APUSH Study Notes, Chapter 16, Chapter 17, Reconstruction Vocab, Parties and Polarization Final, The coming of the civil war, History Final, Chapter 17, Civil War, North vs South Chart, APUSH: Chapter 14

Freedmen's Bureau

"unique experiment" in social policy supported by federal government; assigned task of protecting people's economic rights Supervised, regulated working conditions in southern agriculture after war One of the most effective agencies in protecting blacks' civil and political rights

Siege of Vicksburg

(1863) the Union army's six-week blockade of Vicksburg that led the city to surrender during the Civil War

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Civil Rights Act of 1866

A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. The law was passed during a period of great strength for the civil rights movement, and President Lyndon Johnson persuaded many reluctant members of Congress to support the law.

Fort Sumter

A historic site in the harbor of Charleston in South Carolina. It is the site of the beginning of the Civil War 1861.

What did Lincoln's plan for restoring southern states to the Union fail to require?

A requirement that former rebels grant freedmen political rights

tenant farming

A system in which farm workers supply their own tools and rent farmland for cash.

Force Act

Act that made it a felony to prevent someone from voting.

Which of the following restates the main argument of the 1865 Petition "to the Union Convention of Tennessee Assembled in the Capitol at Nashville"?

African Americans are fundamentally equal to whites and should have equal access to the rights and responsibilities of citizenship, including suffrage.

Sharecropping

African-American family farmed separate plots of land and then at end of year, split crop with white landowner Exploitative system -Blacks often sank into perpetual debt

First Bull Run

Aka First Manassas, first major battle of the war, should have been won by Union forces but lost to CSA, both sides realized it would be a long war, if Union won the war could've been a lot shorter and led too string of losses

Lawrence Massacre

Aka Quantrills raid, aimed at supporters of abolition in Missouri , end of Bleeding Kansas

Battle of Chancellorsville

An 1863 Civil War battle in Virginia; important victory for the Confederacy.

Lincoln was nominated for president in 1860 in part because of his A) position as the front-runner. B) extensive experience in the House of Representatives. C) excellent team of convention managers. D) support from the Whigs and Know-Nothings

C) excellent team of convention managers.

Radical Republican Leaders

Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens

Fifteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment that stated that citizens could not be stopped from voting "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude"

The Ostend Manifesto was an American statement that America should buy or seize A) Panama. B) Hawaii. C) Mexico. D) Cuba

D) Cuba

Mississippi Plan

Decision to use as much violence as necessary to carry state election, inaugurated by Democrats

Panic of 1873

Economic depression that pulled attention away from Reconstruction, losing Republicans control of Congress for the first time since the start of the Civil War

panic of 1873

Economic panic caused by over expansion and over speculation, causing the nation's largest bank to collapse (and bringing with it many smaller banks, business firms and the stock market)

General Order 28

Established Major General Butler as military commander of New Orleans, soldiers could retaliate on Southern women who were rude, later revoked and removed

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

54th Massachusetts

First African American Regimen, successfully defended Fort Wagner

Alexander Long

Free-solier, Copperhead, served in Congress, anti-war, states' righter

Election of 1868

Grant administration -CORRUPT

Fifteenth Amendment

Guaranteed voting rights to all men.

How did President Andrew Johnson try to jeopardize and undermine congressional reconstruction?

He vetoed the Military Reconstruction Act.

The report written by the Reverend A. B. Randall in February of 1865 contains evidence that can be used to support which of the following historical arguments?

In 1865, African Americans welcomed both their freedom and their new access to the protections offered by American laws.

Secession

In U.S. history, the act of states leaving the Union in 1861 following the election of President Abraham Lincoln; precipitated the Civil War.

Franklin Pierce

In an attempt to prevent the war, he had a balanced cabinet

Missouri Compromise (1820)

In an effort to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, this was passed in 1820 admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

How did the Fourteenth Amendment aid the cause of southern freedmen?

It made blacks national citizens and thereby protected them against southern state governments.

redemption

Jesus Christ, through his sacrificial Death on the Cross, set man free from the slavery of sin.

Edwin Stanton

Johnson's Secretary of War. Radical Republican. Ignoring the Tenure of Office Act, Johnson tried to fire him. Impeached for it.

The artist of the Reconstruction cartoon would agree with which statement?

Many white southern women opposed Reconstruction.

William Fessenden

Moderate Republican who chaired the Joint Committee on Reconstruction.

C.S.S. Hunley

Name of the submarine used by the Confederates in the Civil War

In 1876, which state had the greatest number of electoral votes?

New York

Horace Greeley

New York editor of the Tribune. Radical Republican who turned liberal, denouncing continued presence of the army in the South. Ran for president in 1872.

Abraham Lincoln- murdered at Ford's Theater by John Wilkes Booth

North

Andrew Johnson- Vice president then president, impeached by radical republicans during the reconstruction

North

Edwin Stanton- secretary of war, quoted lincoln's death bed "he belongs to the ages now"

North

Johnson's Impeachment

On the basis that he had conspired to systematically obstruct Reconstruction legislation as a huge political offense, not just an indictable crime Fails

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plans

Original plans for Reconstruction, before Lincoln's death. Lincoln considered it his duty. Wanted to try to get the Republicans to have support in the South, tried to appeal to the Whigs. Outlined in the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction. Never fully developed due to Lincoln's assassination

Redemption

Political movement that marked the shift from Republican governments to Democratic governments that sought to limit rights.

home rule

Power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs.

Benjamin F. Wade

Radical Republican Abolitionist Senator from Ohio. President Pro Temp of US Senate in 1867.

General Amnesty Act

Re-allowed Confederates to vote and hold office.

Horace Greeley

Republican, founder of the New York Tribune newspaper.

Radical Republicans

Republicans who wanted African American rights, and would only vote to reestablish state with equal racial rights. Also opposed the planter class.

General Amnesty Act

Restored right of ex-Confederates to hold office after the passage of the 14th amendment.

What did the Confiscation Acts of the Civil War years stipulate?

The Confiscation Acts punished rebels by taking away their property.

Southern Definace

The South opposing plans for Reconstruction. This included ignoring Johnson's suggestions to renounce secession, repudiate Confederate debt, and ratify the 13th amendment. Also made the Black Codes

the South's plan to defeat the North

The South's strategy was simpler: The Confederate army would fight a defensive war until northerners tired of fighting. If the war became unpopular in the North, President Lincoln would have to stop the war and recognize the South's independence. The Confederacy counted on European money and supplies to help fight the war. Southern cotton was important to the textile mills of England and other countries. Southerners were confident that Europeans would recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation and continue to buy southern cotton for their factories

What did the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in December of 1865, establish?

The abolition of slavery throughout the United States

What impact did the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment have on the women's rights movement?

The amendment marked the beginning of an independent women's suffrage crusade.

Why were radical Republicans able to seize the initiative in 1867 and begin reconstruction all over again?

The broad southern rejection of the Fourteenth Amendment boosted the standing of radical Republicans.

Which statement best characterizes the election of 1876?

The candidate who won the popular vote lost the electoral vote.

Texas v. White

The constitution did not permit states to secede from the US.

What historical change spurred the Ku Klux Klan to shift from a benign fraternal group to a terrorist organization?

The implementation of congressional reconstruction after the Civil War

Black Codes

The rights that the South gave African Americans - could only buy/hold/sell property, and sue/be sued.

How did southern Democrats gain support from white yeomen during the Reconstruction period?

They claimed white taxes disproportionately benefited blacks.

Why did "carpetbaggers" move to the South during Reconstruction?

They were looking for new opportunities to make a living.

Robert Black

US Navy, first African American recipient of the Medal of Honor

Memphis Riot

White Southerners killed 46 Blacks in Black section of tow

Share Cropping

african americans and poor whites would work on a land owned by another in return for small pay or some crops

John Bell Hood

arguably one of the best brigade and division commanders, fought at Devil's Den and Gettysburg

Wilmot Proviso

ban slavery in all of the territories-- rejected by Congress

fire-eaters

extremist secessionists

Pickett's Charge

failed confederate charge at the battle of Gettysburg

Appomattox Court House

famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Abraham Lincoln's and Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plans shared an emphasis on

ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.

Know Nothing Party

secret societies opposed to immigrants coming to America.

impeachment

the act of the House of Representatives bringing charges of wrongdoing against a government official

Which of the following statements did the authors of the 1865 petition to the Union Convention of Tennessee mean to serve as a political argument in favor of their full access to suffrage?

"This is not a Democratic Government if a numerous, law-abiding, industrious, and useful class of citizens . . . are to be treated as aliens and enemies, as an inferior degraded class."

Rutherford B. Hayes

(1877-1881), "His Fraudulency". President as a result of the Compromise of 1877, he resumed gold payments, refused to expand currency, and didn't overhaul civil service as promised. Complained about treatment of blacks but did nothing to prevent it. He started an era of honesty. He played down the tariff issue. He resumed assumption of hold payments and vetoed bills to expand the currency.

Emancipation Proclamation

(AL) , Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Hiram Revels

- A clergyman and teacher who became the nation's first black senator in 1870. He completed the term of Jefferson Davis.

Causes of Polarization: When, if at all, did traditional media have a major impact on polarization? If it didn't, why not? Is it what we might call a "first mover" effect, or an "accelerant"? Does it primarily impact the mass public? Elites? Both? If it's a group/industry: how has its influence changed over time? Its motives?

- Before the 1990s, media strived to be seen as the most competent and moderate news source. After the 90s, media was motivated to increase views with the end of Fairness Doctrine (1987) that ignited conservative radio shows and the Telecommunications Act of 1996 permitting national syndication. This gives rise to niche political news that massively influences polarization. -Traditional media is responsible for rise in all forms of mass polarization, especially starting in late 1990s, and is probably a good explanation for rise of polarization in older generations. It is a mid-game accelerant b/c studies show media is more ideological than ratings-maximizing, and the rise of niche media occurs prior to most mass polarization. Its influence is potentially declining as social media displaces traditional media sources.

Basics in Polarization: How has polarization generally changed over time?

- It has increased over time. 6 systems: System 1: Relatively high at start, but dissipates to all-time lows quickly (Adams) System 2: Relatively high throughout, but Whigs still weak opposition party (Jackson) System 3: Extremely high throughout, major battles over class and identity *most similar to our current system (Lincoln) System 4: Mostly low throughout, progressives are key political identity (Teddy) System 5: Extremely low throughout, intraparty regional differences high (Roosevelt, JFK) System 6: Extremely high, growing stronger, more mass involvement than ever before (Obama, Trump)

Basics in Polarization: Why does the Downsian model fail in practice?

- Parties have clearly moved away from the center in recent decades (shown from DW-NOMINATE) -Branding has given new incentives; competing to develop brand loyalty, then they can alter their policy however they want - Maybe voters just don't care about ideology much? More drawn to branding, other factors within the parties -Prefer to keep IPDs happy rather than the average voter...very afraid of losing IPD support -Are moderates just becoming more rare ? Distribution is apparently moving away from center; "consistent" conservatives and republicans are much more common than they used to be. -Valuable voters are increasingly on the ends: those most engaged tend to be much more likely to fall further from the center, and are more likely to vote, donate, etc. that only come when certain people win and stay in office -Evidence suggests that party members are simply unaware of what their voters truly want (Fiorina--Leapfrog Representation)

Basics in Polarization: How have the parties polarized asymmetrically from one another?

- Republican elites are more polarized than Democrats - Most likely because they faced more pressure from interest groups, or because they are naturally more inclined to be ideologically oriented (vs Democrats being more group-oriented)

Civil Rights Act of 1866

- no discrimination on color, race, religion, sex, or national origin.

Causes of Polarization: Trends on Key Issues in Culture Wars--Which are polarizing? Which aren't? (Misc.)

-"Political Correctness": Large partisan differences exist, as about 1 in 6 Republicans support it, while a little over half of Democrats support it. Millennials show rapid transformation on issue (low-intensity trap, as well as random news events). -Gun Control: Clear evidence of polarization on gun control, driven entirely by changes amongst Republicans with Republicans leaning towards gun control (40%) in 2000, and Republican support for gun rights doubling (80%) in 2017. -Marijuana: Legalization is a low polarization issue, and generally always has been. Majority support for legalization now exists within both parties, and Republican opposition is mostly a function of age.

Causes of Polarization: Key Moments In Which Media Changed Over Time

-1970- 1990 Newspapers were largely moderate. In 1940s to 1950s rise of networks like ABC, CBS, and NBC, all of which were moderate. Basic cable debuts in 1976 and CNN begins broadcasting in 1980. Revenue coming from subscriptions allows for the first niche audiences. In 1987 the End of Fairness Doctrine ignites conservative radio shows. In 1996 Telecommunications Act permits national syndication. Fox News launches in 1996, spurring the rise of niche political news media contributing significantly to affective polarization. -1995 to present: message boards allow niche culture access to average Americans. Reddit created in 2005 offering more user created content, saturates mainstream culture by 2012. Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter go mainstream in 2006. All of this challenges traditional media gatekeepers and allows for the development of niche and anonymous cultures.

Mass Polarization: How have feelings towards one's own party changed over time? The other party?

-Affect towards one's own party has been and remains consistently high. -Affect towards the other party has steadily, significantly declined. -The degree of dislike between parties is more easily measured in willingness to describe the other side using extreme language. -Our political disagreements often spill over into our social lives. -Partisans are increasingly isolated from each other in terms of close contact. -Partisans are now far more likely to reject the idea of familial, romantic, and sexual mixing across party lines.

Causes of Polarization: Trends of Key Demographics Over Time in Sorting (Intersections of Social Identities)

-Age + Gender: The trend is driven heavily by women, who usually sort towards Democrats. Unprecedented sorting of youth and women towards Democrats. -Age + Race: The trend of young POCs massively sorting to Democrats is also heavily driven by the increased percent of nonwhites among millennials. Only among millennials are a majority of white people Democrats.

Solutions of Polarization: Wait.

-All generational groups are polarized, but the 35-and-under set is not closely divided (+21 D), decisive on culture war issues, and very demographically mixed. -Generational replacement will force end of Sixth Party System -Temporary one-party dominance will end gridlock...while exposing new tensions -Republican party likely excises "Trump" and "evangelical" wings of the party (most heavily dependent on older voters), and Democrats may alienate moderates by moving farther to the left economically. These moves would likely restore competitive balance to the parties, and force each party to compete for cross-pressured groups. But given that party IDs are sticky, polarization will rise again.

Causes of Polarization: What, if at all, effect did sorting have on ideological polarization? Coalitional? Affective?

-As parties become ideologically distinctive, minority of ideologues re-sort into the correct party, the majority of partisans slowly "relearn" their ideology with a rise in ~coalitional~ demographic sorting based on their social identities like race, religiosity, education, age, class, and intersections of those. Rise in geographic sorting is also dependent on these social identities. -As both sides increasingly want different things, dislike and distrust should rise The other side now appears to want what you don't want not just some of the time, but almost all of the time. AFFECTIVE POL.

Mass Polarization: What is an attribution error? What attributions do we make about the party?

-Attribution error: Attenuation of negative attributions of other side's preferences and goals, which leads to misinformation that is really difficult to correct due to motivated reasoning and negativity bias, and that it is extremely difficult to disseminate information. -Attributions about party: Negative attribution towards those who agree with them is low (5%). Negative attribution towards those who disagree with them is much higher (49%). -Ingroup has higher average score of good minus bad explanation. With the ingroup, 81% believe selfless motivation is good explanation for donating to charity. With the outgroup, only 42% attribute selfless motivation as a good explanation.

Causes of Polarization: What evidence do we have that Trump has polarized us on race?

-Big studies on economics vs race: regarding race, we see white working class voters who dislike immigrants turn to Trump to a large degree. -If you look at racial resentment, Trump's racial resentment scores are vastly greater than Mccain or Romney. -On specific issues like race and immigration, Trump is extreme, especially in his rhetoric, but he's not ideologically strong on other policies.

Causes of Polarization: Trends of Key Demographics Over Time in Sorting (Race)

-Blacks, esp. black women, reliably Democrats -Latinx are increasingly Democrats since New Deal and especially 1960s, 70s movements (not monolithic, Cubans=Rep), -Asians are increasingly Democrats (partisanship new, recent in last 25 yrs)

Consequences of Polarization: What is brinkmanship? What are key examples of it? What effects does it have?

-Brinkmanship is basically the two parties playing chicken. They both don't want to deal with problems like budget negotiations and debt ceilings so they push the issue as far as they can go (without actually dealing with it), hoping the other party might deal with it, but no one will. -Results of brinkmanship: More and longer government shutdowns - this risks the economy, federal workers, and retraining and recruitment costs; Credit downgrading by international agencies = market downturns; Borrowing becomes increasingly expensive; the US riskes losing status as "global economic leader"

Causes of Polarization: When, if at all, did IPDs have a major impact on polarization? If it didn't, why not? Is it what we might call a "first mover" effect, or an "accelerant"? What, if at all, effect did IPDs have on ideological polarization? Coalitional? Affective? Does it primarily impact the mass public? Elites? Both? If it's a group/industry: how has its influence changed over time? Its motives?

-Business, evangelical, and conservative IPDs massively mobilized right before Republican ideological polarization. To maintain/incorporate groups, Republican elites now had strong reason to polarize on taxes and regulations, government spending, cultural/moral issues, and race (dog whistles). Left-wing IPDs "played defense" for decades, and only now are poised to take over Democrats in the same way. -IPDs are likely the first movers of elite ideological polarization, but affective/coalitional polarization probably was driven more by party elites, because party identity is the key variable in polarization and IPDs historically less interested in masses than elites. -Business groups are likely responsible for economic ideological polarization. Identity and ideological groups probably act as key accelerants to affective and coalition polarization in modern times. As identity IPDs increasingly mobilize to fight for identity-based rights and recognition, IPDs are increasingly likely to impact affective polarization in a way even parties do not.

Consequences of Polarization: Why does polarization increase the likelihood of gridlock?

-Coalitional - you want to deny the other party of all possible victories as an election strategy -Ideological - increasingly, you really don't want what the other party wants -Affective - your base will be furious with you for "shaking hands with the devil" -Compromise is unpopular amongst committed partisans; however, social desirability bias causes legislators to say they want compromise b/c it is known as a good thing, but they expect the other side to do the compromising

Causes of Polarization: Why does demographic sorting lead to polarization?

-Coalitional demographic sorting increased b/c partisan group incorporation (evangelicals, feminists), intensified partisan group maintenance (wealthy), increased urbanization (geography, race, age), increased presence of non-whites among youth (age), and maybe Trump (education?). -Demographic sorting leads to polarization because we judge out-groups based on the presence of "people like us" in them. If groups are heterogenous, it's hard to maintain high levels of out-group animosity. As groups become homogenous, they become an unknown "other." Once identities become homogenous, this is very difficult to reverse.

Causes of Polarization: What, if at all, effect did traditional media have on ideological polarization? Coalitional? Affective?

-Contributes to affective polarization. The rise of niche political news media in the 90s tracks with affective polarization. There is strong evidence that suggests that people learn how to treat other side by watching how party elites and media figures do. Incivility in media encourages one side to treat the other in a negative manner. In addition "talking head" framing encourages a threat response in audiences. -Contributes to coalitional polarization because echo chambers giving different factual realities pushes sorting -An increase in ideological polarization may be limited to small set of ideologues who actually watch it, as a study shows that exposure to reporting on polarization leads to ideological moderation, but increased affective polarization.

Causes of Polarization: What, if at all, effect did new media have on ideological polarization? Coalitional? Affective?

-Contributes to affective polarization. With the proliferation of new media the quality of information is low. Facts and opinions are disseminated through memes and short videos with is no discussion and assumed superiority. The comments on real news stories, when uncivil, can have a big impact on reader interpretation of content of the actual article. With thousands of strangers inputting their view, no one has an incentive to present their best selves. This causes one side to read through comments and see the other side in a negative light.

Solutions of Polarization: Find ways to restore a shared factual reality

-Create new technologies to identify, tag, discourage, and eliminate disinformation -Facilitate improved access to expert opinions and knowledge -Enforce partisan elite accountability to the truth: Create amendment to make strict debates and regular press interaction mandatory, as well as find ways to shame/punish politicians who routinely lie

Causes of Polarization: Trends of Key Demographics Over Time in Sorting (Education)

-Education has been a poor predictor of party in the past -College education increasingly predicts Democrats, though weak until recently -In 2016 significant predictor because education predicted racial attitudes -Postgrads heavily sorted into Democrats

Consequences of Polarization: What is democratic accountability? How does polarization threaten it?

-Elected officials should: Pass legislation supported by a rough majority, communicate honestly with the public, and manage public goods lawfully and transparently -But they probably won't, unless the public: Pays attention, forms independent opinions, and is willing to punish their own team for bad behavior whenever necessary. However, in a polarized society, the public will be increasingly unable to perform these duties. -Ideological sorting means that the stakes for one party to beat the other are rising, and that information, and therefore preferences, are increasingly controlled by co-partisans -Affective polarization means that there is increased anger/fear in the decision-making process, causing the desire to defend your own team to override the desire to punish bad behavior (so we are less likely to hold our leaders accountable)

Causes of Polarization: When, if at all, did elites have a major impact on polarization? If it didn't, why not? Is it what we might call a "first mover" effect, or an "accelerant"?

-Elites, unsurprisingly, likely played a strong autonomous role in polarization. Elites are likely no longer the primary drivers of polarization. -They probably weren't first movers on ideological polarization, but close to it as primary accelerants. They played a huge role in coalition and affective polarization during 1980s and 1990s, especially Republicans. -In terms of the mass public, in trying to get the other side to be seen by voters as corrupt, party elites may have gotten the ball rolling on mass affective polarization. -In terms of themselves, coalitional polarization is led by Republicans asymmetrically polarizing to establish party branding and do whatever it takes to win key elections. In turn, the parties become closed and divided from each other with centralization and going negative.

Causes of Polarization: When, if at all, did culture wars have a major impact on polarization? If it didn't, why not? Is it what we might call a "first mover" effect, or an "accelerant"? Does it primarily impact the mass public? Elites? Both? If it's a group/industry: how has its influence changed over time? Its motives?

-Evidence from polls of the public from a variety of demographics about culture suggests that culture was a primary factor that contributed to polarization before ideological and demographic sorting. -Republicans and Democrats elites first sorted ideologically, with the public following by sorting demographically and identifying around culture. Specific beliefs, whether conservative or liberal, became apart of the identity of parties and the demographics apart of them. -It is an accelerant that primarily affects the mass public, as its impact on affective polarization is more about responses to related events than causing the issue.

Solutions to Polarization: Mitigating the effects of affective polarization (not reducing it, but giving it less power)

-Examples: Emphasizing shared identities (e.g. Americans); reducing partisan cues in non-political decisions (ex: healthcare.gov vs. healthsherpa.com) -Problems: Uses limited to context, doesn't actually address underlying issues

Solutions to Polarization: Facilitating interpartisan contact

-Examples: Increase frequency of partisan interactions (e.g. reduce network homophile); improve quality of partisan interactions -Problems: Increased contact between low-affect groups usually makes problems worse and solutions (deep contact, mediated or trained interaction) are hard to scale

Solutions to Polarization: Changing partisan misperceptions

-Examples: correct stereotypes of how different other party is; attenuate negative attributions of other side's preferences and goals -Problems: Extremely difficult to correct misinformation because of motivated reasoning and negativity bias and extremely difficult to disseminate information

Causes of Polarization: Trends of Key Demographics Over Time in Sorting (Age)

-Gen X and Baby Boomers not super sorted -Silent Generation shows emerging Republican gap -Millennials most heavily sorted generation ever measured b/c we don't really observe mass ideological sorting until the early 90s. -Elite ideological polarization —> Mass ideological sorting -Mass ideological sorting —> Mass affective polarization -Data on Gen Z extremely scarce, but they appear to be very similar to Millennials in pro-Democrat direction. Maybe even more so.

Consequences of Polarization: What is gridlock? Why is the American system more likely than others to experience it?

-Gridlock refers to a situation when there is difficulty passing laws that satisfy the needs of the people. A government is gridlocked when the ratio between bills passed and the agenda of the legislature decreases. -When opposing parties control the institutional levers of power in the American system of separated powers, gridlock will naturally follow, as both parties see a chance to enact their preferences and hence press their advantage. -The American system is more likely to experience it because of all of the veto points we have (more than a lot of countries), and all are elected separately form the other. There are 4 ½ main veto points that comes from the House (esp. committees), the Senate (plus supermajority), the Presidency (plus override), the Courts (sometimes), and and the States (their constitutions): -Majority approval in one chamber of legislature; Executive veto and override; Independent judicial review; Approval by non-federal level actors

Causes of Polarization: Trends of Key Demographics Over Time in Sorting (Class)

-Growing differences over time in stratification by wealth (increase in income inequality strongly correlates with increase in polarization) -Poor (under 30k) trend towards Democrats over time -Republican identification most popular amongst upper-middle class (not wealthiest) -In terms of class (white only), upward social mobility appears to drive whites towards Republican party (at least prior to 2000)

Elite Polarization: How has elite polarization changed over time?

-Highest points after Washington and Progressive Revolt of 1910 outside of current party system -In Progressive Revolt of 1910, Speaker Cannon had most control, corruption, both parties don't like it, progressives on both sides vote to strip of Speaker of power, pops bubble of partisan polarization at that time -Post-Washington was because the country was figuring out how to first deal with parties, and there was a change of major rules (VP no longer runner up, etc.), but this only lasted about 10/15 years until Era of Good Feelings -More stable after first party system -Polarization spikes in 1994 - Gingrich and Republicans take over the house, work together against the other side -2010 sees second spike - explanations more varied, could be general reaction to Obama, recession driving people in different directions, midterm red wave with Tea Party Republicans changed constituency

Elite Polarization: What differences in polarization exist between the chambers of Congress? Why?

-House and senate polarize to different degrees -House almost always more polarized than senate: House dealing with smaller localities, Senators represent bigger body of people, have to moderate at least somewhat; more members in the House vs Senate (435 vs 100) causing them to face more collective action problems, so they organize behind a leader, organization → get everyone on board with one ideology

Mass Polarization: What is the difference between ideological sorting and ideological polarization?

-Ideological polarization is about differences between parties in terms of outcomes sought by parties in government -Ideological sorting is about how a particular type of person becomes increasingly affiliated with a single party...could be geographically, demographically, or ideologically

Causes of Polarization: When, if at all, did sorting have a major impact on polarization? If it didn't, why not? Is it what we might call a "first mover" effect, or an "accelerant"? Does it primarily impact the mass public? Elites? Both?

-Ideological sorting caused by elite ideological polarization, which causes mass affective polarization -Social sorting is an extremely powerful explanation for affective polarization. Race, class, and religion were early sorts. Gender, geography, age, and education are more recent sorts. -Sorting is a source of polarization, an accelerant stemming out of elite ideological polarization, primarily affecting mass coalitional (demographic and geographic) and affective polarization.

Why, according to political psychologists, does affect matter so much?

-In terms of political psych and emotions, your ability to separate fact from fiction is completely dependent on your emotional processing. When you are presented with some stimuli, your limbic system gets the first crack at it. And it asks two questions: How good/bad is this? How new/old is this? The related emotion is produced (e.g. "fear" = bad + new; "relaxed" = good + old). By the time you've experience conscious thought, this evaluation has already taken place. sensory input -> emotion -> cognition/behavior -In terms of political psych and associational earning, humans learn mostly through repeated pairings, and do so subconsciously (physical or sensory). Emotions pair particularly well with stimuli. We increasingly associate the other party with extremely negative emotions. -If we can't help but process the world emotionally and we cannot help but feel intense emotion whenever partisan politics comes up, we drunk drive with political decisions. This is also often rational: many good reasons for feeling intense emotions. Trust your emotions, but be conscious of your bias.

Causes of Polarization: Does they primarily impact the mass public? Elites? Both? If it's a group/industry: how has its influence changed over time? Its motives? What, if at all, effect did elites have on ideological polarization? Coalitional? Affective?

-In terms of the mass public, in trying to get the other side to be seen by voters as corrupt, party elites may have gotten the ball rolling on mass affective polarization. -In terms of themselves, coalitional polarization is led by Republicans asymmetrically polarizing to establish party branding and do whatever it takes to win key elections. In turn, the parties become closed and divided from each other with centralization and going negative. -Motives for Elite Polarization: Elites (especially Republicans) appealed to Intense Policy Demanders (IPDs) with more extreme preferences in order to win their support, resources, etc., not for ideology or appealing to an extremely polarized base.

Basics in Polarization: How does the Downsian model work in theory?

-In theory, parties want to maximize their voter base by aligning their policies as close to the 'median' preference as possible because in theory most people views will tend to cluster toward the middle -Parties should be scared to stray too far from the middle or risk losing people to the other side

Elite Polarization: How should one interpret the "ideology" that DW-NOMINATE picks up on?

-Judge the people voting for and against a bill -Negative and positive side of the scale, will give score - people can match to the republicans, etc.

Mass Polarization: What is "leapfrog representation"? Is it happening? Why or why not?

-Leapfrog Representation (Fiorina): A moderate public only chooses from extreme elites. -Political scientists think Type 2 Moderates (have highly variant preferences that average to zero) are more common than Type 1 (prefer their policies tightly clustered around zero) in the U.S. -There's a huge difference between a world in which people: A) have strongly-held moderate preferences B) appear to be in the center, but hold weak or nonexistent preferences. -Legislators are LESS likely to show up at extremes.

Causes of Polarization: Trends of Key Demographics Over Time in Sorting (Religiosity)

-Less religious tend away from Republicans since 1990 -Republicans heavily dominate Evangelicals, Anglicans, Methodists, and Mormons -Catholics and Presbyterians split (white Catholics moving slightly towards Republicans) -Democrats heavily dominate non-Christians and historically black churches

Elite Polarization: What ideological dimensions exist? How has their relevance changed over time?

-Liberal-conservative (economic and social) and race (segregation, right to vote, bussing, basic civil rights) -Parties go in both directions on economic and social issues -Race operated strong 1860-1960 (civil war - civil rights), after that parties "solved" major issues, seemed almost "nonexistent", but appears to be coming back -Lib-cons may start explaining race: all democrats vote in similar ways, etc. -Would change if Democrats split on racial issues

Solutions of Polarization: Rewrite the Constitution, start over with a new political system

-Logic: Embrace factions. Encourage multiple parties. Reduce veto points. -Examples: Proportional voting; ranked choice voting -Problems: Building the coalition to do this would be extraordinarily difficult and require unprecedented national consensus.

Solutions of Polarization: Strengthen parties

-Logic: If special interest extremity party, help party leaders withstand their influence -Examples: Centralize party control of primaries and Congress; restrict campaign finance to stay within parties -Problems: Unpopular, legal challenges, and close competition still incentivizes polarization

Mass Polarization: What evidence do we have that partisans dislike interacting with the other party?

-Massive increase of people who would be "displeased" if their child married someone from another political party. -When asked in a test on INGROUP: DATING ON TINDER, "What if you found out a potential partner was a member of YOUR party?" 38% were more interested. -When asked in a test on OUTGROUP: DATING ON TINDER, "What if they were a member of the OTHER party?" only 1 of 3 were undeterred, and 17% were not interested at all.

Mass Polarization: What are negative and positive partisanship? How do their effects differ?

-Negative partisanship determines willingness to support compromise, like voting out of fear of what the opposition party will do. -Positive partisanship determines willingness to participate, like voting because of the good things you hope your party will do. -More and more voters are motivated by their dislike and fear of the other party than by their enthusiasm for their own ticket.

Causes of Polarization: When, if at all, did new media have a major impact on polarization? If it didn't, why not? Is it what we might call a "first mover" effect, or an "accelerant"? Does it primarily impact the mass public? Elites? Both? If it's a group/industry: how has its influence changed over time? Its motives?

-New Media allows for homophily b/c social networks are designed to support your own preference. Thus, people only consume news within their own political reality, causing them to assume that the other side is automatically wrong. Message boards, social networks, and niche news sites increasingly create echo chambers with a lot of low-quality information. -It is a late stage accelerant that affects the mass public. Is an accelerant in that people operate in false information, its key effects operating through the dissemination of false information and exposure to mass partisan trolls/idiots. It may be better explanation for polarization among younger groups than old.

Elite Polarization: What problems exist with DW-NOMINATE as a measure of ideological polarization?

-Only takes into account proposals that come up for a vote, not the extreme platforms (underestimates differences within/between parties bc of speaker's role) -Cannot describe behavior of people who are not in congress: Rhetoric informs how we think about politics; extreme candidates more likely to lose, so never make it to congress to show up -Might be showing more coalitional than ideological polarization I.e. Trump effect on Republicans: Party members whipped away from actual preferences; none of the members may actually hold those views; incentives/party control; does not differentiate between ideological and coalitional polarization

Causes of Polarization: How are we defining the factor, Donald Trump?

-POTUS with the greatest degree to which a POTUS governed divisively at divisive time -A majority of the public associates him with polarization

Consequences of Polarization: Is polarization likely to result in wide-scale societal transformation? Why or why not? (Current changes)

-Polarization clearly makes vulnerable groups more likely to rise up and fight because polarization is a threat that causes vulnerable groups to become increasingly sorted. This perception of a threat causes a group consciousness that leads to organized activism. -With this, it is likely that some aspects of representation will get better, with marginalized voices more likely to be heard. Also, with partisan differences much more obvious, choices for the public are clearer. -For others, even though, more people paying attention, things could get worse, as people are far more likely to "take their party's word for it" than challenge their party.

Consequences of Polarization: How does polarization change who runs for office? Why does it matter?

-Polarization seems to spur key societal groups in action, with a record number of female and minority candidates in 2018. -Even though women are more likely to think that politics is an inefficient way to deal with public affairs, they are more than ever running for office. -Polarization makes vulnerable groups more likely to rise up and fight. -However, with less young adults wanting to be president, this leaves us as a society way more vulnerable to sociopaths gaining power.

Basics in Polarization: What did political scientists use to worry about regarding polarization versus today?

-Political scientists in 1950 (during 5th party system, a time of extremely low polarization) were worried that we were not different enough/not polarizing enough to make most people active in politics (didn't care much about the difference between the parties so they were not interested in politics, in a country that prides itself on democratic values) -Today political scientists are worried about the danger effects of extreme polarization, increased affect and coalitional sorting in masses and increased elite ideological polariziation causes much power to be in the hands of the periphery, gridlock, breakdown of conversation and democratic principles

Consequences of Polarization: What evidence exists of weakened accountability (performance/policy evaluation)?

-Politicians are increasingly willing to advance or pass legislation that is not supported by the majority, but unpopular legislation is also increasingly likely to be forgotten or forgiven by the party base by the next election. -Politicians are increasingly willing to pass any policies their base wants them to, regardless of their unpopularity -Politicians are increasingly willing to use any procedures available to them, regardless of their unpopularity -We used to determine who became president in great part based on their perceived handling of the economy (a national mood), but not so much anymore -Selective perception - Because it benefits your party, you say it's good. When it doesn't benefit your party, you say it's bad. -Selective attribution - When it is too obvious that there is something good going on, you say that the other side didn't do it. Instead, you claim that someone/something else is the reason that the good thing happened.

Elite Polarization: What might explain why Republican elites have polarized more than Democrats?

-Possibility 1: Democrats shifted earlier; Republicans just catching up...some truth - Democrats do shift to left 1950-1980, but: Republicans still much more extreme since 1992, and Northern Democrats have stayed the same or gotten more conservative since 1950 -Possibility 2: Northern Democrats really have gotten more liberal in 70 years? Gay marriage, clean energy, increasing openness to socialism, etc....Remember: Don't obsess on policy meaning of algorithm-generated ideologies because culture wars, identity politics often don't manifest as votes and much of what the lefitst base talks about doesn't get voted on -Possibility 3: Republicans more ideologically-oriented than Democrats, so they orient their politics more around ideology...Has virtue of being true, but also could be circular logic. Are Republicans polarizing bc they are ideological? Or ideological bc they are polarizing? -Possibility 4: Republicans more affected by whatever out there is causing polarization than Dems are...Media? Interest groups? Activists? Trump? Sorting?, too complicated to figure out now

Causes of Polarization: Trends on Key Issues in Culture Wars--Which are polarizing? Which aren't? (Race Proxies)

-Race Proxies: 1) Policing--4 in 5 Republicans think police treat racial groups equally. 1 in 4 Democrats think the same. HUGE partisan differences. 2) Confederacy--89% of Republicans think monuments should remain. 47% of Democrats think the same. Clear divide (low-intensity trap). 3) Immigration--Republican opinion over time is generally negative and flat w/ legal immigration, and in favor of a wall for illegal. Democrats have become especially pro immigrant, especially after Trump. Partisanship is driving immigration views.

Causes of Polarization: How are we defining the factor, culture wars?

-Refers to non-economic, social and cultural political conflicts. -Refers to identity politics: race/nationality, gender/sexuality, religion. -Also includes: Drug politics (sentencing, legalization); "Life" politics (abortion, guns, euthanasia, death penalty); Religious politics (school prayer, evolution)

Mass Polarization: What explains why the public ideologically sorted into the parties over time?

-Republican elites formed strong preferences in 70s-80s because of: Intense policy demanders, party branding efforts -Democrats responded by working on their own brand -Transforming media makes it easier to communicate those preferences to party members: talk radio, cable news, social media -BUT: we're still not that sorted

Solutions of Polarization: The Seventh Party System

-Republican party likely excises "Trump" and "evangelical" wings of the party (most heavily dependent on older voters). -Democrats may alienate moderates by moving farther to the left economically. -These moves would likely restore competitive balance to the parties, and force each party to compete for cross-pressured groups. -But given that party IDs are sticky, polarization will rise again.

Causes of Polarization: Why did Trump, but not polarization generally, increase turnout?

-Rise in voter turnout, by definition, comes from shift in low-interest voters -Most people don't pay attention to/care about politics, or know what's going on, but Trump has increased interest by pushing the limits and warping realtiy, and people do pay attention to how crazy their world is.

Causes of Polarization: Trends on Key Issues in Culture Wars--Which are polarizing? Which aren't? (Gender/Sexuality)

-Similarity in LGB acceptance between parties, heavily moderated by age and religion. QT+ (low-intensity trap) has great partisan divide, with partisanship is the best indicator of gender equality acceptance, even outperforming age and religion. -Women's Issues: Wide partisan gaps on whether women still face key obstacles in society, with 34% of Republicans think they still do, while it is at 74% for Democrats -Abortion: Democrats "learn" pro-choice is correct position 1988-1992 and Republicans shift more pro-life 1992-2004. Polarization demonstrated in 2017, as those who say abortion should be illegal in most/all cases are 2 in 3 Republicans, 1 in 4 Democrats. This polarization highly localized among educated, high-income whites.

Consequences of Polarization: In what ways does polarization impact our social lives? Our mental health?

-Social lives: Partisans vastly more likely to prefer getting their information from their echo chamber. There are clear partisan differences in TV preferences. Partisans are more likely to live in an echo chamber amongst friends. Ending discussions (or friendships) for political reasons are somewhat common (especially after 2016 election). Partisans are more likely to marry into an echo chamber and inter-partisan marriages are increasingly likely to fail. -Mental health: Polarization is stressing everyone out, particularly millennials and Gen-Zers, and particularly vulnerable populations within those groups.

Elite Polarization: How does polarization compare across states? What explains some of the variation?

-States have polarized, but without a clear pattern...sometimes one party or the other or both, all over the place -California most polarized, Western states tend to have more polarization -Don't know what causes the variation, but they are homogenous (maybe physical geography?) -LESS polarization over than nationally

Elite Polarization: How was elite polarization in each system?

-System 1: A Good Start--Minimal regional division, relatively strong economy, party leaders generally respectful, dissolution of both parties, Era of Good feelings -System 2: Confusion, Rising Tension--Relatively low polarization, growing over time, lead up to the Civil War does not require high polarization bc made by states, not Congress, Jackson as unifier, slavery main source of polarization, Whigs internally polarized -System 3: Record High Polarization--Bad start with the Civil War causing chaos, each party has potentially winning coalition, activist rise - abolitionists, suffragettes, revivalists, socialists, anarchists, multiple major recessions, dominance of politics by business interests, major demographic shifts with mass European immigration -Systems 4&5: nearly a century of low polarization, main divisions are not the parties A) System 4: progressives v establishment B) System 5 south dems v northern dems--unifying conditions of falling immigration, inequality, and then economic prosperity, the Great Depression where one party clearly does better, wars = teamwork -System 6: new high point in polarization--utter chaos, each party potentially winning coalition, activist rise - feminists, ideologues, civil rights, evangelicals, socialists, multiple major recessions, dominance of politics by business interests, major demographic shifts - growth of non white population

Consequences of Polarization: How does the filibuster contribute to gridlock? Why don't senators get rid of it?

-The filibuster is the primary reason why gridlock now occurs, as it can only be overcome, in rare instances (once a year), by the Reconciliation Process seen with parts of Obamacare and the Trump Tax Cut, which requires legislation that only involves monetary changes. -The filibuster can be eliminated by a simple majority vote; however, they do not kill the filibuster because of respect for tradition, the minority party wants some form of power, fear of public reprisal, fear of elite reprisal, and fear of long-term policy instability

Mass Polarization: How have levels of interest in politics in the public changed over time?

-The public is Increasingly Active, with a 25% increase in people who care about who wins office (although pattern is less clear for voter turnout...but 2018 may indicate something big is happening?). -Presidential Elections Are More Competitive. Presidents used to win by big margins, meaning the country is largely responding in unison to some "national mood." When margins are consistently small today, it means people are mostly just voting their party in every election regardless of context.

Causes of Polarization: What is the link between polarization, income inequality, and immigration?

-This goes back to the idea that the rise in our Gini index score (which measures economic inequality) and polarization index score have a strong correlation. They've both been on the rise. -One explanation for this is provided by McCarty and Rosenthal in Polarized America, where they say that these numbers also correspond with a rise in percentage of U.S. residents born outside of the U.S. They say that immigrants are more likely to earn below the mean income and that 1st generation immigrants often cannot vote. Because of that, there is less of an incentive for the Democratic party to fight as hard on the front of economic inequality.

Causes of Polarization: How are we defining the factors, traditional and new media?

-Traditional Media refers to the newspaper, television, and radio. -New Media refers to message boards, social networks, and niche news sites.

Causes of Polarization: What, if at all, effect did Donald Trump have on ideological polarization? Coalitional? Affective?

-Trump doesn't have much of an ideology considering his frequent party changes and position changes. However, even if there's no clear design to increase extremity on policy, Trump's rhetoric has clearly inflamed polarization on identity issues, particularly race. He has the possibility of long term splitting the Republican party, and causing return to a two-dimensional model for elite ideology. -Trump sparks (racial) attitudes and perpetuates a coalitional polarization that is unprecedented in terms of political interest, activism and attention. Many new polarizing behavior measures during Trump era. Affect towards Trump and Republicans increased by questionable ethics and multitude of lies and misleading claims.

Causes of Polarization: When, if at all, did Donald Trump have a major impact on polarization? If it didn't, why not? Is it what we might call a "first mover" effect, or an "accelerant"? Does it primarily impact the mass public? Elites? Both?

-Trump is likely an accelerant of polarization, (scant evidence now) and largely a product of existing polarization. He is possibly an instigator of ideological polarization on identity issues, especially race, as well as a beneficiary of coalitional polarization who tests its limits even further, raises political interest, and warps reality He has an extreme impact on affective polarization, seems obvious, likely, evidence to come over next several years. -Ideological polarization affects elites who have to stick behind him since he is the leader of the Republcian party, as well as more affective polarization between elites due to Trump's inconsistences/lies. The masses experience greater coalitional and affective polarization.

Consequences of Polarization: How does polarization impact voter turnout? What does the evidence say?

-Turnout has been relatively high recently (specifically in the 2018 midterm primary and midterm general elections). -Timeline wise, there is no similarities in high turnout and higher periods of polarization. In fact, evidence from comparing ideological divergence in states suggest polarization actually decreases voter turnout. -The recent turnout bump are likely not from political polarization, but instead the present of societal turmoil.

Consequences of Polarization: How does policy get made when the federal gov't is gridlocked? Who makes it? Where?

-Unitary Executive - increasingly expanded in the last 30 years through use of executive orders for major policy shifts: executive agreements in place of Senate treaties, unilateral use of force, and national emergencies -Polarized federalism - intense policy demanders increasingly likely to seek legislative relief at the state and local levels, not the federal government

Causes of Polarization: Trends of Geographic Sorting

-Urban voters have been Democrats for a very long time. Rural voters increasingly identify as Republican. Suburban voters split but trend towards Republican party. Regional differences reveal how much urban/rural matters (and, in some cases, doesn't). -Regional differences are, perhaps, a better way to divide partisans than urban/rural. Regional sorting on party is a phenomenon that is more recent (post-2000), and did not precede or arrive with early polarization. -Researchers think geographic sorting clearly has big impacts on politics and polarization but we don't think people are sorting on party. Rather, party is correlated with what people are sorting on (density, jobs, income). Some evidence that geography influences party more than other way around.

Elite Polarization: How did we use to measure it? What problems exist with doing it this way?

-Was measured through Interest Group Scores. This was the first method of measuring elite polarization; political scientists measured and compared scorecards created by interest groups such as the American Conservative Union. -Some problems with it include: 1. since interest groups only score divisive issues, these lead to an overestimation of polarization 2. they only go so far back in time 3. they are left up to subjective determination

Mass Polarization: What stereotypes do people have about the parties? Especially the other party?

-We tend to assume proportionality between strength of trait association and size of group population, and one is PARTICULARLY bad at it if they're judging an outgroup. -Republicans always overestimate more than Democrats. -Democrats almost always overestimate more than Republicans. -The stronger your involvement in politics is, the more negative your beliefs are about the other party.

Mass Polarization: How do strong partisans differ from weak partisans in terms of sorting?

-Weak partisan have ideologically sorted based on elite ideological polarization, with pretty clear issue differences between each side's voters on issues that tend to be highly salient and visible to the public. Those who pay little attention to politics are unimodal ("moderation" is typical). -Activists are particularly-sorted, as ideological polarization becomes increasingly clear among the highly interested/educated. Coalitional polarization clearly strongest amongst activist types. Activists, those who pay a lot of attention to politics, are bimodal (moderation is far less common than ideological consistency).

section 3

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section 4

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section 5

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Review the Main Idea statement at the beginning of this section. Make a list of five events and their results during the first two years of the war.

1) Battle of Bull Run - In the end, it was the Union troops who panicked and ran 2) Union ships blockaded southern ports. At first, some small, fast ships slipped through the blockade. These "blockade runners" brought everything from matches to guns to the Confederacy. In time, however, the blockade became more effective. Trade through southern ports dropped by more than 90 percent. The South desperately needed a way to break the Union blockade. One method it tried was the ironclad ship. Confederates took over an abandoned Union warship, the USS Merrimack. They covered it with iron plates and renamed it the Virginia. 3) Battle of Antietam. The North was able to claim victory, though, because Lee had ordered his forces to withdraw. As a result, northern morale increased. 4)The Battle of Fredericksburg was one of the Union's worst defeats. 5) The Battle of Chancellorsville took place on thickly wooded ground near Chancellorsville, Virginia. Lee and Jackson defeated the Union troops in three days. Victory came at a high price for the South, however. During the battle, nervous Confederate sentries fired at what they thought was an approaching Union soldier. The "Union soldier" was General Stonewall Jackson. Several days later, Jackson died as a result of his injuries.

Compromise of 1850

1) CA was admitted as a free state 2) Popular sovereignty would decide the slavery issue in all territories gained from Mexico 3) Slave trade abolished in D.C. 4) enactment of a new fugitive slave law.

14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

Causes of Polarization: What key elite figures developed partisan warfare? What were their tactics?

1) Newt Gingrich's key idea was that Republicans had an opportunity be a ruling party, but they'd have to change their strategy by stopping compromise, clarifying party brand, purging liberal Republicans, and control media attention 2) Roger Stone's key idea was that Republicans needed to do whatever it took to win key elections with court controversy, going negative, spreading disinformation, and splitting votes. 3) Former RNC chariman Lee Atwater's key idea was that Republicans needed to do whatever it took to win key elections with dog whistles, the Power of Insinuation, and the motto "everything is framing."

Reasons for Johnson's Impeachment Trial

1. Vetoed Freedmen's Bureau, Civil Rights Act of 1866, and Reconstruction Act of 1867. 2. Did not support 14th Amendment. 3. Command of the Army Act. 4. Tenure of Office Act.

Southern funding

1. excise taxes and bonds, only raised about 15% of war costs 2.borrowed money from foreign tenders to the amount of $15 million, much less than they hoped for 2. printed flat money, by Gettysburg it was worth 1.5 cents in the Union currency

Civil War advantages for the North

1. greater population of about 20 million 2. better railroad lines and more established trade routes 3. more wealth 4. able to use moral issue of fighting slavery as motivation 5. recognized as official government and used government resources

Civil War advantages for South

1. only needed to resist, outlast North to break morale 2. vast in land size and troops would fight in home territory 3. highly qualified senior officers 4. inspired to protect their familiar institutions and culture 5. a belief that world's dependency on their cotton would prevail in long run

Union funding

1. tariffs- Morrill Tariff, kept northern manufactures in support of war, some reasons for secession of South 2. Income tax of 5% on $500-5000, 10% on higher 3. Excise tax on items included some food, first excise tax since whiskey tax during War of 1812 4. Demand Notes 1861 5. National Banking System

Reconstruction Acts of 1867/1868

1.) Placed unreconstructed states under military commanders, black adult males could vote but not former Confederates barred from holding office under 14th Amendment -state legislature must ratify the amendment in order to have representatives in Congress 2.) Ordered local military commanders expedite reconstruction

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States; favored a Reconstruction plan that showed "malice toward none," but was assassinated before he was able to see it through

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president.The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States. Did a less-than-amazing job and was impeached but acquitted.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States; impeached over conflicts with Radical Republicans in Congress regarding the conduct of Reconstruction

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported popular sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

Harper's Ferry

1859 John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Morill Land Grant Act

1862 Provide states 30,000 acres for each member of Congress to support state agricultural colleges.

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Freedman's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

Freedmen

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".

Tenure of Office act

1866 - Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".

Tenure of Office Act

1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent

New Orleans riot

1866,a violent conflict outside of the mechanics institute in New Orleans during the reconvened Louisiana Constitutional Convention. The Radical Republicans in Louisiana reconvened the Constitutional Convention were angered by the enactment of the Black Codes in Louisiana and by the legislature's refusal to give black men the vote.

Memphis riot

1866. Riots occured May 1-3. igniughted by tensions after the civil war. After a shooting altercation between white policemen and black soldiers recently mustered out of the Union Army, mobs of white civilians and policemen rampaged through black neighborhoods and the houses of freed slaves.

Ulysses S. Grant

1868 and 1872; Republican; although his administration was plagued with scandal. He was largely irresponsible. Panic of 1873 and his enforcement of African American civil rights

Texas v. White

1869 - Argued that Texas had never seceded because there is no provision in the Constitution for a state to secede, thus Texas should still be a state and not have to undergo reconstruction.

Fifteenth Amendment

1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude

Fifteenth Amendment

1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude.

Mississippi Plan

1890 - In order to vote in Mississippi, citizens had to display the receipt which proved they had paid the poll tax and pass a literacy test by reading and interpreting a selection from the Constitution. Prevented blacks, who were generally poor and uneducated, from voting.

Ulysses S. Grant

18th President. His administration was full of corruption and Grant did not do much, save passing the Fifteenth Amendment. Started the end of the Reconstruction.

Ulysses S. Grant

18th president of the United States, previous Civil War Union general. Not very committed to Reconstruction. His presidency was surrounded by scandals, including the Whiskey Ring

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th President of the United States. Became President after a special electoral cabinet voted for him.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th President of the United States; formally ended Reconstruction through the Compromise of 1877

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the United States. Republican from Ohio. Managed to get election when Republicans covered up votes in SC, LA, and FL, giving him just enough.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history.

John Wilkes Booth

26 year old actor and Southern sympathizer, assassinator of Abraham Lincoln

William Tecumseh Sherman

2nd most important Union General who introduced total war in "the march to the sea." He destroyed crops, towns, and farms everywhere he went.

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S. Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Dred Scott

A Missouri slave who had been taken north to work in free territory for several years. After he returned with his slaveholder to Missouri, Scott sued to end his slavery arguing that living in free territory made him a free man. Supreme court ruled against Scott. Stating that he was not a U.S. citizen and that gave him no right to sue in federal court. And said that the 5th amendment protected slaveholders from being deprived of their property.

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who helped push the 14th Amendment. Believed in harsh punishment of the South for the war.

Antietam

A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day. After "win" for the union, Lincoln announced the emancipation proclamation

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Writ of Habeas Corpus

A court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person. Lincoln broke this law.

Legal Tender Act of 1862

A currency backed only by the federal government's word. It allowed the government to print greenbacks and inflate the pool of available currency without having to have an equivalent amount of gold and silver. The greenback was popular among American farmers and debtors as it was cheaper to pay back loans with a cheaper currency.

carpetbaggers

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes

Carpetbaggers

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

carpetbagger

A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Scalawag

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners, southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

scalawag

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners, southern whites who supported republican policy throught reconstruction

scalawag

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners.

scalawags

A derogatory term for white Southerners who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War

Nullification Crisis

A dispute led by John C. Calhoun that said that states could ignore federal laws if they believed those laws violated the Constitution

freedmen

A federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. The law was passed during a period of great strength for the civil rights movement, and President Lyndon Johnson persuaded many reluctant members of Congress to support the law.

George McClellan

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

George McClellan

A general. Was commander of the Union army of the East, known as the Army of the Potomac. McClellan, a superb organizer, transformed inexperienced recruits into an army of trained soldiers prepared for battle.

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

draft

A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

carpetbagger

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states;

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

A plan that gave pardon to all those who took loyalty oaths. It punished plantation owners and forced states to abolish slavery before readmittance.

Nativism

A policy favoring native-born American over immigrants.

Redemption

A political movement to overturn Reconstruction in the South. Redemption shifted the power in state governments from Republican to Democratic hands, undid Republican legislature, and reinstated the oppression of freedmen.

Congressional Reconstruction for African-Americans

A process led by the Radical Republicans that led to the usage of military force to protect blacks' rights.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining and exercising their civil rights

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

redemption

A term used to describe a political alliance in the southern part of the US. Made up of people who wanted to drive out the freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags.

Total War

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

Senator ________ was beaten unconscious by a member of the House of Representatives after he gave his "The Crime Against Kansas" speech. A) Charles Sumner B) Preston Brooks C) Stephen Douglas D) William Seward

A) Charles Sumner

The Supreme Court ruled the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional in the ________ decision. A) Dred Scott B) John Emerson C) Anthony Burns D) Frederick Douglass

A) Dred Scott

In May 1856, ________ slaughtered five unarmed, proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek in A) John Brown B) Charles Sumner C) William Lloyd Garrison D) Preston Brooks

A) John Brown

Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel that brought home the evils of slavery to many in the North was A) Uncle Tom's Cabin. B) The Impending Crisis. C) Twelve Years a Slave. D) Below the Mason-Dixon Line.

A) Uncle Tom's Cabin

As a result of the new fugitive slave law from the Compromise of 1850 A) many Northerners who were not abolitionists were outraged at the sight of people being forced to return to slavery. B) abolitionists no longer aided runaway slaves. C) state governments in Massachusetts and Wisconsin actively helped capture runaway slaves. D) the Underground Railroad was destroyed

A) many Northerners who were not abolitionists were outraged at the sight of people being forced to return to slavery.

Stephen Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 partly because of his A) plans for a transcontinental railroad. B) desire to embarrass President Pierce. C) dramatic religious conversion. D) desire to placate the South.

A) plans for a transcontinental railroad.

A major implication of the Dred Scott decision was that A) slavery was a nationwide institution, excluded only where states specifically abolished it. B) only a territorial legislature could follow the principle of popular sovereignty. C) only Congress could exclude slavery from a territory. D) slavery was a state institution, legal only where states specifically adopted it.

A) slavery was a nationwide institution, excluded only where states specifically abolished it.

"We must either submit to degradation, and to the loss of property worth four billions, or we must secede." The source of this quote is A) the Mississippi convention. B) the Crittenden Compromise. C) Virginia's "Declaration of Causes of Secession." D) John C. Calhoun's A Disquisition on Government.

A) the Mississippi convention.

Many Northerners believed that the Panic of 1857 A) was caused by the southern-dominated Congress. B) resulted from "Bleeding Kansas." C) was brought on by the Dred Scott decision. D) proved that Buchanan's economic policies threatened to bankrupt the nation.

A) was caused by the southern-dominated Congress.

The average settler in Kansas A) was not strongly interested in the slavery question. B) owned large numbers of slaves. C) believed slavery should be abolished. D) moved to Kansas specifically because of the controversy over slavery.

A) was not strongly interested in the slavery question

Elite Polarization: What assumptions underlie DW-NOMINATE (Poole and Rosenthal 1980s and 90s)? Do you understand its methodology?

ASSUMPTIONS: 1. All legislators know what they want when they vote 2. All legislators have choices between two or more options 3. All legislators have preferences that can be mapped on relatively few dimensions 4. All legislators are governed by some behaviors sometimes not captured by the model METHODOLOGY: -Binary for/against votes: Acknowledges that all congress sees is proposed legislation - get a set of up or down choices between status quo or change -Single peaked privileges with diminishing marginal utility - people want stuff, as it looks less like the stuff that they want, they want it less -Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Ideal Points -Generated from algorithm - no human bias involved -Agnostic to meaning of ideology

13th Amendment

Abolished Slavery

13 Amendment

Abolition of Slavery

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Abolitionist, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Amnesty Act

Act passed by Congress as Reconstruction was failing that removed the restrictions placed on Confederate generals in the 14th amendment.

Tenure of Office Act

Act passed by Congress that prevented Johnson from firing cabinet members without the approval of Congress. Passed to protect the only Radical - Edward Stanton

Ku Klux Klan Act

Act that authorized use of the Army and suspension of the freedom of speech to combat paramilitary groups such as the KKK

Reconstruction Acts

Acts passed by a newly Radical Congress on Reconstruction. The first gave military commanders control of Southern states, gave black suffrage, stopped Confederate suffrage, forced Southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment, and Congress had to approve state Constitutions. The second told the military leaders to enforce the provisions of the first as the voters did not. The third affirmed the superiority of the military leaders as Johnson tried to limit their power. The final made ratification a majority of those voting, not those registered.

Radical Republican

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Elections in the South

After the Civil War, the Southern populous elected many Confederate generals to represent them. Johnson allowed this, pardoning most of them.

Compromise of 1877

After the disputed Presidential Election of 1876, Congress declared Republican Rutherford B. Hayes the winner, but Republicans promised to withdraw remaining troops from Southern states & no longer attempt to reshape Southern states; marked the end of Reconstruction as Democrats regained control of the South.

Freedman's Bureau

Agency set up by government to help the free, former slaves.

Compromise of 1877

Agreement to settle the disputed presidential elections of 1876; Democrats agreed to accept Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president in return for the removal of federal troops from the South

Second Bull Run

Aka Second Manassas, repeat of first, Confederate win, Maryland considered secession

Wilderness Campaign

Aka the Overland Campaign, Lee vs Grant, Union victories at Richmond and Petersburg

15 Amendment

All US born citizen has voting rights. Banned racial restrictions on voting. United States may not prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color.

Causes of Polarization: How are we defining the factor, elites?

All members of the party in government and party organization, which does NOT include interest groups, wealthy activists, or the mass public.

Economic Realities in the South

Although the Southern governments tried to give financial aid to factories and railroads, they were still falling behind the North economically

14th Amendment

Amendment passed by the Joint Committee on Reconstruction that said that government would pay Union - not Confederate - debt, barred Confederate generals from holding office, gave Congress the ability to limit the representation of any state that did not have impartial male suffrage, defined a citizen as anyone born in America or naturalized, and stopped discriminatory laws (likely did not mean to end segregation). Although TN was the only Southern state to ratify it, it still went into effect

15th Amendment

Amendment that forbade discrimination based on race, color, or servitude for voting. Intentional loopholes included so that some Southerns states barred some African Americans from voting. Ratified with the help of 4 Southern states who needed readmission.

Lucy Stone

American suffragist who founded the American Women Suffrage Association.

Ulysses S. Grant

An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Horace Greeley

An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.

John Brown

An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory

Why did Andrew Johnson veto the Military Reconstruction Act?

Andrew Johnson believed the act was a formula for anarchy and chaos.

Lucy Stone

Another leader of the women's suffrage movement, helped found the American Woman Suffrage Association. Urged ratification of Fifteenth Amendment even though it did not support women.

Black Codes

Any code of law that defined and especially limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War.

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinated Abraham Lincoln

Nation Women's Suffrage Association

Association headed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Broke from the American Woman's Suffrage Association because Lucy Stone did not support the 15th Amendment, while Stanton and Anthony did

American Woman's Suffrage Association

Association headed by Lucy Stone. Did not support the 15th amendment because it did not give suffrage to women.

54th Regiment MA Volunteer Infantry

Authorized March 1863 by governor John A Andrew, commanded by General Shaw (abolitionist), gained recognition on July 18, 1863 when spearheaded an assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston, Shaw and about 1/2 of his 600 men were killed, 2 of Frederick Douglass' sons served in this regiment

Sergeant William Harvey Carney

Awarded Medal of Honor, first African American to perform an action for which it was receieved, not first recipient however

As seen in the map "Bleeding Kansas," Kansas Territory was bordered on the east by proslavery A) Illinois. B) Missouri. C) Nebraska. D) Arkansas

B) Missouri

The United States attempted to establish some control over a future canal across the isthmus of Central America by negotiating with A) France. B) Spain. C) Great Britain. D) Germany.

B) Spain

The Lecompton constitution caused a complete break between President Buchanan and his former political ally A) Abraham Lincoln. B) Stephen Douglas. C) Jefferson Davis. D) Charles Sumner.

B) Stephen Douglas.

Prior to becoming president, Lincoln's position on slavery displayed his A) unwillingness to compromise. B) compassion toward the slave owner but condemnation of slavery. C) hatred for slavery and slave owners. D) compassion towards slaves and condemnation of slave owners.

B) compassion toward the slave owner but condemnation of slavery.

The main responsibility for "bleeding Kansas" rests upon A) Missouri border ruffians who mercilessly attacked the free state partisans. B) the Pierce administration, which did not ensure honest elections because that might alienate the South. C) abolitionist fanatics such as John Brown who were unwilling to compromise their principles and were willing to resort to violence. D) the Buchanan administration, which refused to ensure honest elections because that might alienate the South.

B) the pierce administration did not ensure honest elections because that might alienate the south

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Banned public discrimination of race, religion, color, sexuality, or point of origin, etc.

Gag Rule

Banned the discussion of a topic in Congress

New roles for women

Became teachers, retail sellers, in offices, factory workers, and particularly nursing

Wade-Davis Bill

Bill proposed by Congress where the Confederate states would be put under military rule, 1/2 of adult males needed the loyalty oath, and gave political power only to Unionists. Lincoln vetoed it but allowed military rule because he needed Congress' support.

Wades-Davis bill

Bill saying the president would appoint a governor for each state after a majority of its voting citizens swore that they had been loyal to the Union; then the state could organize a constitutional convention. The new state constitutions had to abolish slavery, take away political rights from Confederate leaders and cancel war debts.

New Orleans Riot

Black riots after black codes barred them from voting. Republicans were attempting to engage the black codes when rioting spread.

40 Acres and A Mule

Blacks were given 40 acres and a mule to move west

Liberal Republicans and Horace Greeley

Broke with Republican party and nominated Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, for president Interested in cleaning up government more than protecting blacks' rights; opposed continued presence of army in South, denounced corruption of southern and national governments, advocated free trade and civil service reform

Causes of Polarization: Do business groups want polarization? Why or why not?

Business groups, while they are likely responsible for economic ideological polarization, do not care for polarization. They are not monolithic in ideology b/c each one wants a very specific set of regulations/taxes removed, and subsidies added, but overall don't care. Probably don't like coalitional and affective polarization b/c gridlock, but still benefit from small legislation, polarized federalism, and corporate branding. Coalitional polarization means they'll have increasingly difficult time influencing Democrats.

How did Republican presidential candidate Rutherford B. Hayes hope to pursue reconstruction policies?

By invoking the sacrifice of Union soldiers in politics

Emancipation Proclamation

By mid-1862, Lincoln came to believe that he could save the Union only by broadening the goals of the war. He decided to emancipate, or free, enslaved African Americans living in the Confederacy., issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free

The "greatest single step" toward the American Civil War was the A) Fugitive Slave Act. B) Missouri Compromise. C) Kansas-Nebraska Act. D) Compromise of 1850.

C) Kansas-Nebraska Act

The ________ party was most closely associated with Americanism, or nativism A) Republican B) Free-Soil C) Know-Nothing D) Whig

C) Know-Nothing

In the spirit of the "Young America" movement, William Walker attempted repeatedly to gain control of A) El Salvador. B) Cuba. C) Nicaragua. D) Mexico.

C) Nicaragua.

The most prominent spokesman of the "Young America" movement was A) Ralph Waldo Emerson. B) Horace Greeley. C) Stephen A. Douglas. D) Henry Clay.

C) Stephen A. Douglas

Who was the "the Henry Clay of his generation," the man based his politics on expansion and popular sovereignty? A) Franklin Pierce. B) Abraham Lincoln. C) Stephen A. Douglas. D) James Buchanan.

C) Stephen A. Douglas

The Underground Railroad A) was well-organized and extensive in both the North and the South. B) helped slaves escape to Mexico. C) endangered slavery by its explicit challenge to the South. D) aided tens of thousands of escaping slaves each year.

C) endangered slavery by its explicit challenge to the South.

During the election of 1852, both major political parties A) rejected the Ostend Manifesto. B) attacked the Compromise of 1850. C) supported the Compromise of 1850. D) avoided taking a stand on the Compromise of 1850

C) supported the Compromise of 1850.

James Buchanan received the Democratic presidential nomination in 1856 mainly because he A) took a strong stand for the extension of slavery. B) had a moderate stand on slavery, even though he was a Southerner. C) was overseas during the bitter debate over Kansas. D) had almost no political experience and therefore no political baggage.

C) was overseas during the bitter debate over Kansas

Capture of New Orleans

Capture of largest Confederate city by Union forces, naval battle, no losses on either side

President Andrew Johnson

Champion of people against wealthy planter class; racist; supported states' rights, and moved quickly to return southern states to place in Union, prescribed loyalty oath white southerners would have to take to regain civil, political rights and have property, except slaves, restored John asked informally to renounce ordinances of secession, repudiate Confederate debt, ratify proposed 13th Amendment abolishing slavery

Independent Black Churches

Churches founded by African Americans, for African Americans. After the Civil War, large shift in African Americans from attending white churches to attending these. The AME Church is an example of this.

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony.

Joint Committee on Reconstruction

Committee from both the House and the Senate, chaired by Fessenden, that would decide what to do about Reconstruction. Passed the 14th Amendment

Committee of Fifteen

Committee made by Congress consisting of 5 members from the Senate, 5 from the House, and 5 from the Supreme Court to investigate the election of 1876. In a straight party vote, they gave the election to Hayes. Democrats threatened a filibuster

CSA Navy Commerce Raiders

Confederate Navy, state-owned ships with orders to destroy enemy commerce , included Sumter, Florida, Alabama, and Shenadoah, most were built in Britain

Jefferson Davis

Confederate President

CSA

Confederate States of America; Jefferson Davis as president, Alexander Stephens as VP, six year term each, constitution allowed slavery and sovereignty of states, prohibited tariffs

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

Confederate general whose men stopped Union assault during the Battle of Bull Run

Battle of Palmito Ranch

Confederate victory after Lincoln's assassination, final battle of the Civil War

Virginia

Confederates took over an abandoned Union warship, the USS Merrimack. They covered it with iron plates and renamed it the Virginia. On its first day out in March 1862, the Virginia destroyed two Union ships and drove three more aground. Union cannonballs bounced harmlessly off the Virginia's metal skin.

Land Redistribution Plan

Confiscating land from "chief rebels" of South and give 40 acres to every adult male freedperson and sell remaining land to pay off public debt, compensate loyal southerners for losses suffered during war, fund Union veterans' pensions Rejected under premise that it went against property rights

How was the Freedmen's Bureau able to address southern freedmen's demand for land?

Congress authorized the Freedmen's Bureau to distribute abandoned and confiscated land.

How did the Fourteenth Amendment deal with voting rights?

Congress could punish states that excluded voters on the basis of race.

In the case of United States v. Cruikshank (1876), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

Congress did not have the power to legislate the discrimination practiced by individuals.

Radical Republicans

Congressmen who, strictly identifying the Civil war with the abolitionist cause, sought swift emancipation of slaves, punishment of the rebels, and tight controls over the former Confederate states after the war

In the election of 1860, the ________ party nominated John Bell for president and ignored the conflicts rending the nation. A) Democratic (Southern) B) Constitutional Union C) Democratic (Northern) D) Republican

Constitutional Union

Radical Southern Constitutions

Constitutions in the South after the Civil War. More Republican than the population wanted. There were not appointments for officials (elections instead), social welfare, state supported public schools, and African American suffrage. But, very little social reform - segregation legal, and SC/LA only to mandate school integration, which was ignored

Causes of Polarization: What, if at all, effect did culture wars have on ideological polarization? Coalitional? Affective?

Contributed to affective polarization. Some culture war issues have seemingly low impact on the lives of average people, but seem to cause intense negative feelings like political correctness and whether confederate monuments should be taken down. Moreover, if culture becomes apart of a person's political identity, which happens with demographic sorting, when cultural issues arise and identities are attacked, this will bring up intense negative feelings for the other side attacking their identity.

Freedmen's Courts

Created by Congress to avoid discrimination AFrican Americans received in state courts; functioned as military tribunals Primary means of enforcing working conditions

After secession began in 1860, the proposed constitutional amendment which would have guaranteed the future existence of slavery south of the old Missouri Compromise line was the A) Compromise of 1860. B) Crittenden Compromise. C) Douglas Amendment. D) Lincoln-Buchanan Compromise.

Crittenden Compromise.

Northern feelings seemed to reach a boiling point on the Fugitive Slave Law with the arrest and return of A) William and Ellen Craft. B) Frederick Jenkins. C) Euphemia Williams. D) Anthony Burns.

D) Anthony Burns.

The expansionist mood of "Young America" best explains A) the numerous utopian communities such as the Shakers. B) Lincoln's election as president. C) the flood of new immigrants. D) Commodore Perry's expedition to Japan.

D) Commodore Perry's expedition to Japan

"An Act of Congress which deprives a person...of his liberty or property merely because he came himself or brought his property into a particular Territory...could hardly be dignified with the name of due process of law." This statement is from the A) Compromise of 1850. B) Ableman v. Booth decision. C) Kansas-Nebraska Act. D) Dred Scott decision.

D) Dred Scott decision.

In The Impending Crisis of the South, Hinton R. Helper A) alarmed Southerners when he argued that without the re-opening of the international slave trade, the South would face a severe labor shortage. B) treated John Brown as a saint. C) supported the Crittenden amendment to the Constitution. D) alarmed Southerners when he argued that slavery was ruining the South's economy and social structure

D) alarmed Southerners when he argued that slavery was ruining the South's economy and social structure

The "Young America" movement argued that A) revolutions in other countries were dangerous. B) democracy was unique to America and could not be exported. C) England was the cause of all American problems. D) democracy would triumph everywhere.

D) democracy would triumph everywhere.

A major cause of the disorder in Kansas was the A) continued resistance of Native Americans to white exploitation and expansion. B) immigration of numerous free blacks. C) meddling by Congress in local affairs. D) interference from outsiders from both the North and the South on the slavery issue.

D) interference from outsider from both north and south on slavery issue

Harriet Beecher Stowe was A) well known in literary circles prior to the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin. B) a strident abolitionist. C) a fugitive slave who wrote about the horrors of the Fugitive Slave Act. D) not a professional writer but had been roused by the Fugitive Slave Act.

D) not a professional writer but had been roused by the Fugitive Slave Act

Stephen Douglas staunchly believed that the slavery question in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska should be resolved by A) protecting slavery. B) the Supreme Court. C) banning slavery. D) popular sovereignty.

D) popular sovereignty.

Stephen A. Douglas believed that Congress should be concerned primarily about A) maintaining a balanced federal budget. B) prohibiting slavery in the territories. C) establishing a plan for gradual, compensated emancipation of slaves. D) rapidly exploiting the continent.

D) rapidly exploiting the continent

Buchanan's reaction to the Lecompton constitution was to A) support it because it provided for the gradual emancipation of slaves in Kansas. B) support it as a perfect example of popular sovereignty. C) refuse to submit it to Congress because it permitted slavery. D) support it despite the fraud perpetrated by the proslavery faction.

D) support it despite the fraud perpetrated by the proslavery faction.

Describe one strength and one weakness of (b) President Jefferson Davis

Davis had attended the United States Military Academy at West Point. He had served as an officer in the Mexican War. Later, he served as Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. Furthermore, Davis was widely respected for his honesty and courage. Davis, however, did not like to turn over to others the details of military planning. As a result, he spent much time worrying about small matters and arguing with his advisers

Review the Main Idea statement at the beginning of this section. Then, write a diary entry describing conditions in the South during the later days of the Civil War.

Dear Diary, I can barely hold this pen as I write. I am so very hungry for I have not had food for days. All around me are other people who are in the same situation as I am. We all wonder when this war will stop. Many have lost family members to the fighting. It is so sad to see such death and destruction. I pray every day to return to normal.

Emancipation Proclamation

Declared all slaves free in rebel territory (kept border states in Union favor), slaves left plantations, increased morale in North, partly designed to keep England from helping the South by changing the war perspective to being about slavery

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Fourteenth Amendment

Defined American citizen as anyone born in U.S. or naturalized (African Americans too) with equal protection of laws Guaranteed repayment of national war debt and prohibited repayment of Confederate debt, disqualified prominent Confederates from holding office, which gave Congress the right to reduce representation of any state that did not have impartial male suffrage -many saw this as a Northern attempt to restrict suffrage to whites as they wished

Border States

Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

Samuel Tilden

Democratic candidate against Hayes in the 1876 election. Won the popular vote but lost the electoral college.

Samuel Tilden

Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low

Samuel Tilden

Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low.

Samuel J. Tilden

Democratic candidate for the US presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century.

Samuel Tilden

Democratic nominee for president in 1876 from New York. About to win but SC, LA, and FL were unsure of who they voted for as Republicans and Democrats had covered up votes. Lost as Republicans covered up better.

Redeemers

Democrats redeeming Southern control, once seizing the collapsed, once Republican run governments in South Carolina and Louisiana

What is the message of the cartoon "Of Course He Wants to Vote the Democratic Ticket"?

Democrats used intimidation to influence African American voters.

How did enslaved African Americans help to hurt the Confederate war effort?

Despite the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans still worked in the South as slaves on plantations. However, many slaves slowed down their work or refused to work at all. In this way, they hoped to weaken the South's war effort. They knew that when victorious Union troops arrived in their area, they would be free. Thousands of enslaved African Americans took direct action to free themselves. Whenever a Union army appeared, slaves from all over the area would flee their former masters. They crossed the Union lines to freedom. By the end of the war, about one fourth of the South's enslaved population had escaped to freedom.

Which of the following happened in the election of 1860? A) Lincoln campaigned actively, stressing his opposition to slavery in the territories. B) Southern Democrats swallowed their personal dislike of Douglas and supported him as the last chance to save the Union. C) John Bell demanded that the future extension of slavery be guaranteed. D) Douglas realized he would lose, rose above ambition, and appealed to voters, both North and South, to stand by the Union.

Douglas realized he would lose, rose above ambition, and appealed to voters, both North and South, to stand by the Union.

How did the location of African American dwellings on the Barrow plantation change after emancipation?

Dwellings moved further away from the plantation owner's house.

Review the Main Idea statement at the beginning of this section. Then, make a list of the major events of the years 1863-1865 of the Civil War. Indicate the importance of each.

Early in 1863, Grant's forces tried again and again to seize Vicksburg. The Confederates held out bravely. On July 9, Union forces also captured Port Hudson, Louisiana. The entire Mississippi was now under Union control On June 30, 1863, a Union force under General George C. Meade met part of Lee's army at the small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Both sides quickly sent in reinforcements. The three-day Battle of Gettysburg that followed was one of the most important battles of the Civil War. In 1864, President Lincoln had appointed Ulysses S. Grant commander in chief of the Union army. Sheridan obeyed. In the summer and fall of 1864, he marched through the valley, destroying farms and livestock. During the campaign, Sheridan's troops burned 2,000 barns filled with grain. There was nothing left for Lee's troops or for southern civilians. Sherman's March to the Sea Grant also ordered General William Tecumseh Sherman to capture Atlanta, Georgia, and then march to the Atlantic coast. Like Sheridan, Sherman had orders to destroy everything useful to the South. Sherman's troops captured Atlanta in September 1864. - This really destroyed the South and put civilians into the war. Grant kept Lee under siege for nine months. At last, with a fresh supply of troops, Grant took Petersburg on April 2, 1865. The same day, Richmond fell. - Union was gaining ground. On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered. - The war was over and the Union won.

During the Reconstruction era, why might the Ku Klux Klan have found black education particularly threatening and appalling?

Education allowed black Southerners to pursue better jobs than field work, and Klansmen wanted to preserve the plantation economy.

Election of 1872

Election between Horace Greeley (Liberal Republican, supported by Democrats) and Ulysses S. Grant (Republican). Liberal Republicans denounced corruption both in the South and nationally, wanted free trade, civil service reform, and removal of military rule in the South. Grant won with 56% of the popular vote

Election of 1876

Election between Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (Democrat). As votes came in, Tilden was 1 short of majority, but SC, LA, and FL had not yet sent in their votes as they were not sure who won (both parties had covered up the other's votes). Republicans ended up covering more votes, and so Hayes won all of the votes, giving him the presidency

Election of 1868

Election where Ulysses S. Grant won his first term in office, but only won the popular vote by 300,000. Republicans needed universal African American suffrage to secure another victory.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Benjamin Montgomery

Ex-slave from the Davis family farm who bought the plantations then tried to create a model community out of them. He rented land to African Americans, hired African American workers, sold supplies on credit, ginned, and marketed crops. Preached hard work, self reliance, and education. Became 3rd most successful planter in his state. Idealized model of how African Americans became more independent economically after the war - most were much poorer.

The Appomattox Campaign

Example of masterful, relentless pursuit and maneuver by Grant and Sheridan which the Union lacked until now, Lee tried his best but his supplies, men, and luck had worn out, he surrendered and was a psychological blow to CSA that was not recovered, end of Civil War at surrender at Appomattox Courthouse April 9, 1865

Vicksburg

Final major military action in Vicksburg Campaign, gave Union control of Mississippi River, cut off Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas from Confederacy

Hiram Revels

First African American to serve on the senate, representing MS. Later president of Alcorn University.

Peninsular Campaign

First large-scale offensive in Eastern Theater, designed for Union to capture Richmond, 7-days battle, Confederate win

the North's three-part plan for defeating the South

First, the Union planned to use its navy to blockade southern ports. This would cut off the South's supply of manufactured goods from Europe. In the East, Union generals aimed to seize Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital. They thought that they might end the war quickly by capturing the Confederate government. In the West, the Union planned to seize control of the Mississippi River. This would prevent the South from using the river to supply its troops. It would also separate Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana from the rest of the Confederacy.

Tenure of Office Act

Forbade Johnson to remove any member of cabinet without Senate's consent -prevent him from firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, the only Radical in cabinet

Fifteenth Amendment

Forbade any state to deny right to vote on grounds of race, color, previous condition of servitude Loopholes eventually allowed southern states to disfranchise blacks

Tenure of Office Act

Forbade the president from removing cabinet officers without the consent of Congress.

Sharecropping

Form of working where African Americans would rent land and split their crops with the land owner each year. It was more appealing than wages for African Americans, and had a higher status. Despite this, it sent many African American families into debt due to its exploitative nature

Lincoln's 10% Plan

Former Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the state agreed to ratify the 13th Amendment which outlawed slavery. Not put into effect because Lincoln was assassinated.

Why did thousands of southern freedmen take to the roads in 1865?

Former enslaved people were looking to reunite families and relatives across regions.

Charles Caldwell

Former slave, Mississippi senator and leader of Republican party forced to flee country to escape white mob angry about a Republican barbecue he organized -killed 40 Republican leaders, brought black militia company to help quell disturbances- ASSASSINATED

Why did African Americans abandon southern white churches with the end of the Civil War?

Freedmen were eager to practice Christianity on their own terms.

During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas argued that territories could circumvent the Dred Scott decision by not enacting the laws necessary for slavery. This was called the A) Ostend Manifesto. B) Peoria Doctrine. C) Freeport Doctrine. D) Dred Scott Proviso

Freeport Doctrine

Fourteenth Amendment

Gave all people born within the United States citizenship.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Gave the government a strong legal tool to prevent job discrimination; paved the way for equal employment opportunity.

General Order 9

General Lees farewell address to Army of North Virginia after surrender

Sherman's March to the Sea

General William Tecumseh Sherman and Commander Grant, Adopted "total war" to break South's psychological capacity to fight, captured and burned Atlanta Sept. 1864, purpose of destroying Georgia was to lower Southern morale and diminish supplies and cut the South in half

Stonewall Jackson

General in the Confederate army, led Confederate army in the 1st Battle of Bull Run

Causes of Polarization: When, if at all, did gerrymandering have a major impact on polarization? If it didn't, why not?

Gerrymandering did not have a major impact on polarization because: 1) The timing of redistricting doesn't match the timing of polarization. If it were gerrymandering, we'd see big jumps in polarization following redistricted elections. 2) Competitive districts aren't really much more moderate. If they were, we'd see a bunch of D/Rs clustered around zero when the vote is at national median. Instead, we see responsiveness flatten over time. 3) Senate has polarized nearly as much as the house. You can't gerrymander Senate districts, b/c they are elected by the hwole state. Still, this suggests perhaps some small effect of gerrymandering.

Compromise of 1877

Hayers' supporters agreed to withdraw federal troops from South and not oppose new Democratic state governments; souther Democrats dropped opposition to Hayes' election and pledged to respect rights of African Americans

Review the Main Idea statement at the beginning of this section. Write a newspaper article explaining why Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

He did it! Lincoln has freed the slaves by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln is set on finding a way to restore the Union, not to end slavery. President Lincoln made this point clear in a letter that was widely distributed: �If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.� — Abraham Lincoln, August 22, 1862, quoted in Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln This is a man who believes in the Union and keeping it strong and together. This current proclamation is just his way of preserving that idea the best way he thought possible.

Describe one strength and one weakness of (a) President Abraham Lincoln

He did not have much experience in national politics or military matters. However, Lincoln proved to be a patient but strong leader and a fine war planner. Day by day, Lincoln gained the respect of those around him. Many liked his sense of humor. They noted that Lincoln even accepted criticism with a smile.

How did President Andrew Johnson respond to southern states' resistance to his reconstruction requirements?

He did nothing in response to the southern resistance.

Why did President Johnson's quick reconstruction of ex-Confederate states shock reformers?

He had long expressed a desire to destroy the southern planter aristocracy.

What did Rutherford B. Hayes offer Democrats for their acquiescence to his inauguration in 1877?

He offered railroad subsidies and southern white "home rule."

Why might Dennis have chosen to confer with Edwin Stanton, rather than asking his question to the leaders of his own state of Maryland?

He saw Union leaders as sympathetic and authoritative allies.

What stance did former Union General Ulysses S. Grant take on reconstruction when he ran as the Republican candidate for president in 1868?

He supported congressional reconstruction and sectional reconciliation.

Why did Andrew Johnson refuse to intervene when Southerners defied his minimal requirements for reconstruction?

He thought southern Democrats would better serve his political interests than northern Republicans.

What was Grant's plan for ending the war?

He wanted to destroy the South's ability to fight. To achieve this, Grant ordered his generals to wage total war against the South. He wanted the Union army to destroy food, equipment, and anything else they found that might be useful to the enemy. In the past, war had been restricted to soldiers. Total war, however, did not make any distinctions. Civilians in the South suffered the same hardships as the army.

Charles Sumner

He was an unpopular senator from Mass., and a leading abolitionist. In 1856, he made an assault in the pro-slavery of South Carolina and the South in his coarse speech, "The Crime Against Kansas." The insult angered Congressmen Brooks of South Carolina. Brooks walked up to Sumner's desk and beat him unconscious. This violent incident helped touch off the war between the North and the South.

Dorothea Dix

Headed US Sanitary Commission and organized women to work in hospitals

Freedmen's Bureau

Helped African Americans adjust to freedom; helped to provide services, acquire land and find work for fair wages -education

Clara Barton

Helped provide supplies to hospitals through Ladies' aid societies or soldiers' aid societies, got permission to serve on front lines as the "Angel of the Battlefield", headed Office of Missing Soldiers after war, founder of the American Red Cross

New Working Conditions

How African Americans were treated as part of the workforce after the Civil War. The whites wanted to keep a similar manner of work, but African Americans protested by not working. Whites relented. African Americans no longer in slave quarters (had own houses) and earned about $10/month

Some people believe that Grant's decision to wage total war on the South was wrong because it caused great suffering among civilians. Do you agree or disagree? Explain.

I agree. I think it was wrong because the civilians were not part of the army or the fight. It is not fair to do that to innocent people just because of where they live. You should leave the fighting to the soldiers and between the armies, destroying everything around is not something that needs to be done since war is bad enough.

Trench Warfare

Idea by Dennis Hart Mahan, commanders on both sides learned at West Point, first appearance during Civil War, mostly used by Confederates to dig in and hold territory, largely explained by the switch to the Minnie Rifle, Vicksburg and Siege of Petersburg foreshadowed the tactic used in WWI

Basics in Polarization: What is the difference between ideological, coalitional, and affective polarization?

Ideological- Increasing divergence between parties in terms of the outcomes sought by parties in government. People's ideologies will move to the ends of the poll Coalitional- Increase in party as a dominant, homogeneous social identity. How much people think of themselves or act as partisans (mostly a mass phenomenon) Affective- An increase in negative feelings, beliefs and behaviors towards members of the outparty (also a mass phenomenon). Some measures include: -Outgroup stereotyping -Outgroup attribution -Feeling thermometers -Willingness to interact -Feelings towards elites -General increase in emotional reaction to political content

Electoral Commission

In 1877, Congress created a special electoral commission to decide the disputed outcome of the electoral vote in the 1876 presidential election. The eight Republicans and seven Democrats on the commission awarded all twenty disputed votes to Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes and he won the electoral vote and the presidency, 185 to 184.

Causes of Polarization: In 2018, do party elites want polarization? Why or why not?

In 2018, party elites don't want polarization (mostly said in private) because in both parties, the base in many ways now appears to have more extreme preferences than the elites, demonstrating that they've lost the handle of mass affective polarization. Evidence of this is that the DNC explicitly did not want to move to the left and the RNC has been trying to figure out ways to increase cross-appeal and moderate since 2008.

Battle of Atlanta

In Atlanta Campaign, Union win, part of Shermans March to the Sea, took Southern railroads, win gave Lincoln re-election against McClellan

Wade-Davis Manifesto

In retaliation to Lincoln's pocket veto of the Wade-Davis Bill, furious Republicans penned the Wade-Davis Manifesto, which accused the president, among other sins, of usurping power and attempting to use readmitted states to ensure his reelection.

Sally Tompkins

In the South, she set up a hospital in Richmond, Virginia.

Morill Tariff Act

Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War.

Describe two advantages that the North had over the South at the start of the Civil War.

Industry was the North's greatest resource. Before the war, northern factories produced more than 90 percent of the nation's manufactured goods. Once the war began, these factories quickly began making guns, bullets, cannons, boots, uniforms, and other supplies for the Union army. In addition, the North had more than 70 percent of the nation's rail lines, which it used to transport both troops and supplies. The North benefited from a strong navy and a large fleet of trading ships. With few warships and only a small merchant fleet, the South was unable to compete with the North at sea.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

General Order 38

Issued by Ambrose Burnside when he was commander of the Department of Ohio that opposition (Copperheads) to Union was illegal

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Johnson's pardons

Issued special pardons, some 13,500 to rebels (liked it when upperclass planters praised his conduct and requested pardons)

Why did Democrats endorse the anti-Grant Liberal Party in the 1872 presidential election?

It endorsed a policy of "home rule" for the South.

What was the purpose of the Military Reconstruction Act of 1867?

It initiated military rule of the South to protect African American rights and oversee political reunification.

How did the Fourteenth Amendment benefit Republicans?

It penalized southern states that restricted African American voting.

National Bank Act

It raised money for the Union in the American Civil War by enticing banks to buy federal bonds, and taxed state bonds out of existence. It helped the Union war effort economically.

Which statement describes the real result of the Fifteenth Amendment?

It was undermined by literacy and property qualifications in southern states.

"If it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of...millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I say, let it be done." This statement was made by whom? A) Hinton Rowan Helper B) Abraham Lincoln C) John Brown D) Stephen A. Douglas

John Brown

Potawatomie Massacre

John Brown led men and killed slavery supporters in Pottawatomie because he thought people were killed in the Sack of Lawrence

What was President Johnson's response to the Fourteenth Amendment?

Johnson advised Southerners to reject the amendment.

How did President Johnson shape the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment?

Johnson campaigned against the Fourteenth Amendment with the National Union Party.

Why did President Andrew Johnson vigorously oppose Republican efforts to expand the power of the federal government?

Johnson was a vigorous defender of states' rights.

New Orleans Riot

July 30, 1866. radical republicans were angered by the enactment of the Black Codes in Louisiana and by the legislature's refusal to give black men the vote

border state

Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware—decided to remain in the Union. Maryland was especially critical to the Union cause since it bordered the nation's capital at Washington, D.C.

Susan B Anthony

Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Susan B. Anthony

Key leader of woman suffrage movement, social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Last Reconstruction act passed by Congress. Prohibited segregation everywhere except schools. Mostly ignored. Each place where segregation was allowed got struck down by the Supreme Court except juries.

Stephen Douglas

Last hope we had of preventing the war

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

black codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Black codes

Laws passed that attempted to restrict black's rights in the South.

Susan B. Anthony

Leader of the woman's suffrage movement, helped found the National Women's Suffrage Association. Pressed for the Fifteenth Amendment to recognize women.

P.G.T. Beauregard

Led the Confederates at Fort Sumter, Bull Run, and Shiloh after Johnson died

Battle of Gettysburg

Lee invaded PA from VA in hopes or turning war in favor of CSA, first major defeat by Lee, the bloodiest/most decisive battle of the war, farthest Northern battle by CSA in hopes to have a victory to convince France or Britain to help

segregation

Legal separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

What is the message of the 1864 presidential campaign cartoon?

Lincoln and Johnson would guide the nation through a swift and successful Reconstruction.

Northern Election of 1864

Lincoln ran against General McClellan (who failed due to Union victory against his anti-war/Union losing idea)

What ideals did Lincoln express in the Gettysburg Address and his Second Inaugural Address?

Lincoln said that the Civil War was a test of whether or not a democratic nation could survive. He reminded Americans that their nation was founded on the belief that "all men are created equal." Lincoln told the audience:

When the states of the lower South seceded, A) Buchanan declared secession illegal and boldly rallied the Unionists in the South to prevent it. B) Lincoln thought secession a bluff and announced no plans to deal with it before assuming office. C) Congress passed, and Buchanan signed, the Crittenden Compromise, guaranteeing the future security of slavery. D) Lincoln indicated his willingness to compromise on extending slavery in the territories.

Lincoln thought secession a bluff and announced no plans to deal with it before assuming office

Lost Cause

Literary movement that wanted to reconcile traditional antebellum South, condemned Reconstruction

Force Act of 1870

Made it a felony to interview with the right to vote, authorized use of army and suspension of writ of habeas corpus

Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871

Made it a felony to interview with the right to vote, authorized use of army and suspension of writ of habeas corpus

Compromise of 1877

Meeting between Democrats and Republicans to discuss the outcome of the Election of 1876. Democrats agreed to give Hayes the election and give African Americans rights if Republicans pulled troops from the South

Lincoln's 10% Plan

Minimum of 10% of qualified voters took loyalty oath to Union, they would organize state government, with new state constitution that had to be republican in form, abolish slavery, provide for black education

Confederate States of America

Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas (Southern states); states that were against Lincoln; they favored slavery

Why were moderate Republicans hesitant to impeach Andrew Johnson before August 1867?

Moderate Republicans did not believe that Johnson had violated any criminal statutes.

How did moderate Republicans and Republican Radicals differ in 1865?

Moderates did not actively support black voting rights and the distribution of confiscated lands to the freedmen, while Radicals did.

How did moderate and radical Republicans differ in 1865?

Moderates did not actively support black voting rights and the distribution of confiscated lands to the freedmen, while radicals did.

Consequences of Polarization: Accelerationism-Social Reset

Moving away from multiculturalism in the social climate is unlikely because it's morally wrong, the U.S. is tipping towards a non-white majority, and there has been a decrease in discontent towards people of color e.g. a dramatic dive in non-blacks who would oppose a relative marrying a black person.

Horace Greeley

Newspaper editor; liberal Republican candidate that ran against Grant in the 1872 Presidential election

Fredrick Douglas- escaped black slave who pushed president lincoln to allow blacks to fight

North

George Armstrong Custer- cavalry officer later killed in the indian wars

North

George McClellan- first commanding general of the union army, replaced for not being aggressive enough

North

George Thomas- general at chickamauga who may have saved the union cause there, the rock of Chickamauga

North

John Hay- private secretary to president lincoln who will later be secretary of state to two other presidents

North

Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain- one of the true heros of gettysburg, stood with the 20th main at little round top and repulsed an attack that would have broken the union army

North

Matthew Brady- photographer of the major battles of the war with alexander gardner

North

Phillip Sheridan- union general who will later be quoted as saying "The only good indian is a dead indian"

North

Robert Nicolay- the other private secretary to the president, lincoln had a staff of only two men

North

William Seward- secretary of state, brutally attacked the night of lincoln's assassination

North

William Tecumseh Sherman- right hand man to ulysses s grant, marched to the sea practicing all out war, total war, state later that "War is Hell"

North

Which factor contributed to the North's abandonment of reconstruction?

Northern racial prejudice

Who were the people that conservative white Southerners called "carpetbaggers"?

Northern whites who came to the South after the Civil War

Carpetbagger

Northerners who went south after the war to exploit the political turmoil and ravages of the war.

The March to the Sea

November--December 1864: Led by General William T. Sherman, 60,000 northern troops swarmed over the Georgia countryside south of Atlanta, consuming and/or destroying everything in their path; operations concluded at Savannah, Georgia, on the Atlantic coast; Union victory.

Memphis Riot

Occurred in 1866. White Southerners killed 46 blacks in a predominantly black part of the town.

Benjamin F. Wade

Ohio senator who was a radical republican and co-sponsor of wade-davis bills

Causes of Polarization: What effects does online media have on news consumption?

Online media serves as an echo chamber. Their is a lack of exposure to alternative viewpoint, and people are more likely to gain their information from headlines as opposed to reading articles.

General Order 11

Ordered evacuation of MO after Lawrence Massacre and 4 counties burned, also Grants expulsion of Jews from his district (believed they ran a black market, later revoked)

Freedman's Bureau

Organization created during the Civil War that gave food and supplies to refugees (white and black), helped African Americans to settle, and established African American education. After the Civil War, Congress extended its time (in spite of Johnson) with a new goal to supervise the transition from slavery. Representatives from this often required written contracts specifying wages and conditions between African Americans and owners. But, many African Americans saw it as a tool of the planter class as they arrested African Americans and made them stay during the harvest. Organization was abandoned by Congress then went bankrupt 3 years later.

Ku Klux Klan

Organization that terrorized white and black Republicans, assassinated Republican leaders, prevented black citizens from voting, broke up Republican meetings

Carpetbaggers

Originally from North, living in South Came to plunder defeated South Held many offices in government

CSS Virginia

Outfitted Merrimack to an ironclad ship, fought USS Monitor to a standstill

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

Outline of Lincoln's Reconstruction plans. Once 10% of the population voted to rejoin, they would take a loyalty oath and write a constitution, which would be republican in form, as well as abolish slavery and give education to African Americans. Said Confederate Leaders could stay.

Which factor was a high priority for most former enslaved people following emancipation?

Owning land

Ku Klux Klan

Paramilitary group against African American rights. Broke up Republican meetings, terrorized both white and black Republicans, and prevented African American voting

Mass Polarization: How much are values polarized by partisan identity, compared to other identities?

Partisan identity is, by far, the most sorted of all identities in terms of political values.

Liberal Republicans

Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should be set aside. Significantly dampered further Reconstructionist efforts.

Radical Republicans

Party that believed the South should be punished harshly for the war.

Waving the Bloody Shirt

Phrase used to describe how Republicans tried to win the 1866 midterm elections - they would bring up terrible memories of war to drum up support. Worked as Radical Republicans got 2/3 of Congress and control of all Northern legislatures

Mississippi Plan

Plan by the Democrats to use violence to prevent voting in order to get a Democratic majority in state elections. 60,000 white and black Republicans were prevented from voting, giving a Democrat majority of 30,000. The governor requested troops, but Grant refused because it could cost him the Ohio elections

Mississippi plan

Plan that set up literary and monetary test in order to vote. This effectively barred freedmen from voting.

Johnson's Reconstruction Plan

Plans for Reconstruction after Lincoln's assassination. Much harsher than Lincoln's plans. Mentioned, but never did, wanting to try Confederate leaders. Took away property and would return it with a loyalty oath - individual pardons for people with more than $20,000 (Confederate generals). Voting only for those who took the loyalty oath. Martial law would be removed when there was a state constitution and elected representatives and officers

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

President Lincoln's plan for reconstruction, issued in 1863, allowed southern states to rejoin the Union if 10 percent of the 1860 electorate signed loyalty pledges, accepted emancipation, and had received presidential pardons.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Causes of Polarization: When, if at all, did primaries have a major impact on polarization? If it didn't, why not?

Primaries did not have a major impact on polarization because: 1) The McGovern-Fraser reforms kick in during the 1972 election, but we don't observe any clear polarization for another eight years. 2) This should impact both parties equally, but it instead polarizes Republicans but not Democrats. 3) In many cases, it's not clear that voters primarily vote based on ideological coherence, given that they don't even know the candidate's ideologies. 4) The evidence that primary access rules impact candidate extremity is weak. 5) Primary voters don't clearly have more extreme preferences than general election voters. 6) There's still just not that many competitive primaries. 7) Extremists that survive primaries often just lose in their general election.

Official Records of the War of Rebellion

Primary sources of first hand accounts, orders, reports, maps, diagrams, and correspondence from Civil War

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Prohibited racial discrimination in all public accommodations, transportation, places of amusement, juries, rejected ban in public schools Federal government made little attempt to enforce the law -ignored throughout most of South Last major piece of Reconstruction legislation

Julia War Howe

Prominent American abolitionist, social activist, poet, and author ("The Battle Hymn of the Republic" aka " Mine Eyes Gave Seen the Glory")

Wade-Davis Bill

Proposed Confederate states be ruled temporarily by military governor, required half white adult males to take oath of allegiance before drafting new state constitution, restricted political power to Unionists in each state Congress' much stricter plan for Reconstruction

What did Republican legislatures establish in every southern state during Reconstruction?

Public schools

Benjamin F. Wade

Radical Republican leader, backed the Wade-Davis bill.

Ku Klux Klan

Radical terrorist group that sought to limit rights for African Americans.

Sacking of Lawrence

Ratcheted up guerilla warfare in Kansas, 1000 Southerners raided the town, printing presses destroyed, canon firing, hotel destroyed, one fatality.

Causes of Polarization: How are we defining the factor, sorting?

Refers to a particular type of person becoming increasingly affiliated with a group with a certain set of attributes similar to them. There is ideological, demographic, and geographic sorting.

Freedmen

Refers to the free slaves. The Freedmen's Bureau was set up to aid them.

What did southern delegates do when they met to draw up new state constitutions in 1865?

Refused to follow Johnson's mild requirements for restoration

Gold Ring and Whiskey Ring

Relatives schemed to corner gold market and private secretary escaped conviction for stealing whiskey revenues only because Grant interceded *CORRUPTION

End of Congressional Reconstruction

Republican and Democractic parties effected a compromise after the 1876 presidential election

Although the Ku Klux Klan targeted many groups with violence during Reconstruction, the people they terrorized the most were

Republicans.

Wades-Davis Bill

Required half of white males to take an oath of allegiance before being able to draft a new state constitution.

Tenure of Office Acts

Required the President to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. When Andrew Johnson removed his secretary of war in violation of the act, he was impeached by the house but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him.

Consequences of Polarization: Accelerationism-Political Reset

Reset on voting systems/institutions is unlikely because we've never held a constitutional convention, most people have no idea or interest in procedural political reforms, there is no chance of civil war in a middle-class society, writers of new rules will be likely determined by existing coalitions, and there is no guarantee we'd ever be able to ratify a new Constitution.

Consequences of Polarization: Accelerationism-Economic Reset

Reset that entails moving away from or restructuring capitalism) is unlikely, even though socialism is way more popular than ever before because it is, at best, extremely contested even among very young Americans, and most people don't care enough to reorder society. Also, in a period of chaos, there's never a guarantee your side will come out on top.

Civil War technology

Rifles used for 90% of casualties, minnie ball bullets used, Gatling Gun was first "machine gun" and limited use in war, artillery and mortars were effective but only used in little percentage of causualties, hot air balloons were used for aerial observation, trains moved soldiers and gave North advantage, last war with wooden ships but first to use ironclad ships (iron plates covered wooden ships), submarines were used but not often (CSS Hunley first one to sink a ship)

Race Riots

Riots in Memphis and New Orleans over racial equality. Around 50 African Americans were killed in both places. These did not help Johnson convince the North that the South wanted to rejoin the Union (Also did not help that he called Republicans traitors).

Mass Polarization: What are some issues and values the parties have sorted on?

Role of government, healthcare law, taxes, abortion, immigration, environmental law (climate change)

William Seward

Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price.

Edwin Stanton

Secretary of War appointed by Lincoln. President Andrew Johnson dismissed him in spite of the Tenure of Office Act, and as a result, Congress wanted Johnson's impeachment.

Edwin Stanton

Secretary of War. Andrew Johnson tried to remove him from office, violating the Tenure of Office Act, prompting his impeachment.

Caning of Sumner

Senator Charles Sumner was giving a "crime against Kansas" speech and talking trash on other senators, when one hade enough and caned him like a dog (30 times) opponent was Preston Brooks

Stephen A. Douglas

Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine

Henry Clay

Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state

"black codes"

Series of laws that applied only to African Americans; primary motive to keep African Americans propertyless agricultural laborers with inferior legal rides Granted them some rights -legalized marriage under slavery, allowed black southerners to hold/sell property, sue and be sued in state courts

Clement C. Vallandigham

Served in HoR, leader of Copperheads, called Lincoln a dictator and was banished to the South

Southern Democrats

Set out to overthrow remaining Radical governments -poor whites liked Democratic appeal to racial solidarity -not on the lowest rung of society Resorted to economic pressure to undermine Republican power -in black counties, white observers at polls took down names of black residents who cast Republican ballots and later terrorized them Terror and Violence to offset Radical regimes

Panic of 1873

Severe Depression -3 million out of work; diverted public attention from Reconstruction to economic issues -panic and corruption leads Republican loss of 77 seats in Congress and control of house of Representatives

Battle of Cherbourg

Sinking of the CSS Alabama off of Cherbourg, France

Reasons the South Lost the War

Small population, lack of manufacturing. Numbers game.

Consequences of Polarization: Is polarization likely to result in wide-scale societal transformation? Why or why not? (Accelerationism)

Some think existing societal arrangements need to completely be reset. Polarization might even hasten this current party system's demise, but society is very hard to change, most people don't pay attention, and while polarization leads to societal effects, it does not necessarily lead to transformations.

Why did some northerners oppose the war?

Some white northerners, especially recent immigrants in the cities, believed that they were being forced to fight to end slavery. They also worried that they would have to compete with free African Americans for jobs.

Albert Sidney Johnston- confederate general killed at the battle of shiloh considered one of the souths best

South

Braxton Bragg- Confederate general known for his bad temper and mistrust of his fellow officers

South

George Pickett- led the last ditch charge at gettysburg that saw his men slaughtered by the union forces

South

James Longstreet- confederate general who had a great deal of success in many victories but who openly criticized the decisions of Robert E Lee at Gettysburg

South

Jeb Stuart- cavalry officer who is often criticized for being out of contact during the battle of Gettysburg and leaving Robert E Lee in the dark about the union movements

South

Jefferson Davis- President of the confederacy, once a union officer and secretary of war to Franklin Pierce

South

John Bell Hood- confederate general who lost an arm and a leg during two different battles but survived the war

South

John Wilkes Booth- actor who murdered president lincoln crying "sic semper tyrannis" meaning thus always to tyrants

South

Joseph E Johnston- winner of the battle of bull run in 1816 and officer who surrendered to sherman at the end

South

Mary Chestnut- kept a diary of life in richmond virginia during the war

South

Nathan Bedford Forrest- expert cavalry officer, will go on to help found the Ku Klux Klan after the war

South

PGT Beauregard- Confederate general who fired on Fort Sumter and lost the battle of shiloh despite many advantages

South

Robert E Lee- confederate general who resigned from the union army because he felt he could not fight against virginia, revered by his men and brilliant in the field but often criticized decisions made at Gettysburg

South

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson- deeply religious confederate general who was killed by friendly fire during the battle of Chancellorsville, greatly depended on by Robert E Lee

South

Preston S. Brooks

South Carolina Congressman who beat up Charles Sumner for his speech.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

How did reconstruction governments in the South expand the state's responsibility for the general welfare?

Southern states assumed responsibility for orphans and the insane.

How would southern whites have described emancipation after the Civil War?

Southern whites considered emancipation a form of pure anarchy.

Congress' response to secession

Southerners left and Republicans passed bills for projects previously blocked by Southern states (ex. Morrill Tariff, Morrill Act, Homestead Act, transcontinental railroad, National Banking Act, and Revenue Act of 1861

Electoral Commission

Special electoral committee set up for election of 1876. It consisted of 7 Democrats, 7 Republicans, and 1 justice that voted and made Hayes president.

Liberal Republicans

Split off from the Republican party with Grant's debacle. Believed that Reconstruction was over.

"It matters not what way the Supreme Court may hereafter decide as to the abstract question...the people have the lawful means to introduce or exclude it as they please, for the reason that slavery cannot exist...unless it is supported by local police regulations." This statement is from A) James Buchanan's "Ostend Manifesto." B) Charles Sumner's "The Crime Against Kansas." C) Stephen Douglas's "Freeport Doctrine." D) Roger B. Taney's reasoning in Dred Scott v. Sanford.

Stephen Douglas's "Freeport Doctrine."

Radical Republicans

Strongly anti-slavery; advocated for rights for freed slaves; determined to readmit southern states only after slavery ended, black rights protected, Slaver Power destroyed Found Lincoln's plan too lenient

Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Supreme Court glanced over Civil Rights Act and ignored it

Mass Polarization: Has the public ideologically polarized? What does the evidence say?

THEORETICAL BASIS -While party elites have ideologically polarized, the public has not...Politicians are misrepresenting the public -The public has not gotten any more extreme in policy preferences over the past several decades -People pay very little attention to politics -People often do not have stable issue preferences -When preferences are stable, it's usually because they came from party elites -People often do not know where parties stand EVIDENCE 1) "Moderate" holds strong 2) Centrism is most common 3) Little public change on big issues 4) Public misperceives polarization 5) Intense political interest is rare

Why did so few freedmen pay taxes in the Reconstruction South?

Taxation came with landownership, and few African Americans owned land.

Scalawag

Term used to describe Northerns who moved south and bought up land.

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

How did the Civil War change the United States?

The Civil War was a major turning point in American history. The balance of power was changed. The Democratic party lost its influence and the Republicans were in a commanding position. No longer would Americans speak of the nation as a confederation of states. Before the war, Americans referred to "these United States." After, they began speaking of "the United States." The idea that each state might secede, if it chose, was dead. As a result, the power of the federal government grew. The war also put an end to slavery in the United States. For years, Americans had debated whether slavery could exist in a nation dedicated to the ideals of liberty and equality. By the war's end, millions of African Americans had gained their freedom. Millions more Americans, both North and South, began to think about what it meant to be free and equal.

Compromise of 1877

The Compromise of 1877 was a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election, pulled federal troops out of state politics in the South, and ended the Reconstruction Era. Through the Compromise, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. The compromise involved Democrats who controlled the House of Representatives allowing the decision of the Electoral Commission to take effect. The outgoing president, Republican Ulysses S. Grant, removed the soldiers from Florida. As president, Hayes removed the remaining troops in South Carolina and Louisiana. As soon as the troops left, many white Republicans also left and the "Redeemer" Democrats took control. What exactly happened is somewhat contested as the documentation is scanty. African American historians sometimes call it "The Great Betrayal."

From the electoral map of 1868, what conclusion can be drawn about political support for the Democratic Party?

The Democratic Party capitalized on voter disaffection with the war and Reconstruction to gain political support in parts of the North.

How did the Ku Klux Klan make it difficult for freedmen to exercise their right to vote?

The Klan physically prevented black Southerners from making it to the polls on election day.

Why did Grant receive fewer votes from southern Republicans than he expected?

The Ku Klux Klan murdered hundreds of Republicans, and fear of violence kept many from the polls.

General Amnesty Act

The Liberal Republicans caused the Republican Congress to pass a ___________ in 1872; removing political disabilities from most of the former Confederate leaders. Congress also reduced high Civil War tariffs and gave mild civil-service reform to the Grant administration.

Mississippi plan

The Mississippi plan of 1890 changed the suffrage provisions of the state constitution by instituting residency, literacy, and other requirements that effectively disenfranchised blacks and many poor whites.

Analyze the meaning of this statement: "The South could win the war by not losing, but the North could win only by winning."

The North had to fight harder. They had to change a way of life while the South only had to keep things the way they were and

Exploring the Main Idea Review the Main Idea statement at the beginning of this section. Then, list five statements from the section that support the main idea.

The North had: 1) more ways to transport materials 2) large source of volunteers 3) strong navy 4) good factories 5) industry

Why was President Lincoln cautious about making the abolition of slavery a goal of the war?

The President did not want to do anything that might cause these states to shift their loyalty to the Confederacy. The resources of the border states might allow the South to turn the tide of the war.

Land Reform

The Radical Republican idea that land from rebels should be given to freedmen. Created by Stevens, the government would take 394 million acres from "chief rebels" and give 40 to each adult male freedman. The other 90% of the land would be sold to pay off war debts. Failed as self-reliance and property rights were central to the American identity.

National Union Party

The Republican Party, but intended to attract War Democrat votes, Johnson (Democrat) was on Lincoln's ballet as VP

Reconstruction

The Republican ideal that, after the Civil War, the South should be built back up, modeled like the North. Later abandoned because the impulse to reform faded during the Civil War, materialism, shift in focus from African American rights to corruption and economic issues (Panic of 1873), African American leaders lacked education and experience, Republicans were divided, and, most importantly, racism - Congress could not prevent it, the South opposed African American rights while the North did not care enough to continue

How did the blockade affect the southern economy?

The Union blockade created severe shortages in the South. Confederate armies sometimes had to wait weeks for supplies of food and clothing. With few factories of its own, the South bought many of its weapons in Europe. However, the blockade cut off most deliveries from across the Atlantic. To acquire goods, the government began building and running factories. Private manufacturers were offered contracts and draft exemptions for their workers if they started making war goods. For civilians, the blockade brought food shortages. The production of food became critical to the economy. Many plantations switched from growing cotton to raising grain and livestock, or animals raised for food. In some states, cotton production was limited.

Monitor

The Union ironclad ship.

Which Union victories were a turning point?

The Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg marked the turning point of the Civil War. It seemed just a matter of time before the Confederacy would fall.

Why did the decision in the 1876 presidential election fall to Congress?

The electoral votes of three states were undecided.

Why did President Andrew Johnson eventually come to accept black emancipation?

The emancipation of slaves was a good way to retaliate against wealthy planters.

In his July 1864 letter to Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, former slave John Dennis sought Stanton's advice about which of the following issues?

The legal status of his children, who were living in slavery

Abolitionism

The militant effort to do away with slavery. It began in the north in the 1700's. Becoming a major issue in the 1830's, it dominated politics by the 1840's. Congress became a battle ground between the pro and anti slavery forces

Why were freedmen in the occupied Confederate states unhappy with the new labor regime imposed by the Union military during the Civil War?

The military did not provide freedmen with their own land.

What advances in technology made Civil War battles deadly?

The new shape of the bullets made them more deadly and dangerous to the men. Also the new weapons and improved cannons made war more dangerous.

Describe three hardships faced by soldiers during the Civil War.

The new weapons had deadly results. In most battles, one-fourth or more of the soldiers were killed or wounded. Sick and wounded soldiers faced other horrors. Medical care on the battlefield was crude. On both sides, prisoners of war faced horrifying conditions. At Andersonville, a prison camp in Georgia, many Union prisoners died of disease or starvation.

Which statement describes the significance of pardons granted to rebel soldiers under the terms of Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction?

The pardons restored property (except slaves) to rebel soldiers.

Mass Polarization: How accurate are public perceptions of polarization? How are they biased?

The public in general thinks the public has polarized more than it actually has over time...and the more into politics you are, the more you tend to overestimate polarization...and we especially perceive the other side as polarized.

Causes of Polarization: How are we defining the factor, gerrymandering?

There is a case for gerrymandering being a cause of polarization is that parties redraw district lines to maximize apportionment, creating many uncompetitive districts created, giving partisans in these districts no incentive to move to center, and allowing extremist candidates increasingly win office over time.

Causes of Polarization: How are we defining the factor, primaries?

There is a case for primaries being a cause of polarization because primaries cause the base to select a candidate at the party median, where then that candidate faces pressure not to swing to the national median in the general. Also, over time, parties have increasingly lost control of these elections.

Why did congressional Republicans dub Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Virginia the "Lincoln states" in 1865?

These four states had fulfilled the president's requirement for reconstruction before his assassination.

What effect did the congressional elections of 1865, the black codes, and President Andrew Johnson's vetoes of key civil rights legislation have on the reunified nation?

These laws and events forged a union of moderates and radicals within the Republican Party.

Causes of Polarization: How are we defining this factor, intense policy demanders (IPDs)?

These primary polarization drivers include interest groups, social movements, wealthy individuals, and activists.

Basics in Polarization: What is the difference between elite and mass polarization?

These two groups of people have polarized in different ways: - Elite polarization refers to the group of elected officials, IPDs, people working within party orgs, acquainted officials, interest groups, the very wealthy, extreme activists, etc. - They are more likely to be ideologically polarized (more extreme views) VS. - Mass polarization refers mostly to the average voter, sometimes includes moderately involved activists - They take cues from elites, but are not ideologically polarized themselves - They are more affectively/coalitionally polarized

Why did some southern white yeomen vote Republican during Reconstruction?

They believed the Republicans would expand economic opportunity in the South.

What was the result of the Republican state governments' ambitious economic development programs in the Reconstruction-era South?

They did not solve the South's economic problems.

Why was the Confederate victory at Fredericksburg critical?

They dug into the crest of a hill. There, in a strong defensive position, Confederate guns mowed down wave after wave of charging Union troops

How did African American and white women participate in politics in the reconstruction South?

They joined in parades and rallies and assisted in campaigns.

Why did some southern whites vote Republican during Reconstruction?

They wanted state governments to end favoritism toward wealthy planters.

Why did Northerners grow weary of reconstruction by the early 1870s?

They wanted to focus on recovery from their own economic depression.

Battle of Mobile Bay

This and Atlanta victories for Union boosted for Lincoln's re-election, Alabama Port surrendered to Union

How did most whites in the Reconstruction-era South believe that they could legitimately stamp out the Republican Party?

Through the use of vigilante violence

Impeach

To formally charge a public official with misconduct in office

What was the overarching goal of the Ku Klux Klan's violence during Reconstruction?

To restore the South to what it had been before the Civil War

Which statement describes the goal of the Ku Klux Klan in the South during Reconstruction?

To restore white supremacy and defeat southern Republicans

Terror

Tool used by the KKK to try to control the people in the South, especially African Americans and Republicans. They went door to door demanding firearms from African Americans, and beat/executed African Americans in the night

Battle of Antietam

Turning point of Civil War in Union favor; bloodiest single day of war, aka Battle of Sharpsburg by South, McClellan was removed after battle for being too cautious and not pursuing Lee after discovering plans, victory led to Lincoln delivering the Emancipation Proclamation

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

/Trent/ Affair

USS San Jacinto on Nov. 8, 1861 intercepted RMS Trent and found two Confederate diplomats, took them in custody, South looking for support from Britain, Union did not rally against Britain for fear of a 2-front war, CSA hoped war would open up and they would win due to Union being overwhelmed, Lincoln released the 2 men but no formal apology occurred, diplomatic recognition failed for CSA

Phil Sheridan

Union Commander of the army of the Shenandoah. He destroyed everything in Virginia, much like Sherman had done in Georgia. Kept the confederates from getting and supplies and food

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed a swath of the South during his "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah. This action is considered an example of total war.

Imagine that you are an army officer from the South at the beginning of the war. Would you side with the Union or with the Confederacy? Give at least two reasons for your decision.

Union because I don't like the slavery issue and I think the slaves should be free and I do not agree with the confederacy wanting to spread slavery.

Peninsular Campaign (March - July 1862)

Union commander George McClellan devised this plan to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia by sending 110,000 men up the peninsula between the York and James rivers. Advised of Northern maneuvers, Southern commander Joseph Johnston detached a force to defend the peninsula. He also sent a small unit (led by Stonewall Jackson) that crushed Union reinforcements in the West. After Johnston was wounded at Seven Pines (June 1), Davis replaced him with Robert E. Lee. Lee concentrated his force north of the Chickahominy River; in the Seven Days' Battles (June 25-July 1), the Confederates broke through Union defenses, leading to McClellan's retreat down the James toward Harrison's Landing, and failure of the campaign.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union military commander who won victories when others had failed and defeated Lee

David Farragut

Union naval admiral whose fleet captured New Orleans and Baton Rouge

Battle of Shiloh

Union victory, A.S. Johnston killed in battle, bloodiest battle at the time, led into Atlanta

Ulysses S. Grant

Union war hero; 18th President of the United States whose administration was marred by scandal

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Elite Polarization: What modern alternatives to DW-NOMINATE exist? How do they compare?

Use campaign finance (Adam Bonica): Assumes donors must have a certain ideology if they give to a candidate; estimates ideology of donors and candidates simultaneously; similar process of guessing; confirms DW-NOMINATE's findings, but overestimates polarization a bit more

Election of 1876

Violence prevented many Republican votes from being cast in South -Republican boards in power disqualified enough Democratic votes to give each state to Hayes

Copperheads

Vocal Northern Democrats (mostly from OH) who opposed Civil War and wanted immediate peace, named after venomous snake by Republicans, support when Union was losing but collapsed when Union won

Elections of 1866

Voters repudiate Johnson, Republicans won more than 2/3 majority in both houses of Congress, every northern gubernatorial contest, control of northern legislature -Radicals at height of their power

Wade-Davis Manifesto

Wade-Davis bill declared that Reconstruction was a legislative duty. Lincoln vetoed this and then radicals declared the Wade-Davis Manifesto which denounced Lincoln.

In what ways would war today be even more deadly?

We have even more deadly weapons and those weapons can affect more soldiers much more quickly. We can also fire and fight at a much faster speed.

Planter's New Values

What planters wanted after the Civil War. The friendly ones wanted to maintain friendships with their slaves, but slaves wanted out (memories of slavery). Planters then developed a strict employment-only with African Americans.

Black Office Holding

When African Americans were elected to positions of power. This was never done in proportion to their population (only close in SC). Most elected were of high status, free before the Civil War, and literate. Because of this, they did not advocate land reform

Impeachment

When Congress convicts a president of a crime (though does not necessarily fire them). Only happened twice in American history - Johnson and Clinton. Neither were fired. The House did so to Johnson because he violated the Tenure of Office Act and tried to prevent Reconstruction. Did not pass the Senate as some Radical Republicans did not want to use this as a political weapon

Johnson's Vetoes

When Congress would make a bill on Reconstruction, Johnson would veto it. But, due to the large Republican majority, Congress would then override it - first times in history

Whiskey Ring

When Grant's personal secretary stole federal whiskey revenues. Not convicted because Grant stepped in.

Readmission

When a state returned to the Union. With Radical control of Congress, the requirements for this were fairly harsh on the South. Nonetheless, Congress approved 7 states by 1868 - the rest (TX, VA, MS) were approved the next year.

Corruption

When people in high standing do questionable actions, usually incentivized by money. This happened in the South, where politicians accepted bribes from railroad companies

Education

When teachers pass on information. After freedom, African Americans cherished this a lot - many thought it was more important than money to defend rights because then they could not be cheated out of their belongings and could read the Bible. Most teachers were white women, but African American teachers were eventually trained. Teachers faced opposition from white outsiders, and bad conditions to teach in

Pardons

When the president excuses people who were convicted of a crime. Lincoln offered to do so with most Confederate leaders

What were the goals of each side as the war began?

When the war began, each side was convinced that its cause was just. Southerners believed that they had the right to leave the Union. In fact, they called the conflict the War for Southern Independence. Southerners wanted independence so that they could keep their traditional way of life—including the institution of slavery. Northerners, meanwhile, believed that they had to fight to save the Union. At the outset of the war, abolishing slavery was not an official goal of the North. In fact, many northerners, guided by feelings of racism, approved of slavery. Racism is the belief that one race is by nature superior to another.

Sharecropping

Where small farms worked a larger land owners land at the price of a portion of their crops payed to the landowner.

How did Union victories at New Orleans and Memphis affect the South?

While Grant was fighting at Shiloh, the Union navy moved to gain control of the Mississippi River. In April 1862, Union gunboats captured New Orleans. Other ships seized Memphis, Tennessee. By capturing these two cities, the Union controlled both ends of the Mississippi. The South could no longer use the river as a supply line

Carpetbaggers

White Republicans in the South from the North. Very small percentage of the population but about 1/2 of Republican offices were held by them. Less Democratic leaning than true Southern white Republicans, and less racist (but still racist)

Scalawags

White Republicans in the South from the South - about 1/4 of the white population there. More Democratic than Southern white Republicans from the North, and more racist.

Scalawags

White southerners who allied with Republican party

White Republicans in the South

Whites in the South that supported the Republicans. Typically of the planter class or of the low class.

Describe three ways in which women contributed to the war effort.

Women's aid societies helped supply the troops with food, bedding, clothing, and medicine. Throughout the North, women held fairs and other fundraising events to pay for supplies. Nursing the Wounded Women on both sides worked as nurses.

Andersonville Prison Camp

Worst of Civil War prisons, commanded by Major Henry Wirz (one of few Confederates tried, and executed after war for murder), camp overcrowded 4x capacity, inadequate water, food, and unsanitary conditions, 13000/45000 Union men died, disease main cause of death, "the dead line" fence start if camp (if touched or came near you were shot), care from friends was reason for survival, 2 groups emerged Raiders (bad) and Regulators (good)

Which group made up the 25 percent of southern whites who voted Republican?

Yeomen who supported initiatives for expanding economic opportunity in the South

inflation

a rise in prices and a decrease in the value of money

sharecropping

a system of agriculture that developed in the South after the Civil War, when landowners, many of whom had formerly held slaves, lacked the cash to pay wages to farm laborers, many of whom were former slaves; the system called for landowners to lease land to tenant farmers and provide them with seed, fertilizer, etc. in exchange for a portion of their harvest

income tax

a tax on people's earnings

In 1861, Frederick Douglass said, "This is no time to fight with one hand when both hands are needed. This is no time to fight with only your white hand, and allow your black hand to remain tied!" (a) What did Douglass mean by this statement? (b) Did the United States Congress agree with Douglass? Explain.

a) He means you can not just do something without your whole ability or whole heart. You have to do the very best you can do and be dedicated. You also have to work together, we are one people, black or white, and we need each other. b) Yes they did because they eventually allowed the African Americans to fight in the Union Army.

Within months of the end of the Civil War, about one-third of black women in the South

abandoned fieldwork.

In the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas set out to make Lincoln look like a(n) A) abolitionist. B) Free Soiler. C) eastern elitist. D) opportunist.

abolitionist

Tenure of Office Act

act which stated that the president could not dismiss cabinet members without senate approval; designed to keep Radical Republican Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in office; led to Andrew Johnson's impeachment

Demand Notes 1861

after pass of Tender Act 1862, greenbacks (paper money) not backed by gold or silver were used during Civil War

14 Amendment

all people are citizens and no state has the right to deprive any citizen of life, liberty, or property

total war

all-out war that affects civilians at home as well as soldiers in combat

Battle of Shiloh

an 1862 Civil War battle in Tennessee that ended in a Union victory

Battle of Fredericksburg

an 1862 civil war battle in virginia; one of the union's worst defeats

Battle of Gettysburg

an 1863 Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended a Confederate invasion of the North

Wade-Davis Bill

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

Ulysses S. Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Jefferson Davis

an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

Freedmen's Bureau

an agency established by Congress at the end of the Civil War to help and protect newly freed black Americans

Fourteenth Amendment

an amendment to the United States Constitution that guarantees equal protection of the law and rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the USA, including former slaves

Wilmot's Proviso

banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War; or, in the future, including the area later known as the Mexican Cession

Wades-Davis Bill

bill saying the president would appoint a governor for each state after a majority of its voting citizens swore that they had been loyal to the Union; then the state could organize a constitutional convention. The new state constitutions had to abolish slavery, take away political rights from Confederate leaders and cancel war debts.

James Ewell Brown "Jeb" Stuart

blamed for loss at Gettysburg, trusted by Lee, cavalier, strong Calvary commander, died at Battle of Yellow Tavern

John Bell and the Constitutional Union party had their greatest support in the 1860 election in the A) western states of Oregon and California. B) southern states of Texas, Louisiana, and Alabama. C) northeastern states of Massachusetts, Maine, and New Hampshire. D) border states of Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee.

border states of Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee.

Alabama Claims

claims to Britain from Union for aiding Confederate to build ships that damaged US ships, US received $15.5 million

Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard

commanded defenses at Ft. Sumter, won 1st Battle of Bull Run and Shiloh, defended Richmond and Petersburg

Ulysses S. Grant

commander in chief of the Union army

Redeemers

conservative white Democrats, many of them planters or businessmen, who reclaimed control of the South following the end of Reconstruction

Tweed Ring

corrupt New York City political machine led by "Boss" Tweed, that used tactics such as bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections

Winfield Scott

could not serve due to health and old age, advised Lincoln of strategies, Anaconda Plan

Compromise of 1877

deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) & Samuel Tilden (Dem.); Hayes was awarded presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South; formally ended Reconstruction

Irvin McDowell

defeated at first major battle at Bull Run, exiled

Joseph Eggleston Johnston

defended Richmond in Peninsular Campaign (lost), highest ranked officer in US army but left to join Confederacy

conscription

draft

Panic of 1873

economic crisis during Grant's second term

1860 Election

election where slavery was the central issue, Abraham Lincoln (Republican) won over John Breckinridge (Democrat), and John Bell (Constitutional Union Party). Lincoln won 40% of popular vote, but won a large majority of electoral votes. Lincoln's victory leads the south to secede.

Dorothea Dix

famous for her work reforming prisons and mental hospitals, became nurses for the Union army

Robert Edward Lee

favored Union but stayed loyal to Virginia and Confederacy, general in chief of Confederate forces, lost at Gettysburg, surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House

Among the most basic justifications for the secession of the South were the A) traditional states' rights arguments. B) refusals of Lincoln and the Republicans to support constitutional guarantees to protect slavery where it already existed. C) fears of the overpowering Northern economy. D) promises of aid from England and France.

fears of the overpowering Northern economy

Martin Delany

first African American field officer in US army, recurited blacks to enlist

First Manassas - Bull Run

first battle of the civil war

secession winter

following Lincoln's election, SC seceded on Dec. 20, 1860, in 2 months AL, GA, FL, MS, LA, and TX seceded

Lucy Stone

formed American Women's suffrage movement, School teacher, daughter of a farmer, became abolitionist, lecturer for Anti-Slavery Society, good at giving speeches, disagreed with Susan Anthony, did not want to separate the women's rights movement from the aboltionist/civil rights movement.

Fort Wagner

fort in south carolina that was the site of an attack by the african american 54th massachusets regiment in 1863

Ambrose Everette Burnside

fought in first battle of Bull Run and Antietam, commander of Army of the Potomac

emancipate

free

Morrill Act 1862

gave each state 30,000 acres of Federal land for each delegate

Militia Act 1862 (N)

gave president authority to draft 300,000 militiamen for up to 9 months

George Brinton McClellan

general in chief of Union Army, trained troops well but too cautious

Stonewall Jackson

general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)

Homestead Act of 1862

granted 160 acres of government land to any person who would farm it for at least 5 years, helped to settle the West, allowed to anyone who had never taken up arms against the US governement and was at least 21, "free soil" proposal became a law when Southern Democrats left

The goal of the Wade-Davis bill was to

guarantee freedmen equal protection before the law.

By the early 1870s, the congressional reconstruction goals of 1866

had been mostly abandoned by Northerners.

Before John Brown was executed by Virginia for treason, conspiracy, and murder, A) he behaved like a madman. B) the numerous other plots of his followers were uncovered. C) he behaved with such enormous dignity that many Northerners saw him as a martyr. D) his dramatic confessions implicated numerous abolitionists in his attack on Harpers Ferry.

he behaved with such enormous dignity that many Northerners saw him as a martyr.

In 1860, the Democratic party A) held two conventions, but united and nominated Stephen Douglas for president. B) collapsed completely and was unable to nominate any presidential candidate. C) held two conventions and split into a northern and a south D) nominated and elected Abraham Lincoln as president.

held two conventions and split into a northern and a southern faction.

Albert Sidney Johnston

highest ranked officer in Confederacy, highest ranked officer from either side to die in battle (died in Shiloh), believed to be a turning point in the war (loss)

Crittenden Compromise

introduced by Senator John J. Crittenden, aimed to resolve the US secession crisis of 1860-1861, guaranteed permanent existence of slavery in slave states, addressed Southern demands in regard to fugitive slaves and slavery in DC, proposed extending the Missouri Compromise (which could not be repeated or amended), unsuccessful

siege

is a military encirclement of an enemy position and blockading or bombarding it in order to force it to surrender

black codes

laws passed in the South just after the Civil War aimed at controlled freedmen and enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers.

Back codes

laws that restricted rights for African Americans during Reconstruction

Ulysses S. Grant

led Union victory over Confederates commanded by Lee after his Siege of Richmond and Petersburg, "unconditional surrender"

Joseph Hooker

led initial attacks in Battle of Antietam, commander of the Army of the Potomac

Kansas- Nebraska Act

made by Stephen Douglas, admitting two territories will be admitted as states - and the slavery question to be is decided by popular sovereignty

George Edward Pickett

major general, lead disastrous Pickett's charge at Gettysburg, surrendered with Lee

David Glascow Farragut

naval flag officer, won Battle of Mobile Bay, won New Orleans

Draft Act 1863 (N)

no married man could be drafted until all unmarried men were drafted, ages 20-45; riots occurred when individuals payed someone to replace them

Copperhead

northerner who opposed using force to keep the southern states in the union

Accomplishments of Reconstruction Governments

o Did away with old schools of thought & systems (religion & state together, divine right/monarchy, hereditary status

54th Massachusetts Regiment

one of the first African American Regiment organized in the North

During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Lincoln A) supported both political equality for blacks and the Dred Scott decision. B) portrayed Douglas as an opponent of the Dred Scott decision. C) opposed both slavery and social and political equality for blacks. D) supported repealing the Fugitive Slave Act.

opposed both slavery and social and political equality for blacks.

Reconstruction Acts

passed by the newly elected Republican Congress, it divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former Confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the 14th Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the vote before gaining readmission to the Union

profiteer

person who takes advantage of a crisis to make money

Anaconda Plan 1861

planned by General Winfield Scott to crush Southern rebellion, called for 3,500mi naval blockade of Southern ports and take Mississippi River/split the South, sucessful

Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 with a A) thin majority of the popular vote. B) plurality of the popular vote. C) plurality of the Electoral College. D) overwhelming majority of the popular vote

plurality of the Electoral College.

Nathan Bedford Forrest

previous leader of the KKK, Lieutenant General of Confederate army, known for strategy and tactics, accused of war crimes at Fort Pillow but not charged

Ambrose Powell Hill

promoted to Lieutenant General after Stonewall Jackson's death, led Gettysburg Campaign, died in 3rd battle of Petersburg, successful at Antietam

Wade-Davis Bill

proposed more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned

The Supreme Court undermined reconstruction by ruling in the Slaughterhouse cases that the Fourteenth Amendment

protected only those rights stemming from the federal government.

Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain

received medal of honor at Gettysburg, commanded Little Round Top and Siege of Petersburg

In general, most of the states that voted for the Republican candidate in 1876 were

relatively new to the United States.

President Johnson shocked reformers when he instructed military and government officials to

return all confiscated and abandoned land to pardoned ex-Confederates.

martial law

rule by the army instead of the elected government

John Brown's major goal in attacking Harpers Ferry was to A) keep slavery out of Kansas. B) seize the federal arsenal and arm the slaves. C) cut communications between Washington and the South. D) punish the citizens for their support of slave catchers.

seize the federal arsenal and arm the slaves.

Joseph Wheeler

senior Calvary general in Army of Tennessee, fought in Western Theater, in HoR after Civil War and led US in later conflicts

Bleeding Kansas

series of violent political confrontations in the United States involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements between Missouri and Kansas

Confederacy Draft

short supply of manpower, began in 1862; required 3 years of service and ages 17-50, people could hire substitutes

What did both sides learn from the Battle of Bull Run?

showed both the Union and the Confederacy that their soldiers needed training. It also showed that the war would be long and bloody.

How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the status of enslaved African Americans?

slaves would not be freed. Nor would slaves be freed in Confederate lands that had already been captured by the Union, such as the city of New Orleans.

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who fought for temperance, abolition, and women's suffrage; co-founder of the National American Women's Suffrage Association

General Thomas Sumter

soldier in the Revolutionary War, fort named after him

After Ulysses S. Grant, the former Union general, was elected president in 1868, he

sought justice for blacks.

The election controversy ended with the Compromise of 1877, in which

southern Democrats accepted a Republican president in exchange for federal subsidies and the removal of federal troops from the South.

Gettysburg Address

speech made by president lincoln in 1863 after the battle of gettysburg

Ft. Sumter-Charleston Harbor, SC

start of Civil War, Lincoln sent re-enforcements to the only Union Fort left in the South, Abner Doubleday would fire first shots in defense of the Union and Fort Sumter

Lecompton Constitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

National Banking System

system of national banks encouraged development of national currency backed by bank holdings of US Treasury securities, did not have large effect in Civil War

Sojourner Truth

the African American antislavery leader, worked in Union hospitals and in camps for freed slaves

Thirteenth Amendment

the constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery

Battle of Bull Run

the first battle of the Civil War, it took place on July 2, 1861 at Manassas Junction, VA at which surprised Union troops retreated, it showed that the war was not going to be one quick clean battle

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

habeas corpus

the right not to be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime

suffrage

the right to vote

Supreme Court decisions in the years following the Civil War largely

undermined Reconstruction.

Economic Impact of the Civil War

unemployment fell to 1.2%. Paychecks rose 35%. Farmers became more efficient and made 300% profits.

Ableman v. Booth

upheld the Fugitive slave act

Matthew Brady

was one of the most celebrated 19th century American photographers, best known for his portraits of celebrities and the documentation of the American Civil War. He is credited with being the father of photojournalism.

Clara Barton

who later founded the American Red Cross, became nurses for the Union army

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

women's rights activist who organized the Seneca Falls Convention; co-founder of the National American Women's Suffrage Association

George Gordon Meade

won at Gettysburg, most successful at Battle of Fredericksburg, commanded Army of the Potomac

James Longstreet

won at Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Chickamauga, and Antietam, surrendered with Lee

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced England's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.