until the first week of 1840. p. 334

First Bank of the United States

The First Bank of the United States was a bank chartered by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. The charter was for 20 years. The Bank was created to handle the financial needs and requirements of the central government of the newly formed United States, which had most often been thirteen individual colonies with their own banks, currencies, and financial institutions and policies. Officially proposed by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, to the first session of the First Congress in 1790, the concept for the Bank had both its support and origin in and among Northern merchants and more than a few New England state governments. It was, however, eyed with great suspicion by the representatives of the Southern States, whose chief industry, agriculture, did not require centrally concentrated banks, and whose feelings of states' rights and suspicion of Northern motives ran strong. p. 238

Transcontinental Railroad

The First Transcontinental Railroad was a 1,907-mile contiguous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 across the western United States to connect the Pacific coast at San Francisco Bay with the existing Eastern U.S. rail network at Council Bluffs, Iowa, on the Missouri River. The rail line was built by three private companies: the original Western Pacific Railroad Company between Oakland and Sacramento, California, the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit, Utah Territory (U.T.), and the Union Pacific Railroad Company westward to Promontory Summit from the road's statutory Eastern terminus at Council Bluffs on the eastern shore of the Missouri River opposite Omaha, Nebraska. p. 287 - 288

the "Crime of 1873"

The Fourth Coinage Act was enacted by the United States Congress in 1873 and embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver. Western mining interests and others who wanted silver in circulation years later labeled this measure the "Crime of '73". Gold became the only metallic standard in the United States. p. 497

Election 1844: Liberty Party

The Liberty party was the first antislavery party. Formed at a national convention in Albany, New York, in April 1840, the party sought to achieve abolitionist goals through political means. Its first presidential candidate was a former Alabama slave holder, James G. Birney. The party drew a scant 7,000 votes nationally in that election, a figure that increased to approximately 62,000 in 1844. Although numerically small, the Liberty party exerted considerable influence in a number of northern states, and some historians attribute Henry Clay's loss of the presidency in 1844 to the Liberty party, which took Whig votes away from Clay in New York State. p. 405

The New Jersey Plan

The New Jersey Plan was primarily a response to the Virginia Plan and was presented at the Constitutional Convention. Under the New Jersey Plan, Congress had the additional powers of setting and collecting taxes. Federal laws were supreme over state laws. It called for Congress to select an executive council, which would serve one four-year term, and which would be subject to recall by state governors. The judiciary would be appointed by the executive and would serve for life. Many delegates from small states feared that under a system of proportional representation, which was favored by most of the delegates, large states would become too powerful. The New Jersey Plan attempted to give small states powers in Congress equal to those of large states. p. 194

Market Revolution

The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. The Market Revolution reflected the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the creation of a transportation network of roads, canals, and railroads. p. 273

plantation society

The Plantation Society is organized around high value agricultural crops, vast tracts of land, a central Planter's manor, usually a large slave labor force, and legal and social control of all members on the plantation by the planter/owner. It is close to feudalism. It is the opposite of industry. p. 81

"Congressional stipulations"

The Radical Republican Congress during Reconstruction made certain stipulations (or requirements) for former Confederate states to re-enter the Union. An example would be that the majority of the voters must swear allegiance to the USA. p. 479

Regulators Movement

The Regulator movements of the late 1760s ( South Carolina) and early 1770s ( North Carolina) pitted backcountry farmers against wealthy eastern planters who controlled colonial governments. In South Carolina, Scots- Irish settlers protested their lack of an adequate voice in political affairs. For months, they policed the countryside in vigilante bands known as Regulators, complaining of lax and biased law enforcement. p. 131-133

The Second Bank of the United States

The Second Bank of the United States (1816) came into being, mainly identical to its predecessor, but this new bank had more capital power - helped the rich much more than the poor. Contributed to the Panic of 1819. p. 238-239.

South Atlantic System

The South Atlantic system was composed of land seized from the Indians, slave labor from Africa, and investment capital from Europe. Produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and other subtropical products. A trade network in the south Atlantic ocean involving the exchange of Sugar, Rum and slaves, bringing wealth to England and slaves to America. p. 82

The Treaty of Paris (Rev. War)

The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain on one side and the United States of America on the other. p. 182

The "ironclads"

The Union war ship, the Merrimack, was originally a ship that was taken and transformed into an ironclad. It was renamed by the Confederates the USS Virginia. It attacked 2 Union ships on March 8 1862. The next day the Union unleashed its answer to the Virginia, the Monitor. The Monitor was called a "cheesebox on a raft." The battle between these two Ironclads was one of the most important naval battles ever fought. The navies realized at this point that the old wooden boats had become useless and they began a greater effort in building more Ironclads.

Virginia Plan

The Virginia Plan was written by James Madison and presented by Edmund Randolph on the fourth day of the Constitutional Convention. The Virginia Plan demonstrates Montesquieu's influence on Madison, as it called for separation of powers among three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. It created a bicameral legislature with both houses based on proportionate representation. Much of the Virginia Plan was adopted by the Convention and written into the Constitution. p. 194

Southern Whigs

The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States of America. Four Presidents of the United States were members of the Whig Party. Considered integral to the Second Party System and operating from the early 1830s to the mid-1850s,[1] the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. This name was chosen to echo the American Whigs of 1776, who fought for independence, and because "Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who identified as opposing tyranny.[2] The Whig Party counted among its members such national political luminaries as Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison, and their preeminent leader, Henry Clay of Kentucky. pp. 369

labor theory of value

The belief that human labor produces economic value. Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market (supply and demand) but by the amount of work required to make it, and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it. The idea was advocated in the mid-19th century by many farmers, independent craft workers, and trade unions. p. 282

domestic slave trade

The buying, selling, and forced migration of slaves within the boundaries of the U.S. 19th century, importance 1)1808 international slave trade ended for the U.S., and then 2) King Cotton & Whitney's Cotton Gin results geographic shift takes place, they were expanding and moving west to new land, needed more slaves in areas in South and new Western states and territories {eg, Alabama, Louisanna, Texas, etc.} 3) growth/stability of African American slave population created surplus of slave labor - slaves were sold to work expanded southern regions. pp. 364-365

Lowell, Massachusets

The city of Lowell was started in the 1820s as a money-making venture and social project referred to as "The Lowell Experiment", and quickly became the United States' largest textile center. Francis Cabot Lowell, 1775 - 1817, was an American businessman for whom the city of Lowell, Massachusetts, is named. He was instrumental in bringing the Industrial Revolution to the United States.p.278

tobacco colony

The colonies in the Chesapeake was the English's second attempt to colonize the Americas. These colonies were very successful because of the profit they received from growing tobacco. Europeans did not think tobacco would be a successful crop, but the colonists continued to grow it. They grew so much that the price of tobacco dropped in Europe, and colonists had to make more to support themselves. Virginian colonists' lives revolved around their plantations. Slavery was introduced to keep up with the huge need for labor on the lard plantations. p. 50

Parliamentary Supremacy

The concept that the British Parliament, is the supreme authority in the political system (not the colonial assemblies, the courts, the Crown, or any other institution). This principle is epitomized in The Declaratory Act of 1766 which declared Parliament's supremacy over its colonies. The Revolutionary thesis repudiated this notion and claimed equality for the American assemblies. p. 155.

"divine right"

The idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God and their authority derives from him. p. 77

The Planter Elite

The dominance of aristocracy in the South widened the gap between the rich and the poor and hampered public education. They also made all decisions in their favor in government. Classical republican theory had its roots in slave-owning societies of Greece and Rome, and they identified political tyranny as a threat to liberty but not slavery. pp. 370-371.

desegregation

The ending of authorized & legalized segregation, or separation by race. p. 483

Enrollment Act of 1863

The first Northern draft act, declaring all able-bodied males between the ages of twenty and forty-five liable for military service; promptly contradicted itself by permitting those who could afford to do so to hire substitutes or even purchase outright exemptions from military service for $300. p. 440

Industrial Revolution

The great transformation in manufacturing goods that began in England and 1750 and spread eventually around the world. It consisted of three interrelated aspects: inanimate power (first from improved water wheels and then from steam engines,) advances in machine technology, and disciplined labor working in factories. p. 273

Predestination

The idea that God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born an condemns the rest to eternal damnation. A central tenet of Calvinism. p. 33

The impeachment of Andrew Johnson

The impeachment of Andrew Johnson began in the year of 1867 and was the first time in US History that a PRESIDENT had been so charged. According to the Constitution, the House of representatives could impeach (charge like a grand jury) and the senate could try any federal official for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors". Andrew Johnson had forewarned that he was in trouble for failure of to fulfill constitutional obligations and enforcing the law. He managed to refrain from breaking the law for awhile but in August of 1867 Johnson suspended secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton from office. As required by the tenure of office act he was supposed to gain senate approval for removal of government officials. The president requested consent but when the senate balked at the request e dismissed him anyway. This was shown as an open defiance of the law and convinced every Republican in the House to vote for impeachment. Johnson was tried by the senate and was only able to be tried based on the dismissal. After the trial he called a truce and allowed the reconstruction of the south to take place without hindrance. The impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson effectively ended Johnson's interference in reconstruction. (The second pres to be impeached was Bill Clinton in 1998. Nixon would have been, but he resigned) p. 468

The Golden Spike

The last ceremonial spike driven to mark the completion of the transcontinental railroad line. It was driven by Leland Stanford to join the rails of the First Transcontinental Railroad across the US, connecting the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads at Promontory Point, Utah. p. 493

Manumission

The legal act of releasing, freeing slaves and allowing them their freedom.

suffrage

The legal right to vote, extended to African Americans by the Fifteenth Amendment, to women by the Nineteenth Amendment (hence the term "suffragettes"), and to people over the age of 18 by the Twenty-sixth Amendment. p. 468

The Middle Passage

The long journey that slaves from Africa had to take to the Americas, when many of them were crammed together, and chained in the bowels of slave ships and supplied with little food and water. The brutal sea voyage from Africa to the Americas in the 18th and 19th centuries that took the lives of about 1.5 million enslaved Africans.p. 84

Era of Good Feeling

The period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony. p. 232

Business cycle

The periodic rise and fall of business activity characteristic of market-driven capitalist economies. p. 239

New England population growth

The population of New England doubled each successive generation. There were 100,000 people in 1700; 200,000 by 1725; and 400,000 by 1750. As families grew, their once-sprawling farms were divided and subdivided into smaller units. pp. 107-108

The War of Austrian Succession

The powers of Europe go to war over the question of Maria Theresa's succession to the realms of the house of Habsburg. p. 98

Polygamy

The practice of marriage to multiple partners, most often one husband to multiple wives.

Suffrage

The right to vote. Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise, distinct from other rights to vote, is the right to vote gained through the democratic process. p. 244

Second Party System

The second party structure in the nation's history that emerged when Andrew Jackson first ran for the presidency in 1824. The major parties were the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party (anti-Jackson), assembled by Henry Clay from the National Republicans. p. 232

Confederate Bonds

The south was plagued with financial problems, so it made large issues of confederate bonds which were sold at home and abroad that amounted to nearly $400 million, but as revenue began to dry up, the Confederate government was forced to print blue-backed paper money with complete abandon. "Runaway inflation" occurred as Southern presses continued to grind out the poorly backed treasury notes, totaling in all more than $1 billion. p.484

spoils system

The system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power. p. 305

Patriots (revolutionary period)

The term referred to the American colonists who organized protests to English policies that threatened colonists rights. This group eventually aligned with struggle for American independence. p. 147

Northwest Territory

The vast territory of land that included present-day Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Wisconsin; was politically organized by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. p. 211

Alliance with France

The victory at Saratoga, in 1777, led France to see an opportunity to inflict losses on its ancient enemy, Great Britain. Benjamin Franklin, now acting as a diplomat in Paris, secured support for the American Revolution in an unlikely alliance with the French (the colonials were republican and Protestant while the French were monarchists and Catholic!). The TREATY OF ALLIANCE signed between Americans and French specified that once France entered the war, neither side would settle in peace with Britain separately. The French support with both $$ and huge troops bolstered the American cause in many ways, including morale. p. 178

artistocracy

The wealthy ruling class of people who ruled the government. Mostly made up of landowners and large-scale merchants. p. 243

American Renaissance

The writing of the period before the Civil War, beginning with Emerson and Thoreau and the Transcendentalist movement including Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville, Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson. These writers are essentially Romantics of a distinctively American stripe. pp. 332-332

Scots-Irish Settlers

There were 115,000 migrants from Ireland, who were Irish and Scottish. They were sometimes Catholic but mostly Presbyterians, descendants of Calvinist Protestants. p . 112

The Coercive Acts (also known as Intolerable Acts)

These five Acts passed by Parliament in 1774 closed Boston Harbor, prohibited town meetings, and revoked the Massachusetts charter, making the Colony completely government by England. They also included a stronger Quartering Act. An unrelated act that is tied to these acts is the Quebec Act, which gave Canadians more rights, more French rights including provisions on Catholicism, as well as giving Quebec more land. These acts enraged Massachusetts, by design, but also enraged the other colonies which surprised the British. p. 156

Election of 1844: Third party's impact

Third party's impact was significant. James G. Birney (Liberty Party) drew enough votes away from Clay (Whig) to give Polk (Democrat) New York, and thus the election. p. 405

Great War for Empire KING'S DEBT

This collection of wars (7 Years War and the French & Indian War) from 1754 to 1763 created enormous governmental debt. This motivated King George III and Parliament to end the "hands off" policy of SALUTARY NEGLECT under which the colonies had prospered. They began to crack down administratively and expecting Americans to pay their fair share of taxes, especially for the British Army now permanently stationed in America. p. 142

American Woman Suffrage Association

This group was formed in November 1869 in response to a split in the American Equal Rights Association over the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Its founders, who supported the Fifteenth Amendment, included Lucy Stone, and Henry Blackwell. The this group was composed of staunch abolitionists, and strongly supported securing the right to vote for the Negro. They believed that the Fifteenth Amendment would be in danger of failing to pass in Congress if it included the vote for women. In 1890 the two groups did merge. p. 471

"errand into the wilderness"

This is a phrase coined by a sermon by John Danforth. Here, the metaphor of the "errand" captures the immigrants' belief that they were on a sacred mission, ordained by God, to create a model community and thereby fulfill a divine covenant. Popularized in the contemporary history community by American historian, Perry Miller's book, An Errand Into the Wilderness. p. 58

Chicago Stockyards & Meatpacking

To meet the demand of feeding the Union army, the Chicago railroads carried thousands of hogs and cattle to mega-stockyards and slaughter houses in Chicago. By 1862, Chicago surpassed Cincinnati as the meat-packing capital of the nation. p. 444

"tobacco revolution"

Tobacco was colonial Virginia's most successful cash crop. The tobacco that the first English settlers encountered in Virginia—the Virginia Indians' Nicotiana rustica—tasted dark and bitter to the English palate; it was John Rolfe who in 1612 obtained Spanish seeds, or Nicotiana tabacum, from the Orinoco River valley—seeds that, when planted in the relatively rich bottomland of the James River, produced a milder, yet still dark leaf that soon became the European standard. p. 86

Argonia

Town in southern Kansas where the first woman mayor in the U.S. was elected in 1887. p. 506

Matrilineal

Tracing descent through the mother for the system of both kinship and inheritance. p. 15

First Party System

Two national parties competing for control of the presidency, congress, and the states: The Federalist party (by Hamilton) and Democratic-Republican Party (Jefferson & Madison), p. 210.

Annexation of Texas: Joint Resolution under President Tyler

U.S. made Texas a state in 1845. Joint resolution - both houses of Congress supported annexation under Tyler, and he signed the bill shortly before leaving office. p. 405

General William Tecumseh Sherman (USA)

Union General who defeated the Confederate forces in Atlanta, GA; He led the "March to the Sea" in the fall of 1864 during which his troops caused great destruction--destroying everything in their path. pp. 451-456

General George McClellan (USA)

Union commander who took over for Scott during the first part of the war; won a major battle at Antietam, but was replaced after Lincoln was unhappy with his passive strategy. p. 435

General Irvin McDowell (USA)

Union general at the Battle of Bull Run/Manassas. p. 435

Dutch Republic

United Provinces of the Netherlands; tolerant of all religions. 1st half of 17th century was golden age-govt. consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each w/ rep. govt. It established the Bank of Amsterdam and became the leading financial center on the Continent. p. 47

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner. [Not in Henretta.]

U.S. Railroads

Unlike most European countries, the US chose to expand their transportation systems through private means. The US federal government provided incentives such as loans, subsidies, land grants to encourage private corporations to build canals and railroads. p. 494

Oneida Community

Utopian Community: A group of socio-religious evangelical Perfectionists who lived in New York and then Vermont in 1830s - 1840s. Practiced "complex marriages," communal property, and communal raising of children. By John Humphrey Noyes (1811 - 1886), called a "free love" community. p. 337 - 339

Valley Forge

Valley Forge in Pennsylvania was the site of the military camp of the American Continental Army over the winter of 1777-1778 during the American Revolutionary War. It is approximately 20 miles northwest of Philadelphia. Starvation, disease, and exposure killed nearly 2,500 American soldiers by the end of February 1778. p. 177

virtual representation

When Ben Franklin argued that the colonies should have representation in Parliament so that they would have a say in taxation, English politicians invented the term Virtual Representation to express their claim that colonists were already adequately represented in Parliament by the merchants who were trading with the colonies and the the sugar planters living in England (and who owned large estates in the West Indies). p. 147

British southern campaign (Rev. War)

[Image of Rev. War memorial in Savannah, GA] In 1778 the British turn toward the Southern colonies, determined to draw on the discontent of Scottish Highlanders and Loyalists. First they take Savannah, GA. Next they move inland and take Augusta, GA 1779. By 1780, the British have taken Charleston, SC. At this point, the French troops arrive to save the day! p. 179-180.