apush test 11 mcqs
1. T F The progressive movement believed that social and economic problems should be solved at the community level without involvement by the federal government.
F
12. T F William Howard Taft demonstrated his skill as a political campaigner and leader throughout his presidency.
F
3. T F Early twentieth-century progressivism found its home almost entirely in the Republican party.
F
7. T F Roosevelt believed that all the monopolistic corporate trusts should be broken up so that competition could be restored among smaller businesses.
F
1. T F Germany responded to Wilson's call for "peace without victory" with a proposal for a negotiated settlement of the war.
False
10. T F General Pershing's expedition into Mexico was an attempt to bring the pro-American faction of Mexican revolutionaries to power.
False
11. T F In the early days of World War I, more Americans sympathized with Germany than with Britain.
False
12. T F When Woodrow Wilson first arrived in Europe, the European public hailed him as a hero and a peacemaking savior.
False
15. T F In the election of 1920, Republican Harding supported the League of Nations, while Democrat Cox tried to straddle both sides of the issue.
False
2. T F In the 1912 campaign, Wilson's New Freedom favored a socially activist government and regulating trusts, while Roosevelt's New Nationalist favored strict antitrust laws that would favor small business.
False
5. T F Wilson's progressive outlook showed itself clearly in his attempt to improve the conditions and treatment of blacks.
False
6. T F Even during the war mobilization, Americans were extremely reluctant to grant the federal government extensive powers over the civilian economy.
False
7. T F Wilson consistently refused to send American troops to intervene in the Caribbean.
False
9. T F America's granting of women's right to vote under the Nineteenth Amendment represented the first breakthrough for women's suffrage in the world.
False
10. T F Defenders of nature became divided between fervent preservationists who wanted to stop all human intrusions into wilderness areas and more moderate conservationists who thought nature should be available for multiple use.
T
11. T F Roosevelt effectively used the power of the presidency and the federal government to tame and regulate unbridled capitalism while preserving the basic foundations of the market system and American business.
T
13. T F Progressive Republicans became angry with President Taft because he began to form alliances with Democrats and Socialists.
T
14. T F The Ballinger-Pinchot conservation controversy pushed Taft further into an alliance with the reactionary Republican Old Guard and against the pro-Roosevelt progressives.
T
15.T F President Taft used his firm control of the Republican party machinery to deny Theodore Roosevelt the nomination in 1912.
T
2. T F Muckraking journalists, social-gospel ministers, and women reformers all aroused Americans' concern about economic and social problems.
T
4. T F Many female progressives saw the task of improving life in factories and slums as an extension of their traditional roles as wives and mothers.
T
5. T F President Theodore Roosevelt ended the anthracite coal strike by threatening to use federal troops to break the miners' union.
T
6. T F Some progressive reforms such as the municipal ownership of utilities were modeled on the admired practices of contemporary German cities.
T
8. T F Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, was intended to arouse consumers' concern about unsanitary practices in the meat industry.
T
9. T F Conservation of forests, water, and other natural resources was probably Theodore Roosevelt's most popular and enduring presidential achievement.
T
1. T F Wilson won the election of 1912 largely because the Republican party split in two.
True
10. T F One of the few major instances of using coercive power during the war was the federal government's seizure and operation of the nation's railroads.
True
11. T F The arrival of the main force American troops in May 1918 came just in time to block the last German offensive and turn the tide toward Allied victory.
True
12. T F The American economy benefited greatly from supplying goods to the Allies.
True
13. T F After the Lusitania's sinking, the Midwest and West favored war with Germany, while the more isolationist East generally favored attempts at negotiation.
True
13. T F Wilson successfully thwarted other Allied nations' attempts to make imperialistic gains from the war.
True
14. T F After the sinking of the Sussex, Wilson successfully pressured Germany into stopping submarine attacks against neutral shipping.
True
14. T F Wilson's unwillingness to compromise or accept any Republican reservations to the Treaty of Versailles guaranteed that the whole treaty would go down to defeat.
True
15. T F In the 1916 campaign, Wilson ran on the slogan "He Kept Us Out of War," while his opponent Hughes tried to straddle the issue of a possible war with Germany.
True
2. T F Wilson's proclamation of the war as a crusade to end all war and spread democracy around the world inspired intense ideological enthusiasm among Americans.
True
3. T F Among Wilson's Fourteen Points were freedom of the seas, national self-determination for oppressed smaller nations, and an international organization to secure peace.
True
3. T F Wilson was an intellectually gifted leader who tended to look down on ordinary politics and politicians.
True
4. T F The Committee on Public Information used varied forms of propaganda to stir fervent American patriotism and support for the war.
True
4. T F Wilson successfully used his powers eloquence and popular appeal to push through progressive reforms of the tariff, monetary systems, and trusts.
True
5. T F The primary targets of prosecution under the Espionage and Sedition Acts were German and Austrian agents in the United States.
True
6. T F Wilson initially attempted to overturn the imperialistic big-stick and dollar-diplomacy foreign policies of Roosevelt and Taft in Asia and Latin America.
True
7. T F Despite bitter and sometimes violent strikes, American labor made economic and organizational gains as a result of World War I.
True
8. T F War-inspired black migration into northern cities led to major racial riots in 1917-1919.
True
8. T F Wilson's initial policy toward the revolutionary Mexican government of General Huerta was to display moral disapproval while trying to avoid American military intervention.
True
9. T F The mediation of three Latin American nations after the Tampico incident saved Wilson from a full-scale war with Mexico.
True
"Excepting only Yosemite, Hetch Hetchy is the most attractive and wonderful valley within the bounds of the great Yosemite National Park and the best of all the camp grounds. People are now flocking to it in ever-increasing numbers for health and recreation of body and mind. Though the walls are less sublime in height than those of Yosemite, its groves, gardens, and broad, spacious meadows are more beautiful and picturesque. . . . Last year in October I visited the valley with Mr. William Keith, the artist. He wandered about from view to view, enchanted, made thirty-eight sketches, and enthusiastically declared that in varied picturesque beauty Hetch Hetchy greatly surpassed Yosemite. It is one of God's best gifts, and ought to be faithfully guarded." John Muir, Century Magazine, 1909 23. Muir's ideas are most directly a reaction to the (A) increasing usage and exploitation of western landscapes (B) increase in urban populations, including immigrant workers attracted by a growing industrial economy (C) westward migration of groups seeking religious refuge (D) opening of a new frontier in recently annexed territory
a
"I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes." President Harry Truman, address before a joint session of Congress articulating what would become known as the Truman Doctrine, 1947 17. In his statement Truman had the goal of (A) restraining communist military power and ideological influence (B) creating alliances with recently decolonized nations (C) reestablishing the principle of isolationism (D) avoiding a military confrontation with the Soviet Union
a
"I believe that progressivism was a radical movement, though not by the common measures of economic and political radicalism. . . . Progressives were radical in their conviction that other social classes must be transformed and in their boldness in going about the business of that transformation. . . . The sweep of progressivism was remarkable, but because the progressive agenda was so often carried out in settlement houses, churches, and schoolrooms, in rather unassuming day-to-day activities, the essential audacity of the enterprise can be missed. Progressivism demanded a social transformation that remains at once profoundly impressive and profoundly disturbing a century later." — Michael McGerr, A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870-1920, 2003 1. Which of the following activities from the middle of the 19th century most closely resembles the Progressive Era reforms that McGerr describes? (A) Participation by women in moral reform efforts (B) Calls for the annexation of Texas (C) Efforts by nativists to restrict immigration (D) Removal of American Indians from the Southeast to the West
a
"I believe that progressivism was a radical movement, though not by the common measures of economic and political radicalism. . . . Progressives were radical in their conviction that other social classes must be transformed and in their boldness in going about the business of that transformation. . . . The sweep of progressivism was remarkable, but because the progressive agenda was so often carried out in settlement houses, churches, and schoolrooms, in rather unassuming day-to-day activities, the essential audacity of the enterprise can be missed. Progressivism demanded a social transformation that remains at once profoundly impressive and profoundly disturbing a century later." — Michael McGerr, A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870-1920, 2003 3. Which of the following movements from the period of 1870 to 1920 would most directly support McGerr's argument in the excerpt above? (A) The movement for temperance and Prohibition, which sought to limit consumption of alcohol (B) The movement by good-government advocates, who sought to eliminate public corruption (C) The movement by the federal government to conserve and protect environmental resources (D) The movement to protect consumers from unfair practices by businesses
a
"Our ... destiny [is] to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions. . . . The Anglo-Saxon foot is already on [California's] borders. Already the advance guard of the irresistible army of Anglo-Saxon emigration has begun to pour down upon it, armed with the [plow] and the rifle, and marking its trail with schools and colleges, courts and representative halls, mills and meetinghouses. A population will soon be in actual occupation of California. . . . Their right to independence will be the natural right of self-government belonging to any community strong enough to maintain it." — John L. O'Sullivan, 1845 10. The process described in the passage above most directly led to political controversies in the 1840s and 1850s over the (A) expansion of slavery into newly acquired territories (B) authority of the Supreme Court to overturn federal laws (C) role of the federal government in economic development (D) use of natural resources in newly acquired territories
a
"Shortly after this, my mother's widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . . "My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill. . . . "The working hours of all the girls extended from five o'clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . . "I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who as it was said, were treated so badly. . . . "In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us." Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898 53. The developments described in the excerpt most directly reflect which of the following changes in the first half of the 1800s? (A) The sharp increase in the number of workers making goods for distant markets (B) Women's acquisition of new legal rights independent of their fathers and husbands (C) The emergence of a larger and more distinct middle class (D) Many women's embrace of the idea of separate spheres
a
"The Erie Canal poured into New York City [wealth] far exceeding that which its early friends predicted. . . . In the city, merchants, bankers, warehousemen, [and] shippers . . . seized the opportunity to perfect and specialize their services, fostering round after round of business innovations that within a decade of the opening of the Erie Canal had made New York by far the best place in America to engage in commerce. . . . ". . . Even before its economic benefits were realized fully, rival seaports with hopes of tapping interior trade began to imagine dreadful prospects of permanent eclipse. Whatever spirit of mutual good feeling and national welfare once greeted [internal improvements] now disappeared behind desperate efforts in cities . . . to create for themselves a westward connection." John Lauritz Larson, historian, Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States, 2001 6. Which of the following developments in the early nineteenth century could best be used as evidence to support the argument in the second paragraph of the excerpt? (A) The opposition of some political leaders to providing federal funds for public works (B) The failure of some infrastructure projects to recover their costs (C) The recruitment of immigrant laborers to work on new transportation projects (D) The rise of a regional economy based on the production and export of cotton
a
"The oath that I have taken is the same oath that was taken by George Washington and by every President under the Constitution. But I assume the Presidency under extraordinary circumstances never before experienced by Americans. This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts. "I am acutely aware that you have not elected me as your President by your ballots, and so I ask you to confirm me as your President with your prayers. . . . "I believe that truth is the glue that holds government together, not only our Government but civilization itself. That bond, though strained, is unbroken at home and abroad. "In all my public and private acts as your President, I expect to follow my instincts of openness and candor with full confidence that honesty is always the best policy in the end. My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over." President Gerald Ford, Remarks on Taking the Oath of Office, 1974 15. The remarks in the excerpt were most likely given in response to which of the following? (A) Political scandals resulting from the president's illegal campaign activity (B) Accusations that the adoption of national wage and price controls constituted socialism (C) The growing concern over escalating antiwar protests and the shooting of students at Kent State University (D) The discovery that the president had ordered invasions of Cambodia and Laos
a
"The peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort in opposition to those violations of treaties and those ignorings of humane instincts which today are creating a state of international anarchy and instability from which there is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality. "Those who cherish their freedom and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice and confidence may prevail in the world. There must be a return to a belief in the pledged word, in the value of a signed treaty. There must be recognition of the fact that national morality is as vital as private morality." President Franklin Roosevelt, Quarantine Speech, 1937 44. The ideas expressed in the excerpt differed from the prevailing United States approach to foreign policy issues primarily in that Roosevelt was (A) arguing to expand the role of the United States in the world (B) encouraging the United States to avoid political entanglements in Europe (C) seeking to promote United States influence throughout Latin America (D) encouraging new laws that would give the United States international police power
a
"We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Chief Justice Earl Warren, writing the unanimous opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 13. The decision excerpted most directly reflected a growing belief after the Second World War that the power of the federal government should be used to (A) promote greater racial justice (B) revitalize cities (C) foster economic opportunity (D) defend traditional visions of morality
a
13. Wilson blundered badly when leading the American peace delegation to Paris by a. failing to develop any set of clear diplomatic goals for the peace treaty. b. refusing to include any Republican senators in the American delegation. c. not consulting with his key allies, Britain and France, about their war aims. d. suggesting that he would abandon his idealistic Fourteen Points in order to appease the Allies. e. believing Senator Henry Cabot Lodge when he said he supported Wilson one hundred percent.
a
14. In the 1950s, the activities of workers such as those depicted in the image would be most challenged by (A) a culture of conformity that emphasized domestic ideals for women (B) an increased need for dual incomes in suburban middle-class families (C) the rise of a second-wave feminist movement in the United States (D) the long-term decline of industrial production in the United States
a
47. The poster most directly reflects the (A) wartime mobilization of United States society (B) emergence of the United States as a leading world power (C) expanded access to consumer goods during wartime (D) wartime repression of civil liberties
a
49. Which of the following represents a later example of the change highlighted in the poster? (A) Feminist calls for equal economic opportunities in the 1970s (B) The growing feminist protests against United States military engagements abroad in the 1970s (C) The increasing inability of the manufacturing sector to create jobs for women in the 1970s and 1980s (D) The growing popular consensus about appropriate women's roles in the 1980s and 1990s
a
6. Two groups that experienced the most direct attacks and suppression during the war were a. German Americans and socialists. b. communists and labor leaders. c. Mexican Americans and immigrants. d. African Americans and feminists. e. conscientious objectors and draft dodgers.
a
Prominent among those who aroused the progressive movement by stirring the public's sense of concern were: a. socialists, social gospelers, women, and muckraking journalists; b. union leaders, machine politicians, immigrants, and engineers; c. bankers, salesmen, congressmen, and scientists; d. athletes, entertainers, filmmakers, and musicians; e. farmers, miners, Latinos, and African Americans.
a
Questions 19-21 refer to the late-nineteenth-century photograph below by journalist Jacob Riis. 20. The conditions shown in the image depict which of the following trends in the late nineteenth century? (A) The growing gap between wealthy people and people living in poverty (B) The rise of the settlement house and Populist movements (C) The increased corruption in urban politics (D) The migration of African Americans to the North
a
Roosevelt was blamed by big business for the Panic of 1907 because: a. his progressive boatrocking tactics had allegedly unsettled industry and undermined business confidence. b. his policies of regulating and protecting industrial workers had caused a depression. c. his inability to establish a stable monetary policy led to a Wall Street crash. d. the public wanted him to run again for president in 1908. e. his administration had run up enormous federal deficits.
a
The new regulatory agency, created by the Wilson administration in 1914, that attacked unfair business competition, false and misleading advertising, and consumer fraud was the a. Federal Trade Commission. b. Interstate Commerce Commission. c. Federal Reserve System. d. Consumer Products Safety Commission. e. Antitrust Division of the Justice Department.
a
This cartoon by Thomas Nast focuses on the debates over political values and national identity in the aftermath of the Civil War. (Pardon v.s. Franchise) 5. The sentiments expressed in the cartoon above most directly contributed to which of the following? (A) The passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments (B) The movement of African Americans away from the farms where many had been held as slaves (C) The prevalence of the sharecropping system (D) The passage of segregation laws in Southern states
a
This cartoon by Thomas Nast focuses on the debates over political values and national identity in the aftermath of the Civil War. (Pardon v.s. Franchise) 6. The controversy highlighted in the cartoon above most directly led to the (A) emergence of more vigorous Southern resistance to African American rights (B) industrialization of some segments of the Southern economy (C) issuance of court rulings such as Plessy v. Ferguson sanctioning racial segregation (D) development of African American efforts to support vocational education
a
Wilson's general progressive support for the less fortunate in American society was weakened by his actively hostile policies toward a. labor unions. b. blacks. c. farmers. d. women. e. immigrants.
a
Wilson's initial attitude toward the Mexican revolutionary government was to a. refuse recognition of General Huerta's regime but avoid American intervention. b. intervene with troops on behalf of threatened American business interests. c. provide military and economic assistance to the Huerta regime. d. mobilize other Latin American governments to oust Huerta. e. follow the lead of publisher William Randolph Hearst.
a
"I believe that progressivism was a radical movement, though not by the common measures of economic and political radicalism. . . . Progressives were radical in their conviction that other social classes must be transformed and in their boldness in going about the business of that transformation. . . . The sweep of progressivism was remarkable, but because the progressive agenda was so often carried out in settlement houses, churches, and schoolrooms, in rather unassuming day-to-day activities, the essential audacity of the enterprise can be missed. Progressivism demanded a social transformation that remains at once profoundly impressive and profoundly disturbing a century later." — Michael McGerr, A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870-1920, 2003 2. Which of the following efforts most directly resulted from the Progressive Era reform movements? (A) Attempts to consolidate large corporations (B) Local campaigns against urban social problems (C) Calls to restrict migration from southern and eastern Europe (D) Plans to develop an extensive social welfare system by the federal government
b
"The Erie Canal poured into New York City [wealth] far exceeding that which its early friends predicted. . . . In the city, merchants, bankers, warehousemen, [and] shippers . . . seized the opportunity to perfect and specialize their services, fostering round after round of business innovations that within a decade of the opening of the Erie Canal had made New York by far the best place in America to engage in commerce. . . . ". . . Even before its economic benefits were realized fully, rival seaports with hopes of tapping interior trade began to imagine dreadful prospects of permanent eclipse. Whatever spirit of mutual good feeling and national welfare once greeted [internal improvements] now disappeared behind desperate efforts in cities . . . to create for themselves a westward connection." John Lauritz Larson, historian, Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States, 2001 5. The excerpt best illustrates which of the following developments? (A) The extension of commerce with Native Americans (B) The expansion of access to markets (C) The growth in the internal slave trade (D) The increase in semisubsistence agricultural production
b
"The oath that I have taken is the same oath that was taken by George Washington and by every President under the Constitution. But I assume the Presidency under extraordinary circumstances never before experienced by Americans. This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts. "I am acutely aware that you have not elected me as your President by your ballots, and so I ask you to confirm me as your President with your prayers. . . . "I believe that truth is the glue that holds government together, not only our Government but civilization itself. That bond, though strained, is unbroken at home and abroad. "In all my public and private acts as your President, I expect to follow my instincts of openness and candor with full confidence that honesty is always the best policy in the end. My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over." President Gerald Ford, Remarks on Taking the Oath of Office, 1974 17. The events discussed in the excerpt led to which of the following political changes? (A) Democrats consolidated political support in areas of the South that Republicans had previously dominated. (B) Republicans overcame divisions within their party with Ronald Reagan's election as president in 1980. (C) Third-party candidates won increasing numbers of electoral college votes in presidential elections. (D) Congress announced a bipartisan proposal for a Contract with America to regain voters' trust.
b
"The peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort in opposition to those violations of treaties and those ignorings of humane instincts which today are creating a state of international anarchy and instability from which there is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality. "Those who cherish their freedom and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice and confidence may prevail in the world. There must be a return to a belief in the pledged word, in the value of a signed treaty. There must be recognition of the fact that national morality is as vital as private morality." President Franklin Roosevelt, Quarantine Speech, 1937 46. Which of the following best represents continuity in the years after 1945 with the ideas that Roosevelt expressed in the excerpt? (A) The conviction and execution of suspected Soviet spies in the United States (B) United States membership in an international collective security organization (C) United States military commitment to countries battling communist insurgencies (D) The rise of peace organizations opposed to the buildup and use of nuclear weapons
b
1. The immediate cause of American entry into World War I was a. German support for a possible Mexican invasion of the southwestern United States. b. Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare. c. the imminent danger of a French surrender to Germany. d. desire of the American munitions makers to gain larger profits. e. Wilson's recognition that German militarism threatened the ideals of American democracy.
b
10. A major difference between the World War I Selective Service Act and the Civil War draft was that in World War I a. women as well as men were drafted. b. there was no provision for conscientious objection as there had been during the Civil War. c. draftees were sent immediately into front line combat. d. draftees received the same training as professional soldiers. e. it was not possible to purchase an exemption or to hire a substitute as during the Civil War.
b
13. Production activities like those depicted in the image most directly contributed to (A) calls to limit arms and naval destroyers for the major world powers (B) critical wartime provisioning for the Allies that led to victory (C) efforts to rebuild Western Europe's postwar economy (D) concerns about the political influence of the military-industrial complex
b
8. Particularly violent strikes erupted during and after World War I in a. the shipping and railroad industries. b. the steel industry. c. the textile and clothing manufacturing industries. d. factories employing women war workers. e. Chicago and East St. Louis.
b
Questions 19-21 refer to the late-nineteenth-century photograph below by journalist Jacob Riis. 19. Conditions like those shown in the image contributed most directly to which of the following? (A) The passage of laws restricting immigration to the United States (B) An increase in Progressive reform activity (C) A decline in efforts to Americanize immigrants (D) The weakening of labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor
b
Questions 50 and 51 refer to the excerpt below. "The era of big government is over but we can't go back to a time when our citizens were just left to fend for themselves. We will meet them by going forward as one America, by working together in our communities, our schools, our churches and synagogues, our workplaces across the entire spectrum of our civic life." President Bill Clinton, radio address to the nation, 1996 50. Which of the following actions by the Clinton administration best reflects the ideas about the scope of government expressed in the excerpt? (A) The decision to pursue military peacekeeping interventions in the Balkans and Somalia (B) The enactment of welfare reform to restrict benefits and encourage self-reliance (C) The negotiation of new free trade agreements among North American countries (D) The effort to enact universal health care legislation
b
Questions 50 and 51 refer to the excerpt below. "The era of big government is over but we can't go back to a time when our citizens were just left to fend for themselves. We will meet them by going forward as one America, by working together in our communities, our schools, our churches and synagogues, our workplaces across the entire spectrum of our civic life." President Bill Clinton, radio address to the nation, 1996 51. The ideas expressed by Clinton in the excerpt were most similar to those of which twentieth-century president? (A) Lyndon Johnson (B) Ronald Reagan (C) Franklin Roosevelt (D) Woodrow Wilson
b
The "triple wall of privilege" that Wilson set out to reform consisted of a. farmers, shippers, and the military. b. the tariffs, the banks, and the trusts. c. Ivy League universities, private dining clubs, and segregated urban neighborhoods. d. congressional leaders, lobbyists, and lawyers. e. labor union officials, big city bosses, and wealthy southern landlords.
b
The Roosevelt backed Elkins Act and Hepburn Act were aimed at: a. better protection for industrial workers. b. more effective regulation of the railroad industry. c. protection for consumers of beef and fresh produce. d. breaking up the Standard Oil and United States Steel monopolies. e. prohibiting nonfarm child labor for anyone under age fourteen.
b
The basic contrast between the two progressive candidates, Roosevelt and Wilson, was that a. Roosevelt wanted genuine political and social reforms, while Wilson wanted only to end obvious corruption. b. Roosevelt wanted to promote free enterprise and competition, while Wilson wanted the federal government to regulate the economy and promote social welfare. c. Wilson saw advancing women's interests as central to the progressive agenda, while young Roosevelt believed women were best served by supporting progressivism outside politics. d. Roosevelt wanted to focus on issues of jobs and economic growth, while Wilson pushed for social legislation to protect women, children, and city-dwellers. e. Roosevelt wanted the federal government to regulate the corporate economy and expand social welfare, while Wilson wanted to restore economic competition and social equality by breaking up large corporate trusts.
b
The states where progressivism first gained great influence were: a. Massachusetts, Maine, and New Hampshire. b. Wisconsin, Oregon, and California. c. Michigan, Kansas, and Nevada. d. New York, Florida, and Texas. e. Alabama, Maryland, and Utah.
b
This cartoon by Thomas Nast focuses on the debates over political values and national identity in the aftermath of the Civil War. (Pardon v.s. Franchise) 4. Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of the cartoon? (A) Southern politicians (B) Radical Republicans (C) Northern opponents of the war (D) Veterans of the Confederate Army
b
This cartoon by Thomas Nast focuses on the debates over political values and national identity in the aftermath of the Civil War. (Pardon v.s. Franchise) 7. The ideas expressed in the cartoon above most directly reflect which of the following continuities in United States history? (A) Debates about federalism and states' rights (B) Debates about access to voting rights (C) Debates about the role of the federal government in the economy (D) Debates about the proper role of political parties
b
While outlawing business monopolies, the Clayton Anti-Trust Act created exemptions from antitrust prosecution for a. industries essential to national defense. b. agricultural and labor organizations. c. the oil and steel industries. d. professional organizations of doctors and lawyers. e. colleges and universities.
b
Wilson won the election of 1912 primarily because a. his policies were more popular with the public. b. Taft and Roosevelt split the former Republican vote. c. the Socialists took nearly a million votes from Roosevelt. d. he was able to win over many of the embittered Roosevelt Republicans to his cause. e. his charismatic personal appeal exceeded that of Roosevelt and Taft.
b
"Excepting only Yosemite, Hetch Hetchy is the most attractive and wonderful valley within the bounds of the great Yosemite National Park and the best of all the camp grounds. People are now flocking to it in ever-increasing numbers for health and recreation of body and mind. Though the walls are less sublime in height than those of Yosemite, its groves, gardens, and broad, spacious meadows are more beautiful and picturesque. . . . Last year in October I visited the valley with Mr. William Keith, the artist. He wandered about from view to view, enchanted, made thirty-eight sketches, and enthusiastically declared that in varied picturesque beauty Hetch Hetchy greatly surpassed Yosemite. It is one of God's best gifts, and ought to be faithfully guarded." John Muir, Century Magazine, 1909 22. Which of the following aspects of Muir's description expresses a major change in Americans' views of the natural environment? (A) The idea that wilderness areas are worthy subjects for artistic works (B) The idea that wilderness areas serve as evidence of divine creation (C) The idea that government should preserve wilderness areas in a natural state (D) The idea that mountainous scenery is more picturesque and beautiful than flat terrain
c
"Our ... destiny [is] to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions. . . . The Anglo-Saxon foot is already on [California's] borders. Already the advance guard of the irresistible army of Anglo-Saxon emigration has begun to pour down upon it, armed with the [plow] and the rifle, and marking its trail with schools and colleges, courts and representative halls, mills and meetinghouses. A population will soon be in actual occupation of California. . . . Their right to independence will be the natural right of self-government belonging to any community strong enough to maintain it." — John L. O'Sullivan, 1845 11. Which of the following events in the late 19th and early 20th centuries represents a continuation of the process described in the passage above? (A) Efforts to restrict immigration to the United States (B) The Supreme Court's endorsement of racial segregation (C) The United States gaining possession of overseas territories (D) Political parties' attempts to regulate economic activities
c
"Shortly after this, my mother's widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . . "My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill. . . . "The working hours of all the girls extended from five o'clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . . "I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who as it was said, were treated so badly. . . . "In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us." Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898 52. Which of the following most directly contributed to the developments described in the excerpt? (A) The concept of republican motherhood after the American Revolution (B) Large-scale immigration from southern and eastern Europe (C) The expansion and increased organization of industrial production (D) The wartime need for women to fill jobs previously held by men
c
"Shortly after this, my mother's widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . "My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill. . . . "The working hours of all the girls extended from five o'clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . . "I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who as it was said, were treated so badly. . . . "In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us." Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898 54. Which of the following was a major difference in economic development between the Northeast and the South in the first half of the 1800s? (A) Southern exports had a far lower value than exports from the Northeast. (B) Banking and shipping grew more rapidly in the South than in other regions. (C) The South relied much less on wage labor than the Northeast. (D) The South had few commercial connections with other regions of the United States.
c
12. The image was most likely intended to promote (A) popular support for federal civil rights legislation to end discrimination (B) the belief that women should have rights equal to those of men (C) the movement of women into jobs traditionally held by men (D) access to union membership for all workers regardless of race or gender
c
12. The major American military contribution to Germany's decision to give up fighting was a. American armies' victories in a dozen critical battles during 1918. b. the U.S. Navy's successful destruction of most German submarines. c. the prospect of endless supplies of future, fresh American troops to fight the war. d. General Pershing's brilliant strategy that final broke the stalemate of trench warfare. e. the effective use of new American military weapons like the tank and the airplane.
c
15. Wilson bore considerable responsibility for the failure of the United States to join the League of Nations because he a. linked the League too closely to European politics. b. ordered Democratic senators to defeat the pro-League treaty with the Lodge reservations. c. failed to take the case for the League to the American public. d. had agreed that America would pay most of the cost of the League. e.failed to effectively campaign for pro-League Governor James Cox in the 1920 election.
c
2. Wilson and his administration aroused the still-divided American people to fervent support of the war by a. seizing control of the means of communication and demanding national unity. b. declaring the German people to be immoral Huns and barbarians. c. proclaiming the conflict an ideological war to end all war and make the world safe for democracy. d. proclaiming the war a religious crusade to save Western, Christian civilization e. asserting that a victorious Germany might well attack or invade the United States.
c
3. The capstone Fourteenth Point of Wilson's declaration of war aims called for a. the establishment of parliamentary democracies throughout Europe. b. guarantees of basic human rights for all people in the world. c. an international organization to guarantee collective security. d. freedom of travel without restrictions. e. a severe limitation on all nations' military forces and armaments as soon as the war ended.
c
4. George Creel's Committee on Public Information typified the entire American war effort because it a. maintained respect for American ideals of free speech and dissent even as it promoted the war. b. effectively used statistics and scientific information to enable the government to mobilize for war. c. relied more on whipped-up patriotism and voluntary compliance than on formal laws or government coercion. d. brought all the resources of private business into support of the war effort. e. used the constant threat of government takeover to force business and labor to support the war.
c
9. The major result of the substantial wartime migration of blacks to northern cities was a. a growing acceptance of the idea of a strong black presence in the military. b. federal government efforts to block further black migration from southern farms. c. a growing agitation by blacks and northern liberals for racial integration. d. the incorporation of blacks into the major industrial unions. e. a series of vicious race riots in northern cities.
c
An early event of World War I that led many Americans to sympathize with the Allies against Germany was a. German bribes and payoffs to American journalists. b. the Germans' involvement in overseas imperialism. c. Germany's invasion of neutral Belgium. d. the British refusal to use poison gas in warfare. e. Germany's aerial bombing of civilians in France.
c
President Theodore Roosevelt ended the major Pennsylvania coal strike by: a. asking Congress to pass a law improving miners' wages and working conditions. b. passing federal legislation legalizing unions. c. forcing the mine owners and workers to negotiate by threatening to seize the coal mines and operate them with federal troops. d. declaring a national state of emergency and ordering the miners back to work. e. mobilizing the public to write letters urging the two parties to settle their dispute.
c
Progressive Republicans grew deeply disillusioned with Taft, especially over the issues of a. dollar diplomacy and military intervention in the Caribbean and Central America. b. labor union protections and women's rights. c. trust busting, tariffs, and conservation. d. regulation of the banking and railroad industries. e. tax policy and international trade.
c
Roosevelt finally decided to break with the Republicans and form a third party because a. he had always regarded the Republican party as too conservative. b. he could no longer stand to be in the same party with Taft. c. Taft had used his control of the Republican party machine to deny Roosevelt the nomination. d. Roosevelt believed that he would have a better chance of winning the presidency as a third party candidate. e. he believed he could win the support of Woodrow Wilson and other mainstream Democrats.
c
This cartoon by Thomas Nast focuses on the debates over political values and national identity in the aftermath of the Civil War. (Pardon v.s. Franchise) 8. Which of the following 20th-century issues most closely parallels the controversy depicted in the cartoon above? (A) The opposition to the Vietnam War in the 1960s and 1970s (B) The growth of conservatism in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s (C) The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s (D) The expansion of migration to the United States after 1965
c
Which of the following was not among the targets of muckraking journalistic exposés? a. Urban politics and government; b. The oil, insurance, and railroad industries; c. The U.S. Army and Navy; d. Child labor and the white slave traffic in women; e. Makers of patent medicines and other adulterated or dangerous drugs.
c
Wilson effectively reformed the banking and financial system by a. requiring that all banks be federally chartered and carry effective deposit insurance. b. taking the United States off the gold standard. c. establishing a publicly controlled Federal Reserve Board to issue currency and control credit. d. transferring authority to regulate banking and currency from the federal government to the states and the private sector. e. creating a system of currency exchanges so that people without bank accounts could cash checks and obtain credit.
c
Wilson's primary weakness as a politician was his a. lack of skill in public speaking. b. inability to grasp the complexity of governmental issues. c. tendency to be inflexible and refuse to compromise. d. lack of overarching political ideals. e. background as a professor and college president.
c
"I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes." President Harry Truman, address before a joint session of Congress articulating what would become known as the Truman Doctrine, 1947 18. Truman issued the doctrine primarily in order to (A) support decolonization in Asia and Africa (B) support United States allies in Latin America (C) protect United States interests in the Middle East (D) bolster noncommunist nations, particularly in Europe
d
"Our ... destiny [is] to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions. . . . The Anglo-Saxon foot is already on [California's] borders. Already the advance guard of the irresistible army of Anglo-Saxon emigration has begun to pour down upon it, armed with the [plow] and the rifle, and marking its trail with schools and colleges, courts and representative halls, mills and meetinghouses. A population will soon be in actual occupation of California. . . . Their right to independence will be the natural right of self-government belonging to any community strong enough to maintain it." — John L. O'Sullivan, 1845 9. The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly show the influence of which of the following? (A) Models of limited government inherent in the Articles of Confederation (B) Beliefs in separation of powers articulated in the United States Constitution (C) Concerns about foreign alliances expressed in George Washington's Farewell Address (D) Concepts of republican democracy found in the Declaration of Independence
d
"Shortly after this, my mother's widowed sister, . . . who kept a factory boarding house in Lowell [Massachusetts], advised her to come to that city. . . "My mother, feeling obliged to have help in her work besides what I could give, and also needing the money which I could earn, allowed me . . . to go to work in the mill. . . . "The working hours of all the girls extended from five o'clock in the morning until seven in the evening, with one half hour for breakfast and dinner. . . . "I cannot tell you how it happened that some of us knew about the English factory children, who as it was said, were treated so badly. . . . "In contrast to this sad picture, we thought of ourselves as well off . . . enjoying ourselves in our own good way, with our good mothers and our warm suppers awaiting us." Harriet Hanson Robinson, Loom and Spindle, or Life Among Early Mill Girls, describing events in the 1830s, published in 1898 55. Robinson's assertion that she and the other workers were "well off " would be challenged during the second half of the nineteenth century by which of the following? (A) The growing corporate need for clerical workers that brought many women into office jobs (B) Declining household incomes of working families as a result of businesses' unwillingness to employ children (C) The expanded access to company-sponsored pensions and healthcare for most employees (D) Confrontations between unions and factory management over wages and working conditions
d
"The Erie Canal poured into New York City [wealth] far exceeding that which its early friends predicted. . . . In the city, merchants, bankers, warehousemen, [and] shippers . . . seized the opportunity to perfect and specialize their services, fostering round after round of business innovations that within a decade of the opening of the Erie Canal had made New York by far the best place in America to engage in commerce. . . . ". . . Even before its economic benefits were realized fully, rival seaports with hopes of tapping interior trade began to imagine dreadful prospects of permanent eclipse. Whatever spirit of mutual good feeling and national welfare once greeted [internal improvements] now disappeared behind desperate efforts in cities . . . to create for themselves a westward connection." John Lauritz Larson, historian, Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States, 2001 7. Which of the following later developments had an effect most similar to that described in the excerpt? (A) The invention of the mechanical reaper in the 1830s (B) The annexation of Texas in the 1840s (C) The growth of political party competition in the 1850s (D) The completion of the first transcontinental railroad in the 1860s
d
"The oath that I have taken is the same oath that was taken by George Washington and by every President under the Constitution. But I assume the Presidency under extraordinary circumstances never before experienced by Americans. This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts. "I am acutely aware that you have not elected me as your President by your ballots, and so I ask you to confirm me as your President with your prayers. . . . "I believe that truth is the glue that holds government together, not only our Government but civilization itself. That bond, though strained, is unbroken at home and abroad. "In all my public and private acts as your President, I expect to follow my instincts of openness and candor with full confidence that honesty is always the best policy in the end. My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over." President Gerald Ford, Remarks on Taking the Oath of Office, 1974 16. The "strained" bond referenced in the excerpt most directly reflected which of the following? (A) Increased United States involvement in Vietnam (B) A declining economy and rising energy prices (C) Growing federal support for returning power to states (D) Decreasing public trust in the federal government
d
"The peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort in opposition to those violations of treaties and those ignorings of humane instincts which today are creating a state of international anarchy and instability from which there is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality. "Those who cherish their freedom and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice and confidence may prevail in the world. There must be a return to a belief in the pledged word, in the value of a signed treaty. There must be recognition of the fact that national morality is as vital as private morality." President Franklin Roosevelt, Quarantine Speech, 1937 45. The excerpt best reflects an effort by Roosevelt to (A) encourage the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles (B) promote the acquisition of new territories abroad (C) contain the spread of Soviet-dominated communism (D) overcome opposition to participation in the impending Second World War
d
"We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Chief Justice Earl Warren, writing the unanimous opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 12. Which of the following was the most immediate result of the decision excerpted? (A) Radicals critiqued government actions as doing too little to transform the racial status quo. (B) Education advocates raised awareness of the effect of poverty on students' opportunities. (C) Civil rights activists became increasingly divided over tactical and philosophical issues. (D) Segregationists in southern states temporarily closed many public schools in an effort to resist the decision.
d
11. The image most directly reflects which of the following developments during the early 1940s? (A) The wartime repression of civil liberties (B) The emergence of the United States as a world power (C) The limited access to consumer goods during wartime (D) The wartime mobilization of United States society
d
14. The Brown decision reversed which of the following earlier decisions? (A) Marbury v. Madison, which established the principle of judicial review (B) Worcester v. Georgia, which established that the federal government rather than individual states had authority in American Indian affairs (C) Dred Scott v. Sandford, which proclaimed that slaves could not be citizens (D) Plessy v. Ferguson, which endorsed racial segregation laws
d
48. The poster was intended to (A) persuade women to enlist in the military (B) promote the ideals of republican motherhood (C) advocate for the elimination of sex discrimination in employment (D) convince women that they had an essential role in the war effort
d
5. The two key laws aimed at enforcing loyalty and suppressing antiwar dissent were the a. War Mobilization Act and the National Defense Act. b. Selective Service Act and the Public Information Act. c. Eighteenth Amendment and the Anti-German Language Act. d. Espionage Act and the Sedition Act. e. War Industries Act and the Council of National Defense authorization law.
d
7. The immediate postwar passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, granting American women the right to vote a. was the breakthrough that opened the door to worldwide women's suffrage. b. enabled women to consolidate the permanent economic gains they had made during the war. c. came in the face of continued opposition by President Wilson. d. reflected the general American belief that the war should really lead to an expansion of democracy. e.followed similar adoption of suffrage in many Western nations.
d
After the Lusitania, Arabic, and Sussex sinkings, Wilson successfully pressured the German government to a. end the use of the submarine against British warships. b. end its attempt to blockade the British Isles. c. publish warnings to all Americans considering traveling on unarmed ships. d. cease from sinking neutral merchant and passenger ships without warning. e. permit Red Cross officials to travel on German submarines to monitor civilian deaths.
d
Among the political reforms sought by the progressives were: a. an end to political parties, political conventions, and the Supreme Court's right to judicial review of legislation; b. an Equal Rights Amendment, federal financing of election campaigns, and restrictions on negative campaigning; c. civil service reform, racial integration, and free silver; d. initiative and referendum, direct election of senators, and women's suffrage; e. expanded immigration, literacy tests for voting, and federal loans for higher education.
d
General Pershing's expedition into Mexico was sent in direct response to the a. refusal of Huerta to abandon power. b. threat of German intervention in Mexico. c. arrest of American sailors in the Mexican port of Tampico. d. killing of American citizens in New Mexico by Pancho Villa. e. Mexican revolutionary persecution of the Catholic Church.
d
Questions 19-21 refer to the late-nineteenth-century photograph below by journalist Jacob Riis. 21. Advocates for individuals such as those shown in the image would have most likely agreed with which of the following perspectives? (A) The Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson was justified. (B) Capitalism, free of government regulation, would improve social conditions. (C) Both wealth and poverty are the products of natural selection. (D) Government should act to eliminate the worst abuses of industrial society.
d
The controversy over the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park revealed: a. a philosophical disagreement between wilderness preservationists and more moderate multiple use conservationists. b. President Roosevelt's hostility toward creating any more national parks. c. a political conflict between the lumber industry and conservationists. d. a split between urban California's need for water and environmentalists' concerns to preserve free flowing streams. e. a disagreement over whether or not the National Park system should permit commercial vendors inside the parks.
d
Two issues that President Roosevelt especially promoted as part of his progressive policies were: a. agricultural exports and housing reform. b. stock market regulation and restrictions on false advertising. c. freer immigration and racial integration. d. consumer protection and conservation of nature. e. the advancement of science and federal support for the arts.
d
Wilson's most effective slogan in the campaign of 1916 was a. "The full dinner pail." b. "Free and unlimited coinage of silver in the ratio of sixteen to one." c. "A war to make the world safe for democracy." d. "He kept us out of war."
d
11. American soldiers were especially needed in France in the spring of 1918 because a. the Allied invasion of Germany was stalling and in danger of failing. b. the Italian front was about to collapse and permit the Austro-Hungarians to join German forces in France. c. the British were in danger of starving due to German submarine warfare. d. the Russians had left the Allied war effort and were threatening to switch to the German side. e. a renewed German offensive was threatening to break through to Paris and force France to surrender.
e
14. The European Allied powers and Japan were able to undermine Wilson's goal of a nonimperialistic peace treaty partly because a. they regarded his proposed League of Nations as largely a useless symbol. b. American ethnic groups were working for imperialistic goals of their own. c. they knew he could not promise continuing American aid and involvement in European affairs. d. Germany's constant threat to resume fighting made them insistent on harshly punishing the war's loser. e. Republicans were forcing Wilson to change the League of Nations covenant to guarantee the Monroe Doctrine and other American interests.
e
As a result of his successful presidential campaign in 1908, William Howard Taft was widely expected to: a. advance the issues of women's suffrage and prohibition of alcohol. b. forge a coalition with William Jennings Bryan and the Democrats. c. emphasize foreign policy instead of Roosevelt's domestic reforms. d. turn away from Theodore Roosevelt and toward the conservative wing of the Republican party. e. continue and extend Theodore Roosevelt's progressive policies.
e
Most progressives were: a. poor farmers; b. urban workers; c. immigrants; d. wealthy people; e. urban middle class people.
e
The Supreme Court case of Muller v. Oregon was seen as a victory for both progressivism and women's rights because it: a. upheld the right of women to vote in state and local elections. b. upheld a law requiring that women receive "equal pay for equal work." c. upheld workplace safety regulations to prevent disasters like the Triangle Shirtwaist fire. d. opened almost all categories of the new industrial employment to women. e. upheld the constitutionality of state laws granting special protections to women in the workplace.
e
The threatened war between the United States and Mexico in 1914 was avoided by the mediation of the ABC powers, which consisted of a. Australia, Britain, and Canada. b. Antigua, Brazil, and Cuba. c. Angola, Belgium, and China. d. the Association of British Commonwealth nations. e. Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.
e
The two primary goals of the progressive movement, as a whole, were to: a. restore business competition and stimulate entrepreneurship in new areas of the economy; b. protect farmers and create a more flexible monetary system; c. improve the quality of urban life and help immigrants adjust to American life; d. organize workers into class conscious unions and develop consumer cooperatives; e. use the state to curb monopoly power and improve the lives of ordinary people.
e
Under the Wilson administration, Congress exercised the authority granted by the newly enacted Sixteenth Amendment to pass a. prohibition of liquor. b. women's suffrage. c. voting rights for blacks. d. rules for the direct election of U.S. Senators. e. a progressive federal income tax.
e
