APUSH Period 5 (1844-1877)

Fugitive Slave Act

(1850) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Underground Railroad

A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

(Reconstruction) The end of Reconstruction *Rise of white supremacy*

After 1867, southern whites turn to violence because of changes of radical reconstruction. -ku Klux Klan. -White supremacy went up while reconstruction went down.

(Reconstruction) Radical/Congressional Reconstruction *what happened to confederate leaders under these plans*

Barred ex- confederates from holding state or national office.

(Reconstruction) Presidential Reconstruction *what happened to confederate leaders under these plans*

Confederate leaders would return to power.

(Reconstruction) Radical/Congressional Reconstruction *what confederate states had to do to be readmitted to the union*

Confederate states had to do the following, to be readmitted to the union -Southern states had to approve the 13 Amendment. -Southern states had to nullify seceding from the union. -The south could not repay loans from countries that helped them. -States had to ratify the 14 and 15 amendment, and enacted military control of reconstruction with the military Reconstruction Act.

Democrats (who are they?)

Democratic Party stood for individual rights and state sovereignty, but opposed banks and high tariffs. During the Second Party System (from 1832 to the mid-1850s) under Presidents Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren and James K. Polk, the Democrats usually bested the opposition Whig Party by narrow margins. (For slavery Expanding) (or you can say they just practice sovereignty)

Bleeding Kansas (1856)

Disagreements over whether slavery should be allowed in Kansas led to violence among settlers.

Supreme Court Cases (Dred Scott vs. Sanford :background)

Dred Scott (An African-American) was a free slave the moment his slave owner died...He went to Missouri but Missouri still saw him as a slave. In which case Dred Scott sued his ex master's wife to gain his freedom.

Popular Sovereignty

Each territory should decide the slavery question for themselves.

Impact significance of (Plessy vs. Ferguson)

Established "separate but equal", also known as segregation, as constitutional. After this, Jim Crow Laws, Laws that discriminated against African Americans, spread across the US and were heavily enforced in the south.

(Reconstruction) Presidential Reconstruction *what confederate states had to do to be readmitted to the union*

Former Confederate states would gain the land that was confiscated under the Civil War, and gain their slaves back, in which they can rebuild themselves in anyway they want. He'd issue 13,000 pardons to all white southerners except a Confederate leaders and wealthy planters, then he'd organize them to create new governments.

(Reconstruction) The end of Reconstruction *Rutherford B. Hayes*

Grant's refused to send federal troops to Mississippi end of federal support for reconstruction in the south. -Rutherford B. Hayes election + compromise of 1876 = end of Reconstruction

President Andrew Johnson's Impeachment (why he was removed)

He was impeached because he had violated the tenure of office act, passed by Congress. Johnson attempted to replace Edwin M. Stanton, the secretary of war, while Congress was not in session and other pieces of presidential power. He was charged with 11 high crimes and misdemeanors.

Supreme Court Cases (Dred Scott vs. Sanford :Results)

In 1857 the Supreme Court (who's court judge is Chief Justice Roger B. Taney of Maryland) took the case of Dred Scott and declared that negroes, whether enslaved or free could not be citizens, and that scott therefore had no right to sue in federal court. Declared that the Missouri compromise is unconstitutional.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1st, 1863 it declared that all slaves in the *confederate states* would be free. *So not ALL slaves would be free, just the ones in the south*

Harper's Ferry (1859) / John Brown

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Compromise of 1820 (Results of Manifest Destiny)

Missouri Compromise: •Missouri admitted to the union as a slave state; Maine as free state. •All western territories north of Missouri Southern border (36,30- - Mason - DixonLine) were "free soil". = balance of slave & free state. •Prohibited slavery inferiority that later became Kansas and Nebraska.

Carpetbaggers (Reconstruction Terms)

Northerners who moved south with all their belongings after the Civil War to shape the new southern governments. Some were good, others were bad.

What is the 13th Amendment?

Passed on 1865 & Ratified on 1865: It abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

What is the 14th amendment?

Passed on 1866 & Ratifed on 1868 Granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to African Americans and slaves who had been emancipated after the American Civil War. " All persons born or naturalized in the United States", which included former slaves recently freed.

What is the 15th amendment?

Passed on 1869 & Ratified on 1870 Granted African-American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Fire Eaters (Reconstruction Term)

Pro slavery southern Democrats Urged succession of southern states to become a Confederate state of the United States.

How did the Supreme Court rule in: (Plessy vs. Ferguson)

Ruled that the "desperate but equal" provision of the Louisiana law was constitutional. The case established this principle of segregation until it was overturned in 1954.

Supreme Court Cases (Dred Scott vs. Sanford :Impact)

Since the Supreme Court took this case, it raised the controversial issue of congress constitutional authority to regulate slavery in the territory.

(Reconstruction) Presidential Reconstruction *how did southern sand northern reach to this plan?*

Southerners: Positively Northerners: Negatively

(Reconstruction) Radical/Congressional Reconstruction *how did southern sand northern reach to this plan?*

Southerns: -Negatively Northerns: -Positively

Republicans (who are they?)

The Republican Party emerged in 1854 to combat the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery into American territories. The early Republican Party consisted of northern Protestants, factory workers, professionals, businessmen, prosperous farmers, and after 1866, former black slaves. (Anti-Slavery Expanding)

Abolitionist movement connection to the *second great awakening*

The abolitionist movement was believed to have been inspired by the ideas set forth during the religious movement known as the second great awakening, which again might have inspired abolitionist to rise up against slavery.

Abolitionist movement connection to the *women's rights movement*

The civil war that effectively ended slavery, severely damaged the women's rights movement. The women's rights movement was the offspring of abolition, many people actively supported both reforms.

Compromise of 1850 (Results of Manifest Destiny)

The compromise: •California admitted as a free state = Upset Balance. •Texas boundaries set. •Meixcan Cession divided into Utah and New Mexico territories and would practice popular sovereignty. •Stricter fugitive slave law. •Banned slave trade in Washington, D.C

Knights of the Golden Circle (Reconstruction Term)

The heads of the copperheads. They were the ones who planned the evil mischief.

Abolitionist Movement

The movement to end slavery; Leaders include: William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Sojourner Truth, Fredrick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, The Grimke Sisters

(Reconstruction) Presidential Reconstruction *How would govt help freedmen? What political rights would freedmen have?*

The presidents would declare that all blacks would return to the plantations as independent laborers. The rights that Freedmen would have would be hardly any legal rights and economic options (I mean they wouldn't be allowed to vote or have education)

Abolitionist movement connection to *BOTH* the second great awakening and the women's rights movement

The second great awakening discussed women as moral reformers of family and society. These events gave women more time at home to focus on family and it's relationship to the larger social world.

Supreme Court Cases (Plessy vs. Ferguson)

The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required supérate railway cars for blacks and whites. In 1892, Homer Plessy — who was 1/8 black— took a seat in a "whites only" car of a Louisiana train. He refused to move to the car reserved for blacks and was arrested.

Exodusters (Reconstruction Terms)

They were African-Americans who didn't want to go north and they wanted to start and settle in the new territory in the west.

Copperheads (Reconstruction Term)

They were known as peace Democrats, they lived in the north and were against the Civil War completely. They wanted everything to go back (pre-civil war era) These "copperheads" would avoid the draft, they would manipulate battles. Northern Republicans called themselves copperheads. This led to the conspiracy act of 1861

Expansion (Results of Manifest Destiny)

Westward Expansion: •Began with Louisiana purchase and was fueled by the Gold Rush, the Oregon Trail and a belief in "manifest destiny".

Scalawags (Reconstruction Terms)

White southern Republicans who owned plantation that felt that whites should recognize blacks civil and political life, while whites should still have control of all political and economic life.

Freedmen's Bureau

opposed the expansion of slavery in new states (particularly out west) ; subcatagory of the Republican party who were also abolitionists ; popular during the late antebellum period ; Abraham Lincoln was the most influential person of this political party

Harriet Beecher Stowe (Against Slavery)

wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin - discussed the horrors of slavery, enraged the South (Abolitionist)

John C. Calhoun (For Slavery)

•A política leader from South Carolina. •Preached that states should have the right to vote on whether they wanna be a slave state. •Believed slavery was a domestic institution. •Claimed that it was impossible for whites and blacks to get along with each other, worse if they were to be equal.

Frederick Douglass (Against Slavery)

•An African American who escaped from slavery at the age of 21. •Wrote an autobiography about himself and his experiences with slavery = published on newspaper called "The North Star". •Tried to encourage president Abraham Lincoln to abolish slavery.

Harriet Tubman (Against Slavery)

•An ex slave who escaped from slavery to the "Underground Railroad". •conductor of "Underground Railroad" = Led other enslaved blacks to the secret network. •Considered to be the Moses of the people = freed 300 enslaved African Americans. •Her nickname was General Tubman.

John Brown (Against Slavery)

•Born into a family that supported slavery. •He was Poor but he still supported causes that he believed in. •supported the league of gileadite, the Underground Railroad, and helped give land to fugitive slaves. •Met with Fredrick Douglass •Created an army that would be a huge impact on the causes of the civil war (AKA HARPERS FERRY)

David Walker (Against Slavery)

•Father was a slave + Mother was free slave = David free black. •Introduced the first African American newspaper = "The freedoms journal". •Involved in other institutions that denounced slavery. • Boston's leading spokesman against slavery. •Made a deal with sailors which David walker would provide used clothes to be transferred over waters, which held stitchings of his literature against slavery. •His action caused whites to ban slaves from leading in how to read and banned anti slavery literature. •Had a bounty in which southerners would pay hefty money for his head or his alive body.

President Andrew Johnson's Impeachment (NOT REMOVAL)

•Impeachment = to bring official charges against the president. •In order to impeach a president there must be a majority vote in the House of Representatives. •During the trial/"removal" the president stands trial and the senate acts as a jury. •The 2/3 majority vote would be needed for the removal (in this case the president didn't get voted out).

Abolitionist connection to *William Lloyd Garrison*

•Most Famous abolitionist of the 19th century. •Against Slavery (abolitionist). •Founded the anti-slavery society. •Published an anti-slavery newspaper on the liberator.

James Kirkwall Paulding (For Slavery)

•Northerner who published a book called "Slavery in the United States" that defended slavery. •Believed that abolitionist just wanted to create controversy between the balance of our free/slave states.

Abraham Lincoln (Against Slavery)

•President of the United States from 1861-1865 who preserves the union during the civil war. •Against slavery expanding to the west. •Cared more about the harmony and peace of the union than about abolishing slavery. (But yes he abolished slavery)

(Reconstruction) Under President Abraham Lincoln

•Proclamation of Amnesty & reconstruction. •10% of voters in confederate states must: -Accept Emancipation. -Swear Loyalty to the union. -Confederate's could not vote or hold office unless pardoned by president •Once these conditions were met, a state could return to the union.

Sojourner Truth (Against Slavery)

•Published a book = "The narrative of sojourner truth: A northern slave". •Abraham told her that he heard her speeches. •Wanted last mission to be about the land of distribution for former slaves, but congress did not allow that to happen. •African American ex-slave.

James Henry Hammond (For Slavery)

•Southerner who owned many slaves and believed that death should come to any and all abolitionist. •Claimed that the south should be left alone by the northern abolitionist. •Said that the only way to abolish slavery is if the slave holders themselves ever felt like freeing them (which they would never do because it's free/forced labor)

The Grimke Sisters (Against Slavery)

•The ONLY southern women who became abolitionist leaders. •Both wrote pamphlets for southern women to stop slavery = angered South Carolina officials = banned the sisters from entering their home state. •Sisters traveled around America to lecture people on the anti slavery society. •Became the first women to speak upon mixed audiences.

Stephen A. Douglas (Against Slavery)

•The man who introduced the Kansas Nebraska Act and repealed the Missouri Compromise. •Created the popular sovereignty in which states could join America as a free state/slave state. •Caused controversy in Kansas = "Bleeding Kansas".

(Reconstruction) Radical/Congressional Reconstruction *how would govt help freedmen? What political rights would freedmen have?*

•Under this plan, Congress will introduce the reconstruction act of 1867. They would protect the black property and citizens by providing food, hospitals, labor contracts, and much more. •Friedman would have the right to vote, property ownership, education, legal rights, and possibly hold political office as a political rights to have.

Hinton Helper (Against Slavery)

•White southern from North Carolina. •Showed his views on slavery from the book he wrote = "The impending crisis of the south: How to meet it". •Book created controversy = banned in the south. •Only wanted African-Americans to be Gone because it made poor whites look bad. •Believed that blacks should be segregated away from whites and should have no rights.

George Fitzhugh (For Slavery)

•Writer who wrote about the society and the surge for slavery = "Slavery justified" & "The failure of a free society" •Said that northerns work dangerously, so it's not hard labor for slaves to go though the stuff their going through. •Created many books & pamphlets on why you should defend slavery. •Said that it was wrong for the African slave trade to end, and how they should bring it back.