APUSH Review

Moral Majority

"Born-Again" Christians become politically active. The majority of Americans are moral people, and therefore are a political force.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Presidential Pardons

"He shall have Power to grant Pardons for Offences against the US, except in Cases of Impeachment."

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Separatists

Those who separate from the Anglican Church of England and the Crown because of a belief that the Church is beyond salvation. Many become migrants to continental Europe or the New World, and sometimes both.

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Three components of the New Deal. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program.

Brown Decision

"Separate but equal" in public school education is inherently unequal; thus, school segregation is unconstitutional

VJ day

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945

Eddie Rickenbacker

"ace" pilot who downed 26 enemy fighters in WWI

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partly to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

John Quincy Adams

(1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress.

Fulton's Folly

(1807) A steamboat with a special powerful engine, created by painter-engineer Robert Fulton, which the vessel was nicknamed after. The vessel sparked the steamboat craze. (4.6)

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

William Henry Harrison

(1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Bleeding Kansas

(1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state.

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

Christmas Bombings

To re-convince North Vietnam when they called off talking, Nixon launched a 3 week bombing on Vietnam in late december.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Muir

(1890): founder of the Sierra Club. Got government to begin Yosemite National Park and to create 21 million acres of forest preserve. Considered a biocentric conservationist. Challenged Pinchot

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

World War I

(1914 - 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

14 points

(1918) President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars.

Calvin Coolidge

(1923-1925) and (1925-1929), taciturn; small gov't conservative; laissez faire ideology; in favor of immigration restriction (Immigration Act); reduced the tax burden; the Bonus Bill was passed over his veto; Revenue Act of 1924; Kellogg-Briand Pact

Osama Bin Laden

(1957-) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

Cuban Revolution

(1958) A political revolution that removed the United States supported Fugencio Batista from power. The revolution was led by Fidel Castro who became the new leader of Cuba as a communist dictator.

Invasion of Kuwait

(August 2-4, 1990) Iraq invaded and temporarily annexed Kuwait. In 1990, Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing Iraqi petroleum through slant drilling, though some people claim that there were more reasons. Iraq was unable to pay more than $80 billion that they borrowed to finance the Iraq-Iran War. Also, Kuwait was overproducing petroleum, which kept Iraq profits down. In two days of combat, most of the Kuwaiti Armed Forces were either over run or fled to Saudi Arabia or Bahrain. Hussein declared Kuwait the 19th province of Iraq. He was met with immediate economic sanctions and international condemnation.

Glass-Steagall Act

(Banking Act of 1933) - Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies.

D-Day

(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

Underground Railroad

(FP) 1830, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

Alliance for Progress

(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

National Road debate

(also known as the Cumberland Road) was the first major improved highway in the United States built by the federal government

Starving Time (1609-1610)

-A period of starvation endured by the Jamestown colonists -The colonists depended upon trade with the local Native Americans for their food supplies -A series of conflicts between the colonists and the Native Americans limited the colonists' ability to trade for supplies and to farm their own food -A large number of colonists died and others tried to flee to England; however, boats arriving with supplies from England intercepted the colonists and forced them to return to Jamestown -Additional support from England, the development of new industries, and the creation of new trade partnerships helped ensure the settlement's long-term survival

industry and trade

-New York became the center of trade due to its deep-water harbor and easy access for ships from other ports -New York was also home to many merchants who could raise money for industry and exports -a new system was developed to make sure England had a constant flow of cotton

Radio Advertising

-invented in 1920 -a result of the Harding Cox campaign -election results were instantaneous -sales did not provide sufficient income; broadcasters were starved for programs and another source of income (creating a space for advertisements) -overtook print as #1 advertising method in 1938

Yugoslavia "ethnic cleansing"

...one of the new states that fell into divisive civil war when the USSR fell; major genocide called ethnic cleansing. Clinton sent in troops to help stop

Washington's Precedents

1) He established a cabinet. 2) He stayed in office for only two terms. 3) He remained neutral in terms of international affairs-this did not hold for all presidents, but certainly set an example.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Yorktown

1781; last battle of the revolution; Benedict Arnold, Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrended

Great Compromise

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

George Washignton

1789-1797

John Adams

1797-1801

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Thomas Jefferson

1801-1809

Lewis and Clark

1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

James Madison

1809-1817

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

James Monroe

1817-1825

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819, Cheif justice john marshall limits of the US constition and of the authority of the federal and state govts. one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldnt interfere

John Quincy Adams

1825-1829

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837

William Loyd Garrison and The Liberator

1831 The Liberator. Boston same year as Nat Turner's revolt. Focus on African slaves rather than slave owners and damage to White Society. He rejects gradual emancipation and wants immediate unconditional Universal abolition of slavery Racial equality.

Martin Van Buren

1837-1841

William H. Harrison

1841

John Tyler

1841-1845

James Knox Polk

1845-1849

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

Zachary Taylor

1849-1850

Indian Wars

1850 to 1890; series of conflicts between the US Army / settlers and different Native American tribes

Millard Fillmore

1850-1853

Franklin Pierce

1853-1857

James Buchanan

1857-1861

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Abraham Lincoln

1861-1865

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Lincoln's 10% Plan

1863 *Lincoln believed that seceded states should be restored to that Union quickly and easily, with "malice toward none, with charity for all." *Lincoln's "10% Plan" allowed Southerners, excluding high-ranking confederate officers and military leaders, to take an oath promising future loyalty to the Union and an end to slavery *When 10 percent of those registered to vote in 1860 took the oath, a loyal state government could be formed *This plan was not accepted by Congress

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

Andrew Johnson

1865-1869

Johnson's Impeachment

1868, Tenure of Office act created to freeze radical spy Secretary of War Stanton in the cabinet, Johnson dismissed him, House voted impeachment for high crimes and misdemeanors, Senate voted not guilty by 1 vote

Ulysses S. Grant

1869-1877

Secret Ballot Act

1872, people could vote freely in secret by writing down their vote

Rutherford B. Hayes

1877-1881

James Garfield

1881

Chester A. Arthur

1881-1885

Pendleton Act

1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Grover Cleveland

1885-1889

Wabash v. Illinois

1886 - Stated that individual states could control trade in their states, but could not regulate railroads coming through them. Congress had exclusive jurisdiction over interstate commerce.

Haymarket Riot

1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence

Benjamin Harrison

1889-1893

Oklahoma Land Rush

1889; former Indian lands;opened up for settlement, resulting in a race to lay claim for a homestead (Boomers and Sooners)

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

Grover Cleveland (2nd Term)

1893-1897

William Mckinley

1897-1901

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Filipino War

1899-1903 conflict in which the U.S. fought to keep these islands from becoming independent.

Theodore Roosevelt

1901-1909

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Muckrakers

1906 - Journalists who searched for corruption in politics and big business

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

William Howard Taft

1909-1913

Woodrow Wilson

1913-1921

Underwood-Simmons Tariff

1914, lowered tariff, substantially reduced import fees. Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment.

The Great War (WWI)

1914-1918 involved all of Europe and perpetrated enormous slaughter and devastation. It brought widespread misery, social disruption and economic collapse.

Zimmerman Note

1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile

Espionage Act

1917 act gave the government new ways to combat spying

Warren G. Harding

1921-1923

Calvin Coolidge

1923-1929

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Herbert Hoover

1929-1933

Franklin Roosevelt

1933-1945

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Korematsu v. US

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Yalta Conference

1945 strategy meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin

Harry S. Truman

1945-1953

Truman Doctrine

1947 - Stated that the U.S. would support any nation threatened by Communism.

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality

Dwight Eisenhower

1953-1961

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

John F. Kennedy

1961-1963

Lyndon B. Johnson

1963-1969

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution authorizing President Johnson to take military action in Vietnam

Freedom Summer

1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi

Great Society

1964, LBJ's policies of fighting poverty and racial injustice

Richard M. Nixon

1969-1974

wage and price freeze

1971; following price inflation, followed by a pay board and a price commission with authority to limit wage and price increases when the freeze ended

Nixon resigns

1974 because he was facing impeachment, first and only resignation. resulted from political scandal in Democratic National Committee. also tried many of his administrators.

Gerald R. Ford

1974-1977

Jimmy Carter

1977-1981

SALT 11

1979, Carter and Brezhnev signed SALT agreement- when Soviets invaded Afghanistan later that year, however, the US cCongress refused to ratify SALT 11.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989

George Bush

1989-1993

the dotcom boom

1990's surge of the world wide web industries that collapsed in the 2000's

Health care reform

1993-1994; during Clinton's presidency, Dems were also in control of congress but his major health plan was going to fail so he withdrew it; even when non-divided government, president can still fail

Bill Clinton

1993-2001

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

No Child Left Behind

2001 law that set high standards and measurable goals for education.

George W. Bush

2001-2009

WorldCom

2002 telecommunications company WorldCom was also found to have misreported losses and inflated profits by its own internal auditors -SEC launched an investigation and several executives were convicted of securities fraud

Barack Obama

2009-2016

Warren Harding

29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal

Erie Canal (1817-1825)

350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Neutrality Proclamation

A 1793 statement by President Washington that the United States would not support or aid either France or Britain in their European conflict following the French Revolution

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Grantism

A 19th century term for political corruption during the Gilded Age. Which included bribery scandals, abuses of the spoils system and political cronyism.

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

Viet Chong

A Communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam.

Farmers' Alliance

A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Pinchot-Ballinger Affair

A Power struggle between Gifford Pinchot and Richard Ballinger, SSecretary of the Interior. Ballinger had removed 1 million acres of forest and mineral land from the reserved list, which betrayed conservation policy. Taft supported Ballinger and dismissed Pinchot when he asked Congress to investigate the matter. The congressional committee also pardoned Ballinger. This contributed to the split of the republican party.

Carnegie

A Scottish immigrant who made a fortune in steel and donated most of his profits.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

How the Other Half Lives

A book by John Riis that told the public about the lives of the immigrants and those who live in the tenements

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Federalist Papers

A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.

Plymouth Colony

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Helsinki Accords

A conference in Finland in 1975 that was an attempt to improve relations between the East and West

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Dust Bowl

A drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes very dry.

Expanding Electorate

A factor contributing to low-voter turnout. Since voter turnout rates are based on statistics counting all potential or eligible voters, rather than registered voters, an expanding electorate negatively impacts the overall voter turnout rate.

Thomas Nast

A famous caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning. His artwork was primarily based on political corruption. He helped people realize the corruption of some politicians

Medicaid

A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Hamiltonian Economics

A financial plan to guide America early in its history as a new nation. It included a tariff, paying off war debts, excise tases, and the creation of a National Bank

Impeachment

A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Brandies Brief

A friend of the court opinion offered by Louis Brandeis, in the Supreme Court case Muller v. Oregon (1908), which spoke about inherent differences between men and women in the work place.

Welfare State

A government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.

Niagra Movement

A group of black and white reformers, including W. E. B. DuBois. They organized the NAACP in 1909.

Taliban

A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Neoconservatives

A group that championed free-market capitalism liberated from government restraints, anti-soviet positions in foreign policy, questioned liberal welfare programs, and called for the reassertion of traditional values of individualism and the centrality of the family

London Company

A joint-stock company chartered in 1606 and was responsible for founding the first permanent English settlement in America; Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.

Prohibition

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

Draft

A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military

Slave Trade Prohibition Act of 1807

A law that stated that no new slaves were allowed to be imported into the United States starting January 1, 1808

Louis Brandeis

A lawyer and jurist, he created the "Brandeis Brief," which succinctly outlines the facts of the case and cites legal precedents, in order to persuade the judge to make a certain ruling.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Hartford Convention (1814)

A meeting of Federalist delegates from New England inspired by Federalist opposition to the War of 1812;contributed to the death of the Federalist Party during the "Era of Good Feelings"

aristocrat

A member of a rich and powerful family

Island Hopping

A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

Gold Standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

social welfare

A nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society.

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation

Populists

A party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8hr working day

Economic Recession

A period of economic decline when demand for work is low or even stops.

Transportation Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation.

Loose Constructionist

A person who interprets the Constitution in a way that allows the federal government to take actions that the constitution does not specifically forbid it from taking

Peace With Honor

A phrase U.S. President Richard M. Nixon used in a speech , to describe the Paris Peace Accord to end the Vietnam War.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

Isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

Detente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Brinkmanship

A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Compassionate Conservatism

A political philosophy that promotes solving social issues through cooperation with private agencies rather than through direct government programs. It also stresses personal responsibility and accountability as keys to success.

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.

airplanes

A powered flying vehicle with fixed wings and a weight greater than that of the air it displaces. Was used in WWI for resonances.

Initiative

A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.

Congressional Reconstruction

A process led by the Radical Republicans that led to the usage of military force to protect blacks' rights.

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

"Read my lips, no new taxes"

A promise that Bush made in his convention speech, but later broke.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Credibility Gap

A public distrust of statements made by the government

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Northern Securities Company

A railroad monopoly formed by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill which violated Sherman Antitrust Act

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Columbine Shooting

A school shooting in Columbine, CO where students who had been bullied killed 12 students and 1 teacher (1999).

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Zoot Suit Riots

A series of riots in L.A. California during WW2, soldiers stationed in the city and Mexican youths because of the zoot suits they wore.

Panic of 1873 (1873-1879)

A severe international economic depression triggered by overproduction of railroads, mines, factories and farm products. *Historical Significance:* Led to the *Railroad Strike of 1877*.

currency inflation

A situation where the value of money goes down. During periods of inflation, the value of money goes down because each dollar actually buys less than at normal levels. More money is in circulation. FARMERS WANT INFLATION!! BIG BUSINESS DOESN'T

neighborhood

A small social area within a city where residents share values and concerns and interact with one another on a daily basis

Temperance Movement

A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

I have a dream speech

A speech given by Martin Luther King, Jr. at the demonstration of freedom in 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial. It was an event related to the civil rights movement of the 1960's to unify citizens in accepting diversity and eliminating discrimination against African-Americans

Pullman Strike (1894)

A staged walkout strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened because it was interfering with mail delivery and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's continuing willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

Carnegie Steel

A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations.

Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)

A strike organized by the United Mine Workers of America that took place in Pennsylvania. Notable for Roosevelt's forcing of the coal corporations to cooperate with the strikers.

Roosevelt Panic of 1907

A sudden economic downturn which was blamed on the president's reckless economic policies.

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Plantation System

A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor.

Spoils System

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

High Federalists

A term used to describe Alexander Hamilton and some of his less-moderate supporters. They wanted the naval war with France to continue and also wanted to severly limit the rights of an opposition party.

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Triangular Trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

party machines

A type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern.

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

War of 1812

A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.

Limited War

A war fought to achieve a limited objective, such as containing communism

Northwest Passage

A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century.

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Radical Abolitionists

Abolitionists that aimed to end slavery all together; an example would William Seward.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Abortion rights fall within the privacy implied in the 14th amendment

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Quartering Act of 1765

Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.

Dingley Tariff of 1897

Act which raised import duties to an all-time high

War Labor Board

Acted as a supreme court for labor cases. Did more harm than good when it tried to limit wages, which led to strikes.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Navigation Acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

Force Acts

Acts passed to promote African American voting and mainly aimed at limiting the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. Through the acts, actions committed with the intent to influence voters, prevent them from voting, or conspiring to deprive them of civil rights, including life, were made federal offenses. Thus the federal government had the power to prosecute the offenses, including calling federal juries to hear the cases.

Captain John Smith

Admiral of New England, an English soldier, sailor, and author. This person is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Native American girl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy and her father, Chief Powhatan. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay.

Child Labor Reform

Advocates of Child Labor made reform of child labor laws a slow and difficult process; 1938 Fair Standards Act included child labor protection including minimum wage requirements and age limitations

Camelot

After JFK died, his wife, Jackie, compared their time in the White House to this musical.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Half-Way Covenant (1662)

Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans.

AAA

Agricultural Adjustment Administration: attempted to regulate agricultural production through farm subsidies; ruled unconstitutional in 1936; disbanded after World War II

SEATO

Alliance formed to oppose Communism in Southeast Asia

North African Campaign

Allies made plans to attack North Africa instead. Axis forces there were in control of Erwin Rommel "Desert Fox". Allies drove Germany out of North Africa in May 1943. Significant: because it gives us experience and battle practice. November 1942= El Aleman British protect Suez Canal. November 8, 1942: Allies land in Morocco (under Eisenhower) George Patton May 1943: Drive Germans out of North Africa.

Blue Laws

Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. Blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker Pennsylvania.

Hayes-Tilden Compromise

Also known as the Compromise of 1877, it resolved the disputed presidential election of 1876, giving Republican Hayes the presidency in exchange for removing troops from the South and ending reconstruction

21st amendment

Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment

AFL

American Federation of Labor. A union of skilled workers from one or more trades which focused on collective bargaining (negotiation between labor and management) to reach written agreements on wages hours and working conditions. The AFL used strikes as a major tactic to win higher wages and shorter work weeks.

Fredrick Douglass (1817-1895)

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer.

Mountain Men

American adventurers and fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains

Sierra Club

American environmental organization. Helped promote the protection of the environment and nature.

Dough Boys

American foot soldiers

MacArthur

American general; he commanded U.S. troops in the South Pacific during World War II; later he commanded UN forces in the Korean War; also drove the Bonus Marchers out of DC

Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)

American hostages taken by US hating Shiites upon Shah's flight from uprising, botched rescue attempts

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Pocohontas

An American Indian princess who saved the life of John Smith and helped form more peaceful relations with the Powhatan when she married John Rolfe but died of smallpox in England on a visit to Rolfe's family. Her remains are still there as the English government refuses to send her remains back to North America.

Desert Land Act of 1877

An act which was passed to encourage the development of agriculture in the more arid locations of the Western United States.

Battle Of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

private charities

An early approach to social work that involved private individuals and religious organizations that provided material relief to the poor

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964

An economic legislation that created many social programs to help provide funds for youth programs antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training; part of the Great Society.

Supply side economics

An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.

Speakeasies

An illegal bar where drinks were sold, during the time of prohibition. It was called a Speakeasy because people literally had to speak easy so they were not caught drinking alcohol by the police.

"Cross Of Gold"

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

global warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

Missionary

An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion.

speculation

An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.

Labor Unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

OPEC

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.

The Man in the Grey Flannel Suit (1956)

Analyzed the growing sense of conformity and the loss of individualism in American society. (825)

ABM

Anti-Ballistic Missile

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government

The Liberator

Anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison; drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative, causing a war of words btw supporters of slavery and those opposed.

bill of rights debate

Antifederalists argued that in a state of nature people were entirely free. ... Federalists rejected the proposition that a bill of rights was needed. They made a clear distinction between the state constitutions and the U.S. Constitution.

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

Lexington and Concord

April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)

District of Columbia

Area set aside along the banks of the Potomac River for the new national capital, Washington, D.C.

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries.

ARVN

Army of the Republic of Vietnam

John Foster Dulles

As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Divided Germany

At the Yalta Conference, it was decided that Germany would be divided into four zones to be occupied and governed by military forces of the United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union, and France.

AEC

Atomic Energy Commission

Mahan

Author of "The Influence of Sea Power" in which he argued a strong navy was essential for the protection of American interests

Bland-Allison Act (1878)

Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)

Authorized the use of federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states.

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.

Bank War (1832)

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

missle gap

Belief that the Soviet Union had more nuclear weapons than the United States.

A. Philip Randolph

Black leader, who threatens a march to end discrimination in the work place; Roosevelt gives in with companies that get federal grants.

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.

Rolling Thunder

Bombing campaign escalating against North Vietnam. target was the Ho Chi Minh Trail, and network of trails, bridges, and shelters in North Vietnam to Cambodia and Laos to South Viet. This bombing had little affect on Vietcong and they began to make underground tunnel systems.

Oklahoma City Bombing

Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Election of 2000

Bush v. Gore; Bush won although Gore won popular vote; controversy over the final vote count in Florida; settled by Supreme Court decision in favor of Bush

Military Advisors

By 1963, the United States was becoming more involved in helping South Vietnam. President Kennedy provided military advisors and 16,000 support troops, but not combat troops. (p. 613)

Proposition 209 (1996)

California initiative that banned all affirmative action programs.

Irish Immigrants

Came to the U.S. because of the Irish Potato Famine. Many worked in factories in harsh conditions for little pay

Panama Canal Turnover

Carter's attempt to gradually transfer the Panama Canal back into the hands of Panama

Tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

Bank Closures

Caused by little money in circulation and people cleaning out their accounts

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian intelligence agency of the United States government. Its primary function is obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons in order to advise public policymakers

American Firsters

Charles Lindburgh; Henry Ford

dime novels

Cheaply bound and widely circulated novels that became popular after the Civil War depicting such scenarios from the "Wild West" and other American tales.

Marshall Court

Chief Justice John Marshall; established the power of the federal government over the states; supremacy clause; supported by McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden

Bull Conner

Chief of the police in Birmingham. He attacked protesters viciously with dogs, fire hoses, and electric cattle prods. He said that the streets would flood with blood before integration.

Child Labor

Children were viewed as laborers throughout the 19th century. Many children worked on farms, small businesses, mills and factories.

CWA

Civil Works Adminstration: emergency work relief program, put more than four million people to work during the winter of 1933-34

CCC

Civilian Conservation Corps. It was Relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

Collapse of the Soviet Union

Communism collapsed in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during 1989 - 1991; the Cold War also ended during

Red China

Communist China beginning in 1949.

Mt. Vernon Conference

Conference held by delegates from Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania at Washington's home at Mt. Vernon in 1785. The delegates agreed that problems with the Articles of Confederation were serious enough to meet again in Annapolis, where all the colonies could be represented.

hour reduction

Congress passed the Adamson Act, a federal law that established an eight-hour workday for interstate railroad workers. The Supreme Court constitutionalized the act in 1917.

Draft Riots

Conscription Act in 1863 forced men between 20-45 years old to be eligible for conscription but one could avoid it if they paid 300 or got someone in their place; provoked anger from poor workers

New right

Conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that have arisen since the 1960's and stress "traditional values," often with a racist undertone.

Coughlin, Long, and Townsend

Coughlin: Catholic priest from Michigan Whose anti-New Deal harangues in the 1930's became so anti- Sematic, fascist, and demagogic that he was silenced by his superiors.; Long: Louisiana Senator who opposed FDR's New Deal and came up with a , "Share the Wealth" wants to give $5000 to all families.; Townsend: attracted the trusting support of perhaps 5 million "senior citizens" with his fantastic plan of each senior receiving $200 month, provided that all of it would be spent within the month.

Rosenbergs

Couple executed for giving military secrets to the Soviets in the 1950's

Atomic Energy Commission

Created in 1946 to oversee the research and production of atomic power.

Axis of Evil

Created in 2002 by George W. Bush to show the "bad guys" which include: Iran, Iraq, and N. Korea

Compromise of 1877

Deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) & Samuel Tilden (Dem.); Hayes was awarded presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of fed. troops from the South

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Marshall Court (1801-1835)

Decided Marbury v. Madison making the SC a co-equal branch of government. Landmark cases included Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch c. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden.

Lochner v. New York (1905)

Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights.

Trenches

Deep ditches used in battle for cover against enemy gunfire

Headrights/ Head Right System

Definition: -parcels of land (approximately 50 acres) given to the colonists who brought indentured servants to America Significance: -since it gave land to the settlers who brought indentured servants, the servants couldn't find land after their contract of servitude expired (couldn't vote) Corroboration: Virginia Company: The Virginia Company employed the headright system to attract more colonists

Farming crisis

Demand for crops fell after WW1

Election of 1932

Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover, who was running for reelection. FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.

New Freedom

Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)

Democratic Domestic Affairs: Panic of 1837 Continued Jackson's policy of Indian Removal Specie Circular—hard currency Aroostook War Foreign Affairs: Opposed annexation of Texas Webster-Ashburton Treaty

James Monroe (1817-1825)

Democratic Republic Domestic Affairs: "Era of Good Feelings National Tour Assembled strong cabinet The Panic of 1819 Missouri Compromise Liberia The American System Henry Clay Foreign Affairs: Rush-Bagot Treaty Adams-Onis Treaty Monroe Doctrine Neutrality in Europe Prevent regaining colonies Prevent further coloization

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Internment Camps

Detention centers where more than 100,000 Japanese Americans were relocated during World War II by order of the President.

Insular Cases

Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

Black Muslims

Developed by the black Muslim Leader Elijah Muhammad who preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. The movement attracted thousands of followers.

Lowell System

Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life.

Salk

Developed polio vaccine

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

Directed the Treasury to buy even larger amounts of silver that the Bland-Allison Act and at inflated prices. The introduction of large quantities of overvalued silver into the economy led to a run on the federal gold reserves, leading to the Panic of 1893. Repealed in 1893.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.

delaration of independence

Document written by Thomas Jefferson on July 4, 1776 that formally delcared the colonies independent from Britain; includes the idea that "all men are created equal"

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The 12 local Indian tribes gave the Americans the Ohio Valley territory in exchange for a reservation and $10,000.

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

Hamilton and Adams conflict

During Washington's presidency, Adams was openly suspicious of Hamilton's role in the administration and his ambitions. When Adams was running for a second term, Hamilton published a letter to his supporters Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq. President of the United States.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

military-industrial complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)

Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East.

Dulles

Eisenhower's Secretary of State

Dynamic Conservatism

Eisenhower's philosophy of being liberal in all things human and being conservative with all things fiscal. Appealed to both Republicans and Democrats.

water power

Energy produced from falling water to move machinery or generate electricity.

Wallace

English naturalist; developed a theory of evolution similar to Darwin's.

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

Range Wars

Era where the open range is closed down and cattlemen have to fight w/ farmers & sheepherders for grazing lands

Colonial Assemblies

Existed in all of the British colonies in America; House of Burgesses in Virginia was the first one. Members of colonial assemblies were almost always members of the upper classes of colonial society.

Utopian Societies

Experimental societies whose supporters believed that they could further their own moral and spiritual development through cooperative communities. *Examples:* Brook Farm New Harmony Shakers Oneida Community

mercantile trade

Export more value of goods than you import; favorable balance of trade

Fair Employment Practices Commission

FDR issued this committee in 1941 to enforce the policy of prohibiting employment-related discrimination practices by federal agencies, unions, and companies involved in war-related work It guaranteed the employment of 2 million black workers in the war factories.

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $100,000

Land Grants

Federally owned acreage granted to the railroad companies in order to encourage the building of rail lines

Trusts

Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly). There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies.

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution

Jack Johnson

First African American boxer to win the World Heavyweight title (1908), represented idea of the "New Negro" in early-1900s American culture.

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

Forced march of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Moral Diplomacy

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

Secession

Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation

Battle of New Orleans, 1815

Fought after the war of 1812 ended (signing of Treaty of Ghent). Also opened up new lands to settlers.

Virginia and Tobacco

Founded by London Company in 1607. Was a part of the 1606, 1609, 1612 Charter and was made royal in 1624. It was huge in tobacco and black slaves took over most of the population. 1619 representative self-government was born.

Jane Addams (1860-1935)

Founder of Hull House. Best-known for her work as a leader of the settlement house movement.

Bull Moose

Four-footed symbol of Roosevelt's Progressive third party in 1912

Fall of France

France and Britain created a Maginot Line, which is a system of fortifications along France's eastern border. The Germans rode through an area of wooded ravines in northest France, completely avoiding the blockade. Then Germans marched to Paris and trapped the soldiers; soon Hitler gave them terms of peace.

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who joined General Washington's staff and became a general in the Continental Army.

Iran in WWII

GB took over the South and USSR took the North in order to protect the oil industry from being taken over by Nazis

Post war economic boom

GNP rose from 100 billion in 1940 to 300 billion in 1950 to 500 billion in 1960 due to consumers who saved during war years because they had nothing to buy and everyone had jobs.

War Powers Act of 1973

Gave any president the power to go to war under certain circumstances, but required that he could only do so for 90 days before being required to officially bring the matter before Congress.

Meuse-Argonne offensive (1918)

General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing led American troops in this effort to cut the German railroad lines supplying the western front. It was one of the few major battles that Americans participated in during the entire war, and was still underway when the war ended.

Women labor

Generally excluded; viewed as cheap competition for men Some argued that conditions forced women to work

1968 Election

George Wallace vs. Nixon vs. Humphrey; very narrow popular vote triumph to Nixon (although he had clear majority of electoral votes)

Sussex Pledge

German pledge to warn neutral ships and passenger vessels before attacking

U-Boats

German submarines used in World War I

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan

Newt Gingrich

Gingrich was the Republican speaker in the House. He pushed for more conservative legislation during Clinton's presidency.

Checkers Speech

Given by Richard Nixon on September 23, 1952, when he was the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency. Said to have saved his career from a campaign contributions scandal.

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

Government agency that manages and finances many of the schools on Native American Reservations.

Railroad subsidies

Government grants of land or money to railroad companies to build railroads in the West.

Strike breaking

Government troops routinely helped break up strikes

Granger Laws

Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional

Vicksburg

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

Patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

14th Amendment (1868)

Grants citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the US"; it forbids any state to deny any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws." Most important law ever passed besides original Constitution and Bill of Rights. It has been the vehicle for the expansion of civil rights, women's rights, gay rights among other movements. It also allowed for the "incorporation doctrine" which means the application of the national Bill of Rights to the states.

Yankee Greenbacks

Greenbacks were paper currency issued by the United States during the American Civil War.

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights workers who took bus trips through southern states in 1961 to protest illegal bus segregation

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

National Bank

Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way.

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

He became a well-known printer in Philadelphia and an active leader in the city. He published Poor Richard's Almanack between 1732 and 1758 and his Autobiography in 1818. He was a member of the committee which wrote the Declaration of Independence but spent most of the period of the American Revolution in France. He negotiated the alliance with France and then the Treaty of Paris which ended the war. He also participated in the U.S. Constitutional Convention in 1787, and earned distinction as the oldest delegate in attendance. His many talents earned him a reputation as "the first civilized American." In addition to his political activities, he supported education and was considered a gifted scientist without peer in the colonies. He proved that lightning was a form of electricity, a discovery that earned him international fame.

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

Garfeild's Assassination

He was shot by Charles J. Guiteau at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C., and died in Elberon, New Jersey. Guiteau's motive was revenge against Garfield for an imagined political debt.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

McCarthy Hearings

Hearings that McCarthy had to tell if people were communist and should be blacklisted.

tanks

Heavy armored vehicle which could travel over barbed wire and across enemy trenches

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Held that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty; ignored by the Jackson administration.

Annapolis Convention (1786)

Held to discuss the barriers that limited trade or commerce between the largely independent states under the Articles of Confederation. *Historical Significance:* Led to the Constitutional (Philadelphia) Convention in 1787.

Clay: Compromise Tariff of 1833

Henry Clay devised the Compromise Tariff of 1833 which gradually reduced the rates levied under the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. It caused South Carolina to withdraw the ordinance nullifying the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. Both protectionists and anti-protectionists accepted the compromise.

rugged individualism

Herbert Hoover's belief that people must be self-reliant and not depend upon the federal government for assistance.

Tariff Crisis

High Tariffs were issued, but the South got angry because they relied on Northern supplies

Poland: WWII

Hitler and Stalin agree to split it. GB and F agree to defend it if its attacked. In reality, they declare war on G, but don't defend Poland.

Hobos

Homeless wanderers who often rode the rails

limited suffrage

If the right to vote is only granted to a portion of the adult population and is denied to a part

Gage Rule

Ignored anti-slavery petitions. After the War with Mexico, we received the territories of California, New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada for $15 million, the rule was disbanded because they had to decide if the states were going to have slaves or not.

graft

Illegal use of political influence for personal gain

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Sacco and Vanzetti

In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Levittown

In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in surburban New York to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Enron

In November 2001 Enron, the United States' seventh largest corporation, issued a statement drastically revising its stated profits over the past three years. Within a month, the company was forced to declare bankruptcy—the largest bankruptcy in business history—and numerous charges surfaced that the company had engaged in a repeated pattern of un-ethical and perhaps illegal practices. In addition to shareholder and employee lawsuits, Enron's executives also faced potential criminal charges for their roles in the scandal.

New Nixon

In light of all the anti-war sentiment and backlash he was getting, he decided to abandon his hard criticism of communists and initiates his "secret" plan to end the Vietnam War. He must appeal to the Silent Majority, the hard working middle class who doesn't have time to protest but adamantly demands "Law & Order" and "Peace with Honor"

Bonus Marchers

In the spring of 1932, 20,000 unemployed World War I veterans descended on Washington to demand early payment of a bonus due in 1945, only to be driven away by federal soldiers led by the army's chief of staff, Douglas MacArthur.

Poverty

Inability to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter.

Morill Tariff Act (1861)

Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War.

Hawaiian Islands

Independent island nation in Pacific Ocean annexed by U.S. in 1898

Powhatan

Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia

Poison Gas

Introduced by the Germans and was used by both sides during the war; caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation

Al Queda

Islamic fundamentalist group; originally supported by U.S when fighting Russia in Afghanistan; anti-us; Osama ben Laden is Leader

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

JFK Assassination

JFK assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald was then shot by Jack Ruby when being transferred between jails. The Warren Commission was created to investigate the crime.

Peace Corps, 1961

JFK called for volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by fighting poverty in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The work is generally related to social and economic development. Volunteers went abroad to work with governments, schools, non-profit organizations, non-government organizations, entrepreneurs in education, hunger, business, information technology, agriculture, and the environment.

King Andrew

Jackson's lust for power and control gained him this nickname among members of the Whig party

Casablanca Conference

Jan. 14-23, 1943 - FDR and Chruchill met in Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war.

Gentleman's Agreement (1907-1908)

Japan's government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the United States in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order.

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Harper's Ferry

John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

1824 Election

John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson (and William H. Crawford and Henry Clay); John Quincy is elected by decision of the House of Representatives; only election in which the presidency had to be decided by the House because no candidate received a majority of electoral college votes and the only election in which the president with the most electoral votes was not elected president.

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

The Gospel of Success

Justification for the growing gap between rich and poor during the Industrial Revolution. The "Gospel" centered on the claim that anyone could become wealthy with enough hard work and determination. Writers like Horatio Alger incorporated this ideology into their work.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

immigration laws

Laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Jim Crow

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Personal Liberty Laws

Laws passed by Northern states forbidding the imprisonment of escaped slaves

Diem

Leader of South Vietnam, 1954-1963; supported by United States, but not by Vietnamese Buddhist majority; assassinated in 1963

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

National Energy Act of 1978

Legislation that penalized manufacturers of gas-guzzling automobiles and provided additional incentives for energy conservation and development of alternative fuels, such as wind and solar power. The act fell short of the long-term, comprehensive program that President Carter advocated.

Restrictions

Limits the use of the property such as deed restrictions or restrictive covenants.

Election of 1864: candidates, parties

Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. Lincoln won 212 electoral votes to 21, but the popular vote was much closer. (Lincoln had fired McClellan from his position in the war.)

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Made it so that meat would be inspected by the government from coral to can. It began a quality rating system as well as increased the sanitation requirements for meat producers.

Chinese Immigrants

Many Chinese came to America with the 1849 California Gold Rush; many then returned to China.

Town Meetings in New England

Many towns relied upon a New England style of town meetings in which all white, land holding men were allowed to participate in citizen-participation direct democracy.

Fall Of China

Mao Tse-Tung led the Communists in China. Because of the failure to form a coalition government between Chiang Kai-Shek and the Communists, civil war broke out in China after WWII. The Communists won in 1949, but the new government was not recognized by much of the world, including the U.S.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers

Fall of Saigon

Marked the end of the Vietnam War in April, 1975 when North Vietnamese invaded South Vietnam, forcing all Americans left to flee in disarray as the capitol was taken

Conversion

Massachusetts Puritan churches; the relation of a conversion narrative emphasized their belief in "faith as the essence of the church: and they were to ensure the presence of faith in their members by a screening process

VE day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Body Counts

Measure of Success in Vietnam, # of Vietcong killed

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Braceros

Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers.

Race Riots

Migration of African Americans to nothern cities increased racial tensions, which led to violence in many cities. Conditions were no better in the South than in the North.

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

Abolition

Movement to end slavery

overseas competition

NICs have the advantage of cheap labour, expanding national markets and the newest technology. This has led to a global shift of manufacturing industry towards South-East Asia.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

NRA

National Recovery Administration: established and adminstered a system of industrial codes to control production, prices, labor relations, and trade practices

NSC-68

National Securtiy Council memo #68 US "strive for victory" in cold war, pressed for offensive and a gross increase ($37 bil) in defense spending, determined US foreign policy for the next 20-30 yrs

malaise speech (1979)

National address by Jimmy Carter in July 1979 in which the President chided American materialism and urged a communal spirit in the face of economic hardships. Although Carter intended the speech to improve both public morale and his standings as a leader, it had the opposite effect and was widely perceived as a political disaster for the embattled president.

NLRB

National labor Relations Board: (established by Wagner Act) Greatly enhanced power of American labor by overseeing collective bargaining; continues to arbitrate labor-management disputes today

Code Talkers

Navajo Indians recruited by the U.S. Marine Corps to transmit messages in the Navajo language

Coral Sea and Midway

Naval and air victories won by the allies in Spring of 1942. Summer of 1942 the Americans landed at Guadalcanal(island in Pacific occupied by Japanese) and began island-hopping towards Japan.

Paris Peace Talks

Negotiations between the US and the North Vietnam, beginning in 1968. Failed to produce an agreement

Railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century

Menlo Park

New Jersey village west of New York City where Thomas Edison established the world's first industrial research laboratory in 1876. He lived there until his wife's death in 1884.

New Markets

New areas that are set up to buy or sell goods.

Contract with America (1994)

Newt Gingrich (Republican congressman) planned for success of Republican party in upcoming election by pledging tax cuts, congressional term limits, tougher crime laws, balanced budget amendment, popular reforms &c.

King Mob

Nickname for all the new participants in government that came with Jackson's presidency. This nickname was negative and proposed that Jackson believed in too much democracy, perhaps leading to anarchy.

Secret War

Nixon ordered secret bombing of enemy supply routes and bases in Cambodia lous and North Vietnam

Cambodia

Nixon widened the Vietnam War by moving troops into this country to try and remove enemy camps.

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Tapes

Nixon's secret taping system in the Oval office. The Supreme Court ordered him to release the unexpurgated tapes. Lawyers were astounded to find in them incontrovertible evidence that the president had ordered the cover-up six days after the Watergate break-in.

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

NVA

North Vietnamese Army

Tariff Disputes

North: wanted high tariffs to protect its manufactured goods South: wanted low tariffs

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Republican party Split

Occurs during the election of 1912. Roosevelt's Bull-Moose Party is formed. Alters the character of the Republican party when the more liberal follow Roosevelt.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

One of Herbert Hoover's earliest efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression. Tariff raised rates to an all-time high.

Abu Ghraib

One of Saddam's most notorious prisons for dissenters; when Americans took over, it became notorious for a place of torment and humiliation for detainees

Statues of Religious Freedom

One of the most eloquent statements of religious freedom ever written, the statute influenced both the drafting of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the United States Supreme Court's understanding of religious freedom.

Half-Breeds and Stalwarts

Opposing factions that competed for control of the Republican Party by the end of Rutherford B. Haye's term.

Captains of Industry

Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power

Slavery Debate

PRO-SLAVERY: Nott, Paine, Cartwright ANTI-SLAVERY: Rush, Douglass, de Tocqueville (blacks are superior) SHARED PREMISE: black people don't feel as much pain as white people, they're different. DISAGREEMENT: whether this is innate or a consequence of slavery/oppression

ward captain

Party official who mobilizes voters to support party slate within their ward

Americans with Disabilities Act

Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commerical buildings.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress on May 28, 1830, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson. It authorized the president to negotiate with Indians tribes in the Southern U.S. for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands. The act was strongly supported by non-native people of the South, who were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the Five Civilized Tribes. The Removal Act paved the way for the reluctant migration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West, an event widely known as the "Trail of Tears".

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

Camp David Accords (1978)

Peace treaty between Egypt and Israel; hosted by US President Jimmy Carter; caused Egypt to be expelled from the Arab league; created a power vacuum that Saddam hoped to fill; first treaty of its kind between Israel and an Arab state

Easy Credit

People could purchase things off of credit which before they would have had to save up for years

Boycotts

People refuse to buy a company's product until the company meets demands.

Suffragettes

People who campaigned for women's right to vote in the late 1800's and early 1900's.

Indian Agents

People who negotiate with the Indians. They can be indians or white men

Free Soilers

People who opposed expansion of slavery into western territories

Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24

Period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion under the presidency of James Monroe. Only one major political party at the time (Republican)

Stock Market Crash of 1929

Plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

Free SIlver

Political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan

Greenback Labor Party

Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress.

William Jennings Brian

Populist candidate for president; gave "Cross of Gold" speech

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

Post Civil War- Reconstruction *Carpetbaggers: Derogatory Southern name for Northerners who came to the South to participate in Reconstruction governments *Names came from the cloth bags of possessions many of them used to travel South *Scalawags: Derogatory name for Southerners working for or supporting the federal government during Reconstruction *Some of these Southerners had opposed the war from the beginning, while others helped Reconstruction for financial gain *Partially in response to Reconstruction, a group of Southern whites formed the Klu Klux Klan, which targeted carpetbaggers, scalawags, African Americans, and others with aggressive and sometime violent acts

Vertical Integration

Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

Court Packing Plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

"Return to Normalcy" (1920s)

President Harding's proposal to bring America back to how things were before the war.

War on Poverty (1964)

President Johnson's program to help Americans escape poverty through education, job training, and community development.

Vietnamazation

President Nixon's stategy for enduring US involvment in the Vietnam War. Withdraw US and fill with Vietnamese Troops.

Star Wars

President Reagan's proposed weapons system to destroy Soviet missiles from space.

James Mckinley

President during the Spanish-American War

Saddam Hussein

President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003.

Stock Watering

Price manipulation by strategic stock brokers of the late 1800s. The term for selling more stock than they actually owned in order to lower prices, then buying it back.

The Fall of the Berlin War, 1989

Pro-democracy demonstrations spread across eastern Europe in 1989, and unlike in the past, Gorbachev decided that the USSR would not intervene. The climactic event took place when crowds breached, and in many places destroyed, the Berlin Wall, which has stood as the Cold War's most prominent symbol. One by one the region's communist government agreed to give up power, and in 1991 the USSR ceased to exist; in its place were fifteen new independent nations. The swift and relatively peaceful collapse of communism in eastern Europe is known as the "velvet revolution."

mass production

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

24th Amendment (1964) (Poll Tax Amendment)

Prohibits federal and state governments from charging poll tax

Specie Resumption Act of 1875

Promised to put the country back on the gold standard.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Proposed by Senator Douglas (Illinois) and advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state). Douglas wanted it to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route through Illinois, thus benefitting his state economically. K/A Act passed but backfired terribly as extremes of both sides of slavery debate flooded into Kansas. Votes on constitutions were plagued with fraud and "Bleeding Kansas" begins as violence erupts between pro/anti-slavery groups.

PWA

Public Works Administration. Part of Roosevelts New Deal programs. Put people to work building or improving public buildings like schools, post offices,etc.

Great Awakening (1739-1744)

Puritanism had declined by the 1730s, and people were upset about the decline in religious piety. The Great Awakening was a sudden outbreak of religious fervor that swept through the colonies. One of the first events to unify the colonies.

Nixon Presidency

Pursued liberal civil rights program that made affirmative action a national policy. Escalated involvement in Vietnam. "Imperial Presidency" believed the president was above the law

Underwood Tariff

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)

Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction that required 50% of a state's 1860 voters to take an "iron clad" oath of allegiance and a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.

INF Treaty

Reagan and Gorbachev signed this treaty, which provided for the dismantling of all intermediate range nuclear weapons in Russia and all of Europe. Considered by some to be Reagan's single most important piece of foreign policy.

SDI

Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (1983), also known as "Star Wars," called for a land- or space-based shield against a nuclear attack. Although SDI was criticized as unfeasible and in violation of the Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, Congress approved billions of dollars for development.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families

RFC

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Robber Barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so Macon's Bill No. 2 replaced it.

Riis

Reporter for NY Sun who wrote How the Other Half Lives, a damning indictment of the dirt, disease etc of NY slums; influenced TR

Election of 1896

Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist "Popocrat" William Jennings Bryan. 1st election in 24 years than Republicans won a majority of the popular vote. McKinley won promoting the gold standard, pluralism, and industrial growth.

Kentucky an Virginia Resolutions

Republican documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional

Billion Dollar Congress (1889-91)

Republican-controlled Congress known for its lavish spending. *Key Legislation:* *McKinley Tariff of 1890* - Increased duties on foreign goods to about 50 percent. *Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890* - Allowed the government to buy more silver to produce currency. *Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890* - Prohibited certain business activities that reduce competition in the marketplace.

Suburbs

Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people.

Invasion of Grenada

Ronald Reagan dispatched a heavy- fire- power invasion force to the island of Grenada, where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought Marxists to power ----Americans captured the island quickly demonstrating Reagan's determination to assert the dominance of the US in the Caribbean.

Evil Empire

Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression.

Reagonomics

Ronald Reagan's economic program; founded on the belief that a capitalist system free from taxation and government involvement would be most productive, and that the prosperity of a rich upper class would "trickle down" to the poor.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

Douglass/Negro Soldiers

Saw that if former slaves could participate in fighting then couldn't be denied citizenship. He recruited over 100 free blacks

John Kerry

Secretary of State

Leonid Brezhnev

Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia.

Nye Commission (1934)

Senator Gerald Nye- Isolationism, investigating why U.S. declared war on Germany. Said economic ties were reason

Navigation Laws

Series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England.

Panic of 1893

Serious economic depression beginning in 1893. Began due to rail road companies over-extending themselves, causing bank failures. Was the worst economic collapse in the history of the country until that point, and, some say, as bad as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Convention of 1818

Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel (or latitude). Also affirmed U.S. rights to fisheries along Newfoundland and Labrador.

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.

USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 in order to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents.

Quebec Act

Signed in 1774, intended to reorganize the way these British territories were governed

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Good Neighbor Policy, 1933

Since the days of Teddy Roosevelt's Roosevelt Corrolary, the US had intervened many times in Latin America militarily and economically to benefit US businesses, enraging many Latin Americans. FDR's "Good Neighbor" policy promised to end these interventions and treat Latin America with respect. The main motivation was to prevent Latin America from joining rising tide of fascism across the world in the 1930s. FDR was very popular in Latin America due to this policy

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

Okinawa

Site of important battle near Japanese mainland; last battle before atomic bombs; Allies won

Bootlegger

Smugglers of illegal alcohol during the Prohibition era

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

Nullification Crisis

Southerners favored freedom of trade & believed in the authority of states over the fed. gov.--> declared federal protective tariffs null and void; South believed individual state cannot defy fed. gov. alone; led to increased sense among Southerners as "minority" & threat of secession rather than nullification was the South's ultimate weapon

Invasion of Afghanistan

Soviet Union invades Afghanistan in 1979. U.S. aides Afghan rebels

Warren Comission

Special group led by chef justice Earl Warren to investigate the death of President Kennedy

Missile Crisis

Standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union in which the Soviets agreed to remove missiles from Cuba if the United States promised not to invade the island.

Border States

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

SALT 1

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, a plan to limit nuclear arms and also increased trade and exchange of scientific information.

Elkins Act (1903)

Strengthened the *Interstate Commerce Act* by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them

Schechter v. US

Supreme Court declared that the NRA was unconstitutional

Warren Court

Supreme Court of the 1960s under Chief Justice Earl Warren, whose decisions supported civil rights

Townshed Acts 1767

Taxed imported goods at point of entry. It taxed goods that colonist needed and could not produce.

Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy

Teddy Roosevelt's belief that the US should have a strong military and project an image of strength in Latin America

alphabet soup

Term used to refer to the group of New Deal programs created to provide "Relief, Reform, and Recovery" for American citizens, banks, and businesses during the Great Depression.

Massive Retaliation

The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.

Big Four

The Big Four were the four most important leaders, and the most important ones at the Paris Peace Conference. They were Woodrow Wilson- USA, David Lloyd George- UK, George Clemenceau- France, and Vittorio Orlando- Italy.

Jackie Robinson (1947)

The Brooklyn Dodger became the first African American to play for a Major League Baseball team.

Gold Coinage Act

The Coinage Act of 1849, or the Gold Coinage Act (Act of March 3, 1849, An Act to authorize the Coinage of Gold Dollars and Double Eagles, 30th Congress, Sess. 2, Chap. 109, 9 Stat. 397), was an act of the United States Congress which allowed for the minting of two new denominations of gold coins, the gold dollar

Stalingrad (1942)

The German advance into Russia was stopped at Stalingrad by the cold and cruel Russian winter and stiff Russian resistance. With the German defeat at Stalingrad, Hitler lost all hope of defeating Russia.

Hamiltonian Scandals

The Hamilton-Reynolds sex scandal was a political scandal during the Presidency of George Washington. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton had a three-year affair with Maria Reynolds while paying her husband James Reynolds blackmail money to maintain secrecy. Hamilton was forced to admit the affair after James Reynolds threatened to implicate him in Reynolds' own scheme involving speculation on unpaid back wages intended for Revolutionary War veterans. The affair was one of the first sex scandals in American political history.

HUAC

The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda

ICC Limitations

The ICC has the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

The Mayflower Compact, signed by 41 English colonists on the ship Mayflower on November 11, 1620, was an early step toward written frameworks of government in what is now the United States. The compact was drafted to prevent dissent among Puritans and non-separatist Pilgrims who had landed at Plymouth a few days earlier.

NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the United States government agency responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.

Tet Offensive (1968)

The Tet Offensive was one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968 by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army against the forces of South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. It failed militarily, but had an enormous psychological impact on the US, showing that the war was far from over, and proving that the government was lying about the war.

Moon Shot

The United States landed the first man on the moon.

Triple Wall of Privilege

The banks, trusts, and tariffs that Wilson pledged to topple were collectively known as this

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

War Industries Board (WIB)

The federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WWI

Elastic Clause

The final paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

LaFollette

The governor of Wisconsin and leader of the progressive movement, he championed control of big business, better working conditions for workers, and treating business the same as people are treated.

Continental Congress

The legislative assembly composed of delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution

pork barrel

The mighty list of federal projects, grants, and contracts available to cities, businesses, colleges, and institutions available in a congressional district.

Great Puritan Migration (1630-1640)

The migration of English people from England to the New World because King James opposed the growing Puritan population of England.

executive privilege

The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security.

Enclosures/ Overpopulation

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

urban sprawl

The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.

Bible reading/literacy

The reading of the bible lead to higher literacy rates in colonies like the Mass Bay colony.

Bible Belt

The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.

China Card

The relationship between China and the US began to worry the USSR, which is was great for Nixon because he was able to "play this up" to the USSR. The US and USSR had become equal in arsenals, and so a relationship with China sparked fear in the Soviets.

Prepardness

The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

Italy

The spread of nationalism led to the creation of this European nation thanks to figures like Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi.

Germany

The spread of nationalism led to the unification of this central European nation, following the Franco-Prussian War in 1871

Catholicism

The system, doctrine, and practice of the Roman Catholic Church.

McCarthyism

The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Investigations

The testing of a hypothesis in order to form a logical conclusion based on gathered information

televised debates

These first began with the election of 1960; Americans could see that Nixon was tired and nervous while JFK was fit, confident and relaxed; these helped JFK to win the election (IMAGE)

machine guns

These new mechanized weapons used during WWI increased loss of life from previous wars.

Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia

These were areas that Clinton sent in U.S forces on peace keeping missions.

Hepburn

This 1906 law used the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate the maximum charge that railroads to place on shipping goods.

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Welfare Reform Act of 1996

This act established the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program in place of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program and tightened Medicaid eligibility requirements. This greatly reduced the width of welfare, and imposed strict employment requirements on the states.

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Volstead Act (1919)

This law that established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department was under budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states

Clarence Thomas

This man was an African American jurist, and a strict critic of affirmative action. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush to be on the Supreme Court in 1991, and shortly after was accused of sexual harassment by Anita Hill. Hearings were reopened, and he became the second African American to hold a seat in the Supreme Court.

Strategic Hamlets

This program attempted to separate rural peasants from Communist insurgents by creating "fortified villages". The idea backfired and led to a decrease in support for Diem's regime increasing the NLF's support in favor of communism.

Wilmont Proviso (1846)

This proviso never became law but was endorsed by the state legislature of free states, and stated that slavery was prohibited in every state acquired in the Mexican War.

Cattle Drives

This refers to the forced migration of massive numbers of cattle to the railroads where they could be shipped to the East.

Civil Rights Act

This secured the rights of freedmen., it gave citizenship to African- Americans

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

First Hundred Days

This term refers to March 4 to June 16, 1933. During this period of dramatic legislative productivity, FDR laid out the programs that constituted the New Deal. Today, presidents are often measured by their actions in the same period of time

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Negro Baseball League

This was a baseball league that was just for African-Americans, this league wanted to be separated from all whites. Andrew Foster created it. Jackie Robinson integrated baseball in 1947 when he joined the Brooklyn Dodgers.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

"Work or Fight"

This was a rule by the War Dept. to draft any unemployed male.

Oregon Trail

Trail from independence Missouri to Oregon used by many pioneers during the 1840s

mass transit

Transportation system designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes

Jay's Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory

Currency Deflation

Trend of decreasing value of currency that harms common people but aids big business since every dollar is worth more.

Trenton, Saratoga, Yorktown

Trenton- Surprise battle against the Hessians which was a huge american victory Saratoga- The Battles of Saratoga marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. This battle was one my using terrain advantages

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

RFK assassination

Two months after MLK's assassination in 1968, Robert Kennedy was assassinated in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in LA. The killer, Sirahn Sirahn is still in jail for the crime. This prompted the Secret Service to protect not only the incumbent president, but also presidential candidates.

Emerson and Thoreau

Two transcendentalist authors. Emerson - Poet, philosopher, "The American Scholar." Thoreau - Poet, mystic, "Walden: Or Life in the Woods."

Barbary Wars (1801-05) and (1815)

Two wars fought between U.S. and the Barbary States in North Africa in order to end the Barbary pirates' demand for tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea.

Unrestricted U-boat Warfare

Type of warfare used by Germany in WW1 where they attacked any ship with no warning.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

HUD

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Department of Homeland Security

US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

John J. Pershing

US general who chased Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him

U2 Incident (1960)

US spy plane shot down of Soviet territory pilot Gary Powers and spite equipment found by Russians, made Cold War colder

Search and Destroy

US troop tactic used to seek out secret Viet Cong hiding places and destroy the villages that they stayed in.

War of 1812 (1812-1815)

US v Britain:fought over trade restrictions caused by British-French war; the impressment of American sailors, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion,

Quasi War

Undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. The French began to seize American ships trading with their British enemies and refused to receive a new United States minister when he arrived in Paris in December 1796.

Tariff Reduction

Underwood Tariff Act. This law reduced tariffs to their lowest levels in more than 50 years. Tariff reduction meant that the government had less income,

Peninsular Campaign (March - July 1862)

Union commander George McClellan devised this plan to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia by sending 110,000 men up the peninsula between the York and James rivers. Advised of Northern maneuvers, Southern commander Joseph Johnston detached a force to defend the peninsula. He also sent a small unit (led by Stonewall Jackson) that crushed Union reinforcements in the West. After Johnston was wounded at Seven Pines (June 1), Davis replaced him with Robert E. Lee. Lee concentrated his force north of the Chickahominy River; in the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1), the Confederates broke through Union defenses, leading to McClellan's retreat down the James toward Harrison's Landing, and failure of the campaign.

McCellan

Union general that Lincoln considered too cautious. Under him the union had many casulites at the Battle of Seven Pines. Lincon fired him several times.

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922.

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

USFS

United States Forest Service:timber harvesting, grazing, and recreation

Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

United States troops in World War I; including draftees, volunteers, and the National Guard.

barbed wire

Used to fence in land on the Great Plains, eventually leading to the end of the open frontier.

Transdentalism

Was a movement that sought to explore the realationship between humans and nature through emotions rather than through reason

Economic Boom

Was a period in American History often referred to as the Roaring Twenties. This period of economic boom was marked by rapid industrial growth and advances in technology. The Economic Boom in the 1920's saw increases in productivity, sales and wages accompanied by a rising demand for consumer products leading to massive profits for businesses and corporations.

Little Rock High School

Was the site of forced desegregation in 1957 when the governor of Alabama wouldn't allow the "Little Rock nine" access to the school. President Eisenhower then mobilized the 101st airborne division to force the school to admit the students.

Black friday

When Fisk and Gould bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit. In order to lower the high price of gold, the Treasury was forced to sell $4 million in gold from its reserves.

Burr-Hamilton Duel

When Hamilton lobbied for Jefferson when Jefferson and Burr were up for the presidency, Burr became so angered he challenged Hamilton to a duel. Hamilton accepted, and lost.

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

korea War

When North and South Korea would have two different governments. North Korea was communist and South Korea was a form of Democracy. North Korea wanted Korea to be whole and attacked south Korea. This war would go on for 3 years and not really solve anything. Korea is now split into two countries. North Korea is still communist and South Korea is a republic.

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)

With the fear of foreign competition gone, it lowered rates to 38%. Democrats felt it did not go far enough and passed the Underwood Tariff in 1913 to further lower taxes.

WAAC

Women's Auxiliary Army Corps. Women volunteering for the army would not be given the same rank, pay, or benefits as men who were doing the same thing as them.

WPA

Work Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII

cheap labour

Workers who are lowly paid, whose jobs are not protected and who have little access to the usual worker benefits.

WTO

World Trade Organization

H. Alger

Writer, his stories dealt with the themes called rags to riches.

Sinclair

Wrote "The Jungle"

Spock

Wrote The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Zenger Decision

Zenger edited and published an article that critisized the governor. The trial established freedom of the press.

Mission Accomplished

``President Bush lands on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln on May 1, 2003 and declares the war in Iraq has been won. That turns out to be incorrect.

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Yon Kippur War

a 1973 attack by Egypt and Syria on Israel (on Yom Kippur, the holiest of days on the Jewish calendar). Eventually Israel counterattacked recapturing Golan Heights. A ceasefire was reached.

Iwo Jima

a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945)

NSC

a committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security

Burger Court

a conservative jurist appointed by Nixon that nonetheless continued the judicial activism of the Warren Court as seen by Roe v. Wade; this was due to the other members of the court rather than his own liberal beliefs

quagmire

a difficult situation

Hotline

a direct telephone connection between the US and Soviet Union leaders to communicate directly during a crisis

Cartoons

a drawing completed as a full-scale working drawing for a mural or fresco or larger piece of work

sweatshop

a factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions.

Mass consumption

a large number of people purchasing large quantities of goods

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Referendum

a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate

ERA

a long and distinct period of history with a particular feature or characteristic.

Washington March

a march in Washington, D.C. where people joined together to listen to Martin Luther King, Jr. and protest against segregation.

Insurgency

a military strategy in which small, often lightly armed units engage in hit-and-run attacks against military, government, and civilian targets

Citizen Genet Affair

a minister to the United States dispatched by the revolutionary Girondist regime of the new French Republic. violated an American proclamation of neutrality in the European conflict and greatly embarrassed France's supporters in the United States. Hired Americans as privateers to prey on British commerce and opened negotiations with several American frontier leaders to attack Spanish FL/LA. Finally what made him so bad and offensive was when he commissioned several land speculators as officers in the French army.

Shanty Towns/Hoovervilles

a neighborhood in which people live in makeshift shacks

Trustbuster

a person working to destroy monopolies and trusts

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism

Head Start

a preschool program for children from low-income families that also provides healthcare, nutrition services, and social services

Parochial Schools

a private school supported by a particular church or parish.

economy of scale

a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production.

wage increase

a raise in how much money someone is paid

excise tax

a tax on the production, sale, or consumption of goods produced within a country

Space Program

a technological program intended to explore outer space

free enterprise

a type of economy in which people are free to buy, sell, and produce whatever they want

WMD

a weapon that kills or injures civilian as well as military personnel (nuclear and chemical and biological weapons)

Job Corps

a work training program for young people between the ages of 16 and 21

Northern Advantages

a)larger population, b)most of the factories to make supplies, c)most of the railroads located in the north, d)strong Navy, e)more money, f)they had an established government

Demobilization

act of changing from a war basis to a peace basis including disbanding or discharging troops

Sedition Act of 1918

added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces.

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship. The act was an attempt to destroy Indian culture and the unity of the tribe and make each Native American head of household more like the White citizen/farmers.

Utah Mormons

after the founder of the religion died the successor, brigham young, moved them to Utah, away from civilization to salt lake city

Pinckney's Treaty

agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans

Berlin AIrlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Big Three

allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

Lend-Lease Act

allowed sales or loans of war materials to any country whose defense the president deems vital to the defense of the U.S

Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

allowed states to ban abortions from public hospitals and permitted doctors to test to see if fetuses were viable

Salutary Neglect

an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty

West Bank

an area between Israel and Jordan on the west bank of the Jordan river

Grange

an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies

American System

an economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

laissez-faire capitalism

an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

anti-union law passed by increasingly conservative Congress over Truman's veto. Prohibited the closed shop (union only), permitted states to ban union-shop agreements (to become anti-union "right to work" states), forbade union contributions to candidates in federal elections, forced union leaders to swear in affidavits that they were not communists, and mandated an 80 day cooling off period before carrying out strikes. This enraged labor, who called it a "slave labor" law. Helped contribute to massive decline in unions.

gag rule lifted/Senatorial balance

any of a series of congressional resolutions that tabled, without discussion, petitions regarding slavery; passed by the House of Representatives between 1836 and 1840 and repealed in 1844.

"Immigration Ghettos"

areas in cities where immigrants are forced to live. Immigrants usually continue their culture in these areas. Usually poverty-stricken areas.

Protectorates

areas that have their own government but are controlled by an outside power

Nobel Prize

award given for outstanding achievement in various fields, including science

Rule of Reason

before ruling on the legality of certain business practices, a court examines why they were undertaken and what effect they have on market competition

Witch Trials

began with a single accusation. Women number very prominently among accusers and witnesses as well as among those accused of witchcraft, because things witches do are part of women's sphere. A woman gained economic and social security by conforming to the standard of the good wife and mother.

Calvanists

believed God is all-powerful and good, in predestination, and in "visible saints"

Tea Pot Dome

biggest scandal of Harding's administration; Secretary of Interior Albert Fall illegally leased government oil fields in the West to private oil companies; Fall was later convicted of bribery and became the first Cabinet official to serve prison time (1931-1932).

Antienam

bloody battle in 1862 where union troops attacked the confederates. neither side won a clear victory after mcellan did not persue general robert e. lee

Immigrant Labor

came in large numbers, unskilled workers, extremely low wages, performed jobs no one else wanted, 14 hour work day

Direct Relief

cash payments or food provided by the government to the poor

local relief

change in elevation between two specified points

Yellow Backs

cheap novelettes so named for the color of their covers.

bank holiday

closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

Anti-war protests

concentrated on college campuses, hand-in-hand with New Left

bought congress

congress was bribed

African slaves

cost less to purchase than to pay for bringing over indentured servants so became more popular

King Cotton

cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics.

Branch Davidians

cult led by David Koresh, sieged by federal agents, had illegal firearms, building caught fire and no one survived

Civil War (1861-1865)

deadliest war in American history; conflict between north (union) and south (confederacy); 11 southern slave states wanted to secede from Union

Gold Reserve Crisis

decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars, Cleveland repeal Sherman Silver Purchase Act, dangerously low levels in gold reserve wasn't stopped, Cleveland borrowed $65 million from J.P. Morgan, government was only tool of rich easterners

corruption

dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery.

seperation of powers

dividing the powers of government among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches

Sherman's March to the Sea

during the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman, that involved marching 60,000 union troops through Georgia from Atlanta to Savannah and destroying everything along there way.

John Tyler

elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery

Organized Labor

employees come together to demand a change in the workplace

gilded age living conditions

enements were low-rise apartment buildings that often were overcrowded and had inadequate plumbing and ventilation. The picture above shows a family of seven who lived together in one room. Living conditions for poor workers were unsanitary and sometimes hazardous to the health of those who lived there.

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

established minimum living standards for workers engaged in interstate commerce, including provision of a federal minimum wage

National Nominating Convention

events that are held in the summer of presidential election years where party delegates, selected through primaries and caucuses, pick their party's presidential nominee

Civil Service Test

exam developed by the Han government to obtain officials that hold Confucian values, only wealthy could afford to study for it

Hero Worship

excessive admiration for someone

Overexpansion

extreme expansion to a uncontrollable point (as in a country) or to its breaking point (as in a rubberband)

Red Scare

fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

New Manifest Destiny (1890s)

fears that natural resources would soon disappear and that alternative sources would have to be found abroad led to a push for a more aggressive foreign policy; the new imperialism was based on the need to increase American industry; foreign trade was becoming increasingly important to the US economy => the search for new markets was an important economic factor of imperialism

Federalist v. Anti-Federalist

federalist = supported the constitution; favored strong national government anti-federalist- wanted a weaker national government and stronger state government.

Ratification Battle

feds v anti-feds about ratifying the constitution (main argument= constitution did not have bill of rights).

Sandra Day O'Connor

first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan

Gun Boat Diplomacy

foreign policy that is supported by the use or threat of military force.

Lee/Fredericksburg/Chancellorsville

fought from April 30 to May 6, 1863, is widely considered to be Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's greatest victory during the American Civil War

Education Reform

free public education for all (Horace Mann)

Japan in WWII

from 1945 to 1952, japan was an occupied country; it was held and controlled by allied military forces; an allied administration led by u.s. general douglas macarthur governed; it had three main tasks: to destroy japan's war machine, to try japanese officials charged with war crimes, and to lay the foundations for a new japanese society

kickbacks

gifts given by suppliers to purchasing agents for the purpose of influencing their choice of suppliers

Mass. Bay Company

given a royal charter to settle New England; most of the Puritans went with them to settle the new world

H-bomb

hydrogen bomb invented in 1950's, MORE powerful than atomic bomb, example of Cold War arms race

Ethnic Ghettos

immigrants lived here due to cultural similarities, especially in big cities

Kamikazes

in World War II, Japanese pilots who loaded their aircraft with bombs and crashed them into enemy ships

Intolerable Acts

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

Fireside Chats

informal talks given by FDR over the radio; sat by White House fireplace; gained the confidence of the people

Settlement Houses

institutions that provided educational and social services to poor people

shipping rates

is a price at which a certain cargo is delivered from one point to another.

Specie Circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Clinton-Lewinsky Scandal

it was a scandal in which Clinton was accused of having a sexual affair with a woman named Monica Lewinsky, and then lied about it when he testified under oath in another women's lawsuit accusing him of sexual harassment. He was suddenly caught in a legal and political trap. He was ultimately charged with eleven possible groundings for impeachment.

Steffens

journalist who wrote :The Shame of the Cities", took an extreme view of urban politics

Alvin York

killed 25 machine-gunners and captured 132 German soldiers when his soldiers took cover; won Congressional Medal of Freedom

USA Patriot Act

law passed due to 9/11 attacks; sought to prevent further terrorist attacks by allowing greater government access to electronic communications and other information; criticized by some as violating civil liberties

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

law that changed the national quota system to limits of 170,000 immigrants per year from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 per year from the Western Hemisphere

business innovation

learn how successful companies get the ideas for their products: , new value, rather than new things/features

Assumption Bill (1790)

legislation in which the federal government assumed all state debts in the opening of the new government

Immigration Quota

limiting number of immigrants in from specific countries, 1st laws targeted South and Eastern Europeans

bread lines

lines of people waiting to receive food provided by charitable organizations or public agencies

Southern and Eastern Europeans

made up the great wave of immigration that came to the US between 1870 and 1920

Gay Marriage

marriage between two males or two females

Tehran Conference

meeting of the Big Three to discuss the final attack on Germany

Open Door Notes

message send by secretary of state John Hay in 1899 to Germany, Russia, Great Britain, France, Italy & Japan asking the countries not to interfere with US trading rights in China.

Suez Crisis (1956)

military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956. The attack followed Egypt's decision of 26 July 1956 to nationalize the Suez Canal after the withdrawal of an offer by Britain and the United States to fund the building of the Aswan Dam

"don't ask, don't tell" policy

military policy announced by President Clinton in 1993 that barred officials from inquiring into the sexual orientation of military personnel but permitted the dismissal of personnel who admitted to being gay or engaged in homosexual behavior

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

Tarbell

muckraking author who wrote a book about Rockefeller's cutthroat practices.

City Upon a Hill

name for Mass. Bay Colony coined by Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence for future generations

Yellow Press

newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership

Black Jack

nickname for General John J. Pershing

Wagner Act (1935)

officially "National Labor Relations Act"; established National Labor Relations Board to administer labor laws and union elections; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. Highest legislative achievement for unions in US history.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Party Bosses

party leaders, usually in an urban district, who exercised tight control over electioneering and patronage

Party Loyalty

party leadership emphasizes need for party unity, whips try to get members to vote with party

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

passed by Federalists, signed by President Adams;; increased waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years, empowered president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens, & made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials.

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

passed to amend and clarify the Sherman Antitrust Act

reformers v. conservatives

people who work for change v. keep regime as it is

soup kitchens

places where the hungry could get a free meal

Stock Speculation

playing the market by buying and selling to make a quick profit.

Cash and Carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Escalation

policy of increasing military involvement in Vietnam

Progressive Party

political party that emerged from the Taft-Roosevelt battle that split the Republican Party in 1912

unsafe working conditions

poor lighting, fires, dangerous work, long hours low wages, and child labor were all problems that would need to be solved

Customs houses

port cities; goods coming into the US went through these houses to have taxes put on them

James K. Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Pacification

program to win hearts and minds of South Vietnamese people, pacify opposition in countryside, involved construction projects, relocation of villagers, and burning of villages

Gangsterism

prohibition spawned these crimes; organized crime of bootlegging alcohol and bribing public officials to keep quiet; also got involved in prostitution and gambling

Sit-ins

protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. Their success prompted the formation of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.

NDEA (National Defense Education Act)

provides federal money to improve science, math, engineering, and language programs in schools

Lynching

putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law

Race to the Moon

race between the Soviets and the US in the advance of science and space exploration

RRs

railroads

McKinley Tariff of 1890

raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.

economic boom

rapid economic growth

Fire-eaters

refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.

Florence Kelley

reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers

Temperance

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food

Naturalization Act of 1790

restricted citizenship to "any alien, being a free white person" who had been in the U.S. for two years. In effect, it left out indentured servants, slaves, and most women.

Lee Oswald

shot and killed President Kennedy

Lincoln's Assassination

shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C., April 14, 1865

King assassination (1968)

shot and killed by a white man on a hotel balcony in Memphis, Tennessee. Riots errupted

Wilson-Goreman Tariff

slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% tax on income over $4,000.

over there

song by George M. Cohan which became unofficial anthem of World War I; showed confidence most Americans felt that we could do what no one else could do, win the war

Dixiecrats

southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party.

Sunbelt

states in the south and southwest that have a warm climate and tend to be politically conservative

rags to riches

stories of young men who became successful in business because of hard work and lucky breaks

Patient's Bill of Rights

summary of a patient's rights regarding fair treatment and appropriate information

Bi-Metalism

supporting American currency with silver and gold, instead of just using gold; goal of Populism

Teflon President

term given to Reagan because of his ability to avoid blame even when things went wrong

Westward Expansion

territorial acquisitions as settlers began moving westward beyond the Appalachian Mountains

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Texas War for Independence

the 1836 rebellion of Texans against Mexican rule that resulted in Texas becoming an independent nation

Panama Revolution

the 1903 Columbian revolution which made possible the building of an isthmian canal

Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

Hard Work Ethic

the Calvinist work ethic or the Puritan work ethic is a concept in theology, sociology, economics and history that emphasizes that hard work, discipline and frugality are a result of a person's subscription to the values espoused by the Protestant faith, particularly Calvinism.

9/11 Attacks

the U.S. was attacked by the Al Qaeda which resulted in the War on Terrorism and the Patriot Acts

Nixon Doctrine

the U.S. will not do the majority of fighting in countries threatened by communism, will provide aid

Operation Desert Storm

the United States and its allies defeated Iraq in a ground war that lasted 100 hours (1991)

Marketing

the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large

Predestination

the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power

Flexible Response

the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons

3/5 Compromise

the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress

Eastern Block

the eastern European countries of Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Eastern Germany dominated by the Soviet Union during the cold war

Equal Protection

the equal application of the law regardless of a person's race, religion, political beliefs, or other qualities

Okies

the farmers, who in the Great Depression, were forced to move, many moved to Oklahoma

Seneca Falls Convention

the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Contintental Congress

the gov. during the revolution -The basis before D.O.I and the Articles of Confed.

Government Regulation

the government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good or service

Second Front

the invasion of western Europe by the U.S ,British, and French in 1944. This invasion was to take presure off the Russians and divide the Germans. It was established by the D-Day Invasion.

seperate but equal

the judicial precedent established by in the Plessy v Ferguson decision that enabled states to interpret the equal protection provision of the fourteenth amendment as a means of establishing segregation

fugative slave law

the measure passed by Congress that provided for the recovery of runaway slaves with the assistance of federal marshalls

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Calhoun/Solid South

the politically united southern states of the US, traditionally regarded as giving unanimous electoral support to the Democratic Party. Calhoun was a strong southern who was strongly against northern help and elites.

extortion

the practice of obtaining something, especially money, through force or threats

Bully Pulpit

the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public

Conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Convoy System

the protection of merchant ships from U-boat-German submarine-attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships

states' rights

the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.

Unemployement

the state of being unemployed.

Spoils System

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Test Ban Treaty

this 1963 treaty prohibited all nuclear test detonations except those carried out underground. This was developed in hopes to slow the arms race and to stop the excessive release of nuclear fallout into Earth's atmosphere.

Homestead Act of 1862

this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30

Religious Dissenters

those who followed a religious faith other than the official religion of England

Anti-Imperialists

those who opposed annexation of the Phillipines, declaring it unconstitutional to do so.

Strikes

times when workers refuse to work until owners improve conditions

"It's the economy, stupid"

used during Bill Clinton's successful 1992 presidential campaign against George H. W. Bush. For a time, Bush was considered unbeatable because of foreign policy developments such as the end of the Cold War and the Persian Gulf War. The phrase, a slight variation on a phrase created by Bill Clinton's campaign strategist James Carville, refers to the notion that Clinton was a better choice because Bush had not adequately addressed the economy, which had recently undergone a recession.

friendly courts

was a partisan political attempt by Federalists in Congress and the John Adams administration to pack the Federal courts with Federalists. It was soon overturned by Jeffersonian Republicans.

Nixon's secret plan

was borrowing from a strategic move from Lyndon Johnson's last year in office. Perform secret bombings in Cambodia. Have the South Vietnamese do the bulk of the fighting. Withdraw troops through Vietnamization

Highway Act of 1956

was enacted on June 29, 1956, when a hospitalized Dwight D. Eisenhower signed this bill into law. Appropriating $25 billion for the construction of 40,000 miles (64,000 km) of interstate highways over a 10-year period, it was the largest public works project in American history to that point.

Gold Mining

was the main occupation for people arriving in California and Oregon in the 1850s

Grant and Total War

was the only general during the Civil War who received the surrender of three Confederate armies, he used a military conflict in which the contenders are willing to make any sacrifice in lives and other resources to obtain a complete victory (never gave up)

Flip Flopper

when a candidate moves toward the middle and back to a certain side of the political spectrum

The Feminine Mystique

written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.