APUSH Test 1/19/23

Civil Service Reform

After Grantism, Government seeks to control jobs, clean up corruption, have a "good government" proponents are called (goo,goos). Pass a national exam test for jobs.

New/Old Immigrants

"old" immigrants before the 1890s were predominately Irish and German "new" immigrants were mostly Italian, Greek, Polish and Russian. Caused by lost jobs from pogroms and antisemitism.

Realism Authors

- Move away from idealistic writings, to realistic stories. - Mark Twain pokes fun of Victorian society in "the adv. Of huckleberry Finn". He discusses former slavery. - Willian Dean Howells "Hazard of New Fortune" Makes fun of the rich. - Stephen Crane " Red Badge of Courage" " Maggie, A girl on the streets" About the civil war and an immigrant who has to be a prostitute to make a living. - Theodore Dreiser: "Sister Carrie" and "An American Tragedy" - Willa Cather "O'Pioneers"

Higher Education for Women

- Mt. Holyoke, Vassah, Wellesley, Mayu Maur Undergrad - Radcliff was the Harvard for women. - Pembooke was the Brown for women

Labor Movements

- National Labor Union starts in 1866. For both skilled and unskilled workers, yet membership was exclusive. Only for white males. - Resulted in the development of the CNLU, the colored national labor union. -Both organizations worked in tandem. -Immigration is ramping up dramatically as new immigrants are cheaper than hiring existing unemployed. Unions want to end this system to improve the benefits of the workers. -demand for the 8,8,8 day. 8 for work, 8 for sleep, 8 for free time.

Settlement House

- Provides poor immigrants a place where they can learn English, Do laundry, Gather socially, and provide daycare. - Most famous was put together by Jane Addams "the Hole House". Befriends a young immigrant family, of legendary jazz musician Benny Goodman. He continues to support the hole house for the rest of his life. - Lillian Wald - the Sullivan house.

Modernist Art

- Winslow Homes: paintings of water "snap the whip" - Thomas Eakins " The clinic of Dr. Guess" Medical School Realism - James McNeil Whistler " Whistler's Mother" An arrangement in Gray and Black. - Mary Cassatt Usually women and kids are the focus by also sometimes architecture.

Maxwell House

- World renowned hotel for the restaurant and coffee. - Someone stole the formula, named the coffee company "Maxwell House Coffee".

3rd Great Awakening

- Starts around the 1870s and goes until the 1920s. - Starts in the Urban areas, following the Social Gospel. Christian ethics can overcome societal evils. If we get people to live a Christian life then the problems we face can go away. - Proponents include Washington Gladden and Lyman Abbott. - Charles M Sheldon writes "In his steps; what would Jesus do?".

Assimilation of Immigrants

- Story of Shaun Ferguson."Shon Vergessen" means I've already forgotten in German. Custom's officers write down Shaun Ferguson. - Italian Government was not good at giving them the proper paperwork, seemed a little backwards. Italians called WOPS (without papers) - "Little _____" Creates ethnic enclaves as they emigrate. - Birds of Passage: people who would come over to make their fortune and then later return once they make enough money.

Kellog Brothers

- The two Kellogg brothers have a sanitorium. -The older (doctor) brother made this corn gruel for the patients. The younger brother leaves this gruel out and it dries, making the first corn flakes. -Younger brother took the formula and started his own company.

Louis Sullivan

- Trained By Jenney. Father of the Skyscraper, Wainwright Building St. Louis. "Form follows Function.

Proctor and Gamble

- Two men who married a pair of sisters, and opened up a soap and candle shop. - Came up with the formulation for "Ivory soap 99.44% pure". This was a marketing trick so that customers would perceive the products as pure. - Crest toothpaste was developed by Proctor and Gamble. - Crisco oil was developed as well.

Education Evolution

- Two systems compete against each other. - St. Louis School System with. William Torrey Harriss prioritized discipline, businesses-like, forced on-time, and focused on curriculum. - Joseph Meyer Rice opposed this, embraced freedom, creativity and passion instead of regimented curriculum. - In 1900 there were 16,000 high schools in the US.

Factory Conditions

- Factory workers have no rights, 12-14 hour days (6 days a week) - Pay Unskilled individuals - 1 dollar a day. Skilled individuals paid 3 dollars a day. - Child labor was common. Textile industry brought girls who were called bobbins. Coal miners, that were boys, were called breakers. - Sweatshops caused large injuries, exposure to industrial chemicals.

H. J. Heinz

-Produced condiments to supplement taste of meat that wasn't fresh. - Makes ketchup and mustard, and other condiments. He made 57 varieties, Heinz 57 becomes his flagship sauce.

The Gilded Age

- In 1865 to 1900. - Politics is rules by corruption. Party loyalty is strong, 80% of the people vote. Most people vote a straight ticket just for democrats and republicans. - Solid South - Democratic Party Rules - Patronage - loyalists are repaid with lucrative jobs. - Big issues= tariffs (republicans want them higher, democrats lower) - Currency: what should we back our money with? - Recognize the need for pensions, pensions are introduced. - Still waving the bloody shirt. - Democrats control the South, Big Cities and Urban Centers. - Republicans control Midwest and the rural areas of the rest of the nation.

Worker-Employer violence

- Irish coalminers in Pennsylvania say they will walk off the job unless they start addressing the concerns of the workers. When the company doesn't budge they set fire to the local town, blow up the mines with dynamite and derail coal trains.

Captains of Industry (robber barons)

- J.D. Rockefeller - Standard Oil - A. Carnegie - U.S. Steel - Gustavus Swift - Meat Packing - J.P Morgan - Banking and Finance They have immense control over government.

William Booth

(in London) preaches to the poor, founds the salvation army to help provide food, clothing, and employment.

Florence Kelly

- 1890s National Consumer's League. - Hired by Illinois to investigate & change working conditions. - A woman is put in charge of a state agency which is investigating businesses started by men.

Women's New Role in Society

- A "Wider Sphere" womens sphere moves beyond the home. - Kelley - National Consumers League with Safe Products and Working Conditions - Divorces increase: 1 in 20, and 1 in 12 marriages. - Charles David Gibson: changes the images of an ideal women. Gibson girls are portrayed as independent, sexual, carefree, assertice and sporty. - Kate Chopin - writes "the awakening" with feminist literature.

Cities leading up to the 20th century

- Cities are growing exponentially. - By 1900, you are considered a city if population is above 2500. 40% of US population lives in cities. - NYC has highest population with 3.5 million, followed by Chicago and Philadelphia. - Migrant - living in the cities who once lived in the rural areas.

Life in Urban Centers

- City Centers are heavily polluted, poorest are closer to downtown, the more wealthy people to live further away from the city. - Row Houses in 1880s and 90s - single family homes with no yard. - Dumbbell Tenement: essentially an apartment building. Cheap housing became slums, with the most common being dumbbell tenements. - Suburbs develop, homes close enough to city to commute to work. Provides Fresh Air and Water, Space for Yards. - Public transportation was common, Trolleys, Elevated Train tracks, Subways, Public Transportation. - Clean Water is the largest issue of cities. Outbreaks of diseases as drinking water becomes contaminated. NYC taps into Lake Champlain. Improves later with development of filtration and chlorine.

Upper Class Leisure

- Croquet and Cycling, safety bike is invented. - Music became ragtime with upbeat jazz. Scott Joplin invents the Maple Leaf Rag. - Magazines come into popular demand, could be sold relatively cheaply because of advertisers. Muncey's, McClures, Fortune & Cosmopolitan. These carried excerpts and ads for products.

Currency

- Democratic voters also want silver to back the dollar, allows for more liquidity into the economy. - The US has vast silver deposits, which allow for problems with inflation. US slowly phase silver out.

Immigration Points

- Ellis Island (East Coast) in New York City - Angel Island (West Coast) in San Francisco.

1886 Haymarket Riot

100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. caused the knights of labor to fold

Great City Fires

1871 Chicago Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked over a lantern which caught fire to hay, spread to the barn, and later spread across Chicago. Over 300 dead. 1888 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. formed after the death of William H Sylvis, the president of the NLU. Accepts everyone, with the motto "an injury to one is a concern to us all". Women are granted key roles, and have voting rights in the union.

"Sockless" Jerry Simpson

A charismatic agrarian radical who embraced the Alliance movement and was elected to Congress in 1890. Got his name as he didn't wear socks.

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the strike. No union leadership in the strike, instead began destroying railroad infrastructure. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men

Pinkertons

A private detective agency founded in 1850. During the labor unrest of the late 19th century. Pinkertons were hired to infiltrate labor unions, and as security guards. They were well known for their involvement in the Homestead Strike, where they protected the strikebreakers.

Horatio Alger

Believed in Social Darwinism and Individualism Individuals who worked hard could be successful, children should work to give them discipline so they can succeed.

Mulligan Letters 1876

Blaine had obtained a large land grant for an Arkansas railroad and in return had received large profits when the railroad sold their road bonds. Proof of this transaction was contained in the Mulligan letters.

George Railton

Brings the Salvation Army to New York, starts the American branch.

Munn v. Illinois

Munn owns a series of these grain elevators and gets convicted of running a monopoly. The prices are getting awful for their crops. The Supreme court sides with illinois- sues Munn for unfair monopoly and taking advantage of farmers.

1888 Election

Cleveland runs again as a democrat. Benjamin harrison- rep- "Granpa's hat fits ben!"- he will act like his grandpa, the old times. Cleveland loses because of the tariff and angering the GAR. Cleveland was president for two terms but had a gap in between: Cleveland- harrison- cleveland.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Created in 1886 combined a number of skilled workers into a single union. became immensely powerful and wealthy. Unions eventually become powerful enough to form closed shops- you have to be in a union or join one to work in that industry.

Marshall Field

Created one of the first American department stores in Chicago

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies. Promoted the idea of competition as a way to encourage innovation.

American Railroad Union

Eugene Debs forms a union and takes out a large strike. The union prevented goods from moving into Chicago to help the striking pullman workers. Government takes them to court, filing an injunction to stop the strike which is ignored. Eventually the Sherman antitrust act is used against unions. Gun battle as government tries to clear the strike, 20 dead. results in US v Debs in 1895, in which debs sues the government. He loses and ends up in jail for 6 months.

Southern Rebuilding

North moves ahead with industrialization leaving the south behind. The south was often blocked from industrialization as northern companies feared competition.

1890 innovations and women

Expansion of the typewriter and telephone brought women into the workforce with more "gentle" jobs as secretaries, phone operators, and typists.

Montgomery Ward and Sears Roebuck

First two mail catalog stores, customers would order through a catalog and have items shipped to them.

R. H. Macy

Founder of 1st department store in NYC in 1902. Hired exclusively pretty women as sales clerks.

The "Trinity" of American Architects

Frank Lloyd Wright Louis Sullivan Henry Hopson Richardson

Kodak

George Eastman realized that individual families want photographs. Makes affordable cameras and film for individuals.

William L. Jenney

Grandfather" of Skyscrapers. The Home Insurance Building was the 1st modern skyscraper.

Innovations in NYC

Greensward (Central Park) - starts development and allocation. Roebling - designs the Brooklyn bridge to connect Manhattan and Brooklyn.

Actions by Benjamin Harrison

Harrison signs a new pension bill for gar. Push through mckinley tariff- 1890- highest ever- big biz is happy. Congress has a $1 billion budget. "pork barrel" money for needless things to gain loyalty. Putting a lot of extra fat into the budget to help people in return for loyalty.

1876 election

Hayes a republican from Ohio vs. Tilden a democrat from New York Hayes wins- takes fl, la, and sc which are democratic controlled areas- shows the power of republicans. Hayes sends troops to stop the great railroad strike.

Mary Elisabeth Lease

Populist who also fought for women's suffrage. Drew thousands in her speeches. "Raise less corn and more hell!"

Pittsburgh plus pricing

Huge deposit of iron in Alabama which is used to make steel. Northern companies did not want to have to compete with southern steel companies. Northern steel producers meet with railroad tycoons, start charging south enormous amounts of money to transport iron in the south, prevents them from selling in the north/competing with other industries

Edward Bellamy

In 1888, he wrote Looking Backward, 2000-1887, a description of a utopian society in the year 2000 that is perfectly filled with equality.

1884 Election

James Blaine a maine republican vs. Grover Cleveland a New York Democrat. Benjamin f butler- prohibition party. Blain got the nickname mud by trying to dig up dirt from opposition. Republicans think they can run anyone. The Mulligan letters released showing he accepts bribes- ruins blaine's candidacy. Cleveland has an illegitimate child, "Oscar"- takes responsibility. Blaine is his own worst enemy- worried that nyc won't vote for him and it's crucial. "If nyc does not vote for blaine, you are no better than the art of rum, romanism and rebellion (dem)!" "Mugwumps"- republicans that don't like blaine Cleveland wins.

1880 Election

James Garfield- rep. Winfield S Hancock-dem. J ames B Weaver- Greenback. Garfield becomes the 2nd person to be assassination. Charles Guiteau- a supporter, assassinated Garfield over patronage- thinks he should have had a better position. Chester A Arthur- VP steps in- scandalous but had honest presidency

Leonora Barry

Labor leader and social reformer who from 1886 to 1890 served as general investigator women's worked for the Knights of Labor.

Terrence Powderly

Leader of the Knights of Labor

Actions of Grover Cleveland

Lowered tariffs- business hated him. Exposed corruption in the gar (grand army of the republic)- getting pension on a monthly basis after the civil war but people would steal. Puts a stop to these pensions. Upset wealthy industrialists. Married Frances folsom- 21 yr old- he is 48- has 5 kids.

Dwight Moody

Made the Moody Bible Institute. Helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity into city life.

Anti-Saloon League

National organization set up in 1895 to work for prohibition. Later joined with the WCTU to publicize the effects of drinking.

scab

Negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers

1892 Carnegie Steel strike

PA workers are tired of bad pay. Henry Clay Frick contacts Carnegie and asks him what to do because people are wanting to go on strike. When workers try and reenter they are locked out, Frick had replaced them with thousands of new workers. Alexander Beckman, an anarchist, wants to kill Frick, eventually stabs and shoots him. Carnegie hires pinkertons to put down the strike, PA Governor breaks up the union. Media blames the strikers for the problems.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage. result of the Garfield assassination.

1894 Pullman Strike

Pullman prioritizes worker quality of life, with a utopian worker society filled with movies, playgrounds, houses and shops. When the panic of 1893 hits, Pullman is forced to cut wages as opposed to firing people. Issue was that the rent was not lowered, causing workers to go on strike. Eugene Debs starts the American Railroad Union

Consequences of the Panic of 1873

Railroad companies were forced to make layoffs in the panic. No union leadership in this strike

Jacob Riss

Riss exposed the horrid conditions of the New York City's tenement housing in his most famous work, "How the Other Half Lives". Done through photography and writing.

Lester Frank Ward

Sociologist at Brown who attacked social Darwinism, urged others to have "compassion for the needy"

Types of Entertainment

Sports emerge as a source of entertainment. - Horse riding with the Kentucky Derby - Baseball, first world series in 1903 - Boxing - John O'Sullivan was the champ - Vaudeville - variety shows from musicians to comedy - often racist and included blackface. - 1st Amusement Park - Coney Island NY. Hotdogs are introduced with rides such as Luna and Steeplechase. Founded by George Dilyon - Walt Disney of his day.

Booker T Washington

Starts the Tuskegee institute to train individuals to work in factories.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. Those who were poor were morally inferior to the wealthy.

Charles L Brace

The children's aid society. Massive problem with orphaned children in the inner cities. They match orphans up with foster parents. They would ship orphans from the east out to the west.

Agrarian Revolt

The industrial and agricultural revolt that led to the better treatment of farmers and their businesses. Spurred as railroads, middle men and banks put farmers into tremendous debt.

John Wanamaker

United States businessman whose business grew into one of the first department stores in Philadelphia.

Nativism

WASPS pass a number of anti-immigration measures. NJNA: No jews need apply. APA: - : (american protective administration) is a group of churches to protest immigration. They were mostly worried about catholics coming in.

Wabash v. Illinois

Wabash railroad sued by Illinois for unfair pricing. Wabash Railroad wins as states cannot regulate interstate commerce.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption through choice. WCTU would get a group of women to sit and pray in front of saloons and bars to encourage individuals to stop drinking.

Thorsten Veblen

Writes "the theory of the leisure class" describes conspicuous consumption" flaunting wealth to show wealth.

YMCA

Young Men's Christian Association, sought to provide young men with wholesome recreational activities to keep them out of trouble. Idea started in Britain moved to US.

Comstock Law

is a United States federal law which made it illegal to send pornographic material across state lines, made it a felony.

Henry George

controversial reformer whose book Progress and Poverty advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land.

Carrie Nation

created sensation by raiding saloons + smashing barrels of beer with a hatchet, had the opposite effect as people went drinking to attempt to find her and out of spite.

Revivalism

a new era of religious leaders who preached and wrote books denouncing the evils of popular entertainment and alcohol. Went out to preach to the poor.

Tom watson & "pitchfork" Ben Tilman

advocates for farmers rights

yellow dog contract

an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.

William Pepper

anti railroad pro farmer activist.

Patronage of Husbandry

attempt to create the first farmers union, founded by Oliver Kelley. Starts in the midwest. Works with farmers and then begins approaching grain elevators.

Louis Hines

photographer who took pictures of children working and raised awareness of child labor

Daniel Burnham

designed the Flatiron Building in New York

grain elevator

farmers bring grain here to sell to the owner as they have more capacity to store grain. Only one per vast area of land, lack of competition. First farmer who sold got a great price, which then became lower for each farmer who sold.

Willian Graham Sumner

first professor of sociology, taught that the government should be the patriarch of social darwinism.

Farmers' Alliance

founded by Charles mccuve in Dallas. Pushes a subtreasury plan to give government loans to farmers until crops can be sold, called bridge loans.

Crime of 1873 and following acts

government is deflating the currency. People who are loaning are losing money, borrowers are gaining money. Coinage act of 1873 stopped minting Silver Dollars. Despite the fact that silver dollars had not been minted since the 1850s. - The Bland Allison Act in 1879 reverses the course and agrees to mint silver. - Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1890- says that the US will buy up to 4 million ounces of silver. - 16 oz silver to 1 gold oz is not good enough. - 1900 Gold Standard Act passed.

moral land grant act

granted land to states in order to support agricultural colleges like Michigan state and UF - 150 new colleges/universities start. Wealthy individuals also donate to start colleges, Rockefeller starts UChicago. - Creation of Post Graduate School: - Cornell then Harvard offered post-grad - Johns Hopkins was created for Medical training

Quaker Oats

not actually made by quakers, used the reputation of quakers as trustworthy to create the first brand name success.

Cordwainer

shoemakers, put out of businesses with mass production

Workingman's Party of California

started by Dennis Kearney in 1877. opposed Chinese immigration, as immigrants were vastly cheaper than hiring the unemployed. "the Chinese must go" in 1882 they forced the Us government to pass the Chinese exclusion act, a 10 year ban on Chinese laborers.

Henry Grady and Henry Watterson

two newspaper editors in the south who wanted the southern economy to mirror the industrialization in the north.

C W Post

wanted to compete against Kellogg, started working for Kellogg, steals the formula and starts his own company. Calls them post toasties.