APUSH Semester 2

Molly Maguires

(445) Militant labor organization which sometimes used violence/murdered in battle with coal operators. Instigated by informers and agents employed by mine owners who wanted to ruthlessly suppress unionization

Terence Powderly, Knights of Labor

(445,6) Founded in 1869 under Uriah Stephens. (No bankers, liquor dealers, and professional gamblers). 8 hr workday and no child labor but more interested in long-range reform of economy. Wanted to replace "wage system" with new "cooperative system" which workers would themselves control workplaces. 1870s were open and expanded 1890s disappeared

Samuel Gompers, American Federation of Labor

(446) Powerful AFL leader. concentrated on wages, hours, and working conditions. Demanded national 8hr workday and called for general strike if goal was not achieved by May 1886 (strikes took place all over nation).

Anarchism

(446) Public's code word for terrorism and violence, even though most part were relatively peaceful. Remained frightening concept in American imagination.

Haymarket bombing

(446) Strike at McCormick Harvester Co... police ordered crowd to disperse & someone threw a bomb, killing 7 policemen and injuring 67 others. Alarming symbol of social chaos and radicalism

Henry Clay Frick, Homestead strike

(447) 1890 Chief lieutenant... decided with Carnegie that Amalgamated "had to go." Cut wages at Homestead. Union knew it couldn't have successful strike. But 1892 Amalgamated called a stirke.

Pinkerton Detectives

(447) Strikebreakers for enabling company to hire nonunion workers. Eventually surrendered and escorted out of town.

Pullman Strike

(447,8) 1894 Pullman Palace Car Co reduced wages by 25% without reduced rent charged. Workers went on strike and persuaded ARU to support them by refused to handle Pullman cars/equipment... strike stopped after Debs and his associated were arrested and imprisoned.

Eugene V. Debs

(448) American Railway Union leader. Defied fed court after issuing injunction forbidding union to continue strike... Arrested and imprisoned, and strike collapsed.

"New immigrants"

(454) Some from Canada, Latin America and (for West Coast) China and Japan. Most were from Europe (German/Scandinavian), who arrived with some money/education. Generally lacked capital to buy farmland and education for professions. So, settled in industrial cities doing unskilled jobs.

American Protective Association

(458) Founded by Henry Bowers (1887)... group committed to stopping immigration. New immigrants were provoking fear and resentment for native-born Americans in the same way as before.

Central Park

(459) City parks were important innovations in mid 1800s, reflecting desire of urban leaders to provide antidote to congestion of city. 1850s, Central Park was made to look as little like the city as possible. One of the most popular and admired public spaces in the world. (Other public places came, too)

"City beautiful" movement

(459) Led by architect of Great White City, daniel Burnham. Strove to impose similar order and symmetry on disordered city life around country. Rare for planners to overcome obstacles of private landowners and complicated urban politics to attain dreams.

Skyscrapers

(461) 1884 first modern construction in Chicago... Shows cities growing upward as well as outward. Launched new era in urban architecture and new technology of construction emerged.

Tenements

(461) Originally referred to multiple family rental building, but late 1800s it became a term for slum dwellings. (Most were miserable places)

Urban sanitation

(462) Epidemics beginning in poor neighborhoods usually spread easily into other neighborhoods. Few officials knew improper sewage disposal and water contamination led to epidemic diseases (typhoid/cholera). Many cities lacked adequate systems for disposing human waste until 20th century. Sewage polluted water supplies

Salvation Army

(463) 1879 charitable society which concentrated more on religious revivalism than relief to homeless and hungry. Urban expansion had widespread poverty... (some relief)

Public Health Service

(463) Fed govt created in 1912. Charged with preventing occupational diseases as TB, anemia, CO2 poisoning. Created common health standards, but had few powers to enforce, so had limited impact.

Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie

(464) 1900 Novel exposing problem of urban life: plight of single women (Carrie) who had no support. Although city had strong allure and excitement, it was also a place of alienating impersonality and some degration/exploitation.

John Hay, Open Door Policy

(514) Secretary of State John Hay asked each nation with "sphere of influence" in China to allow other nations to trade freely and equally in its sphere (allowed US to trade freely with China without fear of interference). Ended with Boxer Rebellion

Elihu Root

(515) McKinley appointed as secretary of war to supervise major overhaul of armed forces. New reforms had US enter 20th century resembling modern military system

Boxer Rebellion

(515) Secret Chinese martial-arts society launched bloody revolt against foreigners in China. EDIT?

Social Gospel

(521) Effort to make faith into a tool of social reform. Chiefly concerned with redeeming nation's cities.

Salvation Army

(521) Example of fusion of religion with reform. Christian social welfare organization with vaguely military structure, offering both material aid and spiritual service to urban poor.

Ida Tarbell

(521) Journalist who produced study of Standard Oil trust. (Showed new spirit of national reform... directed public attention toward social, economic, and political injustices)

Lincoln Steffens, McClure's magazine

(521) Most influential muckraker... portraits of "machine government" and "boss rule" in cities. Helped arouse sentiment for urban political reform. Inspired other Americans to take action.

Steel

(429-431) 1870s and 1880s steel production made strides toward eventual dominance in metals industry. Hewitt's open-hearth process led to great quantities and large dimensions of steel. West Penn and east Ohio. Demanded new fuel (industry growing fast)

Henry Ford, Assembly line

(431,433) 1896 Produced first of famous cars...1917 almost 5 millions automobiles in America. Introduced moving assembly line for his automobile plants in 1914. Enabled him to raise wages and reduce hours while cutting base price of Model T (became a standard for other industries)

"Taylorism"

(432) Frederick Winslow Taylor... "Scientific management" which industrialists embraced. Made human labor compatible with demands of the machine age and increased employers' control of workplace. Sped up production and made workers more interchangeable... Workers using modern machines could perform simple tasks at greater speed (higher productivity)

Andrew Carnegie, U.S. Steel

(435) 1873 opened steelworks and soon dominated industry. Used stock to finance and created US Steel Corp ($14 billion enterprise controlling almost 2/3 of nation's steel production)

Horizontal Integration

(435) Combined number of firms engaged in same enterprise into a single corporation (like consolidation of different railroad lines into one company)

Vertical Integration

(435) Company took over all different businesses on which it relied for its primary function (Carnegie Steel came to control not only steel mills but mines, railroads, etc)

"Limited liablity"

(435) Risked only the amount of their investments were not liable for any debts the corporation accumulated. Ability to sell stock to broad public allowed entrepreneurs to gain capital and undertake great projects.

John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil

(436) 1870 Formed Standard Oil Company of Ohio & soon acquired 20 of 25 refineries in Cleveland (started expanding horizontally) By 1880s, he established great dominance within petroleum industry that he was the leading symbol of monopoly to nation.

Combinations/ pools/ trusts/ corporate mergers

(436) Pool- informal agreements among various companies to stabilize rates and divide markets. Eventually collapsed. Trust- stockholders transferred stocks to a trustees in exchange for share in the trust. Owners had no direct control over trustees' decisions (only received share of profits combination). Trustees might own few companies but had control over many. Corp Mergers- Changed laws of incorporation to permit companies to buy rivals. "Trusts" became unnecessary.

Herbert Spencer, Social Darwinism

(437) Misapplication to human society of Charles Darwin's laws of evolution and natural selection among species. Believed only fittest individuals survived and flourished in the marketplace. Herbert Spencer- first and most important... had prominent American intellectual supporters

Willaim Graham Sumner

(437) Promoted similar ideas (that society benefited from elimination of unit and survival of strong/talented) in lectures, articles, and 1906 book "Folkways"

"Gospel of Wealth"

(438) 1901 book by Andrew Carnegie saying people of wealth should consider all revenues in excess of their own needs "trust funds" to be used for good of community. Industrialists devoted large parts of fortunes to philanthropic works. (private wealth = public blessing)

Horatio Alger

(439) Famous promoter of success story... Started as minister of small town (had sexual scandals..lol) but moved to NY and wrote +100 novels all about "rags to riches," which captured aspirations of many men.

Progress and Poverty

(441) 1879 became one of the best-selling nonfiction works in American publishing history. Blamed social problems on ability of few monopolists to grow wealthy as a result of rising land values. Increase land value wasn't cause of owner but "unearned increment" by the growth of society around the land

Henry George, "Single Tax"

(441) California writer/activist. Replacing all other taxes, returning increment to people, destroying monopolies, eliminating poverty, and distributing wealth more equally

Socialist Labor Party

(441) Founded in 1870s & led by Daniel De Leon (West Indies immigrant). Never became a major political force... 1901 faction broke away to form American Socialist Party (stronger ties with organized labor)

Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward

(441) Utopian 1888 that described Bostonian who went to sleep in 1887 and in 2000 there was a new social order where want, politics, and vice were unknown. Single, great trust, controlled by the govt (distributed economy equally among everyone); he labeled it "nationalism"

Labor Contract Law

(443) Permitted industrial employers to pay for passage of workers in advance and deduct amount later from their wages. Repealed in 1885, but employers continued... heightened ethnic tensions within working class

Railroad Strike of 1877

(445) Began when eastern railroads had 10% wage ut and expanded into approaching class war. Strikers disrupted rail service, destroyed equipment, and rioted in Pittsburgh & other cities. Pres Hayes sent fed troops to suppress disorders. First major national labor conflict

Political "machines"/"Urban" Boss

(464) Principal source of assistance (for residents) was the political "machine." Chaotic growth of cities created power vacuum and immigrants had potential voting power. Political boss had to win votes for organization (so loyalty of constituents). Rewarded followers with patronage. Machines were vehicles for making money (not without competition from reform groups though)

William M. Tweed/Tammany Hall

(465) Corrupt city boss of NYC's Tammany Hall in 1860s and 1870s. went to jail in 1872.

Woolworths

(466) FW. Woolworth built a chain of dry goods stores. In larger cities, great department stores transformed shopping into an alluring and glamorous activity.

National Consumers League

(466) Formed in 1890s under Florence Kelley. Attempted to mobilize power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturers to improve wages/working conditions. Encouraged women to buy only products with their "white label," indicating product was made under fair working conditions.

"Chain stores"

(466) Usually offered wider array of goods at lower prices than small, local competing stores. This change in marketing altered how American bought goods.

"Leisure"

(467,8) Free time increased as people became more compartmentalized (and consumption rose). New economies could create enough wealth to satisfy not only needs but wants for everyone. Some activities were separate between class, race, and gender.

Spectator sports

(468) One of the most important way for entertainment. Baseball became popular in 1830s and interest grew by the end of Civil War. By World Series (1903), baseball was an important business and great national preoccupation (appealed to working class males). Football, basketball, boxing, golf, tennis bicycling, croquet...

Florenz Ziegfeld, Vaudeville

(469) NY economic potential of vaudeville grew so he staged more elaborate spectacles. Open to black performers... entertainers of both races performed music... tailored acts to white prejudices (ridiculed blacks by acting out stereotypes).

D.W. Griffith, The Birth of a Nation

(470) 1900 Americans were attracted to early movies (plotless films of trains/waterfalls). This 1915 silent film carried motion picture into a new era. Introduced serious (racist) plots and elaborate productions to filmmaking. First truly mass entertainment medium.

Coney Island

(471) Amusement park/resort. Striking examples of popular public entertainment. Thousands came (1904 average attendance at Luna Park was 90,000 people). Provided escape for genteel standards

William Randolph Hearst

(472) 1914 controlled nine newspapers and two magazines (powerful owner). New printing technologies came & advances helped publishers make stories vivid and able to attract advertisers. American publishing/journalism experiencing dramatic change

Dime novels

(472) Cheaply bound/widely circulated novels became popular after the Civil War. Most readers were women. Not public popular entertainment. Americans amused themselves with novels/poetry.

Bell telephone system

(472,3) Controlled all American telephone service. Signals were weak at first... 1914 repeaters improved and transcontinental line was possible. Most powerful corps in US & a genuine monopoly.

John Singer Sargent

(474) Brilliant portraitist most identified in America. Americans artists were turning away from traditional academic style

Darwinism

(474) Contributed to deep schism between new, cosmopolitan culture of the city and traditional, provincial culture of rural areas. Not only rise of liberal Protestantism with new scientific discovers but also beginning of organized Protestan fundamentalism. Spawned other new intellectual currents.

Urban realism/Ashcan School

(474) One of the strongest impulses in American literature. Social issues as themes... Members produced work startling in its naturalism and stark in its portrayal of era's social realties. Ashcan artists were first Americans to appreciate expressionism/abstraction (1913 "Armory Show" NYC)

William James, Pragmatism

(475) Harvard psychologist... most prominent publicist of new theory. More sophisticated philosophy stating modern society should rely on not inherited ideals/moral principles, but on test of scientific inquiry. No idea/institution was valid unless it worked or stood test of experience

"Land grant" colleges/private universities

(476) Fed govt donated public land to states for establishing colleges. Created 69 "land grant" institutions. Business and finical titans gave millions to universities... Philanthropists founded new ones or reorganized older ones to perpetuate family name *Specifically mandated to advance knowledge in "agriculture and mechanics." Retained tradition and produced great discoveries, helping US industry/commerce advance.

Germ theory

(477) Widespread acceptance in end of 19th century was important. Exposure to germs did not by itself cause disease.... General health, previous medical history, diet, nutrition, and genetic predisposition were factors. Encouraged doctors to sterilize instruments, use surgical gloves, and purify medical environments of patients. American doctors were best of the world.... Reduced infection/mortality

James A. Garfield

(484,5) Republican nominee & won in 1880 (benefitted from end of 1879 recession). Defied Stalwarts and supported civil service reform. 1881: Shot twice and died 3 months later.

Pendleton Act/Civil Service

(485) 1883 Congress passed first national civil service measure. Required some fed jobs to be filled by examinations rather than patronage. Few offices fell but reach gradually extended

Chester A. Arthur

(485) Garfield's successor... devoted, skilled and open spoilsman. Followed independent course and promoted reform. Kept Garfield's appointees to dismay of Stalwarts

"Rum, romanism, and rebellion"

(485) Protestant minister, Sam Burchard, referred to the Democrats as this. Republican nominee James Blaine was slow to repudiate, so Democrats said Blaine tolerated slander on Catholic Church. Democrat Cleveland won with heavy Catholic vote

Grover Cleveland

(485) Reform gov of NY and Republican nominee. Elected in 1884... respected for stern and righteous opposition to politicians, grafters, pressure roups, and Tammany Hall. Embodied era where few Americans believed fed govt could/should do very. Doubted protective tariffs. Won 1892 election (similar to first term)

Benjamin Harrison

(486,7) Republican nominee (due to supporting tariff protection) and won in 1888 but lost pop vote. 1st since Civil War to involve clear question of economic difference... one of the most corrupt elections.

Sherman Antitrust Act

(487) 1890 Congress passed without dissent. Indifferently enforced and weakened by courts... had no impact... Republicans more interested in tariff

McKinley Tariff

(487) Law in 1890... misinterpretted by Republicans. Saw high tariff to enrich producers and starve consumers. Democrats had majority in both houses of Congress after

The Grangers

(488) 1867 National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry. Granger Laws in early 1870 (strict regulation on railroad rates/practices). New regulations by courts and political inexperience of Grange leaders led to decline in late 1870s

Interstate Commerce Act

(488) 1887 Banned discrimination in rates between long and short hauls, required railroad to public rate schedules and file with govt, and declared all interstate rail rates be "reasonable and just." ICC administered but relied on courts to enforce. Haphazardly enforced and narrowly interpreted by courts... litte practical effect

People's Party/Populism

(489) 1892 1,300 delegates... Official name was People's Party and movement was Populism. 1892 election got 1 million votes. Appealed to farmers but couldn't go beyond (no interracial character either). Rejected laissez-faire... challenged industrial capitalism Dissolved in 1896

Panic of 1893/Coxey's Army

(493,4) Began March 1893 when Philly and Reading Railroad declared bankruptcy. Corporate failures triggered stock market collapse. Reflected America's interconnected economy... showed how dependent economy was on railroads. Improved slightly in 1895 but didn't fully until 1901.

Silver question/"bimetallism"/"free silver"

(494,5) Cleveland thought instability of currency caused depression... "Bimetallism"-system for gold and silver as basis for dollar. (s)16:(g)1 ratio. EDIT!!

William Jennings Bryan, "Cross of Gold" speech

(495) Nebraska congressman addressed Democratic Convention of 1896, which voted to adopt pro-silver platform. 1st pres candidate to stump country systematically. Lost

William McKinley

(495) Republican nominee because they wanted tariff as key issue and opposed free coinage of silver. Won 1896 election... Committed to raise tariff rates.

Gold Standard Act

(498) Enacted by Republicans in 1900 (after silver agreement with Great Brit and France failed), confirming nationa's commitment to gold standard. Victory of conservatism.

Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History

(499) Apostle of imperialism... thesis in 1890... countries with sea power were great nations of history. US started shipbuilding program and became 5th in world naval power 1898 and 3rd in 1900.

Hawaiian overthrow

(500,1) Islands of Hawaii were important way station for American ships in China trade. Arrival of merchants, missionaries, and planters ruined traditional Hawaiian society. 1898 Congress approved treaty of annexation

Pago Pago

(501,2) American navy interested in the Samoan harbor. Hayes made treaty in 1878. Great Britain and Germany were interested... 1899 US and Germany divvied islands while Brit got territories elsewhere... US retained harbor

Cuban revolt

(503) 1895 Cubans devastated island to force Spaniards to leave. US thought Spaniards were to blame, but brutality was on both sides.

The Maine

(504) American battleship blew in Havana harbor (killed 260+ people). Americans assumed Spanish sunk it (reality: it was an accident) War hysteria swept country and Congress had military preparations. 1898 McKinley declared war (didn't want to at first)

"Yellow press"/William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

(504) Pulitzer in "New York World" while Hearst in "New York Journal" 1890s both engaged in ruthless circulation war. Very successful in gaining interest

"A splendid little war"

(505,6) What John Hay called Spanish-American conflict. Racial tensions continued in Cuba ??

Commodore George Dewey, Battle of Manila Bay

(506) Teddy Roosevelt instructed him to attack Spanish naval forces in Philippines (colony of Span) in event of war. 1898 sailed for Manila and completely destroyed Spanish fleet... Spanish surrendered & he became first hero of the war.

Theodore Roosevelt, Rough Riders

(508) Cavalry unit at the center of fighting during battles.Teddy Roosevelt became a hero of conflict because he led a bold/reckless charge up Kettle Hill directly into Spanish guns. He emerged unscathed but hundreds died.

Puerto Rico, Jones Act

(509) 1917 Congress passed, declaring Puerto Rico a US territory and made all Puerto Ricans American citizens. Sugar industry flourished because of American market without tariffs (but relied on international sugar prices).

Anti-imperialist League

(510) Established 1898 by upperclass to fight against annexation of Philippines.

Platt Amendment

(511) 1901 Congress responded to Cuba's constitution with no reference to US. Pressured Cuba into incorporating terms into its constitution and barred Cuba from making treaties with other nation (US could intervene and required Cuba to permit American naval stations). Left Cuba with only nominal political independence.

The Philippine War, Emilio Aguinaldo

(512,3) Lasted from 1898-1902... longest and most vicious. Soured most of American public and annexation of colonies in 1898 began and ended American territorial imperialism.

Jane Addams/ Hull House/settlement houses

(521) Progressive thought: belief of the influence of environment on individual development. Social worker... /Opened 1889 in Chicago as result... modeled for 400 institutions in nation. Sought to help immigrant families adapt to language and customs of new country.

In His Steps

(521) Written by Charles Sheldon... story of young minister who abandoned comfortable post to work among the needy. Engagement of religion with reform helped bring progressivism a powerful moral commitment to redeem lives of least favored citizens

Secret ballot

(527) Adapted in 1880s and 1890s. Ballots printed by govt and distributed at polls to be filled out and deposited in secret helped chip away power of parties over voters.

NAACP/Niagara Movement

(534) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Led the drive for equal rights.

Bill Haywood/Industrial Workers of the World

(537) Radical labor union. "Wobblies" under "Big Bill"... advocated a single union for all workers and one of few labor organizations to champion cause of unskilled workers.

The Jungle

(540) Upton Sinclair's novel in 1906 revealing appalling descriptions of conditions in meatpacking industry. Roosevelt passed Meat Inspection Act (helped eliminate diseases in impure meat) Other reforms followed....

Income Tax/Sixteenth Amendment

(548) Congress approved to make up for the loss of revenue under the new Underwood-Simmons Tariff. Imposed 1% tax on individuals and corporations earning more than $4000, with rates up to 6% on incomes over $500,000.