APUSH Gilded Age

Fugitives/Agrarians

...

John Tyler

10th President

Roosevelt Recession

When FDR started to take away some of the new deal programs recession started back up again. This proved that the new deal programs didnt "cure" the depression, they only "stopped the bleeding".

Mechanization of Agriculture

When the Civil War took the men of the land women and elderly used reeper and other mechanical things to do farm work After war developed seeders, combines, binders, mowers, and rotary plows Overall, increased productivity and decreased cost

Functions of kinship

When welfare agencies were scarce, people in need would be forced to turn to family Relatives were often nearby, and would help with things like child care, meals, advice, and consolation They also sometimes would have small jobs for their relatives to temporarily take on Although family was always there for eachother, kinship obligations were not always welcome Immigrant families would often pressure the last-born daughter to stay home and care for their aging parents This pushed any hope of education, marriage, and independence further away Tension developed in these families when immigrant parents and their American born children clashed over the abandonment of Old World ways/ amount of wages that employed children should contribute Kinship was supposed to help people cope with the stresses of the urban- industrial society Holiday celebrations

Movie stars

Who was influential on fashion during the Golden Age

"What Social Classes Owe to Each other" (1883) by William Graham Sumner

William advocated for the doctrine of social darwinism he insisted that government intervention would disturb the natural and proper order of the marketplace he believed that men who profited from most from the system deserved the awards people lived healthier and longer and they had opportunities for wealth, and the rich got richer and richer, growth and costs associated with it (cities demonstrate this most clearly)

Sit-Down Strike

Work stoppage in which workers shut down all machines and refuse to leave a factory until their demands are met.

H.L. Mencken

young author; published the monthly American Mercury; assailed marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, and the middle class Americans; dismissed the South and attacked the Puritans. "bad boy baltimore"

Reconstruction Era

(1865-1877) Period after the Civil War during which Northern political leaders created plans for the governance of the South and a procedure for former Southern states to rejoin the Union; Southern resentment of this era lasted well into the twentieth century.

Civil Rights Act

(1866) declared blacks to be citizens and forbade the states to discriminate between citizen because of race or color, in cases where these rights were violated, federal troops would be used for enforcement

Black Codes

(1866) passed by all Southern state legislatures, hindered the freedom of blacks, set of regulations limited movement by blacks, prohibited interracial marriage, insisted that blacks obtain special certificates to hold certain jobs

Reconstruction Act

(1867) act placing Southern states under military rule and barring former supporters of the Confederacy from voting.

Tenure of Office Act

(1867) denied the President of the United States the power to remove anyone who had been appointed by a past President without the advice and consent of the United States Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress

Charles Evans Hughes

A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Aroostook War

A small clash between Canadian and Maine lumberjacks, over the disputed northern Maine territory.

Red scare

A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities

Radio

A spontaneous process in which unstable nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation

domestic feminism

A term used by American historians to describe how women's authority was, beginning the mid-19th century, situated within the "separate sphere" of the home. This emerging discourse allowed (primarily) northern, middle class, white women to connect new ideas about gender roles within the family to their growing participation in abolitionism.

Edward Hopper

A twentieth-century American artist whose stark, precisely realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation within common-place urban settings. Among his best-known forks are Early Sunday Morning and Nighthawks.

Ku Klux Klan

A white supremacy group founded in 1867 by an ex-Confederate general Nathaniel Bedford Forrest. This group intimidated freemen by burning black-owned buildings and flogging/murdering blacks who tried to vote. The group also intimidated Republicans and any other person who they saw as helping the blacks.

impeachment

According to Wikipedia, ___________ is "an expressed power of the legislature that allows for formal charges against a civil officer of government for crimes committed in office". It is separate from the actual trial and dismissal. In the case of Andrew Johnson, Congress was tired of him vetoing everything, so when he dismissed Stanton, the House impeached him, charging him with 11 "high crimes and misdemeanors". However, when brought to trial in 1868 with the Senate, Johnson was acquitted by one vote. The only other president to be impeached was Bill Clinton in 1998.

Force Acts of 1870 and 1871

Acts that gave power to federal authorities to stop Ku Klux Klan violence and protect the civil rights of citizens in the South.

North Advantages/Disadvantages

Advantages- Factories, Navy, More populated, Railroads. Disadvantages- Not very well trained

South Advantages/Disadvantages

Advantages- well trained Disadvantages- Some factories, less railroads, smaller population

Paul Robeson

African American actor and singer who promoted African American rights and left-wing causes

Bessie Smith

African American blues singer who played and important role in the Harlem Renaissance.

Paul Robeson

African American concert singer whose passport was revoked and was blacklisted from the stage, screen, radio and television under the McCarran Act of the red scare of the 1950s due to his public criticism of American racist tendencies.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Booker T. Washington

African American leader from the late 1800's until his death form 1915; founded Tuskegee Institute in Alabama; encouraged African Americans to learn trades and become economically self-sufficient before calling for equal rights.

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

B) AlthoughtheAmerican Expeditionary Forces played a relatively limited role in combat, the U.S.'s entry helped to tip the balance of the con ict in favor of the Allies.

American Expeditionary Forces, John Pershing, Liberty Loan drives

Billy Sunday

American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and to oppose radical and progressive groups.

Billy Sunday

American fundamentalist minister; he used colorful language and powerful sermons to drive home the message of salvation through Jesus and was for prohibition

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Henry Daughetry

American modernist painter, muralist, children's book author, and illustrator.

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who satirized middle-class America in his 22 works, including Babbitt (1922) and Elmer Gantry (1927). He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature.

John Steinbeck

American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". (1939) A story of Dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.

James Weldon Johnson

American poet and part of the Harlem Renaissance, he was influenced by jazz music.

Gertrude Stein

American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays. Her works include Three Lives (1908), Tender Buttons (1914), and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933).

Gertrude Stein

American writer of experimental novels, poetry, essays, operas, and plays. In Paris during the 1920s she was a central member of a group of American expatriates that included Ernest Hemingway. Her works include Three Lives (1908), Tender Buttons (1914), and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933).

Flush Toilets and Other Innovations

Americans combines cleanliness with convenience, installing modern toilets in middle class urban houses as well as working class homes too A French inventor developed the cooking and seal process of canning in 1810, and in the 1850's an American named Gail Borden devised a means of condensing and preserving milk Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers and meatpackers to ship perishables father and preserve them longer

Blanche K. Bruce

An African American Republican senator from the South during the Reconstruction Era

Hiram Revels

An African American from Mississippi who took the Senate seat once held by Jefferson Davis. Revels was a Republican, and many ex-Confederates resented him and other black representatives.

Welfare Capitalism

An approach to labor relations in which companies meet some of their workers' needs without prompting by unions, thus preventing strikes and keeping productivity high

Modernists

An artist who rejected enlightenment thinking and tried to reshape, and improve on the surrounding world. It developed partly in response to WWI in that it stands out against technology., This group of people supported Darwinism and they refused to accept the bible as history or science.

Panic of 1873

An economic disaster at the beginning of Grant's second presidential term that left many northern laborers homeless and without jobs. This occurred because overspeculation by financiers and overbuilding by industry and railroads.

Speakeasies

An illegal bar where drinks were sold, during the time of prohibition. It was called a Speakeasy because people literally had to speak easy so they were not caught drinking alcohol by the police.

B) Anti-imperialists cited principles of self- determination and invoked both racial theories and the U.S. foreign policy tradition of isolationism to argue that the U.S. should not extend its territory overseas.

Anti-Imperialist League (1898), issue of imperialism in the Election of 1900

William (Boss) Tweed; Tweed Ring

The boss of the local Democratic Party/ Tammany Hall during the Grant years who masterminded many schemes to get himself and his friends money illegally. He stole $200 million from New York taxpayers before the cartoonist Thomas Nast exposed him and brought about his arrest in 1871

Ghost Dance

Circular movement. Moved in a circle until dancers were in a trance-like state. To preserve Native Culture. Were to envision a day where buffalo would return and all western society would disappear. Arrested ghost dancers. New togetherness made them afraid of uprise. Assumed natives were planning an uprising. But they were starving w/o arms. Wounded Knee- South Dakota: massacred 300 Natives by the American Army in fear of an uprising that wasn't gonna happen.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Congress set up $2 billion. It made loans to major economic institutions such as banks, insurance companies and railroads.

Bonus Army

Congress voted to give WWI veterans an additional amount of money to be paid in 1945. In 1932, the veterans camped in a tent city along the Potomac River to make their statement. Senate rejected the bill to pay them immediately, and so Hoover sent out the military and General MacArthur to deal with them. They were attacked by tanks and machine guns.

Radical Republicans

Congressional group that wished to punish the South for its secession from the Union; pushed for measures that gave economic and political rights to newly freed blacks in the South and that made it difficult for former Confederate states to rejoin the Union.

Conservation Movement

Conservation movement was organized by people who did not want to lose their natural resources after the civil war Led to congress creating the national parks The first was the yellowstone region in wyoming opposition was most common in the west because people there were trying to exploit nature for its money John Muir- created the society to protect natural resources in the united states called the Audubon society

Fundamentalists

Conservative Christians who as a group have become more active in politics in the last two decades and were espeically influential in the 2000 presidential election., Broad movement in Protestantism in the U.S. which tried to preserve what it considered the basic ideas of Christianity against criticism by liberal theologies. It stressed the literal truths of the Bible and creation.

Fundamentalism

Conservative beliefs in the Bible and that it should be literally believed and applied

Redeemers

Conservative white Democrats, many of them planters or businessmen, who reclaimed control of the South following the end of Reconstruction

D) The Progressives were divided over many issues. Some Progressives supported Southern segregation, while others ignored its presence. Some Progressives advocated expanding popular participation in government, while others called for greater reliance on professional and technical experts to make government more ef cient. Progressives also disagreed about immigration restriction.

W.E.B Dubois and the Niagara Movement (1905), NAACP (1909), Woodrow Wilson's support for segregation, disagreement over the iteracy test for immigrants included in the Immigration Act of 1917, use of professional city managers, "good government" movement

Cost of Living

Wage increases mean little if the cost of living also starts to increase at a fast rate* The cost of living for a family of four rose over 47% Even with the wage increases, the working class Americans still struggled to afford goods and services

B) The increased demand for war production and labor during World War I and World War II and the economic dif culties of the 1930s led many Americans to migrate to urban centers in search of economic opportunities.

War Industries Board (1917), National War Labor Board (1918), dust bowl (1930-1936), John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath (1939), Office of War Mobilization (1943)

war reparations

War payments demanded by the victors from the losers. Germany had to admit responsibility for WWI and pay for costs of the war.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Was part of both the jazz age and the lost generation. Wrote books encouraging the flapper culture, and books scorning wealthy people being self-centered.

D) In the years following World War I, the United States pursued a unilateral foreign policy that used international investment, peace treaties, and select military intervention to promote a vision of international order, even while maintaining U.S. isolationism.

Washington Naval Conference (1921-1922), Dawes Plan (1924), Kellogg Briand Pact (1928), Hawley Smoot Tariff (1930)

Complex Communities

West included Native Americans, white migrants, Mexicans, African Americans, and Asians New Mexico- Mestizo population (Spaniards mixed with Indians) before chinese immigration was prohibited, 200,000 chinese young males came with labor contracts on places like railroad and settled in California, Oregon, and Washington japanese and European immigrants worked in mining Many african americans were "exodusters" who created black communities in the west

Subsistence Cultures

Western Indian- Communities varied some were permanent camps, economics- crop growing (corn), live stock raising, buffalo hunting, fishing, trading and raiding Great Plains- Main focus was buffalo, Pawnes and Lakotas would fight over the herds, Indians would burn tall grass prairies to facilitate new growth Slaughter of 1800- 25 million Buffalo were killed hurt the Indians because Buffalos were their main source of food and they used them for other things too.

normalcy

What Harding wanted a return to "normalcy" - the way life was before WW I.

Catholic Schools

Due to immigration, Catholicism became a major faith (1840's and 1850's)

"Forty-Eighters" (German immigration)

German immigrants -poured in between 1830-1860 b/c of crop failures and rev/war of 1848 -bought land in west b/c they had more $$ -Urged public education and freedom -didn't assimilate

Government, Policies, Treaties (Lack of Native Unity)

Government didn't understand that the natives traveled in tribes (nations, bands) 1795 the US tried to enforce policies that had certain tribes sign off on these but the leaders from different native tribes all had to sign the treaty in order for it The white men didn't follow these treaties 1880→ federal government tried to force Indians onto Western reservations → make them civilized and force them to leave their cultures Put them on land that was least desirable → the government offered protection, food, etc. The policy made way for market economy → but soon Indians became very dependant on the whites They denied them US citizenship and they weren't protected under the 14th and 15th amendments The whites wanted more land so it made it more difficult to keep the reservations in tact The whites also didn't look into the natives pasts so they put two bands who fought on the same reservation

D) Migration to the United States from Mexico and elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere increased, in spite of contradictory government policies toward Mexican immigration.

Great Depression-era deportations, WWII braceros program

C) In a Great Migration during and after World War I, African Americans escaping segregation, racial violence, and limited economic opportunity in the South moved to the North and West, where they found new opportunities but still encountered discrimination.

Great Migration, Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (1914), revival of the KKK (1915), D. W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation (1915), Red Summer (1919), race riots in Detroit, Tulsa, and Chicago (1919),

Hollywood

Group of people in the film industry who were jailed for refusing to answer congressional questions regarding Communist influence in Hollywood

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Erza Pound

He began the imagist movement. He also supported Facism and was arrested and charged with treason. He wrote over 70 books, including "The Cantos," a series of poems which he expresses his beliefs.

Erza Pound

He began the imagist movement. He wrote over 70 books, including "The Cantos," a series of poems which he expresses his beliefs.

Alfred Smith

He ran for president in the 1928 election for the Democrat Party. He was known for his drinking and he lost the election to Herbert Hoover. Prohibition was one of the issues of the campaign. He was the first Roman Catholic to run for president, and it was during a time many people were prejudice toward Catholics

Albert Fall

He was Secretery of the Interior during Harding's administration, and was a scheming anticonservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the Tea Pot Dome scandal.

Charles Evans Hughes

He was a Republican governor of New York who was a reformer. He was later a supreme court justice who ran for President against Woodrow Wilson in 1916., Started government regulation of public utilities. He was Secretary of State under Harding and later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was the Republican candidate in 1916, and lost to Wilson by less that 1% of the vote.

Alfred E. Smith

He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate.

Alfred E. Smith

He was the Democratic presidential candidate in the 1928 election. He was the first Catholic to be elected as a candidate., Former governor of New York who ran for President against Herbert Hoover. He was against Prohibition.

B) Radical, union, and populist movements pushed Roosevelt toward more extensive efforts to change the American economic system, while conservatives in Congress and the Supreme Court sought to limit the New Deal's scope.

Huey Long's "Share Our Wealth" program (1934), Father Coughlin ("Radio Priest") and the National Union for Social Justice (1934), Schechter Poultry v. US (1935) overturned NIRA, US v. Butler (1936) overturned AAA, FDR's failed Supreme Court-packing plan (1937)

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist General Francisco Franco's nationalist coup. Some 3,000 Americans served alongside volunteers from other countries. (858)

War reparations

In the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's colonies were govern away to British, French, and Japanese delegates. Germany's army could not exceed 100,000 men and they could build no military fortifications in the Rhineland. They also had to pay for all civilian damages caused by the war. (919-21)

"factory girls"

Lowell opened a chaperoned boarding house for the girls who worked in his factory. He hired girls because they could do the job as well as men (in textiles, sometimes better), and he didn't have to pay them as much. He hired only unmarried women because they needed the money and would not be distracted from their work by domestic duties.

D) The United States and its allies achieved military victory through Allied cooperation, technological and scienti c advances, the contributions of servicemen and women, and campaigns such as Pacific "island-hopping" and the D-Day invasion.The use of atomic bombs hastened the end of the war and sparked debates about the morality of using atomic weapons.

Manhattan Project (1942), Tehran Conference (1943), development of sonar, island-hopping, D-Day (1944), Bretton Woods Conference (1944), Yalta Conference (1945), United Nations (1945), Nuremburg trials (1945), Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)

Cultural Adaption

Many foreigners identified themselves as where they are from Native-born Americans categorized themselves by their nationality Americans encouraged foreigners to assimilate themselves to the American way of life America was terrible and nobody liked it. English language- was sort of forced into their lives School and jobs Italian, Polish and Mexican were particular in keeping their heritage intact. 1870-1920- HUGE influx of immigrants! From basically a Protestant Nation to MANY religions Catholics and Jews tried to accommodate Phased out "Old World" rituals Saints' Feasts Public vs. Religious Schools Immigrants were greeted with a stiff hostility Lots of religious tension Judaism Ended with American Folk Music/literature, Italian and Mexican cuisine, Irish cuisine, Yiddish Theater, African American jazz and dance etc.

Federal Arts/Music/Theater Project

Project designed to provide jobs for unemployed artists to design posters, offer art courses, and paint murals on public buildings. Music and theater too. (way for struggling artists to have a job and for the community to benefit as well).

Women's Trade Union League (WTUL)

Promoted women's labor interests Founded in 1903 Sought legislation to improve conditions, reduce hours, create educational activities, campaign for woman suffrage Agnes Nestor and Rose Schneiderman were notable leaders Wanted apprenticeship programs for women to train them for leadership

National Origins Immigration Act of 1924

Restricted immigration from any one nation to 2% of the number of those people from that country already in the US. Restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe and Asians entirely.

Father Charles E. Coughlin

Roman Catholic 'radio priest' who founded the National Union for Social Justice in 1934, he promoted schemes for the coinage of silver and made a Hacks on bankers that carried growing overtones of anti-Semitism

B) The mass mobilization of American society helped end the Great Depression, and the country's strong industrial base played a pivotal role in winning the war by equipping and provisioning allies and millions of U.S. troops.

Rosie the Riveter (1941), Fair Employment Practices Commission (1941), War Production Board (1942), end of the Great Depression, Office of War Information (1942), GI Bill of Rights (1944), War Refugee Board (1944), victory gardens, Navajo code-talkers

Bootleggers

Smugglers of illegal alcohol during the Prohibition era

behaviorists

Social scientists who focus on the environmental rewards and punishers that maintain or discourage specific behaviors.

Southwest

Southeastern Arizona and New Mexico grew irrigated crops in the river valleys. If you lived in the mountain or desert regions, they were hunters and gatherers. Mostly raised sheep

Blue Eagle

Symbol of the NRA,

New Home Technology

Technology ultimately revolutionized home life Furnaces, electric lighting, indoor plumbing Middle-class households Families used to buy coal and chop wood for cooking and heating Candles for light They often had to sell their own children for wood Hauled bath water Their homes increasingly connected to outside pipes and wires for gas, water, and electricity The utilities help create new attitudes about privacy Scientific and technological advances helped city dwellers and the nation to live healthier. 1880's- Began to believe disease was made by germs Made more efficient water purification Sewage disposal Stopped diseases Street paving, and modernizing firefighting equipment Steel-frame construction Made skyscrapers Steel-cable suspension bridges Brooklyn bridge

Dietary Reform

The availability of new foods also inspired health advocates to reform American diets Foods such as grape-nuts, wheat flakes, peanut butter, and corn flakes were replacing other breakfast foods that are not as healthy Kellogg In the past, the poorest people could only afford cheap foods, heavy in starches and carbohydrates, and now many could purchase fruits, vegetables, and dairy products

Steamboat Willie

The animated film from 1928 produced by Walt Disney. It is significant because it was the first animated film to add sound to the film.

Thirteenth Amendment

(1865) outlawed slavery and other forms of involuntary servitude

"NINA"

"No Irish Need Apply" (for jobs) -an example of the discrimination towards the Irish

Freedman's Bureau

(1865) temporary agency created after the Civil War, worked to provide food and medical care, to help the freedmen to resettle, to ensure justice for the freedmen, to manage abandoned or confiscated property, to regulate labor, to establish schools, and to employ them

Ernest Hemingway

"The Snows of Kilimanjaro" Ernest Hemingway fought in Italy in 1917. He later became a famous author who wrote "The Sun Also Rises" (about American expatriates in Europe) and "A Farewell to Arms." In the 1920's he became upset with the idealism of America versus the realism he saw in World War I. He was very distraught, and in 1961 he shot himself in the head.

Countee Cullen

"Yet Do I Marvel"

Bessie Smith

"the Empress of the Blues"

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Bleeding Kansas

(1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state.

Emancipation Proclamation

(1862) an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union took effect January 1, 1863

Ten Percent Plan

(1863) a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of the 1860 vote count from that state had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, citizens of former Confederate states would be given the opportunity to swear allegiance to the government in Washington (high-ranking Confederate military and civilian authorities would not be offered this opportunity), the state was afforded the chance to form its own state government, a state legislature could write a new constitution but it also had to abolish slavery forever, if all processed Lincoln would recognize the reconstructed government

Wade-Davis Bill

(1864) bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath (they were not now disloyal to the Union nor had they ever been disloyal), pocket vetoed by Lincoln

Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

(1865) "amnesty and pardon" to any Southerner who would swear allegiance to the Union and the Constitution, ex-Confederate leaders should not be eligible for amnesty (like in Lincoln's plan) as well as individuals (almost always plantation owners) whose property was worth over $20,000, state needed to abolish slavery before being readmitted, state required to repeal secession ordinances be readmittance, ratify 13th amendment, disowned Confederate debts

The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

(1867-1868) 1867, Johnson tried to remove Edwin Stanton as Secretary of War, Radical Republicans proclaimed that Johnson had flouted the United States Constitution by directly violating the Tenure of Office Act and began impeachment proceedings against him, The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson in early 1868 (first president of the United States to be impeached), two-thirds of the Senate had to vote to convict the president for him to be removed but failed to convict Johnson by one vote

Fourteenth Amendment

(1868) granted citizenship to blacks with no interference in their civil and political rights, all citizens were guaranteed the right to vote, citizenship would be the same in all states, states that did not give freedmen the vote would have reduced representation in Congress, former Confederate officials could not hold public office, forbade the payment of the confederate debt

Fifteenth Amendment

(1870) stated no American could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Scientific management

(1883) Frederick Taylor's introduction of the _ _ helped industrial engineers to produce more efficient factories.

Grant wood

(1891-1942) American Regionalist whose works focus on rural scenes in Iowa. Best known for "American Gothic"

Grant Wood

(1891-1942) American Regionalist; works focus on rural scenes in Iowa; best known for American Gothic

Washington Conference

(1921) An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets

Five-Power Naval Treaty

(1922) treaty resulting from the Washington Armaments Conference that limited to a specific ratio the carrier and battleship tonnage of each nation. It created a moratorium for 10 years, during which no battleships would be built. The countries agreed to refrain from further fortification of their Pacific Possessions. The five countries were: US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy

Herbert Hoover

(1929-1933) The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday". The 20th Amendment is passed and added and the 21st Amendment is passed by 1933.

Ku Klux Klan

(AJohn) , White supremacy organization that intimidated blacks out of their newly found liberties

rum runners

(Gold 20s/Prohibition) Smuggled liquor from candada and caribbean

Red Scare

(HT) , Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses. Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

(WH) 1922, This tariff raised the tax on imports to its heights level- 60%

the red scare

(a fear of communism) emerged. This fear was fueled by (1) the recent Russian revolution, (2) Eugene Debs growing numbers, (3) loads of strikes, and (4) a series of mail bombs. The logic went that communism was from Europe—all the more reason to shun foreigners and their ways. Right or wrong, people blamed the bombs on the reds. Atty. Gen. Mitchell Palmer vowed to round up the reds. He arrested about 6,000 people; some were deported. He slowed down a bit after a bomb blew up his house. Again, free speech, such as explaining one's political views, was under fire. States passed laws outlawing advocacy of violence for social change. Some elected officials were denied seats on the legislature because they were Socialists. The faces of the Red Scare were Sacco and Vanzetti. Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants accused of murder. The importance is that although there was some evidence against them, many concluded their case was based less on evidence and more on other strikes against them. The other strikes: they were Italian, atheists, anarchists, draft dodgers. They were tried, convicted, and executed.

Sigmund Freud

A psychologist who developed psychoanalysis. Believed strongly that unconscious drives and desires guided people's actions.

Population Growth

-1870-1920: the number of americans living in cities grew from 10-54 million. -during same time: the number of cities with 100,000 plus people grew from 15-68 -cities with 500,000 grew from 2 to 12 in number -the growth was due to annexation of bordering land and migration -cities wanted to combine in order to annex to obtain industries and water sources

Market Revolution

-Business began to grow up between 1820-1850's -more modern specialty-driven economy -widened gap between rich and poor -Great Extremes -unskilled workers=drifters -social mobility existed, but rare -standard of living rose (wages rose too)

Open Range:

-Cattle rangers purchased few acres that bordered streams, public domain people didn't want - Neighboring ranchers formed associations -Shepherds (raised sheep) complained against ranger -They would eat the sheep's food -Tensions increased when they accused rangers of letting the herds trespassing on land - The shepherds asked the farmers to fence their fields

Compromise of 1877

-Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river; as long as Hayes became the president

Cultural retention and change

-Immigrants centered their lives based on their previous customs -New comers re-created mutual aid societies from their homeland -The chinese were strongly held to their cultural celebrations and customs especially -All immigrants practiced religion as they always had and usually married within their own groups

Urban Sprawl

-Mass transit brought urban dwellers into more remote locations -streetcar lines brought the commuting public around, to increase company revenues -growing middle class paid 5 cents lived in suburbs then commuted to work -businesses followed the consumers outward into the suburbs to create neighborhood shopping markets -inner city grew to include looming skyscrapers with clogged busy streets

Newlands Reclamation Act

1890's federal govt still owned most of the land Land hungry people wanted the govt to hand over that land so they could make them profitable a congress generally refused these offers due to conflict in the past In 1902 congress passed the Newlands Reclamation Act - it allowed the fed govt to sell western public lands to individuals in parcels not to exceed 160 acres and to use proceeds to finance irrigation

Phonograph

A record player

Geographic and social mobility

-Nearly half of the immigrants moved within 10 years of migrating -one in every 3 families moved each year -White males were able to move up the social ladder -White collar jobs granted higher pay than blue collar work -1870-1920: ⅕ white males rose to positions of higher pay or white collar work -In older cities, climbing the wage ladder was much harder -the number of men who made more money doubled those who transitioned into lower paying jobs -Some immigrants did not value work that was not of blue collar style, they considered blue collar work manly and just -Many workers preferred the stability of low wage to the risk of ownership -Women could usually only move the social ladder by marrying a man of wealth -Women could not study medicine or law -African americans, Native americans, asians, and mexicans were offered even less opportunity -by 1900 36% of immigrants owned the homes they lived in (highest besides denmark) -The gap between rich and poor widened

Ranching Frontier

-Practice where you raised cattle by employing vaqueros people who tended to herds and tended cattle -1860's Cattle raising was very profitable demand for beef increased

Subsistence Cultures

-Western Indian Communities -Communities varied -Some permanent settlements -Others were temporary -Traveling bands, influenced culture, language. Spread disease. -Gave them goods Economics: Crop growing (corn), livestock, hunting and fishing and gathering, trading and raiding. Took goods and horses

Industrial Development

-commercial city centers became the main areas for industrial developments in late 19th century -this industrial growth allowed for a flowing job market-which fueled more industrialization -Cities began to specialize as industries began to vary more-clothes NY, Shoes in Philadelphia, Textiles in NE -cities grew vastly beyond the original village setting. -cities separated into working and middle class neighborhoods, commercial strips, downtown, and a ring of suburbs. -Mass transportation, and economic change caused this transition

Irish Potato Famine (Irish Immigration)

-mid- 1840's led to the death of 2 mil and saw many flee to the US -settled in Boston and New York - while in America, they were discriminated against

Urban Immigration

-this phenomenon made the greatest impact on urban growth -the new city dwellers came from the American countryside and Europe -also from Asia, Canada, and Latin America -Rural populations declined as urban grew -the low crop profit drove farmers into city jobs which boasted decent pay -Young people often migrated to the city -for every 4 men to move to the city, 5 women moved in -Thousands of African Americans moved into the city to escape sharecropping and get opportunity -cleaning cooking and driving: many factories did not allow for black labor -In the West- hispanics moved into cities such as LA and took unskilled construction jobs previously held by japanese immigrants -Mexican men took jobs in the city and often left female head of households

Duke Ellington

..., Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.

Louis Armstrong

..., Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Ernest Hemingway

..., Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

Court Packing Plan

1) R wanted to increase the size of the Supreme Court from 2) Sent bill to congress in '37: if a justice served for 10 years and didn't retire at 70, then the president could appoint another judge; passing of the bill would have allowed Roosevelt to appoint 6 new judged immediately => R's first serious mistake => Supreme court backing down on some of R's legislation

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Haymarket Riot (May 1, 1886)

100,000 workers protested in Chicago for eight-hour workdays Police were scared of violence and killed two protesters on the third day Laborers protested police violence the next day in Haymarket Square; set off a bomb killing 7 police officers Masses arrested; eight convicted, four executed, one committed suicide Heightened fears of labor discontent and violence and radicalization Socialists and anarchists participated in the strikes and protests

James Polk

11th President of the United States from Tennessee;

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

13th: abolished slavery 14th: slaves had rights 15th: slaves could vote

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

Gadsden Purchase

1853 purchase by the United States of southwestern lands from Mexico

Sigmund Freud

1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference

Legislative and Scientific Aids

1862 morrill Land grant act Gave states land to finance agricultural research During this time, many public universities were established 1890 the morrill act made several black colleges 1887- Hatch act allowed agriculture experimental station in each state, dry farming technique plowing technique that minimized evaporation, by putting water in land opposed to on top

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Reconstruction

1865-1877; the attempt to rebuild and reform the political, social, and economic systems of the South after the Civil War.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

1868 violated the Tenure of Office Act, but really was because of his stubborn defiance of Congress on Reconstruction. Fell one vote short

Dawes Severalty Act (Do not confuse with Dawes Plans!!)

1887- Congress reversed reservation policy and approved this act Granted land to individual Indian families Granted citizenship to those who got land 2 main factors: Government distributed reservation land to individual families believing that private property would integrate Indians into the larger society as productive citizens. White Western Society. Officials believed that Indians would leave their barbaric ways if their children went to boarding schools. Carlisle- most famous. REALLY imposed Western views. PA.

Admission of New States

1889- Republicans wanting control of congress passed an omnibus bill which allowed women to vote

carpetbaggers

A nickname southern Democrats gave to northern newcomers who led the hated Republican governments during Reconstruction

scalawag

A nickname southern Democrats gave to southern Republicans who were in control of the government during Reconstruction

The Du Ponts and the Chemical Industry

1902 fearing antitrust prosecution for the company's near monopoly of the explosives industry, the du Pont cousins took over E.I.du Pont de Nemours and Company and broadened production to fertilizers dyes and other chemical products In 1911 their laboratory (the nation's first corporate research laboratory) they adapted cellulose to produce goods such as photographic film, textile fibers, and plastics The du Ponts had good management, accounting, and reinvestment, contributing to efficient production and higher profits

Countee Cullen

1903-1946. American romantic poet closely associated with the Harlem Renaissance.

Birth of A Nation

1915, first full length classic. glorified the KKK of reconruction days and defamed both blacks and Northern carpetbaggers

B) By 1920, a majority of the U.S. population lived in urban centers, which offered new economic opportunities for women, international migrants, and internal migrants.

1920 Census results of urban vs. rural living, second waves of new immigration, Puerto Ricans granted US citizenship (1917), Great Migration, Triangle Shirtwaist Company

Washington Conference, 1921

1921 - president harding invited delegates from europe and japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect china's independence

Emergency Quota Act, 1921

1921 legislation that limited immigration to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

Nine-power China Treaty

1922, when all 9 world nations with interests in China promised to respect the Open Door.

Calvin Coolidge

1923-1929, Republican platform - Fordney, membership in World Court, prevent war, limitation of armaments

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

scopes trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Scopes Trial

1925. john scopes was a high school biology teacher in dayton, Tennessee, he was occused of violating tennessee law by teaching the theory of evolution to his students. some religious leaders rejected evolution, saying it denied the word of the Bible. a number of states, including tennessee, passed laws that banned the teaching of Darwin's theory. scopes wanted to challenge the law, so he announced that he taught evolution. the trial became a national sensation. the prosecutor was william jennings bryan, who had run for president 3 times. the defense attorney was clarence darrow, a famous chicago criminal defense lawyer. the trial seemed to pit modern, urban americans against traditional, rural americans. in the end, scopes was conviced and lost his job. laws against teaching evolution remained but were rarely enforced.

the jazz singer

1927 - The first movie with sound; this "talkie" was about the life of famous jazz singer; Al Jolson.

Jazz Singer

1927 first feature length film to have sound for dialogue; highlights the impact/importance that (changing) technology has on the entertainment industry with the resulting death of silent films and the start of union/labor conflicts

Jazz singer

1927 first feature length film to have sound for dialogue; highlights the impact/importance that (changing) technology has on the entertainment industry with the resulting death of silent films and the start of union/labor conflicts

Only Yesterday

1931 book that enshrined the myth that Fundamentalism had died in the immediate aftermath of the Scopes Trial

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

1934 - Created to supervise stock exchanges and to punish fraud in sercurities trading.

Federal Housing Admin (FHA)

1934; insured loans and banks and other private groups to home owners for repair and to finance new mortgages.

Works Progress Admin (WPA)

1935- public works jobs on wide range of jobs;$5 billion to creat jobs; provided ppl with a sense of dignity

Wagner Act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

Rural Electrification Admin (REA)

1935; loaned money to extend electricity to rural areas

1936 referendum

1936 election

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states;

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Declining Birth Rates

19th century- Europe and North America experienced falling birth rates 1880: rate was 40 live births per 1000 people (by 1900, dropped to 32, by 1920, to 28) Fertility was highest among black, immigrant and rural women (all groups suffered fall) Reason: the US was becoming more urbanized (modern, industrial)- economic value of children lessened On farms, new children was an addition to the family labor force In wage-based Urban economy- children were not able to contribute to family income for many years Infant mortality fell- diet and medical care improved This made families less worried about having many children to have a few survive As American society urbanized/industrialized the idea of a child's innocence (needing shelter from society's corruption)- spread (first middle class, then through working class) Mother could care more for her children if there were less of them That made decisions easier (limiting family size) Larger families (6-8 kids) became rare 3-4 kids was more usual Birth control technology, and condoms have been used for a while- now there were new materials making these things more dependent and convenient

W.E.B Dubois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities.

George Gershwin

A Jazz Age composer who was the son of Russian immigrants and, like many others during his time, mixed symphony and jazz together to create an entirely new style that represented how America was a mixture of peoples.

Eugene O'Neill

A Long Day's Journey Into Night

Harry Hopkins

A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans. p778

Claude McKay

A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919.

Thomas Nast

A political cartoonist who exposed the Tweed Ring in 1871

Charles Evans Hughes

A progressive Republican, was that party's presidential nominee in 1916. Later, he was a secretary of state and chief justice of the Supreme Court.

Fundamentalism

A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science. It was especially strong in the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ, first organized in 1906.

Benjamin Wade

A Radical Republican from Ohio who endorsed other liberal causes including women's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks.

american plan

A business-oriented approach to worker relations popular among firms in the 1920s to defeat unionization. Managers sought to strengthen their communication with workers and to offer benefits like pensions and insurance. They insisted on an "open shop" in contrast to the mandatory union membership through the "closed shop" that many labor activists had demanded in the strike after World War I. (771)

due process of law

A clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that prohibits states and local governments from depriving a person of life, liberty, or property without certain steps to ensure fairness.

equal protection of the laws

A clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people of its jurisdiction. Previously, such protection was only guaranteed from the federal government.

Open shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership cannot be required as a condition of employment.

Habeas Corpus

A court order requiring authorities to bring a prisoner before the court so that the court can determine whether the prisoner is being held legally.

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

the birth of a nation

A dramatic silent film from 1915 about the South during and after the Civil War. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. The film, the first so-called spectacular, is considered highly controversial for its portrayal of African-Americans.

Radical Republicans

A faction of the Republican party that championed civil rights for blacks. This faction was in control of the congressional Reconstruction. This group struggled from 1866-1870 to extend equal rights to all Americans.

Clarence Darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

Lost Generation

A group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century. Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. Prominent writers included T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway among others.

"Know-Nothing Party"

A group of nativists who were scared that the Catholics would challenge protestants -fought for restrictions on immigration, naturalization &deportation of immigrants -wrote fiction about the corruption of churches -mass violence -made America diverse (How?)

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Ohio Gang

A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved.

Life Magazine

A humor and general interest magazine published from 1883 to 1936. Time founder Henry Luce bought the magazine in 1936 solely so that he could acquire the rights to its name

Race riots in Tulsa, Detroit and Chicago

A hysterical white girl related that a nineteen-year-old colored boy attempted to assault her in the public elevator of a public office building of a thriving town of 100,000 in open daylight. Without pausing to find out whether or not the story was true, without bothering with the slight detail of investigating the character of the woman who made the outcry (as a matter of fact, she was of exceedingly doubtful reputation), a mob of 100-per-cent Americans set forth on a wild rampage that cost the lives of fifty white men; of between 150 and 200 colored men, women and children; the destruction by fire of $1,500,000 worth of property; the looting of many homes; and everlasting damage to the reputation of the city of Tulsa and the State of Oklahoma

Crittenden Compromise

A last-ditch effort to resolve the secession crisis by compromise. It proposed to bar the government from intervening in the states' decision of slavery, to restore the Missouri Compromise, and to guarantee protection of slavery below the line. Lincoln rejected the proposal, causing the gateway to bloodshed to be open.

Norman Thomas

A leading American socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America.

Langston Hughes

A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"

Slaughter of Buffalo

After 1850, Native world started to dissolve. Whites were moving in and competing. Saw them as hindrances to their societies. Made it their mission to eliminate them. Wanted to get rid of Buffalo. Military wouldn't give troops. Railroad systems provided supplies so buffalo would be shot from slow moving trains. Slaughter of 1800. 25 million. After, only a few hundred buffalo left Prime resource for Natives! Indians had to relocate to river basins. Took away from Buffalo's habitat. Lethal animal diseases.

Black Codes

After Confederates regained office in southern state legislatures, many formed ____________ which limited African Americans' freedoms. They included: 1) Prohibiting blacks from buying or renting land 2) Forcing blacks to sign work contracts, placing them in semi-bondage 3) Prohibiting blacks from testifying against whites in court When Congress took control of the Reconstruction, they passed amendments in attempt to outlaw these laws.

Railroad Strikes of 1877

After Panic of 1837, railroad companies lay off lots of union workers Unionized men organize strikes in 1877 to oppose wage cuts Trains derailed, rail yards burned from Pennsylvania to California State militaries broke up picket lines and fired into crowds Pittsburgh, July 21: troops bayonet and shoot at protesters, who in response burn 39 buildings, destroy 104 engines and 1,245 railroad cars Thirty citizens are killed by the police President Hayes sends in federal troops for the first time

sharecropping

After slavery was abolished, the South's agricultural economy was in turmoil since there was its source of cheap labor was gone. Thus, planters turned to ____________ where the landlord provided the seed and other needed farm supplies in return for a share of the harvest. While this gave poor whites and black a chance to earn money, it also made them dependent on their landowners and/or in debt to merchants. Thus, _______ was very close to slavery and trapped generations of poor blacks.

Mass Production

After the immediate post-war recession, the 1920's generally enjoyed a robust economy. Treasury Sec. Andrew Mellons low-tax policies helped encourage growth. Machinery got better and ran on cheap energy. The business period was personified by Henry Ford. He perfected the assembly line at his Rouge Rive Plant and could produce a new car every 10 seconds. Ford-style mass production was then applied to other industries, lowering costs, and starting mass consumption. To sell the tons of new stuff, new advertising techniques were needed. Ads began to employ persuasion and sex appeal. The ad-master was Bruce Barton. He wrote a best-seller called The Man Nobody Knows. That man was Jesus Christ, whom Barton said was the best advertiser ever and others marketers would do well to follow his steps. People began to buy things they didn't know they'd needed or wanted, until they saw the ad. Folks followed new (and dangerous) buying techniques...they bought (1) on the installment plan and (2) on credit. Both ways were capable of plunging an unsuspecting consumer into debt. The growing mass media, like newspapers, magazines, and infant radio, made America more homogeneous, more the same from coast-to-coast. This was great for mass consumption. Mass media helped sports grow in popularity. Baseball was the king of American sports with heroes like Babe Ruth. It was now practical to follow your team on a daily basis, home or away. Boxing was popular, with champ Jack Dempsey. Horse racing was the second most popular sport by attendance.

Teapot Dome

Albert B. Fall leased oil rich land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny, but not until Fall had received a "loan" of $100,000 form Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair. The scandal greatly affected the public view of the government in a negative way.

A) Imperialists cited economic opportunities, racial theories, competition with European empires, and the perception in the 1890s that the Western frontier was "closed" to argue that Americans were destined to expand their culture and institutions to peoples around the globe.

Alfred Thayer Mahan's Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890), census of 1890 and the "closure of the frontier", Frederick Jackson Turner's Significance of the Frontier in American History (1894), Rudyard Kipling's White Man's Burden (1895), Venezuelan boundary dispute (1895), overthrow of Hawaiian government (1893), annexation of Hawaii (1898), yellow journalists such as William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

Bank Holiday

All the banks were ordered to close until new laws could be passed. An emergency banking law was rushed through Congress. The Law set up new ways for the federal government to funnel money to troubled banks It also required the Treasury Department to inspect banks before they could re-open.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Alliance of national craft unions; had 140,000 members, mostly skilled workers Samuel Gompers was the leader Wanted higher wages, shorter hours, the right to bargain collectively Different from the Knights because they liked the system with separate capitalist managers but they just wanted to improve it Membership grew to 2.5 million in 1917 Minority groups not included; white men scared their own pay would be lowered Homestead and Pullman Strikes

Native Resistance

Apaches in the Southwest battled whites even after being forced into reservations. in the west, the Pawnees resisted disadvantage deals from white traders Nez Percé indians escaped reservations and fled to Canada. White response to the Western Indian defiance was militarily. Supply shortages. Soldiers were relentless. Overwhelmed Indian resistance. Not conquered. Harassed and starved into submission. Apaches battled whites even after being forced onto reservations Midwest the Pawnes resisted deals with white traitors Nez Perce Indians escaped reservations by moving to Canada in 1877 The white response was militarily → soldiers were relentless and that eventually overwhelmed the indian resistance Natives weren't as much conquered as they were starved and harassed into giving in

Architecture and art

Architecture was perhaps the most symbolic of the changing society because it mixed art and science in a very tangible way. Frank Lloyd Wright was an understudy of Louis Sullivan (of earlier Chicago skyscraper fame). Wright stunned people with his use of concrete, glass, and steel and his unconventional theory that "form follows function."

Western-folk Heroes

Arizona's mining towns attracted gamblers, thieves, and opportunists Clanton family and friend Johnny Ringo were smugglers and cattle rustlers The Earp brothers- Wyatt, Jim, Morgan, Virgil, and Warren, with friends William Masterson, and John Henry Holliday were on both sides of the law as gunmen, gamblers, and politicians Feud between the Clantons and Earps started in 1881 when there was a shootout and three Clantons were killed and Holliday and Morgan Earp were wounded Most miners and lumbermen worked long hours and had little time for gambling or violence Women worked as teachers, laundromats, storekeepers, and housewives mostly

Art Deco

Art style of the 1920s and 1930s based on modern materials and repetitive geometric patterns.

Homestead Strike: July 1892

Association of Iron and Steelworkers strike against pay cuts Took place in Homestead, PA Carnegie Steel Company president Henry C. Frick responds by closing the plant and hiring 300 guards to protect the factory Angry workers attack the guards before giving up their strike Turns public opinion against the unions

A) Americans viewed the war as a ght for the survival of freedom and democracy against fascist and militarist ideologies.This perspective was later reinforced by revelations about Japanese wartime atrocities, Nazi concentration camps, and the Holocaust.

Atlantic Charter (1941), FDR's "Four Freedoms" speech

Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General, ordered immigrants suspected of radical views to be rounded up and deported, Was head of the Witch hunt that was related to the red scare that occured around the time of the Russian revolution. He jailed anyone who spoke of communism or anarchy. The people who were put in jail were treated terribly.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).

sigmund freud

Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do).

Ernest Hemingway

Author who fought in Italy in 1917. He later became a famous author who wrote "The Sun Also Rises" (about American expatriates in Europe) and "A Farewell to Arms." In the 1920's he became upset with the idealism of America versus the realism he saw in World War I. He was very distraught, and in 1961 he shot himself in the head.

sports of the 1920s

Baseball was the king of American sports with heroes like Babe Ruth. It was now practical to follow your team on a daily basis, home or away. Boxing was popular, with champ Jack Dempsey. Horse racing was the second most popular sport by attendance.

Railroad Construction

Between 1865 and 1890 railroad expansion bloomed as tracks grew from 35,000 to 200,000 miles mostly west of the Mississippi river By 1900 the US contained one third of all railroad tracks in the world The Central pacific employed thousands of Chinese The union pacific employed mostly Irish The workers lived in shacks and tents that were dismantled loaded on flatcars and reloaded each day Railroads helped to boost the nation's steel industry it also aided other industries: coal, rail-car manufacturing, and department construction Railroads also fueled western urbanization

Boarding and lodging

Boarding houses and lodging hotels were common in every city Families also took in boarders to take up the rooms of children who have moved away from home and for additional income By 1900, 50% of city residents live as or with boarders at some point Housing reformers began saying that boarding and lodging created overcrowding and loss of privacy For people on the move, boarding was very helpful because it provided them a family environment until they could find themself their own household In communities where housing was expensive/scarce, newlyweds would sometimes settle in with their spouse's parents Families sometimes took in widowed parents or unmarried siblings

Great Plains

Buffalo! So valuable that the Pawnees and Lakotas would fight over the herds. Plains would burn tall grass prairies to facilitate new growth

Commonplace Luxuries

By 1899 manufacturing goods and perishable foodstuffs such as cigarettes, silk stockings, soap, and crates of oranges, had become increasingly available Incomes started to rise causing their to be a new industrial elite class Incomes also rose among the middle class and although their income rose, those workers still has to expend a lot on these necessities

Mechanization

By 1900, the status of labor changed drastically. New Jobs were created by assembly-line production and technological innovation. The innovation of technology and use of machines changed the working class to consist mainly of employees that worked for hire. The new labor system caused producers to be paid based on the quality of the item they produced, and employed workers were paid wages based on how many hours they worked per day.

Freedmen's Bureau

Created in March 1865, the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands provided food, shelter, and medical aid for blacks and poor whites. It first resettled blacks on confiscated Southern farmlands, but this was stopped when the Confederates got pardoned under Johnson. The Bureau opened many schools including black colleges and taught many blacks how to read.

Crime and Violence

Crime and poverty in the slums of big cities threatened to the nation · America's Homicide rate rose alarmingly o 1881: 25 murders per one million people o 1898: 107 murders per one million people · Common crimes include domestic violence, muggings, gang fights, pickpockets, swindlers, and hamburglars · Rufus Minor = an outlaw that snuck into banks and stole money · Concentrations of wealth provided opportunities for larceny, vice, and assaults · More violence in backwoods mining camps and southern plantations

Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1930

D.raises tariff rates. Accepted by Hoover. Tried to protect American business. It ended up deepening the world depressio US government intervention designed to recover from the Great Depression. However it had a catastrophic effect because it spread the depression throughout the world. Japan is hit especially hard by this.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1930

D.raises tariff rates. Accepted by Hoover. Tried to protect American business. It ended up deepening the world depression

Monitor vs. Merrimac

Date: March 9, 1862 in Virginia. Union - Monitor. Conf. - Merrimac. Conf. is unable to break the Richmond blockade. Significance: Ironclads easily destroy wooden ships. Changed naval warfare worldwide.

Department and Chain Stores

Department stores and chain stores helped create and serve this new consumerism Previously, the working class bought goods in stores with limited inventories and wealthier people patronized fancy shops. Now, department stores caused a merchandising revolution, offering home deliveries, exchange policies, and change accounts. Macy's and The Atlantic and Pacific Company

Art Deco

Descended from Art Nouveau, this movement of the 1920s and 1930s sought to upgrade industrial design in competition with "fine art" and to work new materials into decorative patterns that could be either machined or handcrafted. Characterized by streamlined, elongated, and symmetrical design.

Rights to water

Efforts in reclaiming land sparked in California and Colorado as they fought over the rights to precious streams They used the English law principle of riparian rights, which held that the stream belonged to God; those who lived nearby could take water as needed but should not diminish the river. Western settlers rejected this and awarded the water to the first person who claimed it as they believed the water was there to serve them

Freedom of Contract

Employers justified their treatment of workers by asserting the principle of "freedom contract," claiming wages and working conditions resulted from supply and demand. Employers argued that since workers entered into a contract with bosses, workers could seek another job if they are unhappy with hours and wages. Employers were able to use supply and demand to lower workers wages to as low as they could.

Back to Africa Movement

Encouraged those of African decent to return to Africa to their ancestors so that they could have their own empire because they were treated poorly in America.

Agricultural Marketing Act

Established the first major government program to help farmers maintain crop prices with a federally sponsored Farm Board that would make loans to national marking cooperatives or set up corporations to buy surpluses and raise prices. This act failed to help American farmers.

C) Mobilization and military service provided opportunities for women and minorities to improve their socioeconomic positions for the war's duration, while also leading to debates over racial segregation. Wartime experiences also generated challenges to civil liberties, such as the internment of Japanese Americans.

Executive Order 9906 (1942), internment of Japanese Americans in relocation camps, Congress of Racial Equality (1942), Zoot suit riots (1943), "Double V" campaign, segregated armed forces, code-talkers, Asa Philip Randolph and the March on Washington movement, Executive Order 8802 (1941), Fair Employment Practices Commission (1941), Detroit race riot (1943), Korematsu v. US (1944)

movie palaces

Ornate, lavish single-screen movie theaters that emerged in the 1910s in the United States

Supplements of Family Income

Families could raise its income by sending children and woman into the labor market Working class families noticeably increased expenses for life insurance and new leisure activities, improving their living standard Between 1890 and 1920, the labor force increased by 50 percent, which represents a change in the nature of work as much as increase in availability of jobs As the nation industrialized and the agricultural sector declined, paid employment became more common

Samuel Slater, 1791

Father of the factory system -built 1st cotton thread spinner in 1791

Cumberland Road

Fed. Gov constructed Natinal road with state and federal money in 1811 -a needed improvement in transportation

C) Although the New Deal did not end the Depression, it left a legacy of reforms and regulatory agencies and fostered a long-term political realignment in which many ethnic groups, African Americans, and working- class communities identi ed with the Democratic Party.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) of 1933, Securities Exchange Commission (1934), Federal Housing Administration (1934), Social Security Act (1935), "Roosevelt coalition" in the Election of 1936

C) Episodes of credit and market instability in the early 20th century, in particular the Great Depression, led to calls for a stronger nancial regulatory system.

Federal Reserve Act (1913), stock market crash (1929), bank "holiday" (1933), FDIC (1933), Securities Exchange Commission (1934)

Border States

Five slave states-Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia-that did not secede during the Civil War. To keep the states in the Union, Abraham Lincoln insisted that the war was not about abolishing slavery but rather protecting the Union.

D) In the 1920s, cultural and political controversies emerged as Americans debated gender roles, modernism, science, religion, and issues related to race and immigration.

Flappers, fundamentalism vs. modernism, Scopes "Monkey" Trial (1925)

Business Cycle

Fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production

Business cycle

Fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production

Significance of Race

For white settlers there were five different races- caucasian, Indians, Mexicans, Mongolians, and Negroes two tier labor system where whites were the top tier and were able to reserve the West's riches for themselves Because so many white male immigrants were single, mixed marriage between mexican and Indian women was common

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Alfred E. Smith

Former governor of New York who ran for President against Herbert Hoover. He was against Prohibition. leader of american liberty league

american civil liberties union (ACLU)

Founded in 1920. The ACLU seeks to protect the civil liberties of individuals, often by bringing "test cases" to court in order to challenge questionable laws. In 1925, the ACLU challenged a Christian fundamentalist law in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

American Legion

Founded in Paris in 1919 by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt. Was distinguished for its militant patriotism, conservatism, and zealous anti-radicalism, but was notorious for aggressive lobbying for veterans' benefits.

Frederick W. Taylor and Efficiency:

Frederick W. Taylor was an advocate of efficient production, and an engineer for the Midvale Steel Company Taylor wanted to produce more for lower costs per unit, by eliminating unnecessary workers Taylor did many experiments to become more efficient, in one shoveling experiment he was able to reduce the crew from 600 men to 140 Time became the measure of acceptable work, and employees feared that they were becoming interchangeable parts

A) Immigration from Europe reached its peak in the years before World War I. During and after World War I, nativist campaigns against some ethnic groups led to the passage of quotas that restricted immigration, particularly from southern and eastern Europe, and increased barriers to Asian immigration.

Immigration Act of 1917, Emergency Quota Act of 1921, National Origins Immigration Act of 1924

Tenure of Office Act of 1867

In 1867, Congress passed this act that prohibited the president from removing a federal official or military commander without the approval of the Senate. Congress passed this act to protect the Radical Republicans in Johnson's cabinet, including Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. Congress used this act as grounds for Johnson's impeachment.

Jay Gould

In 1869 this man and James Fisk obtained the help of Grant's brother-in-law in a scheme to corner the gold market. Although the Treasury Department broke the scheme, ______ had already made a large profit. This was just one example of corruption during the post-Civil War years.

Technology and Southern Industry

In 1876 James Bonsack invented a cigarette-rolling machine Sales sored after 1885 when James B. Duke started mass producing cigarettes with Bonsack's machine, and they began marketing the cigarettes with free samples and ads By 1900 it was a global business employing whites, blacks, and women, but in separate workrooms The Textile industry moved to the south because the southern Electric Looms were more efficient than the northern water powered mills, and required fewer workers, and with improved lighting the production hours expanded Investors built new plants in the south where cheap labor was available and by 1900 the south had more than 400 textile mills Women and kids made 50 cents a day for 12 or more hours half of what the northern mill workers made Companies controlled the housing, stores, schools and churches of their employees Lumber syndicates moved into the pine forests of the gulf states and improved production by 500% Southern wood production advanced the construction industry and relocated furniture and paper production from the north to the south

Reservation Policies

In 1880, govt. tried to force Indians onto reservations to become civilized Put on land least desired to whites "Civilized"- cultural assimilation. Govt. promised protection for encroachment along with food, clothing and other necessities Helped make way for market economy Before, trade used to be equal. Then natives become more dependent on the whites Wards: Helpless child under government protection. No able parents. Become Wards of the States. Treated Natives as Wards. Denied them US citizenship, and were not protected by the 14th and 15th amendments Whites wanted more land, so it made it harder for the reservations to stay intact Totally ignored history when making reservations- put two enemy bands in the same reservations

Henry Ford and the Automobile Industry:

In 1885 Gottlieb Daimler, a german engineer built a lightweight internal combustion motor powered by gasoline, and in 1890 Henry ford used the engine to power a vehicle Ford wanted to make the automobile affordable for everyone, by mass producing thousands of identical cars, using assembly lines which reduced time and cost of production Workers performed one task repeatedly assembling the car on the conveyor belt In 1912 the first assembly line opened outside of Detroit, and the next year ford sold 248,000 cars With more cars being made it caused, more jobs, higher earnings, and greater profits for related industries (materials for making the car) (wood and paint) By 1914 a ford car cost $490, ¼ of the price of the decade prior Workers could not afford cars though, making only $2 a day Ford created a Five-Dollar-Day Plan to help his workers buy cars through a combination of wages and profit sharing

Decline of Salmon

In 1900's dams! Whites started over fishing. Commercial fishing and canneries. In the 1900's the construction of dams became a big thing Canaries were fishers Drastically affected the Indians

Sacco and Vanzetti

In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly

Assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

patronage

In a political sense __________ means for a person in office to give jobs and government favors (spoils) to his supporters. This occurred frequently in the late period of Reconstruction.

Urban Borderlands

In large cities (Chicago, Philadelphia, and Detroit) European immigrants clustered in inner city neighborhoods- low-skill jobs, cheap housing Districts were multi-ethnic "Urban Borderlands" Diverse people coexisted Little Italy, Jewtown, Polonia, and Greektown Undermined homogeneity Small businesses- bakeries, butcher shops, churches, and club headquarters Gave identity The expansion of mass transportation and outward movement of factories enabled people to move to areas where they interspersed with families of their socioeconomic class but not necessarily their ethnicity European immigrants encountered prejudices Exclusion of Jews from neighborhoods

Advertising

In the late nineteenth century, companies that mass-produced consumer goods hired advertisers to create brand loyalty In 1881, Congress passed a trademark law enabling producer to protect brand names Newspapers served as the prime instrument for advertising, as people read them to find out what was for sale as well as what was happening Outdoor billboards and electronic signs were also used for advertising

Credit Mobilier

In this scandal of 1872, insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress. This was to avoid investigation of the high profits they were making from government subsidies for building the transcontinental railroad.

The New Leisure and Mass Culture

Increased leisure time Mechanization and assembly line producion cut the average manufacturing workweek from 66 hours in 1860 to 60 in 1890 This lead to shorter work days and freer weekends (white collar) Employees spent 8-10 hours a day on the job and worked half day or not at all on weekends Laborers in steel mills endured twelve to 14 hour shifts with little down time Economy soon shifted from production to consumption and more Americans began engaging in Recreation Mass production of pianos and sheet music became a thing (form of home entertainment for middle class families) Sports also began to play a large role in leisure time

Losing of the West

Indian wars and Dawes act reduced Native control over the land. Buffalo extinction. Raids. Disease. Lost land and face increasing pressure to lose identity.

railroads

Introduced in 1828 at first, people were against it bc they didn't want to lose money from the canal

Barbed Wire

Invented in 1873 Allowed the farmers to protect their farms Ended open range ranching In the 1890's big businesses were taking over the cattle industry (very profitable) Cattle processing harmed the environment because they dumped cow parts into the water which ended up polluting the rivers (ex: Chicago river) Became so profitable that big businesses took it over

Housing Reform

Issues with housing sparked widespread reform campaigns NY state laws- 1867, 79, 1901. Made sure there was light, ventilation, and safety codes for buildings Reformers (Jacob Riis and Lawrence Veiller) advocated "model tenements"- that had spacious rooms for low-income families Strengthened local government's power to oversee construction

Log Cabin and Cider

It was a Whig party presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison in 1840. It portrayed Harrison as a simple man sprung from the people when in reality he was rich. It won Harrison the election. Campaigning among the masses.

Dawes Plan, 1924

It was proposed by Charles Dawes and attempted to facilitate German reparation payments. By loaning $200 million in gold bullion to Germany, the U.S. and its other Allies hoped to stabilize the German economy

Dawes Plan, 1924

It was proposed by Charles Dawes and attempted to facilitate German reparation payments. By loaning $200 million in gold bullion to Germany, the U.S. and its other Allies hoped to stabilize the German economy so that the Germans could pay off their debts.

E) In the 1930s, while many Americans were concerned about the rise of fascism and totalitarianism, most opposed taking military action against the aggression of Nazi Germany and Japan until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor drew the United States into World War II.

Japanese invasion of Manchuria (1931), Stimson Doctrine (1932), Neutrality Acts of 1936-1938, FDR's "quarantine the aggressor" speech, Neutrality Act of 1939, German invasion of Poland (1939), Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)

B) Migration gave rise to new forms of art and literature that expressed ethnic and regional identities, such the Harlem Renaissance movement.

Jazz Age, Edward Hopper, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Yiddish theater, Harlem Renaissance, Gertrude Stein's "lost generation", Sinclair Lewis's Babbitt (1922), F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby (1925)

Frederick Lewis Allen

Journalist who wrote "Only Yesterday" breath taking change from 1919 to 1920 overnight. Book had Mr. and Mrs. Smith who emulated typical 20's family and how progressed: can foods, radio, bob hair cuts, smoking , clubs, etc.

Aimee Semple McPherson

LA preacher who used Hollywood showmanship to preach to homesick Midwestern migrants and devoted followers of her radio broadcasts

Inner City Housing

Lack of inexpensive living quarters distressed families Low-income families adapted by sharing little space Landlords exploited housing shortages by packing people into small spaces 2-3 families normally lived in one apartment 1890- NYC: 702 people per acre Conditions- harsh. Rooms (at best) were barely 10 feet wide. No windows- smelled bad. Privies- outdoor toilets People often pooped right in the street. I mean, right on the street. Right there. Only source of heat was dangerous and polluting coal-burning stoves.

Racial Segregation and Violence

Late 1800s, African Americans forced them into highly segregated ghettos In big cities, ⅔'s or more of the total black population inhabited only 10% of the residential area. In their neighborhoods, African Americans nurtured institutions to cope w city life: shops, clubs, theatres, dance halls, newspapers, and saloons. Churches were a huge part!! Baptist and African Methodist Episcopal Protestantism Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and Louisville had black communities that prided themselves on their influx of churches Way blacks relieved themselves from overcrowding was expanding their residential borders into surrounding and previously white neighborhoods. Ended in harassment and attacks Race riots were sparked by African Americans becoming an increasing threat in the competition for jobs, housing, and political positions. 1898- Wilmington, North Carolina: Blacks had influence in the government, and a newspaper. Whites in Wilmington went to riot, killing dozens of blacks. White supremacists overthrew the city government and expelled black and white officeholders and instituted restrictions to prevent blacks from voting. Riot: 1917- 9 whites, 39 blacks were killed. 300 buildings destroyed. Chinese also faced racism Chinese prefered to live in in Chinatowns Created their own business, government, and social institutions "The Chinese Must Go" Many refused to hire Asians. Drove them out. San Francisco prohibited Chinese Laundries from white neighborhoods and banned the wearing of queues- the traditional chinese hair braid 1882- Chinese Exclusion Act: suspended Chinese immigration restriction and required Chinese Americans to carry certificates of residence issued by the Treasury Department US Supreme Court Case: Fong Yue Ting v. United States

United Negro Improvement Association

Launched a chain of black owned grocery stores and pressed for the creation of other black businesses. Garvey insisted that his supporters return to Africa and begin a new society. The decline of UNIA and the Garvey movement occurred after Garvey was charged with business fraud and deported back to Jamaica.

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

league of women voters

League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws

The unmarried

Marriage rates were high, but most city people were unmarried 1890: 42% of adult American men and 37% women were single (twice as high as in 1960, a little lower than today) Half still lived with parents Other lived in boarding houses Some of these people were part of the homosexual population (thrived in large cities- New York, San Fran, Boston) The term homosexual was not used Men and women in relationships were more looked at in the sense of who acts like a man and who acts like a woman (not if they are the same sex) Men who dressed and acted like women were called "fairies" Gay women were more hidden because the lesbian subculture did not develop until 1920s

B) on the national level, Progressives sought federal legislation that they believed would effectively regulate the economy, expand democracy, and generate moral reform. Progressive amendments to the Constitution dealt with issues such as prohibition and woman suffrage.

Meat Inspection Act (1906), Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), Elkins Act (1903), Hepburn Act (1903), Northern Securities v. US (1903) Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), 16th Amendment (1913), 17th Amendment (1913), Federal Trade Commission (1914), 18th Amendment (1920), 19th Amendment (1920)

Higher Life Expectancy

Medical advances, better diets, and improved houses reduced death rates and extended life 1900-1920, Life expectancy rose by 6 years and the death rate dropped by 24% Public education helped children achieve a higher standard of living than their parents dip theory, dysentery type diseases, and typhoid become less frequent cancer, heart disease, and automobile accidents increased

Mexican Barrios

Mexicans in southwestern cities experienced complex residential patterns LA , Santa Barbara, Tucson- Mexicans where the original inhabitants Anglos- newcomers who pushed Mexicans into increasingly isolated districts on the outskirts- barrios Real-estate covenants tried to keep Mexican in barrios- bc no one would allow them to buy their houses Areas were outside central-city multiethnic borders housing European immigrants

Mining and Lumbering

Mid 1800's the mining frontier drew thousands to Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Colorado prospectors financed their expeditions by promising the person who financed them that they would get a share of their future findings 1878 Timber and stone act was made to stimulate settlement in California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington by allowing citizens to buy inexpensive large plots of land During the same time, oil companies began drilling wells in the southwest Petroleum was discovered in the appalachian and the midwest but oil was found in other places like california too

Race riots

Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North.

Family and Household Structures

Most American households consisted of nuclear families (married couple w/ or w/o kids) Few had extended family living with them- not many lived alone Reasons for these living arrangements: Immigrants were young/ American population at this time Average age in 1880 was under 21 (1920- only went up to 25. Today it is 35) In 1900, death rate (age 45-64) was doubled of that today 4% of the population back then was 65+ (it is 125 today) Affect: few families could form extended (three- generation) households Fewer children had living grandparents

New Foreign Immigration

Most immigrants were escaping villages in Europe Asia, and canada Most wanted to make money to return home and live more comfortably 30/100 immigrants eventually went back to their homeland 26 million remained between 1870 and 1920 after 1880 economic pressure in other parts of the world fueled greater immigration to the US Between 1900-1909 66% of immigrants came from Italy, austria hungary, and Russia 1910 mexicans out immigrated the irish Many long settled Americans feared the new immigrants. their catholic and jewish backgrounds seemed alien to them the New immigrants did not speak english which made them even more different they were forced to work in low skill jobs for very little pay Family played a huge role in the immigrants lives and transition into the US

A) Some Progressive Era journalists attacked what they saw as political corruption, social injustice, and economic inequality, while reformers, often from the middle and upper classes and including many women, worked to effect social changes in cities and among immigrant populations.

Muckrakers, settlement house movement, Jane Addams' Hull House, Florence Kelley and the National Consumers League (1899), Ida Tarbell's History of Standard Oil (1904), Upton Sinclair's The Jungle (1906), Robert La Follette's "Wisconsin Way", National Child Labor Committee, Lewis Hine's photographic investigation of child labor (1908-1917), progressive state laws such as the initiative, referendum, recall, minimum wage, child labor restriction, Lincoln Steffens' Shame of the Cities (1904)

Greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war

Jazz Age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

A) After initial neutrality in World War I, the nation entered the con ict, departing from the U.S. foreign policy tradition of noninvolvement in European affairs, in response to Woodrow Wilson's call for the defense of humanitarian and democratic principles.

National Defense Act (1916), Sinking of the Lusitania (1915), Wilson's campaign slogan "He kept us out of war", Zimmerman Telegram (1917), unrestricted submarine warfare (1917), Selective Service Act (1917), Wilson's Fourteen Points (1918)

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

New Deal Program created to control flooding, conserve oil, and bring hydroelectric power to the mid-south

Radio

New innovation that allowed people to listen to music through radio waves

Mail Order Companies:

Organized churches and clubs to eliminate social isolation 19000 Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck were companies that made new companies attainable through the mail system (amazon of the day) 1896 after farmers petitioned congress for the extension of the postal service the government made rural free delivery (RFD) 1913 postal service began parcel post (Packages)

Carnegie and Steel

New products required a strong metal Steel production was inefficient until British Engineer Henry Bessemer developed a process that allowed for inexpensive mass production of high quality steel from molten iron Andrew Carnegie, an american, observed this process in England in 1872 Carnegie brought the process back to america building the Edgar Thompson steel plant near Pittsburgh, and purchased other steel mills including the Homestead Steel company in 1888 He sold steel which was used for manufacturing rails, barbed wire, tubing and other products He formed the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892 and by 1900 controlled 60% of the steel business He sold his company in 1901 to a group organized by J.P. Morgan who later formed the U.S. Steel Corporation

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

New, radical labor organization formed in 1905; nicknamed "wobblies" "An injury to one is an injury to all": very violent, socialist, anticapitalist Leaders included Haywood, Mary "Mother Jones, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Carlo Tresca, Joe Hill, etc. Organization collapsed during WWI when many were arrested or harassed

Scottsboro Case

Nine black teenagers were taken off a freight train in a small town near Scottsboro, Alabama and were arrested for vagrancy and disorder. Later, two white women accused the boys of raping them, and although there was significant evidence to suggest the women were lying, an all-white jury convicted all of the boys and eight were sentenced to death. However, with the Supreme Court's decision to overturn the convictions in 1932 and with the support of an organization associated with the Communist Party, the International Labor Defense, all of the defendants eventually gained their freedom.

Women only dominated in the Telephone Operators' Department of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers

Organized in Boston in 1912 Union organized dances, excursions, bazaars, education for the women This union collapsed after a failed strike in 1923

Movie palaces

Ornate, lavish single-screen movie theaters that emerged in the 1910s in the United States

Poverty Relief

None of these improvements helped poverty Americans disagreed about public responsibility for poor relief. Traditional beliefs showed that everyone believed that the poor could climb the socioeconomic ladder- the American Dream Business cycles fluctuated, so poverty increased. City governments discontinued grants for food, fuel, and clothing to needy families Instead, cities provided relief in return for work on public projects and sent special cases to state-run almshouses, orphanages, and homes for the blind, deaf, and mentally ill 1877-1892: philanthropists in 92 cities formed Charity Organization Societies to make social welfare more efficient by merging disparate charities into coordinated units People believed poverty was caused by personal defects- like laziness and alcoholism Organizations would go the people with poverty and try to encourage them to be more "virtuous". They (humanitarians) then realized that personal defects might not be the reason for poverty it was the environments they lived in They believed that they could reduce poverty through better education, housing, sanitation and job opportunities Made people improve building codes, factory regulations, and public health measures in the Progressive era

Economic Disparity between the North and South

North had greater population, more railroads, and was more industrialized.

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era; traditional elements of Southern society were deeply resentful of profits made by them during this period

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929

Reform of Indian Policy

Old Indian Policy- use of military to starve them. Had to reform. Started with two concepts: Landholding and education. 2 big groups in 1880: Women's National Indians Association. Indian Rights Association. WNIA: Women carried most of the labor while men were idle. Wanted women to be treated more respectfully. Said that as Indian men adopted the western white male role, the women became more economically dependent on the male. They were filling these pre-determined sex roles the Americans had already made.

Marian Anderson

One of the greatest concert singers of her time. First African-American to perform at the Whitehouse. The DAR refused her use of Constitution Hall for a concert, so Eleanor Roosevelt set her up to perform at the Lincoln Memorial.

Greenbacks

Paper money that was not supported by gold. This money became widely circulated during the Civil War. During the Panic of 1873, debtors sought to increase circulation of this money for an inflationary, easy-money solution. Grant vetoed a bill that would increase circulation of these bills in 1874, siding with hard-money bankers and creditors who wanted money backed with gold.

C) Despite Wilson's deep involvement in postwar negotiations, the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.

Paris Peace Conference (1919), Treaty of Versailles (1919), League of Nations, opposition of the irreconcilables and the reservationists, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge

Social Security Act (SSA)

Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), used withheld money from payrolls to provide aid to the unemployed, industrial accident victims, and young mothers; principle of government responsibility for social welfare

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Passed by Congress over Johnson's vetoes, these acts placed the South under military occupation. They divided the former Confederate states into five military districts and increased the requirements for getting readmitted to the Union. Each ex-Confederate state had to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and place guarantees in its constitution from granting the right to vote for all males. The acts did not include Tennessee, which had already passed the Fourteenth Amendment and was readmitted.

Freedman's Bureau

Passed on March 3, 1865, by Congress to aid former slaves through education, health care, and employment, it became a key agency during Reconstruction, assisting freedmen in the South.

Wade-Davis Bill

Passed through Congress in 1864, this bill was far stricter than Lincoln's 10% Plan and required 50 percent of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution. It was backed by the Radical Republicans, who thought Lincoln's plan would allow the southern aristocrats to assume power again and deny equality to blacks in the South.

Government Supervision of Water Rights

People disadvantaged by people damaging water or water flow could sue or establish a public authority to regulate water usage as appropriation In 1890 Wyoming added a constitutional provision declaring that the state's rivers were public property subject to supervision. California maintained a mixed legal system as upheld riparianism while allowing for some appropriation This system disadvantaged irrigators who tried to change the law as In 1887 the legislature passed a bill permitting farmers to organize into districts that would construct and operate irrigation projects These districts could purchase water right, seize property for farms, and finance projects through tax

Bootleggers

People who produced, smuggled, or sold alcoholic beverages illegally during the era of Prohibition

spoilsmen

People who seek to profit by the spoils system or support it in anyway. In the early 1870s, the early Radical Republican reformers gave way to such political manipulators

Reform of Indian Policy

Policy→ do anything to get the indians into the reservations After years of the terror they had to reform the policy by starting with 2 concepts 1) landholding 2) education WNIA (woman's national indian association) and Indians rights association WNIA said that woman carried most of the labor while men were idle so they wanted the woman to be treated more respectfully and they said that as the Indian men adopted the western white male role the woman became more economically dependent on the male and they began to fit the sex roles enforced in white households Zitkala-Sa used the white education to their advantage and were able to do well for themselves but it was very rare. Dawes Severalty Act 1887 (NOT Dawes Plan)- Congress reversed its reservation policy and passed this act→ granting land to individual land to indian families and citizenship to those taking the land The government distributed land to families believing that private property would integrate indians into society as productive citizens officials believed that indians would abandon their ways quicker if their kids went to a boarding school → Carlisle school (Pennsylvania) → the school implemented ways of white society

Living Conditions in the Inner City

Poverty, Crime, Disease and tension between the people in close quarters

Warren G. Harding

Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

Election of 1860

Presidential Election that ended with Abraham Lincoln as President, the Southern states began to secede forming the Confederate States of America with Jefferson Davis as their President.

Morehouse College

Private, all male, (traditionally) black college in Atlanta, Georgia = founded during the civil rights movement to promote blacks to educated themselves before segregation was ruled unconstitutional

A) New forms of mass media, such as radio and cinema, contributed to the spread of national culture as well as greater awareness of regional cultures.

Radio, KDKA (1920), War of the Worlds (1938), FDR's fireside chats, motion pictures, nickelodeons, movie palaces, Jazz Singer (1927), Steamboat Willie (1928)

Standard Gauge Standard Time

Railroad construction triggered important technological and organizational reforms. By the late 1880's almost all lines had adopted standard-gauge rails so their tracks could connect Air brakes, automatic car couplers, and other devices made railroad transportation safer and more efficient Organizational advances were made, including: systems for coordinating passenger and freight schedules, and the adoption of uniform freight-classification systems. Railroads reinforced racism by segregating black and white passengers on cars and in stations The railroad made it necessary for a nationalization of time; before railroads local clocks stuck noon when the sun was overhead and people set clocks accordingly. But because the sun was not overhead at the same time everywhere time varied from place to place. In 1883 without authority from Congress the nation's railroads established four standard time zones for the country making railroad time national time.

Railroad Subsidies

Railroads received some of the largest govt subsidies in American history. During the civil war congress dominated by business minded republicans granted railroad corporations over 180 million acres mostly for interstate routes Railroads funded construction by using the land as security for bonds or by selling it. Without public help few railroads could have prospered sufficiently to attract private investment.

Fourteenth Amendment

Ratified in 1868, this amendment: 1) Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens 2) Obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S citizens and provide them "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law" 3) Forbid former Confederate political leaders from holding state or federal offices 4) Repudiated debts of the Confederacy 5) Reduced that state's representation in Congress and its electoral votes if it kept any eligible person from voting

C) official restrictions on freedom of speech grew during World War I, as increased anxiety about radicalism led to a Red Scare and attacks on labor activism and immigrant culture.

Red Scare, Immigration Act of 1917, Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917-1918), Schenck v. US (1919), Palmer Raids (1920), execution of Sacco and Vanzetti (1927)

Liberal Republicans

Reform-minded Republicans, tired of Grant's scandals broke with the party in 1872 and selected Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate. They advocated civil service reform, and end of railroad subsidies, withdrawal for troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade. The Democrats joined these Republicans in nominating Greeley, but Grant won a reelection.

Court Rulings on Labor Reform

Reformers and labor union leaders lobbied for laws to improve working conditions, but the supreme court limited such legislation. Labor laws barred women from occupations such as printing and transportation, that required heavy lifting, long hours or night work, causing women to be confined to low paying jobs.

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Fifteenth Amendment

Releasing that the African Americans needed federal protection if their party wanted to maintain control (most blacks were Republicans), Republicans passed this amendment in 1869. It prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition or servitude". It essentially guaranteed male suffrage.

21st Amendment

Repeal of Prohibition

Industrial Accidents

Repetitive jobs using high speed machine decreased concentration and resulted in mistakes causing serious injuries. Industrial accidents rose before 1920, causing the death or injury of hundreds of thousands of workers each year. There were no disability insurances to replace lost income for workers, causing families to suffer. The most horrible tragedy was a fire in New York City's Shirtwaist Company in 1911 that resulted in the death of over 146 workers, mostly teenage immigrant workers.

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Hardships on the Plains:

Scarcities like water, LIFE WAS HARD Insufficient lumber could not build houses, rainfall for crops, melting snow caused floods, the summer heats and winds caused violent storms the washed away crops and property, massive grasshopper infestation that ate everything

Associationalism

Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover's approach to managing the economy. Firms and organizations in each economic sector would be asked to cooperate w/ each other in pursuit of efficiency, profit, and public good.

Nine Power China Treaty

Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes invited nine nations about naval reduction and the situation in the far east.

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of Treasury under President Harding, Coolidge and Hoover, who instituted a Republican policy of reduced government spending, lower taxes to the wealthy and higher tariffs

Huey P. Long

Senator Huey P. Long publicized his "Share Our Wealth" program in which every family in the United States would receive $5,000. His fascist plans ended when he was assassinated in 1935.

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

Set up by Lincoln in 1863, this "ten percent plan" shaped his picture for political Reconstruction that was very moderate: 1) Presidential pardons would be given to southerners (except highly ranked Confederates) who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and accepted the emancipation of slaves 2) When 10% of the voters had taken the oath, the state government could be reestablished and recognized Lincoln meant to shorten the war and add weight to his Emancipation Proclamation. The proclamation was criticized for being too lenient by the Radical Republicans.

Share Cropping

Sharecropping provided the necessities for Black farmers. they could use land from a farmer but had to pay them in crops or money when crops were sold

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Signed by Frank B. Kellogg. Outlawed War

redeemers

Southern conservatives who took control of the states' governments as the Radical Republicans were losing influence, a process completed in 1877. They represent the final phase of Reconstruction. These politicians wanted states' rights, reduced taxes, reduced spending on social programs, and white supremacy. (a lot like the old South)

Scalawags

Southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

Revivalists

Spurred by protestant preachers who thought Americans had become immoral and reviving religious practices was vital to country's future these preachers wanted to revive & reenergize role of religion in America

Stages of Life

Stages of life were more distinct back then (compared to now) Childhood then was a time when young people prepared for adulthood by gradually gaining more responsibilities Groups like toddlers, and schoolchildren, and teenagers did not exist Married couples tended to have kids over a long period of time (taking up most of their adulthood) Few people lived to old age- but these few older people were not isolated In late 19th century- decreasing birth rates- shortened the period of parental responsibility More middle ages couples had an empty nest (when children grow up and move out) What separated the old from the young? Longer life expectancy Tendency (of employers) to force aged workers to retire New childhood patterns Made sure young children in working class families still helped They worked in factories- scavenged streets for scraps of wood/coal 1870's- 1880's- states passed compulsory school attendance laws Education now became children's daily focus They went for 9 months a year Until they were "teenagers" School focused on peer influence (over family) (G. Stanley Hall, Luther H. Gulick)- advocated that teachers and parents match education and okay activities based on the changing developmental stages

Labor Violence in the West

Strikes in the 1880s by the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) Federal troops called three times in Idaho to put down strikes 1899: strikers blow up Bunker Hill Mining Company buildings and soldiers arrest every male in the town, governor declares martial law Speculation that WFM later assassinated this governor..?

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

To insure personal bank deposits up to $5000; required commercial banks to separate themselves from investment brokerages

Consequences of Technology

Telephones and typewriters made face-to-face communication less important, and changed many industries record keeping Sewing machines made mass produced clothing Refrigeration enabled preservation and shipping of meat, fruit vegetables and dairy products Cash registers and machines created new clerical jobs Technological advances often started abroad but the Americans adapted and advanced them which allowed the U.S to surpass other industrial nations in output by the end of the century Profits came from higher production at lower costs, production moved from small scale to large scale Only large companies could buy complex machines Technology reduced the need for human skills, while boosting profits at the expense of workers independence

3 states reconstructed under the Ten Percent Plan

Tennessee, Louisiana, and Arkansas (went through procedures to form loyal state governments, applications for renewed participation in the Union were not approved by the Radical Republicans who dominated the Congress)

Volstead Act

The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

Civil Rights Act of 1866

The Congress overrode Johnson's veto for this and the Freemen's Bureau Act. This act pronounced that all African Americans were U.S citizens and tried to prohibit southern black codes. However, fearing that this act would be repealed as soon as the Democrats took control of Congress, the Republicans sought a more permanent solution with the a constitutional amendment.

Andrew Johnson

The Democratic vice-president during Lincoln's second term who became the president in 1865 after Lincoln's death. Although he hated Southern aristocrats, his Reconstruction plans were much like Lincoln's. In addition to Lincoln's terms it denied voting rights to former leaders and office holders of the Confederacy and Confederates with more than $20,000 in property. However, Johnson would grant individual pardons, so many former Confederate leaders returned to office by 1865. After Johnson vetoed Congress' bills, he was impeached in 1867, but was voted not to leave office in 1868.

Reemergence of the kkk

The Ku Klux Klan was somewhat re-vamped at this time. The KKK had been started as an anti-black group. In the 20's, it added to its list of "we don't likes": Catholics, Jewish, pacifists, communists, internationalists, revolutionists, bootleggers, gambling, adultery, and birth control.By expanding its scope of hatred and by riding the mood of the time, the KKK reached its numerical peak during the 20's—about 5 million members strong. The KKK employed the same tactics as it always had: fear, lynchings, and intimidation. Finally, the KKK was given a stiff setback due to an internal money/initiation fee scam.

Horace Greeley

The Liberal Republican and Democrat candidate for the 1872 presidential election who lost to regular Republican Grant (up for reelection)

radio

The Radio Revolution Guglielmo Marconi invented wireless telegraphy in the 1890's. His invention was used in WWI. The beep-beep radio would soon give birth to voice radio. The first major radio broadcast was made by KDKA it Pittsburgh. They broadcast the results of Warren Hardings presidential victory. Radio spread out from being local, to powerful national shows that often drowned out the local stations. Entrepreneur Powel Crosley's station sent out 500,000 watts (10 times the limit today) and could be reached nearly anywhere in the U.S. Like the car, the radio also changed society. Radio standardized or homogenized Americans in a way never before possible—everyone could hear the same news at exactly the same time. Whereas the car scattered people, the radio drew them back to their homes. Sitting as a family listening to the radio was the norm. Popular shows were "Amos 'n' Andy. Radio was a new and powerful medium for advertisers as well. They sponsored shows like the "A&P Gypsies" and the "Eveready Hour." It was even easier for sports fans to follow their teams—sports grew even more in popularity. Politicians had to adjust to the new media as well.

presidential Reconstruction

The Reconstruction plans of Lincoln and Johnson who believed it was the executive's power to rebuild the South. It was the first "round" of the Reconstruction, from 1863 to the spring of 1866.

Rutherford B. Hayes

The Republican president who took office in 1877. He was the governor of Ohio who the Republicans nominated because he was untouched by the corruption of the Grant administration. As part of the Compromise of 1877, Hayes removed the last of the Union troops from the South and the other Republicans, ending Reconstruction.

Edwin Stanton

The Secretary of War who was appointed under Lincoln and aligned with the Radical Republicans. Johnson dismissed Stanton in defiance of the Tenure of Office Act in 1867, believing the act to be unconstitutional. This led to the House impeaching Johnson.

Albert Fall

The Secretary of the Interior who accepted bribes from an oil company and started the Teapot Dome Scandal.

Henry Ford Model T

The business period was personified by Henry Ford. He perfected the assembly line at his Rouge Rive Plant and could produce a new car every 10 seconds. Ford-style mass production was then applied to other industries, lowering costs, and starting mass consumption.These cars were unreliable—a driver would have to also be half mechanic. But, they were inexpensive, especially Ford's Model T. When Ford switched to the Model A, the assembly line technique made the Model A affordable for practically any working person. When the stock market crashed in 1929, there were 26 million registered cars—1 car for every 4.9 people America. The Advent of the Gasoline Age Cars created 6 million new jobs and quickly became America's number one mode of transportation. Cars brought fundamental changes to America: Roads were now needed—there was a boom in paving and cars' accompanying gasoline industry started and mushroomed. There were social changes as well. Cars brought independence to young people who "dated" in them and America began to reshape itself by spreading out into suburbs. There were many crashes too. By 1951, a million people had died in car crashes—more than all the wars combined.

Black pride

The civil rights movement in the '60's gave rise to African Americans coming to value and protect their cultural heritage

Compromise of 1877

The compromise that ended the era of Reconstruction. It stated that Hayes would be president over Tilden on the condition that he would build a southern transcontinental railroad and remove federal support for the Republicans in the South. Hayes kept his promise and the last of the troops from South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana were removed.

Social Isolation

The different land divisions forced families live far apart, each plot was a square, lived at corner of plot could live close To escape social isolation men could travel to sell crops and sell supplies, but women had to stay home

Aviation 1920s

The gas engine also led to airplanes. In Orville and Wilbur Wright man flew for the first time on December 17, 1903 for 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, N.C. Airplanes grew as heard spread. Many first saw a plane when a stunt flier would barnstorm their town or county fair. Planes were used minimally in World War I—mostly for recon (spying), dog fighting each other, and crude bombing. After WWI planes really got going. They were used for air mail. The first transcontinental airmail route started from New York to San Francisco in 1920. America got a hero when Charles Lindbergh was the first to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. It took him 33 1/2 hours, he won a $25,000 prize, and instantly became a celebrity. Lindbergh was sort of represented the anti-Jazz Age. Whereas many young people were living the high life of fast cars, illegal booze, jazz, nightclubs, "petting parties", Lindbergh was traditional, wholesome and shy. It was said that for a brief moment, the Jazz Age crowd paused their party and tipped their glasses to Lindbergh's accomplishment.

The Settlement of the Plains

The homestead act of 1862 offered western settlement for cheap Between 1860 and 1910 the number of farmers tripled The railroad expansion allowed farmers to ship produce to markets and allowed for grain elevators to be constructed Prospects for commercial agriculture increased

Charles Sumner

The leading Radical Republican in the Senate from Massachusetts.

Mass Production:

The manufacturing of items was subdivided into small tasks, causing mass production to require workers to repeat the same tasks every day at an increased rate. Mass Production caused workers to no longer decide when working hours began and ended. In some factories, Men were unable to speak to each other during working hours or would become unemployed. Other Men were hired to watch over the workers and keep the shop in order. Workers struggled to remain as independent individuals and became drones to higher officials' demands. Immigrant factory workers tried to persuade foreman to hire their family and relatives. Workers tried to preserve their social lives during after hours by drinking, celebrating holidays and avoiding employers. Many Employers were concerned with their workers efficiency and demanded that behavior standard in factories be upheld. Employers would increase productivity among workers with incentives and establishing piecework rates that would pay workers per item they produced, instead of an hourly wage.

Thaddeus Stevens

The most famous Radical Republican representing Pennsylvania in the House of Representatives who hoped the revolutionize southern society through an extended period of military rule where blacks could exercise their civil rights, would be educated in public schools, and receive lands confiscated from former plantation owners.

Samuel J. Tilden

The presidential candidate who was a Democrat from New York. He won the popular vote in the election of 1876, but because in three Southern states the votes were contested, the electoral commission decided Grant had won. Knowing that this commission was Republican, the Democrats threatened to send the election to the House of Representatives. This issue was resolved with the Compromise of 1877, in which Hayes was determined to be president.

congressional Reconstruction

The second "round" of Reconstruction that began after the congressional elections of 1866 when the dominant Republicans in Congress unified and took a more radical stance (fearing that the Democrats would gain power). During this period of reconstruction, the southern states were occupied by the Union army and many steps to guarantee the rights of blacks were taken. The Radical Republicans also had Johnson impeached in 1867.

Ready-Made Clothing

The sewing machines and standardized sizes sparked a revolution in clothing The sewing machines was used in clothing and shoe manufacturing Singer, Howe Demands for uniforms during the Civil War boosted the ready made clothing industry Woman's clothing was shifting to a more comfortable style of clothing while men's clothing also was shifting to a more comfortable fabric

Dr. Francis E. Townsend

The townsend plan guarenteed $200 to every retired citizen 60 or older to be paid for by a 2% sales tax. Opposed the New Deal

Restructuring of the Work Force:

The use of machines eliminated the need for skilled workers and allowed employers to hire women and children by cutting labor costs. From 1880 to 1900, the number of employed women increased from 2.6 million to 8.6 million. Factory and textile mill job openings caused a drop of female employed in domestic services (maids, cooks and laundresses). Women performed unskillful jobs in manufacturing businesses and were paid $1.56 for seventy work hours a week, while men were paid between $7 and $10. Although factory wages were low, the number of female factory workers tripled between 1880 and 1900, and the proportion of female workers remained constant. The expansion of retail sectors boosted the numbers of female typists, bookkeepers and sales clerks, Jobs previously help primarily by men. The invention of the typewriter and cash register simplified these jobs and employers replaced skilled male employees with lower paid female workers. By 1920, women occupied nearly half of the clerical jobs in the United States, while in 1880 only 4% of clerical jobs were performed by female workers. Although Female workers were paid very poorly paid in sales jobs, Women sought out sales careers pleasant surroundings, respect and wealthy clients that were involved with the jobs. Although the number of female workers employed in sales related careers increased, sexual discrimination against women continued. Department stores allowed only male cashiers to handle the money transactions, and although few women held low level supervisory positions, men dominated managerial and high ranking positions. The number of nonagricultural jobs also increased from 1870 to 1900. In 1890, over 18 percent of children between the age of ten and fifteen were employed in textile and shoe factories. The increase of mechanization created an opening of numerous easy tasks and errands that could be easily be performed by children for very low wages. Child labor conditions were especially harsh in the South, where mill owners convinced desperate white sharecroppers to employ their children at factories for little to no money. Several states in the Northeast passed laws specifying minimum ages and maximum hours for child workers. Many desperate and poor parents would lie about their child's age in order for them to get employed and work more hours. Although after 1900 state laws and school attendance laws lowered the number of children employed in manufacturing. However, many children still to work.

Western Men

The whites would embellish stories of Indians raiding white camps and they would take woman, mutilate bodies in order to dehumanize the natives Because of this people began to see them as less than human which justified the ways western men treated them Western men: young, adventurous, mostly single, violent The natives they talked about were similar to themselves which caused the issues Natives began to drink after being introduced to it by the Western men Also natives were introduced to sexually transmitted disease through western men

Northwestern

Their whole food system revolved around Salmon. Created stream diversion platform construction and things to collect fish. Huge demand

Keynesian Economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Writers of the 1920s

There were a few popular writers, especially Edith Wharton and Willa Cather (who wrote plainly about life on the Plains). The new writers were from broad backgrounds (not just New England protestants) and they were very good. H.L. Mencken used wit and biting criticism to jab at almost every aspect of society in his American Monthly. F. Scott Fitzgerald was the de facto spokesman for the Jazz Age (his term). He gained fame with This Side of Paradise (partying college-kids) and then his best work The Great Gatsby (a ruined WWI vet). His stories, along with his life and wife Zelda, described the period's glamor and senselessness. Theodore Dreiser wrote in the ugly form of a realist (not a romantic) in An American Tragedy. It told of a pregnant woman murdered by her socially ambitious lover. Ernest Hemingway wrote The Sun Also Rises (young adults partying in Paris, Spain) and A Farewell to Arms (young officer fleeing war, seeking love). Roughly based on his own life, both stories showed the empty, hollow lives of young adults. Hemingway became the voice of the "Lost Generation"—those who'd gone to WWI with Wilsonian ideals, only to become disillusioned and ruined by the realities of war. Sherwood Anderson wrote Winesburg, Ohio which dredged the insides small-town America. Sinclair Lewis also depicted small-town America in Main Street and 20's materialism/consumerism in Babbitt. William Faulkner wrote hauntingly about the Southern experience in novels such as The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, and Absolom, Absolom! His books sometimes stunned or confused readers with the new, choppy "stream of consciousness" writing technique. Poetry cut new paths too, led by Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot with his poem "The Waste Land." Robert Frost wrote of New England ("The Road Not Taken"). And e.e. cummings experimented with the typeset, diction, and punctuation—his poems sounded different but also looked different, adding to their effect. Eugene O'Neill was one of America's greatest playwrights. Plays like "Strange Interlude" which meddled with Freudian ideas of sex.

Revivalists

These preachers often referred to as old lights, wanted to revive, or re energize, the role of religion in America.

Erskine Caldwell

Tobacco Road; captured south as really was, concentrates on rural poor

Amnesty Act of 1872

This Act that removed the last of the restrictions on ex-Confederates, except for the top leaders. This allowed many of these conservative Democrats to retake control of state governments

William Jennings Bryan

This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.

Volstead Act, 1919

This law that established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department was under budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states

Kellogg-Briand Treaty

This treaty of 1928 denounced war between countries when it was used for the purpose of handling relations between countries. Signed by Frank Kellogg of the US and Aristicie Briand from France on Aug 27, 1928, it sought to bring about a change in the way countries dealt with foreign policy.

Harlem Renaissance

This was a time when African Americans were very expressive of their culture. Harlem is a part of New York City where the renaissance started. Blacks advanced in music literature, drama, art and dance.

Anaconda Plan

This was created by the Union, and was composed with six components which involves on liberating slaves, blockading in the Southern area, capturing and controlling enemy base and defeat the troops by dividing them

Immigration Quota Act

This was passed in 1924 which cut quotas for foreigners from 3 % to 2% of the total number of immigrants. The main purpose was to freeze America's existing racial composition which was largely Northern European. It also prevented Japanese immigration which led to fury in Japan.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

This was the last of the civil rights reforms passed by Congress during the Reconstruction era. This act guaranteed blacks equal accommodations in public places like hotels, railroads and theaters and prohibited courts from excluding them from juries. However, this act was poorly enforced because Republicans were moving on to other issues and the Southern aristocrats had regained control of the South.

Birth of the Electrical Industry

Thomas Edison's thousands of inventions used electricity to transmit light, sound and images Edison created the lightbulb in 1878 in an effort to find efficient indoor lighting Edison Electric light company also created a system to generate and distribute electricity The system could only transmit electricity a mile or two and lost voltage the further it traveled George Westinghouse came up with a solution, using generators that alternated current and transformers that reduced high-voltage power making it efficient over long distances A former secretary organized Edison power plants nationwide General Electric was created in the 1890's when Henry Villard and J.P. Morgan bought many patents and small companies merging them into General Electric Granville T. Woods was an engineer sometimes called "the Black Edison" and he patented 35 devices vital to electronics and communications selling most of them to General Electric including: and automatic circuit breaker, and electromagnetic brake, and things to help aid communication between trains Granville also invented the traffic light

Western Men

Thought the Indians were primitive, lazy and devious Indians would raid white camps. Mutilate bodies. Burn buildings. Kidnap women. But they would embellishing. This stuff was not true to make them look like savages. Dehumanization. White, Rich, Young, Single. Boasted about fighting and killing each other Sexual diseases that white men gave to the white women. Then the STDs were transmitted to the Natives. Drinking. Another bad habit picked up from whites

A) Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal attempted to end the Great Depression by using government power to provide relief to the poor, stimulate recovery, and reform the American economy.

Three Rs", FDR's "First Hundred Days" (1933), "bank holiday" (1933), Agricultural Adjustment Administration (1933), National Industrial Recovery Act (1933), Tennessee Valley Authority (1933), Civilian Conservation Corps (1933), Works Progress Administration (1935), Federal Writers' Project of the WPA, Wagner Act and the National Labor Relations Board (1935), Social Security Act (1935), Resettlement Administration (1935), Keynesian deficit spending to "prime the pump" (1937-1939), Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

Uprising of the 20,000 (1909)

Took place in New York City Held by male and female immigrant members of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU)

Pullman Strike (1894)

Took place in a town near Chicago Workers at Pullman Palace Car Company upset over new policies Owner George Pullman refused to negotiate when he had to cut wages American Railway Union members strike; Pullman closes the factory Union leader Eugene V. Debs got his members to obstruct the railroads President Cleveland sent in federal troops; Debs arrested

C) The American victory in the Spanish-American War led to the U.S. acquisition of island territories in the Caribbean and the Paci c, an increase in involvement in Asia, and the suppression of a nationalist movement in the Philippines.

Treaty of Paris (1898); acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines, Emilio Aguidaldo and the US-Philippine War (1899-1902), Open Door Policy (1899), Theodore Roosevelt's "big stick" policy, Roosevelt Corollary (1904), Taft's dollar diplomacy (1911), US intervention in Mexican civil wars of 1910s, Pancho Villa, Wilson's "moral diplomacy", US military intervention in Nicaragua (1912-1933)

Government Policies and Treaties

Tried to remove Indians Western Govt. didn't understand they weren't one nation. They traveled in bands- tribes. 1795- tried to reinforce treaties. Tried to have some leaders sign off on the treaties. But not chiefs did not communicate to other tribes. Whites did not hold up their end of the deal. Ignorance, and disrespect

sheppard-towner act

U.S. Act of Congress providing federal funding for maternity and child care, a response to the lack of adequate medical care for women and children

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.

Harry Daugherty

U.S. attorney general and a member of Harding's corrupt "Ohio Gang" who was forced to resign in administration scandals

A) New technologies and manufacturing techniques helped focus the U.S. economy on the production of consumer goods, contributing to improved standards of living, greater personal mobility, and better communications systems.

US Steel Company (1901), Henry Ford's Model T car (1908), General Motors (1908), Frederick Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management (1911), "Taylorism" (scientific management), Henry Ford's "moving" assembly line (1914), consumer goods industry (electric washing machines, vacuums, refrigerators, etc.)

Aid to Dependent Children (ADC)

USA 1935 (Great Depression Era) Title IV of the social security acts. -Designates those deprived of "parental support", looked at emotional and financial state. -Grants were low and constant threat of removal of children -Fewer children in orphanages.

brotherhood of sleeping car porters

Union founded by A.Philip Randolph in 1925 to help African Americans who worked for the Pullman Company.

The Experience of Wage Work

Unionization strong in the fields of construction, transportation, communications, and manufacturing Most workers were more concerned with getting jobs than improving them; job instability hindered the unionization process Industrial wages rose during the Machine Age but employees still worked 60 hours a week for only 20 or 10 cents an hour

John L. Lewis

United Mine Workers of America leader who organized the coal miners strike, created Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

E) The war-ravaged condition of Asia and Europe, and the dominant U.S. role in the Allied victory and postwar peace settlements, allowed the United States to emerge from the war as the most powerful nation on earth.

United Nations (1945), Nuremburg trials (1945), Potsdam Conference (1945), Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), International Monetary Fund (1945)

Dale Carnegie

United States educator famous for writing a book about how to win friends and influence people (1888-1955)

Aimee Semple McPherson

United States evangelist (born in Canada) noted for her extravagant religious services (1890-1944)

Frank Capra

United States film maker (1897-1991). Mr Deeds goes to town, Mr Smith goes to Washington

Walt Disney

United States film maker who pioneered animated cartoons and created such characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. Snow White and Seven Dwarfs and others were escapist films

Harry Houdini

United States magician (born in Hungary) famous for his ability to escape from chains or handcuffs or straitjackets of padlocked containers (1874-1926)

Sinclair Lewis

United States novelist who satirized middle-class America in his novel Main Street (1885-1951)

margaret sanger

United States nurse who campaigned for birth control and planned parenthood

Law Enforcement

Urban people increasingly depended on professional police to protect life and property · Various groups differed about how laws should be enforced · Ethnic and racial minorities were more likely to be arrested and police officers apply the law less harshly to white people

Red summer, 1919

Used to describe the bloody race riots that occurred during the summer and autumn of 1919. Race riots erupted in several cities in both the North and South of the United States. The three with the highest number of fatalities happened in Chicago, Washington, D.C. and Elaine, Arkansas.

Zitkala-Sa

Used white education to their advantage Able to do well for themselves. Few and far between Girl.

Water Supply and Sewage Disposal

Very challenging to find sources of clean water and a way to dispose of waste · 1800s: people used privies; factories dumped untreated sewage into rivers, lakes, and bays · Drinking water sources were contaminated by sewer systems and flush toilets · The stench of rivers smelled so bad it was unbearable and pollution spread disease · Germ theory prompted people to reduce chances that human waste and other pollutants would danger the water supply · Some states legally prohibited discharging raw sewage into river and streams o Some states started chemically treated sewage · 1900: the average new Yorker generated annually: o 160 pounds of garbage from food o 1200 pounds of ashes from stoves and fireplaces o 100 pounds of rubbish · Each of the estimated 3.5 million horses American cities dropped about 20 pounds of poop per day

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB)

agency that has authority to conduct union representation elections and investigate unfair labor practices

Presidential Reconstruction

all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.

Wade-Davis Bill

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

charles lindbergh

an American aviator, engineer , and Pulitzer Prize winner. He was famous for flying solo across the Atlantic, paving the way for future aviational development.

John C. Fremont

an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

Slaughterhouse Cases

what it is: slaughterhouse cases 1873, justices declared most rights of citizens remained under state control historical significance: interesting, since amendments like 13-15th (especially the 14th) had given the federal government more power to protect citizen's rights.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

what it is: sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service. historical significance: was not enforced and later claimed unconstitutional, was passed by a biracial congress, a legislation trying to protect blacks

Calvin Coolidge

became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

the man nobody knows

book written by Bruce Barton and talked about how Jesus was the father of modern business.

cotton gin, 1793

built by Eli Whitney -speeded up the process of separating cotton -South flourished -cotton kingdon expanded

steamboat (Robert Fulton)

built in 1807 -increase in US trade b/c there was no concern for weather and water current -development of Southern and Western economies

movie stars

critically acclaimed and award winning

Opportunities for Women and Minorities

o Show business allowed social mobility to females, African Americans, and immigrants § Faced stereotypes and exploiting § Lillian Russell, Fanny Brice, Eva Tanguay some successful females o Black players forced to play demeaning and racist roles o Immigrants' poor English and accents were highlighted and exploited

Show Business

o Three types - popular drama, musical comedy, vaudeville o Theater allowed escape from reality § Told legends of people such as Day Crockett and Buffalo Bill, as well as tales from the Civil war and reenactments of books such Uncle Tom's Cabin o George M. Cohan - born into Irish family, master of American musical comedy § Used patriotism and traditional American values in his work, boosted moral during WWI o Vaudeville most popular § Included jugglers, magicians, acrobats, comedians, singers, dancers § 1900 - number of theaters and troupes skyrocketed

Anthony Comstock

o Tried to censor sexually explicit literature and entertainment o 1863 - established Society for the Suppression of Vice o 1873 - convinced Congress to outlaw sexually explicit material o Banned marriage manuals and birth control literature from the mails o Campaigned against indecent performance and paintings of nude women o Ineffective because mass culture not controlled by government but by the people - democratic

Radical Republican

olitical party that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war

Trade Associations

organizations offering technical and general assistance to entrepreneurs in a specific profession or industry

transcontinental railroad

what it is: started in 1863: iowa to san fran. lincoln could pass this because nation distracted by Civil War. huge tech feat. caused: "heels on wheels" railroad towns --> boomtowns. encouraged immigration. "iron rivers" historical significance: westward expansion, huge technological feat, start of the vitality of railroads in the last 19th century

American Liberty League

a conservative anti-New Deal organization; members included Alfred Smith, John W. Davis, and the Du Pont family. It criticized the "dictatorial" policies of Roosevelt and what it perceived to be his attacks on the free enterprise system.

Knights of Labor

Workers' union founded in 1869 by Philadelphia garment cutters Terence V. Powderly elected grand master Membership grew to 730,000 in 1886 Unique because it included unskilled laborers, women, immigrants, blacks Wanted the workers to be the managers to eliminate conflict: wanted to "eventually make every man his own master--every man his own employer" Did not support huge strikes/riots because the workers lost more than gained Lost support in 1886 when Powderly compromised with railroad tycoon Jay Gould and called off a series of heavy strikes

C) Preservationists and conservationists both supported the establishment of national parks while advocating different government responses to the overuse of natural resources.

Yellowstone National Park (1872), Yosemite National Park (1890), Forest Reserve Act (1891), John Muir and the Sierra Club (1892), Newlands Reclamation Act (1902), US Forest Service (1905)

flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Ostend Manifesto

a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Popular Front

a leftist coalition organized against a common opponent. were communist

Scientific management

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

Dow Jones Industrial Average

a measure of stock market prices based on thirty leading companies of the new york stock exchange and nasdaq

al capone

a mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Al Capone

a mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs., United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion (1899-1947)

Consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

Gold Rush

a period from1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

Soup Kitchen

a place where food is dispensed to the needy

Nativism

a policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Federal Emergency Relief Admin (FERA)

a program which was funded with $500 million to provide direct relief for the needy. The program helped furnish food and clothing to the unemployment the aged and the ill. The rest of the money was distributed to the states to support work relief programs.

May Day riots

a riot in cleveland Ohio 1919 by socialists in protest of the jailing of Eugene V. Deb's

Gone with the Wind

a romantic drama and the only novel written by Margaret Mitchell. The story is set in Jonesboro and Atlanta, Georgia during the American Civil War and Reconstruction[1] and follows the life of Scarlett O'Hara, the daughter of an Irish immigrant plantation owner.

Teapot Dome Scandals

a scandal under the Harding administration, Fall, Harding's secretary was selling private oil reserves to business to ease his personal financial troubles 7: 1934-1941

Red summer, 1919

a term used to describe violent postwar strikes and racial strife in the us at the end of world war 1

Disarmament

act of reducing or depriving of arms

Disarmament

act of reducing or depriving of arms Giving up military weapons

Social Darwinism

business leaders used corporate consolidation to minimize competition and justified their tactics with the doctrine of social darwinism social darwinism is the loosely grafted ideology of Charles Darwin's theory of survival of the fittest onto the laissez faire, which is the doctrine that stated that the government should not interfere in private economic matters social darwinists believed that in a free-market economy, wealth would naturally flow to those most capable of handling it so large corporations represented the natural accumulation of economic power by those best suited for it social darwinists also believed that wealth carried moral responsibilities Andrew Carnegie- asserted the "Gospel of Wealth" that as guardians of society's wealth, he and other industrialists had a duty to serve society (bc god intended it to be that way-it's godly-rich people intended to be rich) he donated more than 350 million dollars to libraries, schools, peace initiatives, and the arts however, this philosophy enabled benefactors like Andrew Carnegie to define what was necessary for society (it didn't translate into paying workers decent wages)

Flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

Telegraph (Samuel Morse) 1844

connected the business world

time magazine

created by Henry Luce in 1923 because he wanted to go into further depth than newspapers

National Youth Admin (NYA)

created during New Deal to provide resources to young people

Dissenting Voices

critics (farmers, workers, intellectuals) argued that these methods oppressed opportunity and originated from greed these members of society reflected a fear of monopoly (the domination of an economic idea by one powerful company) farmers and workers said that large corporations fixed prices, exploited workers, destroyed opportunity by crushing small businesses, and threatened democracy by corrupting politicians in the mid 1800's intellectuals challenged social darwinism and laissez faire economics philosopher William James led this movement, saying that human will, independent of the environment, could alter existence Sociologist Lester Ward said that a system that guaranteed survival only to the fittest was wasteful and brutal, and cooperative activity fostered by government intervention was fair other economists rejected the laissez-faire and praised assistance the government could offer to ordinary people novelist Edward Bellamy proposed that the government owns the means of production in his novel Looking Backward (1888)- his novel sparked new nationalist clubs nationwide and initiated appeals for political reform, social welfare measures, and government ownership of railroads and utilities

wets and drys

drys favored prohibitons and wets opposed it

Agricultural Adjustment Admin (AAA)

encouraged famers to cut prodcution in return for a subsidy (gov't paying); raise tax

New York draft riot

what it is: 1863-- violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War. mainly Irish immigrants partook in this. a lot of violence against blacks. was basically incited on because of racist feelings. historical significance: showed attitudes of many Northerners towards blacks/emancipation. (did not want job competition, were just plain racists) ALL NORTHERNERS WERE NOT ABOLITIONISTS!!!

Glass-Steagall Act

established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation.; were both reactions of the U.S. government to cope with the economic problems which followed the Stock Market Crash of 1929.

textiles

fabrics

Farmers Holiday Association

formed by a group of unhappy farm owners, it endorsed the withholding of farm products from the market- in effect a farmers' strike, which although blockading several markets ended in failure.

ku klux klan

founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to control newly freed slaves through threats and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American

general motors

founded on September 27, 1908, in Flint, Michigan, as a holding company for Buick, then controlled by William C. Durant. often known as simply GM, is a United States based automaker with headquarters in Detroit, Michigan. GM was the world's 18th largest corporate entity and third largest automaker.

Emergency Banking Act

gave the President power over the banking system and set up a system by which banks would be reorganized or reopened

Black Cabinet

group of African Americans FDR appointed to key Government positions; served as unofficial advisors to the president.

The Marx Brothers

group of five Jewish brothers from New York City who became famous through their comedic stage shows from the 1900s and into the 1950s ... Outsiders mocking institutions that won't let them in

Stock markets in the 20s

he stock market was the speculator's paradise in the 20's. The desire to get rich quick on rising stock prices created a "buy-now" feeling. This is turn, drove the market higher, and built on that buy-now feeling, artificially. Worse, many people bought "on margin", meaning they bought with borrowed money. Usually 10% was paid up-front, 90% borrowed. That meant wild profits if the stock went up, wild debt if it dropped. This type of structure was like building a house of cards, it could not stand forever.

alice paul

head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

hired single men (18-25) to work preserving natural resources for $1 a day

Eugene O'Neil

his plays portrayed realistic characters and situations, offering a vision of life that sometimes touched on the tragic

Battle of Gettysburg

what it is: 1863: gettysburg, PA, lee invades north (largest battle ever fought in NA). Second out of two times Lee invaded north. Confederates lost. Lincoln's Gettysburg's Address afterwards. historical significance: another big Union victory, afterwards Lincoln delivers one of most famous speech (telling north to finish war to its completion and that dead should not die in vain)

"cult of domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Fordney-McCumber tariff

increased tariff rates from 27 to 38.5%.

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Mechanical Mower-reaper

invented by Cyrus McCormick boomed agriculture -harvested grain

steel plow

invented by John Deere boomed agriculture -led to large scale growth and production of cash crops

Five-power Naval Treaty

it was discussed in the Washington Conference, it put limitations on weapons and military in US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy.

National Recovery Admin (NRA)

lead by Hugh Johnson; symbol - blue eagle; slogan - We do our part; set minimum wages and abolish child labor; pricing codes. UNCONSTITUTIONAL!!!

Government Assistance to Business

leaders in the Corporate Consolidation Movement praised initiative while requesting government assistance they rejected efforts to legislate maximum working hours or factory conditions but they supported public subsidies and tax relief to encourage business growth government assistance came in the form of grants to railroads, and tariffs, which benefited american products by placing taxes on imported products

"American Letters"

letters that Immigrants sent to family and friends back home about AMerica, which led to more immigration

phonograph

machine in which rotating records cause a stylus to vibrate and the vibrations are amplified acoustically or electronically

Western Women

many unmarried women moved west to find fortune Usually worked as cook or did laundry or came as prostitutes 'Woman's work for women"- slogan defying the norm of women not working

The Jazz age

name referring to the 1920s; a time of cultural change; generally refers to the arts such as writing, music, artwork, and architecture, American Jazz music emerges from African American church and community, becomes international, uniquely American, white America and Europe embrace

Football

o At first, only appealed to educated people, but by late 19th century many more people watched it o 1893 Princeton-Yale game had 50,000 spectators o Football became national scandal due to violence and schools recruiting non-students to win o 1905 - 18 players died, 159 seriously injured o Roosevelt held conference to try to eliminate brutality § Founded Intercollegiate Athletic Association, later renamed National College Athletic Association, to regulate college sports § 1906 - association altered gamed to make it safer o Basketball women's most popular sport, women received altered rules

Croquet and Cycling

o Croquet attracted both sexes o Middle and upper-class people held parties and night contests o 1885 - Cycling achieved popularity after modern bicycles were invented o 1900 - 10 million bikes sold o Biking clubs petitioned for better roads o Black cyclists allowed to compete § Major Taylor - achieved major success in Europe and America from 1892 to 1910 o Women's fashion had to be freer to accommodate bicycles

Yellow Journalism

o Joseph Pulitzer - Hungarian immigrant, bought New York World in 1883, made news a mass commodity § Filled newspaper with stories of disasters, crimes, and scandals with titles set in large, bold type o Nellie Bly faked her way into a mental asylum and wrote about conditions o Made news into something that was tragic, dramatic, and heart-wrenching, whatever sold o 1890's - 1 million New York World papers sold o Other journalists copied Pulitzer's styles

Other Mass-Market Publications

o Magazines became huge, offered human-interest stories, fiction, photographs, colorful covers, and eye-catching ads o Number of published books quadrupled between 1880 and 1917 o 1870 to 1920, proportion of Americans over age ten who couldn't read fell from 20% to 6% o 1891 - less than 1 telephone per 100 people § 1901 - 2.1 per person § 1921 - 12.6 per person o 1900 - 4 billion postage stamps used § 1922 - 14.3 billion postage stamps used o More news shared globally o America dominated by technology and information

Movies

o Many producers Jewish immigrants o Presented controversial social messages, patriotism, the working-class experience, war, etc. o Presented African Americans as a threat to white moral values § 1909 - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) formed, led protests against racist depictions of African Americans

Baseball

o Most popular sport - man's sport o 1845 - Knickerbocker Club of New York standardized the rules o 1860 - at least 50 baseball clubs existed o 1867 - black players excluded from being on professional teams o 1876 - National League of Professional Baseball Clubs founded, gave baseball a businesslike structure o 1903 - first world series

"rum runners"

person or people that would bring the alcohol into the U.S or wherever it needed to be.

Compromise of 1877

political compromise ending the disputed presidential election of 1876; by the terms of this compromise Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the electoral votes of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina, thus giving him the presidency; in return, all federal troops were removed from the South and the Congress promised to stop enforcing much Reconstruction-era legislation concerning the South.

Herbert Hoover

president of the U.S from 1923-1933 leader of the US in the beginning of the great depression. He didn't want the gov involved in the peoples lives and thought that the people should express their individual rights.

Warren G. Harding

president who called for a return to normalcy following WWI

Continental Economy

principle division of labor- productivity and profits in each region. south: raised cotton to export to new england and britain; west grew grain and livestock to feed factory workers out east and europe, east made machines and textiles for south and west

Civil Works Admin (CWA)

provided temporary jobs during the winter emergency. Under the FERA branch.4 mill workers

Public Works Admin (PWA)

provides jobs for those needing relief ; managed NIRA

George Caitlin

pushed for National parks -a result of the spirit of nationalism leading to the appreciation of wilderness

Transportation Revolution

railroads in 1828 marine ships Communication rev w/ pony Express -bound the country together -New York became the central point -home=refuge from work -Principle of divided labor

Clarence Darrow

renounced Chicago trial lawyer and confessed agnostic who was the defense attorney in the Scopes "Monkey Trial" of 1925. He ultimately lost but the ruling was merely a gesture and was overturned by the State Supreme Court. While cross-examining Bryan he made a great argument against fundamentalists because Bryan "the bible interpretation expert" had revealed ignorance and single minded interpretations

Twenty-first amendment

repealed the 18th Amendment in 1933

"free incorporation"

saying that there was no need to apply for a charter from a legislature to start a corporation

Lincoln/Douglas Debates

series of seven debates in 1858 between Lincoln and Douglas for the Senate seat in Illinois; climaxed with the Freeport Doctrine.Outcome: Lincoln lost, but solidified sectional split in the national Democratic party and made Lincoln famous in the North.

National Origins Immigration Act of 1924

set limits on a number of people who were allowed to come from different countries

Antitrust Legislation

several states took steps to prohibit monopolies and regulate business in 1900, 27 states banned pools, and 15 had constitutional provisions outlawing trusts unfortunately, state governments lacked the judicial support and staff to make an effective attack on big business, and corporations found ways to evade restrictions in 1890, introduced by Ohio senator John Sherman, congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act the law made illegal "every contract, combination in form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in the restrain of trade" those found guilty could be arrested and those victimized could sue for triple charges however, the law was watered down by pro business eastern settlers the law did not clearly define restraint of trade and consigned interpretations of its provisions in court judges used the law's vagueness to their advantage for the first 10 years of the act, the federal government prosecuted only 18 cases under the sherman antitrust act (the most successful involved railroads) ironically the act equipped the government to break up labor unions the enforcement problems with the Sherman Act reflected an uneven distribution of power corporations consolidated to control resources, production, and politics laborers and reformers benefited from the material gains that mass production provided, but they accused businesses of acquiring influence and profits at their expense

Hooverville

shanty towns built by the homeless during the Great Depression

54 40 or fight

slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk.

John Collier

social worker who observed the poor living conditions of the American Indian communities

Industrial Revolution

spread to US while we were still rural -factories and manufacturing -bad working conditions until 1820&1830 -Women worked in factories -family sizes shrunk -Home became a place of refuge rather than a place of work

population growth

started by the mid-1800's -led to the discovery of more land -led to poor sanitation -led to sewers and piped in waters b/c of filfth -CAUSED BY BIRTHRATE+IMMIGRATION

Lecompton Constitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Teapot Dome Scandal

symbol of government corruption; government oil reserves were secretly leased to oil companies in exchange for financial compensation

parity

term for setting the price for a product with the same real value in purchasing power as it had had from 1909-1914

Scalawags

term of derision used in the South during the Reconstruction era for white southern Republicans.

Erie Canal

the Erie Canal between Lake Erie and the Hudson River 1825 -shortened the expense and time of transportation -cities grew and price of food was reduced -allowed farmers to move west

Andrew Mellon

the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics)

Interchangable Parts, 1850

the base of the assembly line which flourished in the North

Sherman's march to the sea

what it is: 1864 sherman and 60 000 soldiers march from atlanta to sea, cutting through GA destroying railroads, buildings, all food and supply they could not use (few civilians were harms) historical significance: after sherman captured atlanta, there was shift in public opinion which led to Lincoln's reelection; this has huge devestation to southern land and crops after the war; huge blow to southern morale

the noble experiment

the term for prohibition laws against the sale and production of alcohol in order to cure many of society's evils- ultimately a failure.

Navajo's Long Walk

what it is: 1864: Navajos were forced to walk up to thirteen miles a day at gunpoint from their reservation in what is now Arizona to eastern New Mexico historical significance: deportation of native americans. cuz america

Okies

the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma

Steamboat Willie

the first animated film with sound, released in 1928 by Walt Disney

Yellowstone National Park, 1872

the first national park, a result of the appreciation of the wilderness that was brought about by nationalism

Sewing Machine, 1846

the foundation of the clothing industry

Separate Spheres

the idea that women belonged in the home and that men belonged out working

iron law of supply and demand

what it is: The economic theory that determined wages and prices for goods and services ((honestly wtf is this tho?)) historical significance:

horizontal & vertical business integration

what it is: horizontal: buying out other co vertical: controlled from getting of goods for product to distributing maufactured goods (ex in meat packing: controlled from purchase of cows to shipping the meat to sellers) historical significance: monopolies!!! capitalism!! the nation is becoming industrialized

Ku Klux Klan

this group was founded in Tennessee in 1866; its oftentimes violent actions during the Reconstruction era represented the resentments felt by many Southern whites towards the changing political, social, and economic conditions of the Reconstruction era.

Fugitive Slave Law

this law required that northern states forcibly returned escaped slaves to their owners.

Kellogg-brand Treaty

treaty outlawing the use of war

McNary-Haugen Bill

tried to keep the price of agricultural goods high. This was to be done by the government buying up excess surpluses then selling them to other nations. Coolidge, the thrifty conservative, vetoed this bill twice.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

union organization of unskilled workers; broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1935 and rejoined it in 1955

Southern Tenant Farmers Union

union that argued passionately that the AAA enriched large farmers and impoverished small farmers who rented rather than owned their land.

carpetbaggers

what it is: implying certain reconst. officials had packed up all belongings in suitcase and left home in order to reap spoils of office in south (majority were former union soldiers who decided to remain in south post-war) historical significance:

California, Bear Flag Republic

was a government proclaimed by settlers on June 14, 1846, in Sonoma in the then-Mexican province of California. Declared during the Mexican-American War, the republic lasted less than a month.

Charles Lindbergh

was the first to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. It took him 33 1/2 hours, he won a $25,000 prize, and instantly became a celebrity. Lindbergh was sort of represented the anti-Jazz Age. Whereas many young people were living the high life of fast cars, illegal booze, jazz, nightclubs, "petting parties", Lindbergh was traditional, wholesome and shy. It was said that for a brief moment, the Jazz Age crowd paused their party and tipped their glasses to Lindbergh's accomplishment.

Sacco and Vanzetti

were two italian born american laborers and anarchists who were tired convicted and executed via electrocution on Aug 3 1927 in Ma for the 1920 armed robbery. it is believed they had nothing to do with the crime

President Andrew Johnson's plan for Reconstruction

what it is: ---johnson offered pardon to nearly all white southerners who took pledge of allegiance, restored pol. and property rights, except slaves -- sent governors to establish loyal state gov. in south → req that they abolish slavery, repudiate secession, refuse to pay confed. debt, + granted new gov. free hand in local affairs -- didnt like to compromise, vetoed many things historical significance: (()))

Boss Tweed

what it is: historical significance:

J.P. Morgan & Co.

what it is: historical significance:

Women's suffrage movement

what it is: historical significance:

railroad boom

what it is: historical significance:

Confiscation Acts

what it is: (1861) first confiscation act: permitting confiscation of any of property being used to support the Confederate independence effort, including slaves ---(1862) second confiscation act: liberated slaves of disloyal owners in union occupied territory, and slaves who escaped to union lines historical significance: shifting change in how fugitive slaves were treated before the law. dictated what happened to fugitive slaves that escaped into union lines.

Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteers

what it is: (1863-1865) a Union Army regiment --> one of the first official African-American units in the United States during the Civil War (although not first time blacks could fight in war--> many fought in American Revolution and War of 1812) historical significance: black people could officially fight in war!!! for their own freedom! had their own regiment!

Army of Northern Virginia

what it is: (aka "Lee's Army") primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. (notable commander: Lee) Notable battles: 1st/2nd Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Gettysburg, battle that led to Lee's surrender. historical significance: primary military force of the Confederacy, took part in many significant battles of Civil War.

Freedmen's Bureau

what it is: (est. by Congresss 1885-1870) attempted to estab. a working free labor sys//agents supposed to estab. schools, provide aid for poor and aged, settle disputes b/tw whites and blacks, secure for former slaves/white unionists equal treatment before courts/// tried to redistribute land but was pretty unsuccessful - achievements in some areas, esp. education and health care historical significance: effort during Congressional Reconstruction to rebuild south, failure of land reform, did not fully help but was an attempt to ease south from a system of slavery to a system of free labor and help freed slaves

Indian reservation policy

what it is: 1851 and continuing for three decades, federal bureaucrats developed a series of policies for the final solution to the "Indian problem." Using treaties, coercion, and military force, the government actively consolidated Native American societies. // sent native americans to reservations historical significance: the start of native reservations

Homestead Act of 1862

what it is: 1862 (duh lol its on front): w/ a small registration fee, any head-of-household (m or f) could get 160 acres of the public domain. if after five years on living on land, and have made basic improvements, land would be free historical significance: westward expansion encouraged by US govt. {{{yes, go displace those native americans they wont notice}}}

Battle of Antietam

what it is: 1862, Maryland. Lee invades north, first out of two times he does this (both were unsuccessful since he has defensive advantage). The Union army wins. historical significance: major turning point in Civil War, was Union victory Lincoln was looking for to issue the Preliminary Proclamation that was followed by the Emancipation Proclamation (which made it clear to the nation and to world that the war was about slavery).

Wade-Davis Bill

what it is: 1864: radial republicans dissatisfied with Lincoln's 10% plan so they proposed their own--> req majority of white male southerners to pledge supp t union before recon. could begin in any state, also black equality in law, xcp right to vote lincoln refused to sign historical significance: some were fearful that slavery would continue due to the leniency of the Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan and the terms offered in the President's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction. // people trying to figure out what social/pol. sys should take slavery's place in the south

Thirteenth Amendment

what it is: 1865: abolished slavery across entire union, introduced word "slavery" in const for 1st time historical significance: made abolition of slavery permanent in law. Emancipation Proclamation could be easily overturned with another president but this made it an amendment, meaning it cannot be undone.

Tenure of Office Act

what it is: 1867, congress adopted Tenure of Office Act (banning prez from removing certain officeholders without consent of the senate) → Johnson considered this unconsti. and removed a radical ally historical significance: led to Johnson's impeachment, people were sick of his stubborness

Radical Reconstruction (Congressional)

what it is: 1867, over Johnson's veto, congress adopted Reconstruction act that temp. divided south into 5 military districts and called for creation of new state gov.s w black suffrage (started period of radical reconstruction 1867-1877) (((GUYS add more information)))) historical significance: passed 14-15 amendments, ((())))

Fifteenth Amendment

what it is: 1869, congress approved 15th → prohibited fed/state govs from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race (ratified in 1870) ^ opened door to suffrage restrictions not explicitly based on race (literacy tests, property qualifications, poll taxes) → no women suffrage (caused women's suffrage movement to break ties with abolitionist movement) historical significance: blacks could now legally vote, but southern racists found loopholes // women were upset they were not also given suffrage and many were also racist so they cut ties with abolitionists // last amendment of the reconstruction era

Civil Rights Act of 1866

what it is: 1886: defined all persons born in US as citizens and spelled out rights they were to enjoy regardless of race → no more black codes, and no state could deprive any citizen of their rights) [no mention of black suffrage] prez johnson vetoed it. congress overruled veto, passed 1866 historical significance: civil rights bill became first major law in US history to be passed over pres veto, the veto eventually lead to a break in the repub party

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

what it is: 1887, Dawes Act: each native reservation was to be broken up into private parcels, each tribe member would receive a personal allotment of land, the maximum allotment of 160 acres going to male heads-of-households. (still, a lot of land went to white people) historical significance: US trying to "Americanize"/"civilize" the native americans by stripping them of their culture

Interstate Commerce Commission

what it is: 1887: congress est Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to ensure that rates railroads charged farmers and merchants to transport goods were reasonable and did not offer more favorable treatment to some shippers over others (had little impact because lacked power to est. rates on its own) historical significance: weak legislation but helped establish precedent that national govt could regulate eco to promote pub good

Jacob Riis

what it is: 1890, Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, shocking account of living conditions among urban poor (w photographs) historical significance: shows the disparagy between the rich and the poor, growing wealth gap in industrial age

massacre at Wounded Knee

what it is: 1890: US soldiers open fire on ghost dancers in a reservation in south dakota, killing between 150-200 natives, mostly women and children. ((irrelevant fact, but apparently at least 20 US soldiers were given medals of honor for this. that is disgusting. "wow you are so brave for slaughtering women and children!!! good job!!" ugh)) historical significance: by 1900, native population falls to its lowest point//is an example of white's actions against natives that decimate their populations and destroy their way of life.

Sherman Antitrust Act

what it is: 1890: congress passed Sherman Antitrust Act: banned combinations and practices that restrained free trade (language was so vague act proved almost impossible to enforce) historical significance: weak legislation but helped establish precedent that national govt could regulate eco to promote pub good

First and Second Battles of Bull Run/Manassas

what it is: 1st: 1861, Virginia, first major battle of Civil War --> Confederate Victory 2nd: 1862, Virginia, Lee lead Confederate army --> another major Confederate victory historical significance: first major battle of the Civil War and another significant Union loss. both battles were heavy blows on Union morale, who hoped to end war easily and quickly.

Enforcement Laws

what it is: Congress adopted three Enforcement Acts (1870, 1871) outlawing terrorist societies and allowing president to use army against them (this defined crimes that threatening people's civil/pol rights was a federal offense rather than state) historical significance: laws that shut down the first era of the KKK (they'll be baaack, spoiler alert), case that enforced growing idea that defending people's rights was the job of the federal govt

Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan

what it is: Lincoln 1863: offered amnesty and full restoration of right, incl property (xcp slaves) to nearly all white southerners who took oath of loyalty to union/supp for emancipation→ when 10% of voters took oath, could elect new state gov which would be req to abolish slavery hopes→ would weaken confed, shorten war, gain white supp for ending of slavery historical significance: ((not sure, I think it's because it shows how Lincoln was trying to reach a compromise with the Confederacy in the early years of Civil War)))

Union Pacific & Central Pacific Railways

what it is: Pacific Railway Act of 1862 is the biggest federal subsidy to industry ever in US//Congress chartered two corporations, the Central Pacific, which was to build eastward from California, and the Union Pacific, starting out in Omaha, Nebraska and heading west. historical significance: gave means to eastern Americans for emigrating west// expansion of industrial cities out east// boomtowns popped up along major railroads like this

Anaconda Plan

what it is: Winfield Scott (General of Mexican War) proposed plan to Union--- surround South with naval blockade and move up major southern rivers... "suffocating" the South overtime. Since this was a very economic and slow plan, American people did not like it-- they wanted strong armies to actively fight. Eventually when the Union's navy grew, this plan worked and was effective. historical significance: this plan reflects how important trade was to the South by proposing to blockade trade through Mississippi and international trade (primarily cotton, which dominated 2/3 of national market in 1850s).

political machines

what it is: a political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts. historical significance: political corruption because of ties to major industries// legislatures would not want to create bills to weaken these industries they profit from

"total war"

what it is: a war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded.--> ex. Sherman's March to Sea (inflicted widespread destruction to infrastructure in Georgia) historical significance: ((((((((((okay not sure about this--> someone please put an answer here))))))))))))))

Johnson's impeachment

what it is: after congress passed the Tenure of Office Act and Johnson did exactly what the law told him not to do (he removed an officeholder without senate consent) 1867: was one vote short of impeachment. historical significance: a president almost got impeached!! // people were unsatisfied with johnson, and republicans were arguing

"yellow- dog" contracts

what it is: agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees not to become member of labor union. historical significance: this shows what idea of freedom was at the time for many people, even in the eyes of the courts-- something decided upon between employer and employee withotu any outside forces acting against this. Unfortunately, this was better for the employers because they could easily find a replacement for jobs, as jobs in this time period were requiring less and less skill (every employee was disposable). If the employee wanted to get money for survival, they would have to do anything... even sign terrible labor contracts.

"middle management"

what it is: businesses big enough that there are people working under the CEO but above the regular worker. showed how large certain trusts were historical significance:

Liberty of Contract

what it is: def of freedom as limited govt and unrestrained free market, central idea was idea of contract (labor contracts reconciled freedom and auth in workplace, without govt or union interference) [disagreed with: demands by workers that govt should enforced 8-hr day, provide relief to unemployed, or intervene w eco in other ways] historical significance: debate whether or not the federal govt should be protecting workers or protecting liberty of contract rights// during the gilded age, the courts tended to favor the corporations with this argument

Redeemers

what it is: democrats during the end of reconstruction that were victorious in elections who called themselves "redeemers" (redeemed south from blacks) [in 1874, demo took control of the House] historical significance: the whites got all the political power back, and itll stay like that for a looooonng time

Radical Republicans

what it is: emerged after Civil War (1885) --> believed that union victory created opp to institutionalize the principle of equal rights for all, regardless of race. their vision: one hand, unionism; other, trying to create racial equality, believers in guaranteed rights within const., believers in positive active central government [major people: charles sumner, MA; thaddeus stevens, PN --- both supported black suffrage] historical significance: launched period of radical reconstruction 1867-1877, passed a lot of change like 14-15th amendments and the Freedmen's Bureau... etc

poll taxes

what it is: enacted in Southern states between 1889 and 1910 had the effect of disenfranchising many blacks as well as poor whites, because payment of the tax was a prerequisite for voting historical significance: people r racist in south and can't get over that they are supposed to treat blacks like human beings and acts like these (passing laws that low-key target blacks--> you have to be literate, own property, etc -- that not many black people had.) they were trying to prevent blacks from voting in indirect ways, because the 15th amendment had been passed.

Emancipation Proclamation

what it is: followed by Preliminary Proclimation 1862 --> 1863, lincoln writes emancipation proclamation → did not apply to the loyal border slave states and to the union-occupied seceded states (most were still behind the enemy lines, so victory was necessary for them to be freed) [immediate and offered no compensation to slaveholders] historical significance: announced purpose of the war was to end slavery, reason why south could not get help from Britain (Cotton diplomacy) since Britain had abolished slavery

crop-lien system

what it is: forced to take up growing of cotton and pledge a part of the crop as collateral, interest rates high so farmers often still in debt at year's end historical significance: (((???))) showing how bad yeoman farmers had in reconstruction because of destroyed farmlands and such

gang-labor system

what it is: gang labor→ slave overseers, were often harsh and brutal historical significance: slavery really sucked, (any other suggestions? I'm unsure what significance this has in reconstruction.)

John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil

what it is: great example of horizontal integrated monopoly (drove out rival firms through tough competition/buying out smaller companies) /// soon est vertically integrated monopoly - controlled drilling, refining, storage, and distribution of oil (by 1880s, controlled 90% of nation's oil indus) historical significance: significant capitalist//monopolist of era

Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus

what it is: habeas corupus: a written command requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person's release 1863: Lincoln signs bill into law to suspend habeas corpus historical significance: US federal govt ignored its own laws

Whiskey Ring

what it is: high officials of the Grant administration, and NY's Tweed ring (controlled by democrats) whose thefts ran into the $10 million historical significance: political corruption

"contrabands"

what it is: in beginning of war (1861-1863 --> cuz of Emancipation Proc in '63), military adopted plans of treating fugitive slaves like property subject to confiscation. [first year and second of war: denial of asylum -- any slave who escaped into union lines, officer/commander had responsibility to return slave to owner if owner was loyal to union, if not they can be contraband and work in your lines] [1862, Congress passed what was called the Second Confiscation Act. → acts authorizing Union forces to confiscate Confederate property (including slaves)] historical significance: union still treated the fugitive slaves as property.

Appomattox Court House, VA

what it is: in front of this very courthouse in 1865, Confederate's Lee surrendered to Union's Grant thus ending the Civil War historical significance: civil war ends!!!

Lakota Sioux

what it is: largest and most adaptive indians on plains, followed heards of buffalo on horseback, dependent on buffalo, tried to save it from whites.//continually pushed off their land. // resisted the Dawes Act historical significance: western expansion and its effects on native americans// buffalo and plains natives' dependency on this (white settlers use this to their advantage and slaughter tons of buffalo)

Black Codes

what it is: laws passed by the new southern governments that attempted to regulate the lives of former slaves//denied right to testify against whites, to serve on juries or state militias, and to vote//completely violated free labor principles, vigorous response from repub. north historical significance: inability of the south's pol leaders to accept reality of emancipation was what motivated north's turn against johnson's policies

Army of the Potomac

what it is: major Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War (notable commanders: McClellan, Burnside, Grant). Notable battles: 1st/2nd Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Gettysburg, battle that led to Lee's surrender. historical significance: major part of Union army, took part in many significant battles during Civil War.

scalawags

what it is: most were non-slaveholding white farmers from southern upcountry and in south to prevent confed from rising again, others hoped reconst. govs could help recover their wartime losses historical significance:

sharecropping

what it is: new labor system along cotton belt after Civil War. initially arose as comp. b/tw black/white (each black family rented part of plant., crop divided b/tw owner and worker at end of year but whites became more and more oppressive to blacks (more whites were sharecroppers, but more whites owned land compare to blacks) historical significance: since reconstruction did not help blacks rise in social status, they were confined to do things like sharecropping that often just left them in debt at the end of the year (honestly dont know what else to say here)

Bureau of Indian Affairs

what it is: organized in 1824: involved in many controversial policies; rounding up native children and sending them to boarding schools to be assimilated, removing their indigenous languages, histories, and cultures historical significance: still around today // made a lot of impactful decisions about native americans

"copperhead"

what it is: political faction of northern Democrats during Civil War, wanted an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates; goal of restoring the Union with slavery. (copperhead is a venomous snake, its a name repubs in north gave them) historical significance: not all northerners were republicans (#notallnortherners), shows the people who were vocal about ending Civil War, and shows how many thought that Civil War would be brief

Liberal Republican Party

what it is: political party that was organized in 1872, to oppose the reelection of president Grant and his Radical Republican supporters // nominated Horace Greeley, but he lost and party disappeared afterwards historical significance: contributed to resurgence of racism in north, shows how feelings of new political leaders were less committed to ideal of equal rights for blacks and believed south solve its own probs

U.S. Sanitary Commission

what it is: private relief agency created by fed to support sick/wounded soldiers of the U.S. Army during Civil War. many women worked for this and even had leadership roles historical significance: women could do stuff!

Ku Klux Klan

what it is: racist white supremacist terrorist group. Klan's victims: white repubs (wartime unionists, local officeholders, teachers, part organizers) but black people (local pol leaders, land-owners, or defied norms of white supremacy) took brunt of their attacks historical significance: racists in south acting on their racist beliefs and lynching black people and people supporting blacks. shows strong racist sentiments in south and how reluctant much of the south was to accept the reality of the Union winning the Civil war.

Fourteenth Amendment

what it is: ratified in 1868: 14th amendment--> principle of citizenship for all persons born in the US, and which empowered fed gov to protect rights of all americans amendment prohibited states from denying citizens equal protection before law // gave birthright citizenship and beginning of idea of equal rights historical significance: changing idea that the federal government is the protector for the rights of its citizens, federal government gets more power, this amendment changes the idea of what it means to be an American

"wave the bloody shirt"

what it is: refers to the practice of politicians making reference to the blood of martyrs or heroes to criticize opponents phrase gained popularity because of a false story that claimed a Massachusetts senator held up a shirt stained with the blood of a carpetbagger whipped by the Ku Klux Klan historical significance: ????? honestly I had no idea this was a term to know

Ghost Dance

what it is: religious revitalization campaign (similar to pan-Indian movements earlier) // leaders foretold of a day when whites would disappear and buffalo would reappear so they can go back to their ancestral customs. historical significance: native americans trying to protect and preserve their culture against western expansion

Bargain of 1877

what it is: settled the intensely disputed election of 1876 (rutherford b. hayes becomes president), pulled federal troops out of state politics in the South, recognize democratic control of the entire south and to avoid further intervention in local affairs historical significance: ended reconstruction, allowed white "Redeemers" to gain power

Social Darwinism

what it is: used to explain success/failure of people and social classes // view that poor were responsible for their own fate through lack of character, self-reliance, and determination// disagreed w efforts to help those at bottom of social order; laws regulating work conditions or public assistance to poor historical significance: shifting view of the poor in America that still survives to this day-- the poor are poor because they are lazy and aren't good enough.

bonanza farming

what it is: very large farms in the United States performing large-scale operations, mostly growing and harvesting wheat historical significance:

Andrew Carnegie

what it is: went on to dominante steel indus in 1890s // distributed much of his wealth (esp to pub libs.) but factories were harsh, nonstop 12-hr days historical significance: huge monopolist // steel industry // big figure

Indian boarding schools

what it is: who decided to do this --> bureau of indian affairs // In these schools, native children were dressed in Western clothing, given new names, and educated in "white ways." historical significance: white people, once again, trying to "civilize" natives by stripping them of their culture and language

Reconstruction governments

what it is: with Johnson, it was all white governments that were managed locally w/o federal interference. with Congressional reconstruction, blacks could become officeholders/vote historical significance:

Welfare Capitalism

when companies provide incentives to build better relationships with employees; health insurance, safety standards, buy stock in the company

Urbanization

when more people begin to populate the cities, more people not enough room in countryside

Robert E. Lee

who he was: Southern/Confederate commander of Army of Northern Virginia and then became General of the Confederate army for majority of Civil war. Brilliant tactician. Invaded north twice (left the defensive advantage) in Battle of Antietam and and Battle of Gettysburg (union victories). Encircled by Grant's army in 1865 and Lee surrendered, marking end of Civil War. historical significance: major figure in Civil War and in South. Example of the south's strength in strong military leadership.

pink collar jobs

working class jobs traditionallly held by women (clerical, secretary, maid, waitress, cook, beautician)

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Richard Wright

wrote Native Son that depicted black urban life

Frederick Lewis Allen

wrote about the stock boom and fall. Everybody was in the market. "The market had become a national mania. Everyone, it seemed, was trying to get rich quickly.

H.L. Mencken

young author; published the monthly American Mercury; attacked marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, and the middle class Americans; dismissed the South and attacked the Puritans

Urban Engineers

· Citizens' groups, led by women organizations, discussed dilemmas involving the condition they worked in · By 1900: governments began hiring sanitary engineers, to design garbage collection systems · Incinerators and landfills made · Cities began to be more livable o Created lights, bridges, and street construction, fire protection · Elected officials depended on engineers' expertise in aiding urban expansion

Civic Reform

· Middle and upper-class Americans feared that immigrant based political machines menaced democracy and wasted municipal finances · Civic reformers organized to install more responsible leaders who would run government efficiency like a business · Civic reformers supported structural changes such as city manager and commission forms of government o Administration was in the hands of experts rather than politicians o Reformers believed they could cleanse city government of party politics and weaken bosses power bases

The City Beautiful Movement

· Organized by male reformers to improve cities · Architects and planners urged the construction of Civic Centers, parks, and boulevards that would make cities economically efficient and attractive · Governments and private businesses could not find enough money to finance these large scale projects · Urban reformers wanted to save cities but they often failed to realize how diverse the population was and people's varying visions of reform o To civic reformers, appointing government workers on the basis of civil service exams was progress o Classmen on the other hand thought civil service signified reduced employment opportunities o Moral reformers believed that restricting alcohol beverage sales would prevent the poor from keeping their small wages, but immigrants saw it as an interference · Urban reform merged idealism with naïveté and insensitivity

Social Reform

· People who were mostly young and middle class and wanted to solve urban problems · Housing reformers pressed local governments for building codes ensuring safety and tenements · Educational reformers sought to use public schools to prepare immigrant children for citizenship by teaching them American values · Health reformers tried to improve medical care for those who could not afford it · People fought for school nurses, factory safety codes, and public playgrounds

Political machines

· Where organizations whose main goals where the rewards, including money, influence, and prestige, of getting and keeping power · Used fraud and bribery to gain power · Bosses were people who built power bases among working classes especially immigrants · In return votes, bosses provided jobs, built parks and bathhouses, distributed food and clothing to the poor, and helped people when they ran into a problem with the law · Bosses exchanged favors for votes and money = power over local government enabled machines to control who received public contracts, utility and streetcar franchises, and city jobs · Most machines were coalitions of smaller organizations that derived power directly from inner-city neighborhoods · Urban infrastructure included public buildings, sewer systems, schools, bridges, and mass transit lines o Urban services included police, fire fighting, and health departments · Because cities could not raise enough revenue from construction projects and from taxes and fees they financed expansion with loans from the public in the form of municipal bonds