APUSH to 1960

John Pershing

"Black Jack" American commander in France during World War I ,led troops into France to bolster Anglo-French morale; requested that Wilson send a million American troops by the following spring and the president obliged ; his nickname of "Black Jack" resulted from his command of black troops earlier in his career. Before being dispatched to France, Pershing led an American incursion into Mexico in 1916 in a failed attempt to capture Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa.

Spoils system*

-The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. - Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale.

Compromise of 1850*

-Forestalled the Civil War by instating the Fugitive Slave Act - banning slave trade in DC - admitting California as a free state -splitting up the Texas territory - instating popular sovereignty in the Mexican Cession

Russo-Japanese War

"the first great war of the 20th century"; conflict between Japan and Russia over Korea and Manchuria for control of Port Arthur ; Japan's victory is first Asian victory over West. Japan retains Manchuria.

Douglas MacArthur

(1880-1964), U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950-51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman.

Lochner v. New York

(1905) This supreme court case debated whether or not New York state violated the liberty of the fourteenth amendment which allowed Lochner to regulate his business when he made a contract. The specific contract Lochner made violated the New York statute which stated that bakers could not work more than 60 hours per week, and more than 10 hours per day. Ultimately, it was ruled that the New York State law was invalid, and violated the workers "liberty of contract" to accept any terms they chose.

Schenck v. U.S.

(1919). Unanimously upheld the Espionage Act of 1917 which declared that people who interfered with the war effort were subject to imprisonment; declared that the 1st Amendment right to freedom of speech was not absolute;a defendant did not have a First Amendment right to express freedom of speech against the draft during World War I. free speech could be limited if its exercise presented a "clear and present danger."

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)

(1933) controversial Government owned utility company that provided thousands of jobs as it built a series of dams that generated power, provided flood relief, and created recreational lakes throught the seven states (Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia) serviced by the Tennessee River. These areas soon enjoyed good fishing, cheap electricity, and relief from debilitating floods. Still in effect today.

John Steinbeck (grapes of wrath)

(1939) a story of dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life; a novel set during the great depression,focuses on a poor family of sharecroppers driven from their home by drought, economic hardship, and changes in the agriculture industry.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

National Labor Relations Act

(FDR) A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations. *, Made sure workers were treated and payed well and not getting abused by their business. *this law created the National Labor Relations Board to enforce the law and supervise shop elections

injunction

(law) a judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity

Morrill Land Grant Act

- 1862 - the federal government had donated public land to the states for the establishment of colleges - as a result 69 land- grant institutions were established.

National Industrial Recover Act

- 1933 (100 days) - national recovery administration - Allowed business to come together as a group to determine a set of codes that they would live by. To help economy - Put in minimum wage and maximum hours

John C. Calhoun*

- 40-year political career - he played a vital role in protecting Southern interests. - At the beginning of his congressional career, he was a militant nationalist. - a War Hawk -he defended the institution of slavery as "a positive good" -for states rights - he authored the South Carolina Exposition and Protest that advanced the right of the South to nullify those laws passed by the national legislature that were viewed as harmful to its sectional interests.

Gilded Age

- A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

- American Naval officer and historian. Educated at the US Naval Academy. Mahan served over 40 years in the Navy. -He is most famous for his book "The Influence of Sea Power on History" which defined Naval strategy. - Mahan stressed the importance of sea power in the world. His philosophies had a major influence on the Navies of many nations.

Samuel Gompers

- American labour leader and first president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). -emigrated in 1863 from England to New York City -he promoted strikes and boycotts as a way for unions to protest. -noted for having shifted the primary goal of American unionism away from social issues and toward the "bread and butter" issues of wages, benefits, hours, and working conditions, all of which could be negotiated through collective bargaining. -his union became the model of unionism in the United States

Thomas Nast

- An American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist from Germany. -He is the "Father of the American Cartoon". -He was the scourge of Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall political machine. -He is most known for the creation of the modern version of Santa Claus, and the political symbol of the elephant for the Republican Party.

sharecropping

- former slaves became tenant farmers who gained access to separate plots of land owned by whites. In payment for the use of the land and cabin,and sometimes event he tools,seed, and fertilizer needed to farm the land,they were required to give between one half and two thirds of the harvested crops to the white land owner. -gave former slaves a higher status then that of wage laborers, and freedom to set their own work hours. -gave mothers and wives time to devote to domestic responsibility while contributing to the family's income.

removal of deposits

- Jackson was suspicious of the Bank of the United States abusing its power. Jackson felt that several in his party were denied loans because of the party they were in. (During first election) -Biddle was using the resources of the United States Bank to channel funds into Clay's campaign.(in the second election) -to destroy the Bank of the United States, Jackson decided to withdraw all of government's money from the bank and put it into state banks instead. -reason for the removal: the Bank of the United States was being used to store public funds and the bank could use these funds for its own purpose without paying interest for using the money. It could issue bank notes and was not required to pay state taxes. It was also understood that Congress was not to charter any comparable financial institution. In return, the Bank was to pay a bonus to the government of one and a half million dollars, public funds were transferred and payments made with no charge and the government was to appoint five of the Bank directors. this set up made the Bank of the United States a very powerful influence upon national affairs however it had no higher entity to answer to, neither the people nor the government. Such power would have enabled the Bank to also wield a great deal of political power.

"waving the bloody shirt"

- This was a campaign tactic used by post-Civil War Republicans to remind northern voters that the Confederates were Democrats. The device was used to divert attention away from the competence of candidates and from serious issues. It was also used to appeal to black voters in the South.

perpetual union

- Under American constitutional law, this concept means that states are not permitted to withdraw from the Union. --This agreement of the origional colonies predates the constitution of the United States

Second Great Awakening*

- a Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. -The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800, and, after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whos preachers led the movement. -past its peak by the 1840s. -These revivals also resulted in a practical unity and good will amongst various denominations - it stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designed to remedy the evils of society before the Second Coming of Jesus Christ

Edward Bellamy (Looking Backward)

- a book published in 1888 that envisioned a utopian socialist society. In his utopia the government owned the means of production and distributed wealth equally among all citizens. Since government provided for all citizens, competition was irrelevant. His book inspired the creation of "Bellamy Clubs" who met to discuss the social implications of utopian socialism, it never translated its condemnation of capitalist society into a successful reform movement, however.

Granger Laws

- a series of laws passed in Southern states of the United States after the American Civil War to regulate grain, railroad freight rates and to address long- and short-haul discrimination. They were passed through political agitation both by merchants' associations and by so-called Granger parties, which were third parties formed most often by members of the Patrons of Husbandry, an organization for farmers commonly called the Grange. The Granger Laws were an issue in two important court cases in the late 19th century, Munn v. Illinois and Wabash v. Illinois.

James K. Polk

- a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. - In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and he won the election. - favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. -He was a friend and follower of Andrew Jackson. - He opposed Clay's American System, instead advocating lower tariff, separation the treasury and the federal government from the banking system. -He was a nationalist who believed in Manifest Destiny. -He promised to serve only one term and did not run for reelection. - He died of cholera three months after his term ended. -Scholars have ranked him favorably on the list of greatest presidents for his ability to set an agenda and achieve all of it.

yellow journalism

- a term first coined during the famous newspaper wars between William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer II. -Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers -Hersts' paper was the first newspaper to station a team of reporters in Cuba to monitor the events happening there. Hearst published articles of brutality, cruelty and inadequate care to sway public opinion regarding America's involvement in the war

Mexican American War

- an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 -in wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas. -Mexico claimed ownership of Texas as a breakaway province and refused to recognize the secession - military victory by Texas in 1836. - American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land.

Treaty of Alliance 1778

- between America and France. In return for backing America in the war with resources such as goods, and capital, America agreed to recognize France's claim to the West Indies. No agreement for France's actually gain for taking part in the Alliance would come until after the war was over and America was secure from Britain. -The treaty is important because without the support of France, America would have never obtained the capabilities necessary for winning the war. France hoped to weaken Britain by its loss of the American colonies. French were persuaded to support the colonies after the victory at Saratoga. Both parties agreed that they would continue to fight until American Independence was won and neither would conclude a truce or peace without the formal consent of the other and France bound itself neither to seek Canada nor other British possessions on the mainland of North America. It was signed along with the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, in which France recognized the new US country and offered trade concessions, including important privileges in American shipping. - It was annulled after the death of the King during the French Revolution.

Deism

-18th Century (1700's) concept which held that God created the world according to rational laws and that he was like a clockmaker who would not interfere in the natural order of things.

Henry George (Progress and Poverty)

- he joined Bellamy in criticizing the emerging industrial order. - He objected to the materialism and growing disparity between rich and poor, which he believed resulted from inflated land prices. So he proposed the "single tax" of 100% on the profits of selling land. -His book Progress and Poverty, published in 1879, became one of the best selling nonfiction works in American publishing history.led to the emergence of Land and Labor Clubs to promote the single tax idea. He however, did not condemn capitalism but rather embraced it saying the irrational competition, not capitalism itself, was to blame for social problems.

Wilmot Proviso *

- in 1846 proposed that congress ban slavery in all southwestern lands that might become states - passed in the House but not by the Senate slave states felt that it was a northern attack on slavery

war hawks

- nationalist Members of Congress including Henry Clay and John C Calhoun weary of British forced enlistment of soliders and limits put of American trade who wanted to declare war against Britain after the Battle of Tippecanoe

open range

- rangeland where cattle roam freely regardless of land ownership. -overgrazing stressed the open range, leading to insufficient winter forage for the cattle and starvation, particularly during the harsh winter of 1886-1887, when hundreds of thousands of cattle died across the Northwest, leading to collapse of the cattle industry -The invention of barbed wire in the 1880s had positive and negative attects on the open range it allowed cattle to be confined to designated areas to prevent overgrazing of the range. In Texas and surrounding areas, increased population required ranchers to fence off their individual lands.it was cheaper than hiring cowboys for handling cattle, and indiscriminate fencing of federal lands often occurred in 1880s, often without any regards to land ownership or other public needs, such as mail delivery and movement of other kinds of livestock. Various state statutes, as well as vigilantes (see "Fence Cutting War"), tried to enforce or combat fence-building with varying success. In 1885, federal legislation outlawed the enclosure of public land. By 1890, illegal fencing had been mostly removed

Horatio Alger

-(1832-1899) American writer of inspirational adventure books featuring impoverished boys who through hard work and virtue achieve great wealth and respect. Supported the belief that in American one could rise from rags to riches.

13th, 14th, 15th amendments

-13th-Abolishes slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.(December 6, 1865) -14th-Defines citizenship and deals with post-Civil-War issues.(July 9, 1868) -15th-Prohibits the denial of suffrage based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude(February 3, 1870)

antebellum

-1781-1860 Latin for "before the war" in american history used in refrence to the time before the American Civil War

Jay Treaty

-1794 - It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. - It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. - It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. -It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals. - This resulted in a vitalization of the Democratic-Republicans and Pinckney's Treaty with the Spanish.

xyz affair

-1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. -The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion

-1800 - "First Major Slave Rebellion" -Out of black revival meetings in Virginia arose an elaborate plan in 1800 to launch a large scale revolt devised by a literate black slave (who was the brother of a black preacher) that lived in the Richmond area. Fifty armed slaves tried to seize a key road to Richmond, slave informers warned white authorities. Governor Monroe quickly crushed the rebellion. The uprising greatly alarmed white Americans and resulted in a tightening of controls.

Louisiana Purchase

-1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. -Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. -Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. -The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase. (this is kind of ironic since he was against loose construction)

Lewis and Clark

-1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast.

William Lloyd Garrison*

-1805-1879 - Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. -Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator" - one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Treaty of Ghent

-1814 - signed in Belgium that ends the War of 1812 ; - but since news took over six weeks to get across, the Battle of New Orleans was still fought in 1815 -The treaty in essence, declared the war as a draw; however, the treaty proved to be popular since nothing was lost

Dorothea Dix*

-1820's -A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill -she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. -persuaded many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. -She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Trial of Tears*

-1838-1840 - Large exodus in which the Cherokee people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the Indian Territory - thousands of Cherokee's dye on the way

Commonwealth v Hunt

-1842 - Case heard by the Massachusetts supreme court. -The first judgement in the U.S. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions - strikes for a closed shop are legal. - unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members.

Prigg v Pennsylvania*

-1842 - A slave had escaped from Maryland to Pennsylvania, where a federal agent captured him and returned him to his owner. Pennsylvania indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws. -The Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, thus weakening the fugitive slave laws.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

-1850 - between U.S. and Great Britain -agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to canal across Isthmus of Panama -Democratic Party disagreed with, they wanted to be more agressive with expansion in the western hemisphere regardless of international conflict it may casuse. -Whig party for because they wanted to be consitent in their attitude of compromise and peace with other countries. -Zachary Taylor's secretary of state, John M. Clayton, met with a British representative, Sir Henry Bulwer, to calm a potentially troublesome issue in Central America. Both powers had studied the feasibility of constructing a canal to link the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the narrow isthmus in Central America. Initially the most promising site appeared to be in Nicaragua. Neither party was prepared in 1850 to undertake the massive project, but wanted to ensure that one country would not act in the absence of the other. Under the terms of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, the two parties agreed: Not to seek exclusive control of the canal or territory on either side of such a canal Not to fortify any position in the canal area Not to establish colonies in Central America Like the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842, the Clayton-Bulwer pact showed the American inclination to concede points to achieve compromise. For instance, between the signing and the ratification, the British interpreted the pact to exclude Belize, then known as British Honduras, and certain dependencies. In effect, the British simply agreed not to use their possessions to dominate any future canal. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was ratified in the Senate, but was viewed in a negative light by the public, which regarded it as a renunciation of the Monroe Doctrine. The Democrats made political hay. Although it's possible to argue that Clayton gave up more than necessary, most historians of diplomacy today view the agreement more positively, arguing that the United States did about as well as could be expected at the time. Britain was a great world power; the United States was not. The treaty prevented an immediate rush for influence in Central America and acted to strengthen relations between the two counties. Later secretaries of state would attempt to modify the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, but without success. It was not until 1901 that this agreement would be superseded by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty.

Dred Scott v Sanford*

-1857 For the first time since Marbury v. Madison, the Court held an Act of Congress to be unconstitutional. Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens ( despite the fact that in some areas they were treated as citizens.)

Crittenden Compromise

-1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

National Labor Union

-1866 Baltimore -composed of delegates from labor and reform groups -interested in political and social change rather than negotiations with employers -8 hour work day -workers cooperatives -paper money -equal rights for women and africian americans -lost momentium after death of its president -collapsed in 1872

Munn v Illinois

-1877 -a supreme court case dealing with corporate rates and agriculture. -allowed states to regulate certain businesses such as railroads within their borders. - the case stated that business interests (private property) used for public good could be regulated by government. -the Supreme Court decided that the Fourteenth Amendment (because Munn asserted his due process right to property was being violated) did not prevent the State of Illinois from regulating charges for use of a business' grain elevators. Instead, the decision focused on the question of whether or not a private company could be regulated in the public interest. The court's decision was that it could, if the private company could be seen as a utility operating in the public interest.

Sherman Anti-trust Act

-1890 Law signed in by president Harrison during a time when Republicians had control of both houses and the presidentcy -contracts, combinations, or conspiracies in restraint of trade or in the effort to establish monopolies in interstate or foreigh commerce was forbidden. -Successive administrations rarely enforced this law mostly because of the vaugeness of " restraint of trade" part and what constituted it. -in the beginning it was initially misused against labor unions. -later it was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting.

Plessy v Ferguson

-1896 - landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States - upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal." -vote of 8 to 1 with the majority - "Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education

"Birth of a Nation"

-1915 -silent drama film directed by D.W. Griffith -based on the novel/play The Clansman -assassination of Abe Lincoln by Booth is dramatized -commercial success but highly controversial with portrayal of African American men played by white actors as unintelligent and sexually aggressive toward white women -Ku Klux Klan portrayed as a heroic force -widespread protests against it, banned in several cities sparked protests, riots, and divisiveness since its first release

John Slidell

-A diplomat sent by Polk to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas from the Mexicans for $25 million dollars. -Mexico rejected his offer and Polk sent Taylor's army into Mexico.

republicanism/ democracy

-A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed. / a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them

Transcendentalism*

-A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's - each person has direct communication with God and Nature - there is no need for organized churches. - It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter - intuition is valuable - each soul is part of the Great Spirit - each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. -Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. -George Ripley- Brooks farm

Neal Dow

-A prohibitionist mayor of Portland, Maine. - Known as the "Father of Prohibition," -he sponsored a Maine law that prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor prior to the 18th Amendment. -He was highly involved in the temperance movement, and was the Prohibition Party's candidate for President of the US in the 1880 election.

Land Ordinance of 1785

-A red letter law by congress which stated that disputed land the Old Northwest was to be equally divided into townships and sold for federal income; promoted education and ended confusing legal disagreements over land. - It set up how the new land gained after the revolution would be distributed and organized. The ordinance set up townships that were 36 sq miles where each plot of land was 1 sq mile and the 16th plot was sold for public schooling. -The action was a huge success for the new government; it prevented a second revolution and was used for the later frontier states.

Molly McGuires

-A secret society in the 19th century consisting mainly of Irish-American coal miners believed to be from the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania. - (They took their name from an Irish patriot who resisted against the British with violence.) -The group formed both because of dangerous working conditions and the brutal tactics used by the coal mine owners to prevent union activity. -The group justified their tacticts of intimidation, beatings, and killings because of they way they were treated. -Their terrorism reached its peak in 1874-1875. -Trials were held in 1876 and twenty-four of the group convicted and ten were hung. -The trials resulted in a wage reduction in the mines.

American Colonization Society

-Abolitionist organization founded in 1817 established by people worried of the impact of slavery and race on society. -its purpose was to transport blacks back to Africa. America even bought land in africa, liberia, to form the Republic of Liberia in 1822. -Their arguement was that slavery had to end, and americans had to send black slaves back to Africa. The plan was a failure. Few planters freed their slaves, some blacks didn't want to leave even. -Was a failure of a plan. Few planters freed their slaves, some blacks didn't want to leave even. Only six thousand slaves were transported. West coast of africa.

Articles of Confederation

-Adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary War - the Articles established the United States of America. -The Articles granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states. -The result was a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability. - The Constitution replaced them in 1789

Benjamin Banneker

-African American mathematician and amateur astronomer; wrote a letter to Jefferson critisizing his proslavery views and urging the abolishment of slavery of the African American, which he compared to the enslavement of the American colonies by the British - Free African American who helped survey the land that would become the District of Columbia

Stephen Douglas*

-American politician from Illinois who developed the method of popular sovereignty as a way to settle slave state or free state. -He helped passed the compromise of 1850 as well as giving the states the choice with popular sovereignty.

Lucretia Mott*

-An early feminist - she worked constantly with her husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and women's suffrage. -Her interest in women's rights began when she discovered that male teachers at the school were paid three times as much as the female staff. - Her home was a station on the underground railroad. -With Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she helped organize the first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.

Liberator*

-Anti-slavery (abolitionist) newspaper - founded by New Englander William Lloyd Garrison -it was outspoken and controversial because of their unwavering stand on slavery.

Oregon Territory

-Area in the Northwest occupied by both Britain and America because of their "joint occupation" agreement from 1818. - The territory became a target for Manifest Destiny, and settlers began to travel to Oregon by the Oregon trail.

Ralph Bunche

This African American diplomat was Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations. He worked to bring peace to the Middle East in the 1940s.

DeTocqueville/Democracy in America*

-Aristocrat's study of America. "General equality of condition among the people", wondering about fluidity of American society with the rise of industrialism -an examination of the democratic revolution that he believed had been occurring over the past seven hundred years. -it predicted the violence of party spirit and the judgment of the wise subordinated to the prejudices of the ignorant.

Fugitive Slave Law*

-By 1843, hundreds of slaves a year were successfully escaping to the North. - slavery is an unstable institution in the border states. -passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. - the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a "slave power conspiracy". -stated all runaway slaves were, upon capture, to be returned to their masters. -called the "Bloodhound Law" by abolitionists. -caused many free blacks to be enslaved since any suspected slave was not eligible for a trial because they had no rights in court and were not allowed to defend themselves against accusations -In 1854, the Wisconsin Supreme Court became the only state high court to declare the Fugitive Slave Act unconstitutional

Haymarket Incident

-Caused by a Clash between strikers and policemen on anthracite coal fields May 3, 1886 at Chicago's International Harvester Plant in which one striker was killed -The next night an open meeting arranged by leaders of a small anarchist movement in Chicago in Haymarket Square to protest the killing. -Police showed up at the end of the meeting to break up the group and someone threw a bomb at the police killing one. a fight started in which more people and police were killed. -This resulted in a trial of seven in which four ended up hanging . Despite not having evidence linking them to the bomb thrower that was never identified. -participants all german except one who was a member of the knights of labor.

Charles River Bridge case

-Charles river bridge was a toll bridge chartered in 1785 that made the company that built it a huge profit charging tolls. As the two cities that the bridge connected grew there was a need for more bridges, Another company was given a charter in 1828 by the commonwealth of Massachusetts to build a bridge called the warren bridge, this bridge (in very close proximity to the first bridge) would just collect tolls until the construction cost was paid off, then it would be a toll free bridge. The company and stockholders that owned the Charles river bridge did not like the competition because they lost a lot of money on their stocks on the bridge due to people not using it anymore. They sued Commonwealth of Mass. citing that the Mass. Legislature had broken its contract with the Charles River Bridge Company. (The new stock owners of the older bridge wanted to collect the investment they lost on the purchase of stocks for the bridge.) The owners of the first bridge claimed that the charter had implied exclusive rights to the Charles River Bridge Company. The Court ultimately sided with Warren Bridge. - Democrats were very much in favor of the decision because they saw it as a victory for state's rights, one of the party's leading platforms at the time. -The Whig Party, on the other hand, was much more disapproving of the decision. Members of the party felt that the Massachusetts legislature had violated its contract, and that it was the federal government's responsibility to fix the state's mistake. The federal government's failure to do so led the Whigs to believe that the power of the federal government was in decline

Manifest Destiny*

-Coined in the 1840s by the Jacksonian Democrats -the belief that the United States was "destined" to spread from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. -Used to promote the annexation of most of the Western United States (Oregon Territory, Texas Annexation, and the Mexican Cessation). -regarded as a general notion rather than a specific policy.

Lincoln-Douglas debates*

-Debates between Lincoln and His opponent for the position of Senator in Illinois. A series of seven total in which Lincoln lost. - Lincoln edited both his remarks and his opponents remarks and published them in a book which became the main reason he was nominated for president of he United States. -The main theme of the debates was slavery, especially the issue of slavery's expansion into the territories.

Hartford Convention

-December 1814 - A regional secret convention of New England Federalist merchants who opposed the lessend voting weight of New England in Congress and Electoral College due to the adding of states to the Union, the Embargo and other trade restrictions, and dissatisfied with the the War of 1812. - They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. -They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. -The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists because they were viewed as traitors which led to the demise of the party.

Sumner-Brooks Affair

-During an antislavery speech, a Senator named Sumner insulted another congressman named Butler who was related to another Congressman named Brooks. -Brooks beat Sumner with his cane as Sumner sat writing at his desk in the Senate Chamber which crippled him. - It showed how far southerners were willing to go to protect slavery as well as tarnishing the image of the South.

Compromise of 1877

-Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river; as long as Hayes became the president

Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo

-February 2 1848. The agreement between President Polk and the new Mexican government for Mexico to cede California and New Mexico to the US and acknowledge the Rio Grand as the boundary of Texas. - In return, the US promised to assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the Mexicans $15 million.

National Banking Act*

-Financial Panic of 1837 which included a six year depression lead to the creation of the Act. - In 1846 the Polk Administration created a United States Treasury system that moved public funds from private banks to Treasury branches in an effort to stabilize the economy. - there remained no national currency. -The Act established national banks that could issue notes which were backed by the United States Treasury and printed by the government itself. -The quantity of notes that a bank was allowed to issue was proportional to the bank's level of capital deposited with the Comptroller of the Currency at the Treasury. - To further control the currency, the Act taxed notes issued by state and local banks, essentially pushing non-federally issued paper out of circulation

Booker T. Washington

-Founder of Tuskegee Institute ( a leading college for africian americans) -slave mother, and white father -By 1890 the nation's formost black educator -argued that blacks should not antagonize whites by demanding social or political eqauality, instead they should concentrate on establishing and economic base for their advancement.(he felt that eventually this would lead to social and political equality.)

Uncle Tom's Cabin*

-Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel that portrayed the evils of slavery -sold 1.2 million copies in 2 years - the book increased sectional tensions - aroused sympathy for runaway slaves - hardened many against the South's defense of slavery -(also called Life among the lowley.)

Samuel Slater

-He was a British mechanic that memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea with him when he moved to America - in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. -He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

John Deere

-He was a blacksmith who invented the steel plow in 1839. - his invention lead to the extensive farming in the upper Mississippi Valley (His plow cut easily through the tough and sticky prairie sod of the upper Mississippi Valley )

John Peter Altgeld

-He was the 20th governor of Illinois from 1893 until 1897 -the first democratic governor since 1850. -A leading figure of the Progressive movement -He improved workplace safety and child labor laws -pardoned three of the men convicted in the Haymarket Affair - rejected calls in 1894 to break up the Pullman strike with force. - In 1896 he was a leader of the progressive wing of the Democratic Party, against President Grover Cleveland and the conservative Bourbon Democrats. -He was defeated in 1896 in an intensely fought, bitter campaign

Annapolis Convention

-Held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation. - attended by five states A precursor to the Constitutional Convention of 1787,and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention, -The attendees were from form New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Virginia . -They met to discuss reform of interstate commerce regulations, to design a U.S. currency standard, and to find a way to repay the federal government's debts to Revolutionary War veterans. -Little was accomplished, except for the delegates to recommend that a further convention be held to discuss changes to the form of the federal government; the idea was endorsed by the Confederation Congress in February, 1878, which called for another convention to be held in May that year in Philadelphia.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

-In 1842, Secretary of State Daniel Webster met with the British Foreign Minister, Alexander Baring, the first Baron Ashburton. -Boundaries: Clearly defined borders were drawn between Maine and New Brunswick, and also in the Great Lakes area; the United States received control of 7,015 square miles of the disputed territory and Britain, 5,012 square miles -Extradition: Some movement was made toward addressing extradition (the legal process for returning fugitives to another jurisdiction) this matter had become politically sensitive following the Caroline affair; a formal extradition treaty was concluded later -African slave trade: The United states agreed to station ships off the African coast in an effort to detect Americans engaging in the slave trade - Webster rejected a request to allow boarding of American ships by the British Navy. - the Oregon boundary issue, was not addressed in this agreement. -The Treaty was significant in that it furthered the practice of settling troublesome issues through diplomacy.

corrupt bargain

-In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. -Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. - Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State.

Battle of Little Bighorn

-Indians moved from their other hunting grounds because of white men moving in finally ended up in dakota wyoming and montana, the Black Hills were very important to them as well. White people start moving straight thrugh the hunting grounds of the indians on their way to the west coast and the gold mines, this disturbed the indians hunting grounds again and their way of life. Red cloud makes a treaty with the U.S. securing land for the indians that the military and the white men will not come into as long as they stay out of the plains area. crazy horse and sitting bull and their followers do not follow the treaty and continue attacking people on the trails, this causes the battle. -1876 -A protest of U.S. Government policies by Sitting Bull and other Indian leaders that were not on the reservation. -It was the beginning of the end of the Indian Wars. -After this battle The U.S. forced all indians who did not reside on reservations onto reservations.

Cotton gin

-Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers. Now cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. -Results: more cotton is grown and more slaves are needed for more acres of cotton fields

Irish immigration*

-Irish arriving in immense waves in the 1800's -caused by the potato famine - they were extremely poor peasants who later became the manpower for canal and railroad construction.

Cyrus McCormick

-Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. - The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. -The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

Connecticut (Great) Compromise

-Issue: Congressional representation; -Factions: New Jersey - equal representation in Congress regardless of population Virginia - representation based on state population; -Outcome: Two houses (bicameral): Congress - each state has two representatives; House of Reps - representation based on the population of the state

rotation in office

-Jackson believed "Any white man of average intelligence can do any job." - all men should get a chance to hold office at least to see what it's like; Jackson rotated men to keep them on their toes (so they didnt get too much power)

Force Act*

-Jackson's response to South Carolina's nullification of the Tariff of 1832; enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force - Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified it

Pendleton (Civil Service) Act

-Jan. 16, 1883 -made permanent federal employment based on merit rather than on political party affiliation (the spoils system). -After widespread demand for reform because of incompetence, , corruption, and theft in federal departments and agencies. And because of the assination on Garfield by a dissapointed office seeker. -However, there was a ratchet provision whereby outgoing presidents could lock in their own appointees by converting their jobs to civil service. After a series of party reversals at the presidential level (1884, 1888, 1892, 1896), the result was that most federal jobs were under civil service. -One result was more expertise and less politics.

American Federation of Labor

-Leaders of crafts unions joined together to form a Labor union comprised of skilled workers. (They did not want to join labor unions of unskilled workers for fear loss of their craft's identity and skilled workers bargaining power. -their focus was on concrete economic gains, higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions. -they avoided involvement with utopian ideas or politics. -the leader Gomper promoted "closed shops" only union workers could be hired or "union-preference shops" where non-union employees could only be hired if union workers were not available -vigorously opposed unrestricted immigration from Europe for moral, cultural, and racial reasons. -was instrumental in passing immigration restriction bills from the 1890s to the 1920s, such as the 1921 Emergency Quota Act and the Immigration Act of 1924, and seeing that they were strictly enforced -By 1920 reached peak of 4million members -informal agreement with the United States government, in which the AFL would coordinate with the government both to support the war effort and to join "into an alliance to crush radical labor groups" such as the Industrial Workers of the World and Socialist Party of America. - Together with its offspring, the AFL has comprised the longest lasting and most influential labor federation in the United States.

Emancipation Proclamation*

-Lincoln issued it and freed all the slaves in the Confederate states -slaves in Border States loyal to the Union remained enslaved. (It only applied to states in rebellion ). - It led to slaves rebelling and joining the Union army - increased sympathy from Europe. - The Proclamation did not compensate the owners - did not itself outlaw slavery - did not make the ex-slaves (called freedmen) citizens. - it was an important turning point in the war, transforming the fight to preserve the nation into a battle for human freedom.

Trent Affair

-Mason and Slidel were going to england to negotiate southern-english alliance on British ship Trent -union navy came aboard and took them prisoner -violated British right to the seas, Lincoln apologized and ordered their release.

New Jersey Plan

-New Jersey delegate William Paterson's plan of government in opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.

Battle of Antietam

-Occured Sept. 17, 1862 - Gen.Robert E. Lee Following victory in the Second Battle of Bull Run,moved his troops into Maryland with the intent of capturing Washington, D.C.the North - suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. -Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties - the victory encouraged Pres. Abraham Lincoln to issue a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.

Maine Laws

-Passed in 1851 - first big step in the Temperance Movement - outlawed sale of alcohol except for medical purposes

Critical period

-Periods when a major, lasting shift occurs in the popular coalition supporting one or both parties

Virginia Plan

-Plan presented by delegates from Virginia at the Constitutional Convention; called for a three-branch government with a bicameral legislature in which each State's membership would be determined by its population or its financial support for the central government

Mormons

-Religious group founded by Joseph Smith that eventually established a cooperative commonwealth in Utah

Federalist

-Roughly during the period from 1789 to 1809 -This party was lead by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. They wanted a stronger national government that would rectify the pitfalls of the Articles of Confederation. Their supporters held a stronghold in New England and the Middle Colonies, as well as urban centers of commerce and manufacturing.

Seward's Folly

-Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 for about $7 million -- about 2 cents per acre . At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase. They later realized Alaska was really useful for resources like fish, furs, and lumber.

Horace Mann

-Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education - he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.He campaigned for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum.

Tecumseh

-Shawnee leader who attempted to organize an indian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to American settlers. -He became an ally of the British in War of 1812 -died in battle.

Barbary Pirates

-The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. -From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. - Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. -The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute.

Worcester v Georgia*

-Supreme Court Case -reestablished the sovereignty of the Cherokee Nation, and other Native American Nations, as nations separate from the United States and exempt from the laws of the States of the Union that may surround their territory. - held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty. -The court established the doctrine that the national government of the United States, and not individual states, had authority in Indian affairs. - Judicial outcome favorable to the claims of the Cherokee - was subsequently prevented by a hostile Congress and the equally hostile President Andrew Jackson. - In reaction to this decision, President Andrew Jackson has often been quoted as defying the Supreme Court with the words: "John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it!" -Jackson did not enforce Marshall's decision, and the Cherokee were eventually relocated to Indian Territory (part of present-day Oklahoma) in what would become known as the Trail of Tears.

cult of domesticity

-The 4 specific charateristics which women were expected to follow in societyof the upper and middle classes. ( domesticity, submission, purity, piety) -This idea was promoted through ladies magazines and sermons and religious texts at the time. -This lead to the woman being the leader in the home but had the negative effect of women who were married being unable to support themselves or their children when their husbands either abandoned them or died.

Boxer Rebellion

-The Boxer Rebellion began in November 1899, in the Shandong Province and ended on September 7, 1901 -the Boxer Rebellion was an uprising in China against foreign influence in religion, politics, and trade. In the fighting, the Boxers killed thousands of Chinese Christians and attempted to storm the foreign embassies in Beijing. Following a 55-day siege, the embassies were relieved by 20,000 Japanese, American, and European troops. In the wake of the rebellion, several punitive expeditions were launched and the Chinese government was forced to sign the "Boxer Protocol" which called for the rebellion's leaders to be executed and the payment of financial reparations to the injured nations. -The cause of the Boxer Rebellion were pretty much two things: primarily the intrusion of westerners and their Christian missionaries and the weakness of the Qing dynasty. Chinese people were fed up and sick of the way westerners were acting in their village. in their outrage they killed the westerners and rallied up a numerous amount of other followers who had anti-foreign sentiment. They called themselves The Righteous Fists of Harmony or Boxers as westerners called them. The Boxers decided to march to the Forbidden City and do something about the weak government. Along the way, they continued to gather more and more Chinese people with anti-foreign attitude. When they got to Peking (Beijing) the Boxers held it hostage for 55 days. They were no match for the modern armies of the other countries, and were quickly defeated.

nature of the union

-The North's mind set that the Union was created by the people and was indivisible, and that no state had the right to secede.

Undeclared Navel War

-The Quasi-War was an undeclared war fought mostly at sea between the United States and the French Republic from 1798 to 1800. In the United States, the conflict was sometimes also referred to as the Undeclared War With France, the Pirate Wars, or the Half-War.

cult of domesticity/true womanhood

-The characteristics of a "true woman" were described in sermons and religious texts as well as women's magazines,such as Peterson's Magazine and Godey's Lady's Book which were the most widely circulated women's magazines and were popular among both women and men. -The following were the ideal characteristics of a woman: Piety,Purity,,Submission, and domesticity. -This ideal affected married women's labor market participation in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. -True Women were supposed to devote themselves to unpaid domestic labor and refrain from paid, market-oriented work. Consequently, in 1890, 4.5% of all married women were "gainfully employed," compared with 40.5% of single women. -Women's complete financial dependence upon their husbands proved disastrous when wives lost their husbands through death or desertion and were forced to fend for themselves and their children. -The division between the domestic and public spheres had an impact on women's power and status during this period, in society both in political and economic arenas, women's power declined. Their only power lay in the home.

William Jennings Bryan

-The democratic nominee for the 1896 election against McKinley -a defender of America's rural past. -was considered one of the most brilliant orators of his era, running three times for president as nominee of the Democratic Party. - part of platform was "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party -Sec. of State under Wilson (resigned in protest of WWI)

Treaty of Paris 1783

-The final treaty ending the Revolutionary War that was signed September 3, 1783. - 3 American delegates Franklin, Adams, John Jays were instructed to follow the lead of France. -The agreement remarkably favored the United States. It provided a clear-cut recognition of independence and a large, though ambiguous, cession of territory to the new nation, it was from the southern boundary of Canada to the northern boundary of Florida and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. The Americans celebrated as the last of the British occupation forces embarked from New York. loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland . The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland. It greatly upset the Canadians.

Atlanta Compromise

-The first speech given by a colored man to a mixed audience in the south, Booker T. Washington said that with hard work and hard earned respect, colored men could be successful along with white men. Washington's successful speech was his gateway to many more inspirational speeches across the country.

long drives

-The herding of cattle north from Texas to railhead towns in Kansas and Nebraska for shipment east or to ranches on the northern plains between 1866 and 1888. - These were eliminated by the building of fences and expansion of railroads. - Some would have thousands of cattle, making it a spectacular site, which made it one of the most romanticized events of the 19th century. -most of the cowboys were exconfederate veterans, the next largest group was blacks. -Famous ones of this are along the Chisholm Trail and the Good-Night loving trail - destinations included: dodge city and Abilene.

compact theory

-The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson - -government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority.

Lecompton Constitution

-The pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union. -It was rejected. -The document was written in response to the anti-slavery position of the 1855 Topeka Constitution of James H. Lane and other free-state advocates. -The territorial legislature, consisting mostly of slave-owners, met at the designated capital of Lecompton in September 1857 to produce a rival document. - defeated by the federal House of Representatives in 1858. -Even though it was defeated, debate over the proposed constitution caused a split in the Democratic party. -Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state in 1861.

Brigham Young*

-The successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith. - He was responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Utah, thereby populating the would-be state., -he established a strict code of regulating water rights for the morman community: in any water use dispute the good of the community came over the interests of individuals->his approach stood as an ex for modern water laws throughout the west

full funding/ assumption

-The term refers to Alexander Hamilton's plan to refinance the national debt at par; that is, exchange new government securities for old government securities at their face value despite the fact that many persons holding these securities had purchased them from their original holder for a fraction of their face value. -this caused a growth in the treasury department and eventually lead to the Bank of the United States

nullification*

-The theory advanced by John Calhoun in response to the Tariff of 1828 (the Tariff of Abominations) - states, acting through a popular convention, could declare a law passed by Congress "null and void" - the roots of the idea go back to Jefferson and Madison's compact theory of government and are originally spelled out in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.

Gibbons v Ogden

-This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. -Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

bleeding Kansas*

-Violent events involving pro-slave and anti-slave groups that took place in Kansas Territory attempting to influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state

Spanish- American War

-War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Washington's Farewell Address

-Washington retired from office after his 2nd term in 1797. His Farewell Address is actually a letter. In it he reacted sharply to Republicans, by warning against international entanglements (more specifically, denouncing against the Republicans that had been conspiring with the French to frustrate the Federalist diplomatic program.and against the dangers of permanent alliances with foreign nations. (Ex. The Jay Treaty)Warned against sectionalism (Ex: put down the Whiskey Rebellion). Temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness. (Federalist and Republican parties) 1775-1825

Harriet Beecher Stowe*

-Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin,in 1852, a book about a slave who is treated badly. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery.

Joseph Pulitzer

-a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher -Did work for the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World. - introduced the techniques of "new journalism" to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s. - He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected Congressman from New York. -He crusaded against big business and corruption. -In the 1890s the fierce competition between his World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal caused both to use yellow journalism for wider appeal; it opened the way to mass circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue and appealed to readers with multiple forms of news, entertainment and advertising.

Social Gospel

-a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the early 20th century United States and Canada. -applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as excessive wealth, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. -Important leaders include Richard T. Ely, Josiah Strong, Washington Gladden, and Walter Rauschenbusch. -Many of the Social Gospel's ideas reappeared in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. principles continue to inspire newer movements such as Christians Against Poverty.

Hinton Helper

-a Southern critic of slavery during the 1850s who wrote a book entitled The Impending Crisis of The South -He spoke for poor, non-slave-owing Whites in his 1857 book, which as a violent attack on slavery.because it was bringing ruin on the small farmer, who could not compete with the plantations.

Freedmen's Bureau

-a U.S. government-sponsored agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom.that provided food, established schools, and tried to redistribute land to former slaves as part of Radical Reconstruction; it was most effective in education, where it created over 4,000 schools in the South.

Inerstate Commerce Act

-a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. -the first federal law to regulate private industry in the United States. -It was later amended to regulate other modes of transportation and commerce.

Impending Crisis

-a book by a southern writer that argued that slavery especially oppressed poor whites

Mexican Cession*

-historical name for the region of the present day southwestern United States that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War. -this massive land grab was significant because the question of extending slavery into newly acquired territories had become the leading national political issue.

Orders in Council

-a law passed by the English Parliament in 1793. - It was when the British were fighting the French.(this was the British response to Napoleon's Berlin Decree.) -It retaliated against France by closing all ports under French control- any American ship traveling to mainland Europe that did not stop first in Britain would be confiscated. ) The British closed off all ports that France went through so they couldn't get supplies. -American ships were seized also and Americans were impressed into the British navy. -This lead to the War of 1812.

Underground Railroad*

-a network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places. - It is believed that the system started in 1787 when Isaac T. Hopper, a Quaker, began to organize a system for hiding and aiding fugitive slaves. -By the middle of the 19th century it was estimated that over 50,000 slaves had escaped from the South using the underground railroad.

Whiskey Rebellion

-a protest caused by tax on liquor - it tested the will of the government - Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy - In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. -This is a good contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Independent Treasury

-a system for the retaining of government funds in the United States Treasury and its subtreasuries, independently of the national banking and financial systems. - In one form or another, it existed from 1846 to 1921. It restricted the reckless speculative increase of credit, -it restricted the amount of hard money in circulation during prosperous times and restraining even legitimate expansion of trade and production. -during depression times it limited the amount of coins available for credit .

Republician party/3rd american party system*

-a term of periodization used by historians and political scientists to describe a period in American political history from about 1854 to the mid-1890s that featured profound developments in issues of nationalism, modernization, and race. -This period is defined by its contrast with the eras of the Second Party System and the Fourth Party System. -It was dominated by the new Republican Party (also known as the Grand Old Party or GOP), which claimed success in saving the Union, abolishing slavery and enfranchising the freedmen, while adopting many Whiggish modernization programs such as national banks, railroads, high tariffs, homesteads and aid to land grant colleges.

gag rule*

-adopted by the house of representatives in 1836 an informal rule which remained in force until 1844, -antislavery petitions were automatically tabled so that they could not become the subject of debate in the house

Dawes Act

-also known as the General Allotment Act or the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 -adopted by Congress in 1887 -authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. -objective of the Act was to stimulate assimilation of Indians into American society.

Eli Whitney

-an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. - Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

Apologist's view of slavery*

-because the bible did not say slavery was wrong they were not against it.( there was slavery of the israelites, negro servant of canaan, and no prophets condemned it.)many were raciest

strict constructionism

-beliefsupported by Thomas Jefferson and the other Republicans that the constitution should be read in such a way as to limit the powers of the federal government as much as possible. strict constructionists emphasize the importance of the tenth amendment, which reserves to the states all powers not explicitly granted to the federal government

jingoism

-belligerent nationalism: extreme patriotism expressing itself especially in hostility toward other countries

settlement house movement

-by 1900 100 settlement houses existed in America. -A way to deal with the slums in Urban areas. -Staffed mostly by idealistic middle-class young people, mostly college trainded women who had few outlets for meaningful work. -The goal was to broaden the horizons and improve the lives of the people who lived in the slums thorough kindergartens and clubs for neighboorhood children and nurserys for infants of working mothers. they also provided working men with an alternative to the saloon as a place of recreation it was also a source of social services, it expanded to include health clinics, lestures, music and art studios, employment bureaus, mens clubs, gymnasiums, and savings banks. -Became realistic that the slums were growing faster than the houses could keep up with.

Kansas-Nebraska Act*

-created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opening new lands for settlement - had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 by allowing settlers in those territories to determine through Popular Sovereignty whether they would allow slavery within each territory. -The act was designed by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. - initial purpose was to open up many thousands of new farms and make feasible a Midwestern Transcontinental Railroad. -became problematic when popular sovereignty was written into the proposal so that the voters of the moment would decide whether slavery would be allowed. -result was that pro- and anti-slavery elements flooded into Kansas with the goal of voting slavery up or down, leading to a bloody civil war there.

Ostend Manifesto

-document written in 1854 by Pierre Soulé a U.S. politician and diplomat from Louisiana during the mid-19th century and minister to Spain. -it explained why the US should purchase Cuba from Spain and implyed that the US should declaire war on Spain if Spain refused to sell it. (Diplomaticly the US did not mind Spain having Cuba as long as England or France did not get it.) -Southern expansionists called for Cuba's acquisition as a slave state but the reprocussions of of the Kansas-Nebraska Act left the administration unsure of how to proceed. -American interest in the region would next surface in the 1870s, ultimately leading to Cuba's independence.

Sherman Silver Purchase Act

-enacted on July 14, 1890 - it increased the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month. -the farmers and miners that were having trouble paying their debts. -It was for the purpose of increasing inflation and boosting the economy. (making the money have a higher value. to help people pay off their debts.) -the plan backfired as people (investors) bought money with silver and sold it for gold depleting the governments gold reserves. -it was repealed in 1893.

Bank war

-erupted in 1832 when Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presented Congress with a bill to renew the Bank's charter. -Clay pushed to renew the charter in 1832 to make it an issue for the election of that year. He felt that if Jackson signed off on it, then Jackson would alienate the people of the West who hated the Bank. If Jackson vetoed it, then he would alienate the wealthy class of the East who supported the Bank. -Clay did not account for the fact that the wealthy class was now a minority. -Jackson vetoed the bill calling the Bank unconstitutional.

Whigs/ 2nd american party system*

-existed from the early 1830s to the mid-1850s - formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. - supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. -This name was chosen to echo the American Whigs of 1776, who fought for independence, and because "Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who identified as opposing tyranny

Frederick Olmstead

-famous for co-designing many well-known urban parks with his senior partner Calvert Vaux, including Central Park and Prospect Park in New York City he was also involved in the planning of many other parks across the united states and canada. -he took leave as director of Central Park to work as Executive Secretary of the U.S. Sanitary Commission, a precursor to the Red Cross in Washington, D.C. -He tended to the wounded during the American Civil War. In 1862 during Union General George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign, -he headed the medical effort for the sick and wounded at White House in New Kent County, where there was a ship landing on the Pamunkey River. -he not only created numerous city parks around the country, he also conceived of entire systems of parks and interconnecting parkways to connect certain cities to green spaces. Two of the best examples of the scale on which Olmsted worked are the park system designed for Buffalo, New York, one of the largest projects; and the system he designed for Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Marbury v Madison

-first time supreme court declared something 'unconstitutional', (1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review

Salvation Army

-founded by William Booth around 1865 -Eliza Shirley brought with her to America, the first meeting was in Philadelphia in 1879 -They were met with hostility at first. -Grover Cleveland invited the organization to the White House and gave them an endorsement in 1886. This was the first group to ever have a reception at the White House. -started churches where people who were not received by gentle society would be welcome.

Homestead Act

-had earlier been proposed by Northern Republicans but blocked for passage in Congress by Southern Democrats who wanted western lands for slaveowners. -After the Southern states seceded in 1861 and most of their representatives resigned from Congress, the Republican Congress passed the bill -it was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862 -It was used as an incentive to get people to move West. -40% of applicants were successful.

Freeport Doctrine

-idea that any territory could ban slavery by simply refusing to pass laws supporting it. - It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.

Monroe Doctrine

-introduced on December 2, 1823 -President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility. -After emerging from the Revolutionary War, the fledgling United States could not afford another major conflict with a European country. Basically all wars come down to financial backing. The US did not have the money to engage in another conflict with the more financially stable countries of Europe. Therefore James Monroe made a statement that the US would stay out of all conflicts in the Eastern Hemisphere and expected that European countries were to stay out of all of the affairs within the Western Hemisphere -Had the Monroe Doctrine not been adopted, Latin American as well as world history would have been very different from what it is now. The situation may have been similar to Africa in that Latin America would have been carved up by the European powers into small holdings causing many short and long term results. For example, Spanish would not be the main language spoken; there would also be German, French, English, and others. The current borders would also be very different. They would be divided according to the colonies that had been staked out. In conclusion, the Monroe Doctrine had effects on many countries when it was formed, but the greatest consequences took part in Latin America because this doctrine allowed it to develop without many foreign influences as the US played more of a protector role. -The tomato is proven to be non-poisonous on June 28th 1820.Europe trying to wrape their brain's around this exciting development in horticulture does not think about calling Monroe's bluff on the Monroe Doctrine!!! (probably has more to do with the fact that they were recovering from the Napoleonic wars)

First American Party System

-is a model of American politics used by political scientists and historians to periodize the political party system existing in the United States between roughly 1792 and 1824. It featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Democratic-Republican Party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. -The Federalists were dominant until 1800, and the Republicans were dominant after 1800

Specie Circular*

-issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836 - meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. -required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. -It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. -The panic of 1837 followed.

Nashville Convention

-meeting of representatives of nine southern states in the summer of 1850 to monitor the negotiations over the Compromise of 1850 -it called for extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean and a stronger Fugitive Slave Law. -The convention accepted the Compromise but laid the groundwork for a southern confederacy in 1860-1861.

Know Nothing /American Party*

-met privately and remained secretive about their political agenda -rallied around a single issue: hatred of foreigners, esp. Catholics. - was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to republican values and controlled by the Pope in Rome. -it was bitterly divided over slavery -The term has become a provocative slur, suggesting that the opponent is both nativist and ignorant - later became the American Party, and held much success in the election of 1854, in the northeast.

American Anti-slavery society

-organization Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists who embraced moral persuasion to end slavery - it opposed gradual emancipation -rejected compensation to slaveholders -supported many types of reform, and welcomed women as full and active members.

Seneca Falls Convention*

-organized by local New York women for the visit of Lucretia Mott from Philadelphia ( a Quaker famous for her orating ability, a skill rarely cultivated by American women at the time.) -This was an early and influential women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19-20, 1848 -the women in favor of the convention saw this as the first step towards gaining for themselves a greater proportion of social, civil and moral rights - those opposed to the convention viewed it as a revolutionary beginning to the struggle by women for complete equality with men. -resulted in the Declaration of Sentiments a foundational document in the American woman's suffrage movement. -the first time that women and men gathered together to demand the right for women to vote.

abolitionists*

-people who fought for emancipation (freedom) of the slaves and to end the slave trade

Boss Tweed

-political machine boss who basically controlled New York with his Tammany Hall organization (Tammany Hall was the Democratic Party headquarters); provided many services for the poor and immigrants, but stole a lot of money from taxpayers and the city;Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million. discovered in Spain b/c of a Thomas Nast political cartoon and was convicted and died in prison (in 1870s)

Gaspee Affair

1772; when a custom ship searching for smugglers ran aground, and some 150 colonists seized and burned the ship, suspects were taken to Britain for trial Caused Thomas Jefferson to suggest committees of correspondence for each colony.

Platt amendment

-replacing the earlier Teller Amendment - It stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations. -Allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay. The long-term lease of Guantánamo Bay continues. The Cuban government under Castro has strongly denounced the treaty as a violation of article 52 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which declares a treaty void if procured by the threat or use of force. However, Article 4 of the Vienna Convention states that its provisions shall not be applied retroactively.

dole

-sanford b. dole led the committee formed by local sugar interests that overthrew Queen Liliuokalani and sought annexation by the U.S.; first president of the Republic of Hawaii - or, was an American corporation that traded in tropical fruit (primarily bananas) grown on Central and South American plantations and sold in the United States and Europe. It flourished in the early and mid-20th century and came to control vast territories and transportation networks in Central America, the Caribbean coast of Colombia, Ecuador, and the West Indies. Though it competed with the Standard Fruit Company for dominance in the international banana trade, it maintained a virtual monopoly in certain regions, some of which came to be called banana republics.

Edwin Stanton

-served as Secretary of War under the Lincoln Administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory. - remained as the Secretary of War under the new President Andrew Johnson during the first years of Reconstruction. He opposed the lenient policies of Johnson towards the former Confederate States. Johnson's attempt to dismiss Stanton ultimately led to President Johnson being impeached by the House of Representatives. -He returned to law after retiring as Secretary of War, and in 1869 was nominated as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court by Johnson's successor, Ulysses S. Grant; however, he died four days after his nomination was confirmed by the Senate.

Knights of Labor

-started in 1869 -grew rapidly after the depression as other unions collapased -they emphesised reform measures and preferred boycotts to strikes as a way to pressure employers. -was opened to all workers except for high paid professionals ex. dr. lawyers and bankers, and people who sold liquor. -reached its peak in 1886 with 700,000 members -went into rapid decline after a failed railroad strike -several other problems accounted for their decline, such as emphasis onpolitics within its membership rather than negotiations -lasting achievements were: the creation of the Federal Bureau of Labor Statistics, and the Foran Act of 1885 -Responsible for spreading the idea of Unionism -Initiated a new type of union organization, the industrial union and the industrywide union of skilled and unskilled workers. -

loose constructionism

-supported by Alexander Hamilton (the federalists) where Hamilton believed you could take whatever action you wanted, as long as the Constitution did not specifically say you couldn't do it.

William Seward

-the 12th Governor of New York, - United States Senator -United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. -oppoeed the spread of slavery in the years leading up to the American Civil War - a leading figure in the Republican Party in its beginning -Denied the nomination for presidency -a loyal member of Lincoln's wartime cabinet -played a role in preventing foreign intervention early the war. -On the night of Lincoln's assassination, he survived an attempt on his own life. - As Johnson's Secretary of State, he engineered the 1867 purchase of Alaska from Russia in an act that was ridiculed at the time as "Seward's Folly"

popular sovereignty*

-the concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government

Three-fifths Compromise

-this arrangement started with a conflict regarding geographic proportions. Southern delegates lived in large states with equally large populations of slaves who were not considered citizens. Southerners argued that although slaves could not vote, they still had to be managed by the state and should count as part of the population. Northerners, some of whom disliked the practice of slavery, agreed to this compromise in exchange for the passage of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. -the result- southern slaves would be counted as a fraction of a citizen.(3/5)

Tariff of Abominations*

-this is what the southerns states called the tarriff of 1828 because of the effect it had on their economy. -the tariff was ment to protect industries in the northern United States which were being driven out of business by low-priced imported goods from Europe. -it harmed the south directly because they now had to pay higher prices for the items they did not produce. -harmed the south indirectly because the British now had less money to purchase cotton from the south with less money comming in from goods being sold to the united states. - The reaction in the South(mainly South Carolina) caused the Nullification Crisis -this was a high point for US tariffs.

Chief Joseph

-tribal chief of the Nez Pearce tribe. he fought to preserve his homeland and did much to awaken the conscience of America to the plight of Native Americans. - persuaded followers to flee from expected retribution after several young Indians killed four white settlers. Joseph moved with 200 warriors and 340 women, children, and elderly people in an attempt to reach the Canadian border. They were pursued by 4 columns of American soldiers, and covered 1,321 miles in 75 days before being caught.

social Darwinism

-using the theory of survival of the fittest to justify social politics that treats every citizen the same wether some are able to support themselves and some are not.

Pickney treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.

Helen Hunt Jackson

-was a United States writer who became an activist on behalf of improved treatment of Native Americans by the U.S. government. -She detailed the adverse effects of government actions in her history A Century of Dishonor (1881).The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. - Her novel Ramona dramatized the federal government's mistreatment of Native Americans in Southern California and attracted considerable attention to her cause, although its popularity was based on its romantic and picturesque qualities rather than its political content. Her writing helped inspire sympathy towards the Indians. It was estimated to have been reprinted 300 times, and contributed to the growth of tourism in Southern California

J.P. Morgan

-was an American financier, banker, philanthropist and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. -At the height of Morgan's career during the early 1900s, he and his partners had financial investments in many large corporations and were accused by critics of controlling the nation's high finance. -He directed the banking coalition that stopped the Panic of 1907. -He was the leading financier of the Progressive Era, and his dedication to efficiency and modernization helped transform American business. -Morgan redefined conservatism in terms of financial prowess coupled with strong commitments to religion and high culture.

Farmer's Alliances

-was established on March 21, 1877 by a group of members of the Grange movement from New York state.-an organized agrarian economic movement among American farmers that developed and flourished in the 1870s and 1880s. -one goal of the organization was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers in the period following the American Civil War. -The Farmers' Alliance moved into politics in the early 1890s under the banner of the People's Party, commonly known as the "Populists." - These organizations were formed as a result of farmer's need to overcome their social isolation and gain economic services. Farmers' Alliance of the Northwest, which was confined mainly to the mid-western states, and the more dynamic National (or Southern) Farmers' Alliance which spread from Texas onto the Great Plains and eastern into the South.

Gadsden Purchase

-was the 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. -Southerners wanted this land in order to build southern transcontinental railroad. -The heated debate over this issue in the Senate demonstrates the prevalence of sectional disagreement.

vertical integration

-when all the companies in a supply chain are united through a common owner. -Nineteenth-century steel tycoon Andrew Carnegie

"long hot summers"

...

Trade and Navigation Acts

1607-1763 a series of acts and laws that were implemented by England in 1651, meant to restrict foreign trade in its colonies (for the purpose of giving more advantage to England as well as cutting off rivals). The Acts were mostly obeyed except the Molasses Act of 1733 which caused smuggling, but the laws still made the colonies unhappy, eventually leading to the American Revolution. 1. All goods had to be transported on English Ships ( to and from) 2. Most goods imported from the colonies had to pass through English ports 3. There was certain enumerated (specific) goods (like tobacco) that could only be shipped to England from the colonies.

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. They had to sign it before being allowed off the ship. This agreement set the precedent for later documents outlining commonwealth rule.

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Virginia-Kentucky Resolutions

1798-99- Angered over the passing of the Alien and Sedition Laws, Jefferson and Madison wrote resolutions that were passed by Kentucky and Virginia, respectively, that said the thirteen sovereign states were in a "compact" together, and the government was merely an agent of that compact. Thus, it was up to the states to determine whether the agent had overstepped its boundaries (which Jeffersonians felt it did with the Alien/Sedition Laws). The resolutions were submitted to the other states for approval with no real result; their chief importance lies in the fact that they were later considered to be the first notable statements of the states' rights theory of government, a theory that opened the way for the nullification controversy and ultimately for secession.

interchangeable parts

1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government., (significant in the early period of the first industrial revolution was the emphasis of producing parts that were the same. this idea made mass production possible.)

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the divine right of kings and advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents., he made assembly line production more efficient in his Rouge River plant near Detroit- a finished car would come out every 10 seconds. He helped to make car inexpensive so more Americans could buy them.

Bland-Allison Act

1878 - Authorized coinage of a limited number of silver dollars and "silver certificate" paper money. First of several government subsidies to silver producers in depression periods. Required government to buy between $2 and $4 million worth of silver. Created a partial dual coinage system. it led to greater disruption in the economy. The price of gold was more stable than that of silver, largely due to silver discoveries in Nevada and other places in the West, and the price of silver to gold declined from 16-to-1 in 1873 to nearly 30-to-1 by 1893.referred to as "limping bimetallism." Repealed in 1900.

bread and butter unionism

1880s wanted basic rights; solely focused on wages, hours, and working conditions

Turner (Frontier) Thesis

1893, in a paper called "The Significance of the Frontier in American History", historian Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the frontier concept was what shaped the US more than anything else because it allowed for the growth of individualism and democracy. It made Americans in to self reliant, individualistic People.

International Workers of the World

1905 - Also known as IWW or Wobblies - radical labor union created in opposition to American Federation of Labor. Followed socialist ideas based off of Karl Marx; this group was persecuted during WWI due to their socialist tendencies and activism against the government

Great White Fleet

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy(16 American battleships) on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement." (This was not unpresidented since France had done the same with Russia to get the czar to sign a treaty in 1894.) It was a common practice in the early 1900 for countries to show off their navy fleets to one another at different countries celebrations around the world. ( a kind of showing off to one another.)

NAACP

1909 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People-aimed to help blacks be physically and mentally free from forced low-paid labor and politically free from disfranchisement and socially free from insult. Included white and black leaders from progressives aimed at social progress.

Mann-Elkin Act

1910, gave the Interstate Comerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates, along with oversee telephone and cable companies; included communications

Underwood-Simmons Tariff

1914, Reduced import duties on most goods and lowered the overall average duty from 40% to 25%. . It lowered tariff rates but raised federal revenues. It was significant because Wilson wanted to lower tariffs because he thought that it encouraged the growth of monopolies .Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment It was a milestone in tax legislation since it enacted a graduated income tax.

Washington Naval Conference

1921 - president harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence

Calvin Coolidge

1923-1929 became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

"Spirit of St. Louis"

1927 Charles Lindbergh's plane built on a shoe stirng budget that flew solo across the Atlantic from new york to paris the flight took over 33 hours and he won the $25,000 Orteig Prize. a pirze. He was the first in the rise of celebrities & repersented the self-made man;

Teapot Dome/Elk Hills Scandals

1929 - The Naval strategic oil reserve at Teapot Dome Oil Field in Natrona County, Wyoming, and the Elk Hills and Buena Vista Oil Fields in Kern County, California were taken out of the Navy's control and placed in the hands of the Department of the Interior, which leased the land to oil companies at low rates and without competitive bids. Several Cabinet members received huge payments as bribes. Due to the investigation, Daugherty, Denky, and Fall were forced to resign. Fall was later convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies. This was regarded as the "greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics". further destroying the public reputation of the Harding administration, which was already unpopular due to its poor handling of the Great Railroad Strike of 1922 and the President's veto of the Bonus Bill in 1922.

Social Security Act

1935- (FDR)created a federal insurance pregram based upon the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people's working careers. Those payments would then be used to make monthly payments to retired persons over the age fo 65. Workers who lost their jobs, people who were blind or disabled, and dependent children and their mothers also received benefits.

Wagner Act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; after the NRA was ruled unconstitutional protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

Servicemen's Readjustment Act

1944 A government legislation designed to solve the problem of what the 15 million soldiers would do once they got back home. It allowed all servicemen to have free college education once they returned from the war, and it created the Veterans Administration allowing them to take out loans.

Korematsu v U.S.

1944 Supreme Court case which upheld FDR's 1942 executive order for teh evacuation of all Japanese-Americans on the West Coast into internment camps which operated until 1945

San Francisco Conference

1945-drafted the United Nations Charter and its origins lay in a 1942 "Declaration by the United Nations" issued by twenty‐six countries that had declared war against the Axis powers, and the 1943 Moscow Declaration by the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and China calling for a new international organization to replace the League of Nations. Further planning occurred at the 1944 Dumbarton Oaks conference and a draft charter was prepared at the February 1945 Yalta conference. (50 nations came)

Taft-Hartley Act

1947 - Senator Robert A. Taft co-authored the labor-Management Relations Act with new Jersey Congressman Fred Allan Hartley, Jr. The act amended the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 and imposed certain restrictions of the money and power of labor unions, including a prohibition against mandatory closed shops. giving the president power to halt major strikes by seeking a court injunction and permitting states to forbid requirements in labor contracts that force workers to join a union It was seen as a means of demobilizing the labor movement by imposing limits on labor's ability to strike and by prohibiting radicals from their leadership. The law was promoted by large business lobbies including the National Association of Manufacturers. Arguably, the controversial act also helped President Harry Truman get reelected, given that the act galvanized labor unions into opposing Republicans.

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Brown v Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Federal Highway Act

1956-largest public works project in the United States history; Eisenhower signed the law, which built over 40,000 miles of highways in the United States at a cost of $25 billion and created the interstate highway system; ostensibly to create routes for moving military supplies and for emergency evacuation in case of nuclear attack. The highway system made coast-to-coast driving a more common occurrence, and car-oriented vacations became a reality. - The growth of interstate highways allowed for a demographic shift as people vacationed, visited, and moved to areas in the south and southwest—the Sunbelt, from Florida through the deep South, all the way through Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Eisenhower Doctrine

1957 Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. The doctrine stated that the United States would use armed forces upon request in response to imminent or actual aggression to the United States. Furthermore, countries that took stances opposed to Communism would be given aid in various forms. Used in the Middle East.

On the Road

1957, written by Jack Kerouac; the novel expressed the alienation and disillusionment of the Beat Generation of the 1950s; like other Beat Generation writers, Kerouac rejected middle-class conformity and materialism.

Anthracite Coal Strike

1st evidence of TR's reform -over 150,000 miners walked off their jobs demanding higher pay, shorter days and offiicial recognition of their union - result= mine owners agreed to arbitration - was also perceived as having sided with the strikers rather then movement= huge switch from government positions

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president Republician 'Speak softly but carry a big stick', known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France

Warren G. Harding

29th U.S. President. 1921-1923 (Died of natural causes). Republican , promising a "return to normalcy"; not much interested in the work of presidency, enjoying the pomp and circumstance instead; (used office for private gain) had many affairs; presidency marked by corruption and scandal, but he died before his political career was significantly damaged

beat generation

50s.The Beat Generation is a term used to describe both a group of American writers who came to prominence in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and the cultural phenomena that they wrote about and inspired (later sometimes called "beatniks"). The members of the Beat Generation quickly developed a reputation as new bohemian hedonists, who celebrated non-conformity and spontaneous creativity.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. The Canal resulted in a massive population surge in western New York, and opened regions further west to increased settlement

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They argued that WWI had not made the US safe, so why fight in this war; that the nation was in a Great Depression; that two oceans kept us safe; that American business interests were not a good enough reason to fight, that this was not our war, so why should American boys die.

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636,he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south, which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC)

A federally chartered organization was established in 1933 with the purpose of insuring the return of a depositor's money (up to $100,000) in case his bank fails.

National Origins Act

A government legislation that cut down the percent of the Emergency Quota Act from 3% to 2%, and it changed the census used from the 1910 one to that of the 1890 one. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals. Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely because of the amount of citizens from these places already living in the U.S.

Paxton Boys

A group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. Who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Iroquios Confederacy

A powerful group of five Native America tribes in the eastern part of the United States; Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida. It was founded in the 1500's, and battled against the French, English, and Dutch for control of fur trade.

proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Anne Hutchinson

A religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts's religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She was latter expelled, with her family and followers, and went and settled at Pocasset ( now Portsmouth, R.I.) The articulate, strong-willed, and intelligent wife of a prominent Boston merchant, who espoused her belief in direct divine revelation. She was hauled before the General Court and banished from the colony

Sons of Liberty

A secret radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They used both peaceful and unpeaceful tacticts .They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Huey Long (Kingfish)

A senator, as well as governor of Louisiana. He was Roosevelt's biggest threat. Increased the share of state taxes paid by corporations, and also embarked on public works projects including new schools, highways, bridges, and hospitals. However, seized almost dictatorial control of the state government. Believed that the New Deal was not radical enough.

Palmer Raids

A series of raids By the Justice Department coordinated by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer in response to unexplained bombings targeting government official including Palmer himself. Police and federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organizations in thirty-two cities. The Palmer Raids resulted in more than 4,000 arrests, 550 deportations, and uncountable violations of civil rights.

crisis papers

A series of works by Thomas Paine written between 1776 and 1783 during the American Revolution. These papers were written in a language common people could understand it increase American morale.

horizontal integration

A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth.

Edward Hopper

A twentieth-century American artist whose stark, precisely realistic paintings often convey a mood of solitude and isolation within common-place urban settings. Among his best-known works are Early Sunday Morning and Nighthawks.

Thomas Hart Benton

A zealous supporter of western interests, he staunchly advocated government support of frontier exploration during his term in the Senate from 1820 - 1850. A senator from Missouri, but he opposed slavery. He also opposed the use of currency.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

H.L.Menken

American journalist and literary critic; he opposed the dominance of European culture in America and ridiculed nineteenth-century American moral and cultural values. He moved his readers powerfully, some to anger at the outrageousness of his attitudes. Used satire

Alger Hiss

American lawyer, civil servant, businessman, author and lecturer.U.S. State Department official involved in the establishment of the United Nations. He was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon. Couldn't be convicted of espionage because of the amount of time since the crime had been committed.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Tea Act

Act eliminated import duties entering England, lowering the selling price to consumers, also allowing selling directly to consumers, hurting middlemen. It angered the colonies since it gave a monopoly to the British East India Tea Company, thus forcing local tea sellers out of business.

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

Act signed by President Wilson in 1916 that excluded from interstate commerce goods manufactured by children under fourteen; later ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the ground that regulation of interstate commerce could not extend to the conditions of labor.

Phyllis Wheatly

African brought to American as slave. A family in Boston took her in and treated her like a family member and she became literate. First published african american poet.

Ku Klux Klan

An organization of white supremacists that used lynchings, beatings, and threats to control the black population in the United States. Expressed beliefs in respect for the American woman and things purely American [anti-immigrant]. Strongest periods were after the Civil War, a resurfacing in 1915 [on Stone Mountain, GA.] continuing through the 1920s, and another upsurge in the 1990s.

Sinclair Lewis

Famous 1920's author who wrote Babbitt and Main Street - presented small town Americans as dull and narrow-minded.

normalcy

After a long reign of high morality, outrageous idealism, and "bothersome do-goodism", people longed for the "normalcy" of the old America, and were ready to accept a lower quality president who would not force them to be so involved. Harding coined the phrase a "return to normalcy".

Pontiac's Rebellion

After the French and Indian War, colonists began moving westward and settling on Indian land. This migration led to Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763, when a large number of Indian tribes banded together under the Ottawa chief Pontiac to keep the colonists from taking over their land. Pontiac's Rebellion led to Britain's Proclamation of 1763, which stated that colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Sputnik

October, 1957 .First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

GI Bill of Rights

Also known as Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 gave money to veternas to study in colleges, universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business.

19th amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

16th amendment

Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income.

Ernest Hemingway

An American expatriot Lost Generation writer of short stories and novels written in very simple language about difficult subjects such as death and war. His works include Old Man and the Sea, The Sun Also Rises, and For Whom the Bell Tolls, his novels reflected the disillusionmnet of many Americans with propaganda and patriotic idealism, he spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI He eventually killed himself.

Georgia O'Keeffe

An artist who incorporated a critical view of the impact of new technology and urban life into her paintings...., this artist has been a major figure in American art since the 1920s. She is chiefly known for paintings in which she synthesizes abstraction and representation in paintings of flowers, rocks, shells, animal bones and landscapes. Her paintings present crisply contoured forms that are replete with subtle tonal transitions of varying colors, and she often transformed her subject matter into powerful abstract images 7: 1934-1941

Clayton Anti-trust Act

An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, it outlawed price discrimination,and tying agreements,the provisions were quilifiey by the conservative senet by tacking on the phrase "where the effect may be to substatially lesson competition." interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefiting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property orprevent injury. passed in 1914.

Fair Deal

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Wobblies

An international union that was led by William Haywood who was eventually convicted under the Espionage Act. This organization, often abbreviated as the IWW and officially called the Industrial Workers of the World, held the belief that all laborers should be united as a class and also that the wage system should be eradicated. This group organized created extremely damaging industrial sabatoge due to the fact that they were victims of terrible working conditions. This is significant because it portrays how labor still suffered terrible grievances especially during the war because people were more focused on being selfless and thinking solely about how to help the war effort.

Berlin Airlift

An operation carried out by U.S. and British troops to provide supplies to the 2.5 million people in West Berlin now that Stalin had closed the supply routes. This kept the Western powers from being forced to abandon the city in Communist hands. For 15 months, food, fuel, and other supplies were continually delivered, and the Soviets opened their blockade in mid-1949.

cultural isolation

Any culture being cut off from others. The practice of excluding the US from the affairs of the world. Was a precedent set by George Washington, who though that this was the best way to keep the nation out of trouble

Lend-Lease Act

Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States."

Teller Amendment

April 1896 - U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but this amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Ballinger, who was the Secretary of Interior, opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska against Roosevelt's conservation policies. Pinchot, who was the Chief of Forestry, supported former President Roosevelt and demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger. Taft, who supported Ballinger, dismissed Pinchot on the basis of insubordination. This divided the Republican Party.

Albany Plan

Benjamin Franklin submitted the Albany Plan during the Fr. and Ind. War on 1754 gathering of colonial delegates in Albany, New York. The plan called for the colonies to unify in the face of French and Native American threats. The delegates approved the plan, but the colonies rejected it for fear of losing too much power. The Crown did not support the plan either, as it was wary of too much cooperation between the colonies.

new immigrants

Between 1880 and 1920, over 20 million people entered the United States. These newcomers comprised an estimated fifteen percent of the total population. The arrival of these newcomers evoked a complex response from the "natives" already living there. Many Americans reacted with anxiety and hostility to the staggering numbers of new arrivals. Many newcomers stayed in the port cities where they had debarked. Still others, however, went on to other cities and regions, including southern New England. Some took jobs in factories.

Salutary neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureacrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self government

Lusitania

British passenger liner torpedoed and sank by Germany on May 7, 1915. It ended the lives of 1,198 people, including 128 Americans, and pushed the United States closer to war. The Germans claimed that it was carrying munitions and soldiers and was armed.

impressment

British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.

Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty

Buena Varilla compromised with Hay and T. Roosevelt to engineer a revolution in Panama against the Colombian government, therefore allowing the US to build a canal there 1900-1918

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations and disagreed with the Versailles Treaty. Wilson's great senatorial antagonist, succeeded in his goal of keeping America out of the League of Nations He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.

20th amendment

Changed date president takes office from March 4th to January 20th. Changed start of Congress to January3rd. End of Lame Duck Congress

Gentlemen's Agreement

Chinese immigration to California boomed during the Gold Rush of 1852 By 1905, anti-Japanese rhetoric filled the pages of the San Francisco Chronicle. The immediate cause of the Agreement was anti-Japanese nativism in California. In 1906, the San Francisco, California Board of Education passed a regulation whereby children of Japanese descent would be required to attend separate, racially specific schools. They were able to do this after the earthquake and fire in san fransisco before they could not seperate them because there was no funding to build a school just for them. At the time, Japanese immigrants made up approximately 1% of the population of California; many of them had immigrated under the treaty in 1894 which had assured free immigration from Japan. Japanese-Americans soon contacted the media in Japan to make the government aware of the segregation. Tokyo newspapers denounced the segregation as an "insult to their national pride and honor". The Japanese government was also highly concerned with their reputation overseas as they wanted to protect their reputation as a world power. Government officials became aware that a crisis was at hand, and intervention was necessary in order to maintain diplomatic peace. Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them. The agreement was never passed by congress and was nullified in 1924. The government of Japan did issue passports for immigration to Hawaii, and the Japaneese could then go over to the main land with little trouble.

Lowell

City north of Boston, Massachusetts, that became the largest of the mill towns in the manufacture of textiles during te American Industrial Revolution.

First Continental Congress

Delagates from all colonies except georgia convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

proprietary colonies

Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king.

royal colonies

Colonies under the direct rule of a monarch, where governors were appointed directly by the King. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic.

Frank Lloyd Wright

Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs. (he made the cool museums and houses like falling waters, and guggenheim museum) museums, furniture, homes, stained glass windows, office buildings

Food Administration

Created by Wilson during WWI - Led by Herbert Hoover - set up ration system to save food for soldiers

Federal Trade Commission

Created in 1914, replaced the Bureau of Corporations. This nonpartisan commission investigated and reported on corporate behavior, and was authorized to issue cease and desist orders against unfair trade practices. Enabled the government to more easily kill monopolies.

insurgent's revolt

Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule that was supported by American sugar planters; yellow press coverage of the Spanish backlash led to the Spanish-American War.

Montgomery bus boycott

December, 1955 - In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat for a White man as required by city ordinance. It started the Civil Rights Movement and an almost nation-wide bus boycott lasting 11 months.

Franklin Roosevelt

Democrat was was the 32nd president from 1933 until his death in 1945. He broke the unofficial tradition of serving no more than two terms in office, he served 4 terms. a feat no longer permissible due to the 22nd amendment to the constitution.and oversaw both the New Deal and WWII. In so doing, he exercised greater authority than perhaps any president before him, giving rise to a new understanding of the role and responsibility of the president. Under his leadership, the modern Democratic Party was formed, garnering support from labor unions, blacks, urban workers, and farmers. He has been called the most popular president in American history.

mercantilism

European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country

dynamic conservatism

Eisenhower's philosophy of being liberal in all things human and being conservative with all things fiscal. Appealed to both Republicans and Democrats; balancing economic conservatism with some activism.

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings, wrote Leviathan, Leading secular exponent of absolutism and unlimited sovereignty of the state. Absolutism produced civil peace and rule of law. Tyranny is better than chaos. Claimed life was, "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."

Yalta Conference

February, 1945 - (the Big Three)Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta to make final war plans, arrange the post-war fate of Germany, and discuss the proposal for creation of the United Nations as a successor to the League of Nations. They announced the decision to divide Germany into three post-war zones of occupation, although a fourth zone was later created for France. Russia also agreed to enter the war against Japan, in exchange for the Kuril Islands and half of the Sakhalin Peninsula.

Fourteen Points

Fourteen goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. President Woodrow Wilson announced the Fourteen Points to Congress in early 1918. They included public negotiations between nations, freedom of navigation, free trade, self-determination for several nations involved in the war, and the establishment of an association of nations to keep the peace. The "association of nations" Wilson mentioned became the League of Nations.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foriegn Policy idea by Taft to make countries dependant on the U.S. by heavily investing in their economies,this policy started as a way for the US to have some control in what was happening in other countries without fighting with them, later caused the US to cotinue their involvement in different countries politics in order to protect american investments in those countries.

Declaration of Independence

Formally approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776. it established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britian. (Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document) It has been a source of inspiration to countless revolutionary movements against arbitrary authority. The document sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority.,

"Back to Africa Movement"

Founded by Marcus Garvey, a movement that encouraged those of African decent to return to Africa to their ancestors so that they could have their own empire because they were treated poorly in America.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

New England Confederation

Four colonies banded together to form this group in 1643. Its main purpose was defense against foes or potential foes, notably the Indians, the French, and the Dutch. Purely inter-colonial problems came within its jurisdiction as well. Each member colony wielded 2 votes. The member colonies were the Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, New Haven, and scattered valley settlements in CT, so it was basically an exclusive Puritan club. Three of these four wanted to wipe out New Netherland with military force, but MA didn't want to. The formation of this group was the first notable milestone toward colonial unity.

Little Rock School crisis

Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

Robert LaFollette

Governor of Wisconsin who was a militant progressive. He wrestled control out of the hands of corrupt corporations and perfected a way for regulating public utilities. helped found the National Progressive Republican League, which intended to unseat Taft He is remembered for introducing the first workers' compensation system, railroad rate reform, direct legislation, municipal home rule, open government, the minimum wage, non-partisan elections, the open primary system, direct election of U.S. Senators, women's suffrage, and progressive taxation

Congress of Industrial Organization

Grew out of a dispute within the American Federation of Labor CIO; proposed by John L. Lewis in 1938; federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955; supported Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Coalition, and was open to African Americans; eventually merged with AFL

Albert Fall

Harding's Secretary of Interior (a scheming anticonservationist.)who sold government oil reserves to private citizens in Teapot Dome scandal ; first Cabinet member to go to jail

Marcus Garvey

Harlem political leader,many poor urban African Americans turned to this powerful leader in the 1920s. He urged black economic cooperation and helped African Americans start businesses. He founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. his Universal Negro Improvement Association ran into financial trouble, however. He was eventually arrested for mail fraud and deported to his native Jamaica in 1927.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

He belonged to the Lost Generation of Writers. He wrote the famous novel "The Great Gatsby" which explored the glamour and cruelty of an achievement-oriented society. Expressed disillusionment with the ideals of an earlier time and with the materialism of a business-oriented culture.

D.W. Griffith

He directed the motion picture of "Birth of a Nation" (1915) that was a racist depiction of Reconstruction that glorified the KKK, and defamed both blacks and Northern carpetbaggers.

Andrew Carnegie

He rose from poverty to become one of the richest men in the world by gaining virtual control of the U.S. steel industry. He had begun the process of vertical integration, by which he came to control raw materials, transportation, and distribution within the steel industry, managing every stage of the production process from beginning to end. U.S. steel production increased until the nation surpassed Great Britain as the foremost steel producer in the world. He was also notable as a philanthropist, who gave millions of dollars to advance education, establish public libraries, and promote world peace.

Jonathan Edwards

He was a New England Congregationalist and preached in Northampton, MA, he attacked the new doctrines of easy salvation for all. He preached anew the traditional ideas of Puritanism related to sovereignty of God, predestination, and salvation by God's grace alone. He had vivid descriptions of Hell that terrified listeners. Most famous sermon. , "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

William Bradford

He was a leader of the separatist settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts. He was the second signer and primary architect of the Mayflower Compact. He is credited as the first to proclaim the first "Thanksgiving."

Upton Sinclair

He was the author of the sensational novel, THE JUNGLE, published in 1906. His intention was to describe the conditions of canning factory workers. Instead, Americans were disgusted by his descriptions of dirty food production. His book influenced consumers to demand safer canned products.

Langston Hughes

He wrote during the Harlem Renaissance (1920s-1930s). He was an African American and was the best known poet in the Harlem movement mentioned above. In the Harlem Renaissance, there we may new fashions, jazz, dancers, and poets.

Creel Committee

Headed by George Creel, this committee was in charge of propaganda for WWI (1917-1919). He depicted the U.S. as a champion of justice and liberty - important b/c it was pro war - first propaganda movement to this extent - made to sell wilsons war goals to america and the world AKA the Committee on Public Information. US WWI propaganda machine

Quartering Act

In 1765 required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies in order to cut down maintenance cost of the colonial garrison. IT angered many colonists, and influenced the third amendment.

Townshend Acts

In 1767 "Champagne Charley" Townshend persuaded Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts. These acts put a light import duty on such things as glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts met slight protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its minute profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation. The episode served as another important step in the coming of the American Revolution.

Citizen Genet

In 1793 he was dispatched to the United States to promote American support for France's wars with Spain and Britain. His goals in were to recruit and arm American privateers which would join French expeditions against the British. He also organized American volunteers to fight Britain's Spanish allies in Florida. His actions endangered American neutrality in the war between France and Britain, which Washington had pointedly declared in his Neutrality Proclamation.

Bonus March

In 1924, Congress rewarded veterans of World War I with certificates redeemable in 1945 for $1,000 each. By 1932, the veterans needed to cash in the bonus because of the depression. By June of 1932 15,000 bonus marchers Led by Walter Waters of Oregon showed up at the capital. President Hoover refused to see them, they sent a delgegate to congress.As deliberation continued on Capitol Hill, the Bonus Army built a shantytown across the Potomac River in Anacostia Flats. The senate decided against granting them the bonus early, so many returned to where they came from many stayed with their families because they did not have a place to go. Some people felt they were a threat, Hoover ordered an army regiment into the city, under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur. The army, complete with infantry, cavalry, and tanks, rolled into Anacostia Flats forcing the Bonus Army to flee. MacArthur then ordered the shanty settlements burned. This outraged many people and had a bad effect on Hoover's popularity.

Securities and Exchange Commission

In 1934 Congress took steps to protect the public against fraud, deception, and inside manipulation. It authorized this administrative agency to watch over banking and businesses. Stock markets henceforth were to operate more as trading marts and less as gambling casinos.

Dumbarton Oaks Conference

In a meeting near Washington, D.C., held from August 21 to October 7, 1944, U.S., Great Britain, U.S.S.R. and China met to draft the constitution of the United Nations.

Sit-down strik

In a sit-down strike, the workers physically occupy the plant, keeping management and others out.

Lowell girls

In a textile mill at Lowell, Massachusetts virtually all of the workers were New England farm girls. They were supervised on and off the job, and even escorted to and from church. They had few opportunities to express their discontentment regardiong their working conditions. Was one example of inhumane labor conditions in America during the Industrial Revolution.

bank holiday

In one of the first major acts of his administration, Franklin D. Roosevelt closed the nation's banks from March 6 to March 15, 1933, to forestall additional bank failures and stabilize the banking system. Some states had already closed all their banks, thereby threatening the ability of businesses to operate and making the depression worse. The Holiday is significant because it restores public confidence and saves the banks and the banking system and, hence, capitalism. It suggests that FDR did not want to establish socialism or some version of it, as is sometimes maintained, because in the crisis of that moment, he could have nationalized the banks and did not.

Stimson Doctrine

In reaction to Japan's 1932 occupation of Manchuria, Secretary of State Henry Stimson declared that the United States would not recognize territories acquired by force. It was not the first time that the U.S. had used non-recognition as a political tool or symbolic statement this tactic is not common but usually used in treaty violations

Pure Food and Drug Act

In response to upton sinclair's novel the Jungle US legislation in 1906 placed restrictions on the makers of prepared foods and patent medicines and forbade the manufaxture, sale, or transportation of adulterated, misbranded, pr harmful foods, drugs, and liquors. -Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling italso gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Sacco and Vanzetti

It began with gunmen who robbed and killed a guard and paymaster at a shoe factory in South Braintree, Massachusetts. A few weeks later, police arrested two Italian immigrants--Nicola____ and Bartolomeo ____, both confessed anarchists, for murder in 1920. Both men were found guilty and died in the electric chair in 1923, though their trial was a showcase for American bigotry and the.evidence was scarce and improperly used. This shows the feelings against foreigners and radicals

indentured servants

Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years. Their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement.

Great Awakening

It was a revival of religious importance in the 17th century. It undermined older clergy, created schisms, increased compositeness of churches, and encouraged missionary work, led to the founding new schools. It was first spontaneous movement of the American people (broke sectional boundaries and denominational lines).

Casablanca Conference

Jan. 14-23, 1943 -FDR and Chruchill met in Casablanca,Morocco to settle the future strategy of the Allies following the success of the North African campaign. They decided to launch an attack on Italy through Sicily before initiating an invasion into France over the English Channel. Also announced that the Allies would accept nothing less than Germany's unconditional surrender to end the war. Importaint because it showed they were not going to make any agreements with the axis. This agreement was also done to reassure the Soviets that the Allies would not make a separate peace with Hitler.

Fair Labor Standards Act

June 25, 1938- United States federal law that applies to employees engaged in and producing goods for interstate commerce. The FLSA established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time and a half for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor," a term defined in the statute. The FLSA is administered by the Wage & Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor.

Eugene V. Debs

Labor leader and socialist who was a tireless spokesman for labor radicalism; founded the American Railway Union and the workers in the Pullman Strike of 1894 and sentenced to six months in jail as a result; organized the Social Democratic party in 1897 and ran for President in 1900, 1904 and 1912.

Wounded Knee

Last notable armed conflict btw. US troops and Native Americans 1890 -Occurred after a Sioux holy man named Wewoka developed a religious ritual caused the Ghost Dance -believed this dance would bring back the buffalo and return Native Americans to their land - alarmed white settlers and caused great concern so govt sent in US army -army believed that the Sioux leader Sitting Bull was using the Ghost Dance to start an uprising -when soldiers tried to arrest Sitting Bull, a gunfight resulted in the deaths of 14 people, including Sitting Bull -soldiers then pursued the Sioux to Wounded Knee Creek -when a shot rang out, the soldiers started firing -before it was over more than 150 Native American men, women, and children, most of whom were unarmed, were dead

irreconcilables

Led by Senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, this was a hard-core group of militant isolationists who opposed the Wilsonian dream of international cooperation in the League of Nations after World War I. Their efforts played an important part in preventing American participation in the international organization. They opposed any treaty ending WW1 that had a League of Nations folded into it

city on a hill

Main idea of a speech given by John Winthrop in 1630. The desired effect that John Winthrop wanted the Massachusetts Bay Colony to have, that other people would look up to it. Became a metaphor for the evolution of the united states as a modle for the rest of the world.

Stamp Act

March 22, 1765 - British legislation passed as part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue measures which required that all legal or official documents used in the colonies, such as wills, deeds and contracts, had to be written on special, stamped British paper. It was so unpopular in the colonies that it caused riots, and most of the stamped paper sent to the colonies from Britain was burned by angry mobs. Because of this opposition, and the decline in British imports caused by the non- importation movement, London merchants convinced Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766.

NSC 68

National Council Report 68 (NSC-68) was a 58-page top secret policy paper issued by the United States National Security Council on April 14, 1950, written by Paul Nitze, contrasting Kennan's view of containment. during the presidency of Harry S. Truman. It was one of the most significant statements of American policy in the Cold War. NSC-68 largely shaped U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War for the next 20 years, and involved a decision to make militarized Containment against Communist expansion a high priority. The strategy outlined in NSC-68 arguably achieved ultimate victory with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent emergence of a "new world order" centered on American liberal-capitalist values alone. Truman officially signed NSC-68 on September 30, 1950. Spending on defense tripled.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

New Deal program that employed men and women to build hospitals, schools, parks, and airports; employed artists, writers, and musicians as well. Taxpayers criticized the agency for paying people to due "useless" jobs such as painting murals.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries created in 1949.

Boston Tea Party

On December 16, 1773, the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Indians, dumped hundreds of chests of tea into Boston harbor to protest the Tea Act of 1773, under which the British exported to the colonies millions of pounds of cheap-but still taxed-tea, thereby undercutting the price of smuggled tea and forcing payment of the tea duty. The Sons of Liberty did so because they were afraid that Governor Hutchinson would secretly unload the tea because he owned a share in the cargo.

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament and viewed as an act of rebellion by the colonists, Then in December 1775 Parliament passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Boston Massacre

On March 5 1770 a crowd of colonists were taunting and throwing snowballs at a British soldier guarding a customs house. While back up came there was fighting and British soldiers ended up firing killing 3 people and later killing 2 more from injury. IMPORTANCE: was the first confrontation with the British

Committee on Public Information

Organized by President Woodrow Wilson and established on April 14, 1917 headed by George Creel it composed of the secretaries of state, war, and the navy, with the help of journalists, photographers, artists, entertainers, was a propaganda committee that built support for the war effort in Europe among Americans. It depicted Germans and other enemies on bad terms, and served to censor the press. The committee helped spur up the anti-German feeling in America as well as motivated Americans to support war against Germany once declared. Employed over employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. Goal was to urge people especially immigrants to become "One hundred percent American" German Americans were most affected. Concert halls banned music by German composers. School districts shut down German language programs, and hamburgers were renamed "liberty sandwiches:" There were posters exhorting citizens to root out German spies

the Grange

Originally a social organization between farmers established in 1867 also known as the Patrons of Husbandry, it developed into a political movement for government ownership of railroads, this organization helped farmers form cooperatives and pressured state legislators to regulate businesses on which farmers depended

Neutrality acts

Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations.

Sugar Act 1764

Part of Prime Minister Grenville's revenue program, the act replaced the Molasses Act of 1733, and actually lowered the tax on sugar and molasses (which the New England colonies imported to make rum as part of the triangular trade) from 6 cents to 3 cents a barrel, but for the first time adopted provisions that would insure that the tax was strictly enforced; created the vice-admiralty courts; and made it illegal for the colonies to buy goods from non-British Caribbean colonies.

chinese Exclusion Act

Pased in 1882; banned Chinese laborers to immigrate to US for a total of 40 years because the United States thought of them as a threat. Caused chinese population in America to decrease.d(only let chinese students and merchants immigrate.)

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Passed by Congress on April 9, 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.

17th amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

National Defense Education Act

Passed in response to Sputnik, it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. To help ensure that highly trained individuals would be available to help America compete with the Soviet Union in scientific and technical fields, the NDEA included support for loans to college students, the improvement of science, mathematics, and foreign language instruction in elementary and secondary schools, graduate fellowships, foreign language and area studies, and vocational-technical training.

crop lien system

Post civil war farmers did not have money to invest in their farms and newly freed slaves did not have money either, so they borrowed seeds food and supplies all year from merchants. after harvesting they would give some of their crops to the merchants to pay back what they owed. These merchants insisted that the farmers plant cash crops like cotton which caused the farming in the south to not be diversified and when the cash crops like cotton did not do well or when the prices were low for cotton the farmers were not able to pay their whole loans back to the merchants and eventually many lost their land because of the lien on them.

New Deal

President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insureance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life.

Triple wall of privilege

President Woodrow Wilson, in 1912, set out to break down what he called, "the triple wall of privilege." This included the bank, trusts, and the tariff. He addressed the tariff first; in early 1913, he summoned a special session of Congress. asked Senators not to give in to lobbyists. the Underwood Tariff Bill passed and substantially reduced import fees, along with placing an income tax for amounts over $3,000. Then Wilson tackled the banking system. In June 1913, Wilson again personally addressed both houses of Congress and appealed for sweeping reforms of the banking system, which eventually resulted in him signing the monumental Federal Reserve Act in 1913. This Act created the Federal Reserve Board which oversaw a nation-wide system of regional banks. The Board was given the power to issue paper money called "Federal Reserve Notes" during times of economic pressure. Last he attacked the trusts. early in 1914 Wilson made a personal appearance before Congress and nine months later received the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914. This bit of legislation allowed a presidential appointed commission to search out monopolies and crush them. The Act was followed by the Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 which added to the Sherman Act's list of bad business practices. The Clayton Act also helped laborers as it exempted unions and labor organizations from antitrust persecution and gave them protection for legal and peaceful protest.

Bank of the United States

Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.

William Penn

Quaker leader who founded a colony for Quakers in Pennsylvania; after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. The colony provided an important example of representative self-government and became a model of freedom and tolerance He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance

Separatists

Radical Calvinists who considered the Church of England so corrupt that they broke with it and formed their own independent churches

Thomas Paine

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man

destroyer deal

Roosevelt agreed to transfer 50 WWI-era naval destroyers to the British navy. In return, the U.S. would gain the right to build 8 naval bases in British territories in the Western Hemisphere. Signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war

Japanese internment

Roosevelt signed a document Feb. 19,1942 stating that all people of Japanese ancestry from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona, needed to be removed. Put them in internment camps because of their fear for another attack by the Japanese. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 men women and children-were sent to hastly constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior. After the Japanese were let out of the camps, a majority of them returned to the Pacific Coast. They began to start new lives and try to forget what happened. Many of them lost there land when they were brought to the camps, so when they returned they tried to regain what they had lost. In 1948, Congress agreed to pay for some of that property. They began by giving the Japanese-Americans less than ten cents for each dollar they had lost. By giving them back what they had lost was a beginning of saying "We're sorry." Also they started a civil liberties act stating "The Congress recognizes that, as described in the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, a grave injustice was done to both citizens and permanent residents of Japanese ancestry by the evacuation, relocation, and internment of civilians during World War II. Finally, the Japanese began to live a normal life, except many had trouble finding jobs and getting money loans. After years went by, they started farms and bought new houses. Others were damaged for life. This tragic event left different people, with different emotions. Many were killed and other wounded forever. Today many are suing to be paid back what their family lost.

court packing scheme

Roosevelt tried to put an extra justice on the Supreme Court for every justice over 70 years old who wouldn't retire. These justices would be supporters of Roosevelt and there would be a maximum of 15 judges. The plan failed. Congress would not accept.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. U.S. was granted the right to intervene militarily in neighboring countries in cases of "chronic wrong-doing" such as not paying debts or failure to maintain order. This made the U.S. an "international police power."

Northern Securities Case

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

Big Stick Policy

Roosevelt's philosophy - In international affairs, ask first but bring along a big army to help convince them. Threaten to use force, act as international policemen; used by T.R. to improve world peace, "Speak softly and carry a big stick." Said that the "big stick" (aka the US army/navy) could be used to keep other countries in line and to make sure that the countries of Latin America behaved themselves

Pilgrims

Separatists who broke away from the Church of England (Anglican Church) believing it was beyond reform; initially moving to Holland, some of these separatists landed at Plymouth in 1620 in search of religious freedom and land.

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000

Schechter v U. S.

Sometimes called "the sick chicken case." Unanimously declared the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) unconstitutional on three grounds: that the act delegated legislative power to the executive; that there was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation; and that it sought to regulate businesses that were wholly intrastate in character. background:Schechter Poultry Corporation, the defendant in the case, purchased live poultry from commissioners in New York City and Philadelphia and sold slaughtered poultry to retailers and butchers in Brooklyn. Schechter was charged by the U.S. government with violating the poultry code by selling "unfit chickens," illegally selling chickens on an individual basis, avoiding inspections by local poultry regulators, falsifying records of poultry sold, and selling poultry to nonlicensed purchasers. Schechter was convicted in a federal district court, lost an appeal to the circuit court, and appealed to the Supreme Court, which reviewed the case in 1935. (The Court found the phrase "unfair competition" too ambiguous to constitute an "intelligible principle" necessary to limit the president's actions in enforcing the NIRA. Lacking such a principle, the NIRA effectively allowed the president "unfettered discretion" to create "new laws" without congressional approval. ) Second, the Court held that the poultry code violated the Constitution's Commerce Clause because the Constitution limits the activities over which Congress may legislate, reserving all other activities for the states to govern. While the Constitution allows Congress to regulate "interstate commerce" under the clause, the Court found Schechter's activities had nothing to do with interstate commerce. Schechter bought poultry from out of state, but its offending conduct was confined to New York State. The activities of Schechter thus fell outside congressional power because they constituted intrastate (in-state) commerce. some provisions of the poultry code were found unconstitutional : The effect of a butcher's hours and wage practices on interstate commerce, for example, was found far too "indirect" to be within the congressional powers to regulate under the Commerce Clause.

Northwest Ordinance

The 1787 Northwest Ordinance defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. He ordinance forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established. The Northwest Ordinance was the most lasting measure of the national government under the Articles of Confederation

Harry Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

Adams-Onis Teaty

The Adams-Onís Treaty between the United States and Spain was negotiated by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and the Spanish Minister to the United States, Don Luis de Onís, and signed in February 1819. The principal elements in the treaty were the acquisition of Florida by the United States and the establishment of a boundary line between Spanish territory and the United States. By the terms of this boundary, the United States agreed that Texas was on the Spanish side of the line, and Spain agreed to give up its claim to the Northwest Territory north of forty-two degrees. The treaty was approved by the U.S. Senate on February 24, 1819. However, Spanish authorities delayed their approval until 1821. The Senate approved the treaty a second time, and President Monroe ratified and exchanged it with Spanish authorities in February, 1821.

American System

The American System, originally called "The American Way", was a mercantilist economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts:1. A tariff to protect and promote American industry; 2. A national bank to foster commerce; and 3. Federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture." Congressman Henry Clay was the plan's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the "American System".

Revolution of 1800

The election of 1800 was against the 2 parties, Republican Jefferson and Federalists Adams. After much debate, Jefferson was rewarded victory. -It's called a revolution because it produced the first orderly transfer of power from one party to another- without violence. Success of the political system.

Bull Moose Party

The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). The party wanted tariff reduction, women's suffrage, higher corporate regulation and a child labor ban, a federal compensation for workers, and several other platforms. His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

Insular Cases

The Supreme Court cases (1901-1903) that dealt with the constitutional rights in the newly acquired overseas territories. The Court ruled that the Constitution did not necessarily follow the flag, and therefore Congress was to determine how to administer the territories.

Tories

The Tories were colonists who disagreed with the move for independence and did not support the Revolution.

Second Continental Congress

The chief accomplishment of the Second Continental Congress, which convened on May 10, 1775, was the drafting of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. The Second Continental Congress took place in the wake of the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France (1756-1763), which left Britain deep in debt. To pay off this debt, the British Parliament passed legislation that increased tax revenues from the American colonies, including the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Revenue Act of 1767. Many colonists, though, objected to these measures, and the purpose of both the First Continental Congress and the Second Continental Congress was to oppose them. The colonists argued that because the colonies were not represented in Parliament, that body had no authority to tax them, a view expressed in the still well-known phrase "no taxation without representation."

Freedom of Consciences

The belief that ones' thoughts and views are independent of others' ideas. Often connected with the freedom of thought, which is guaranteed in the First Amendment of the U.S. Bill of Rights. This includes the freedom to hold opinions without interference from the government or others.

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. President John F. Kennedy's legislative program, which included proposals to provide medical care for the elderly, to rebuild blighted urban areas,to aid education to bolster the national defense, to increase international aid, and to expand the space program.

Immortal Trio

The congressional debate of 1850 was called to address the possible admission of California to the Union and threats of secession by southerners. Known as the "_____ _____," Henry Clay, John Calhoun, and Daniel Webster spoke at the forum.

Federal Reserve System

The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy . created by Congress in 1913 to establish banking practices and regulate currency in circulation and the amount of credit available. It consists of 12 regional banks supervised by the Board of Governors. Often called simply the Fed.

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

The first U.S. civilians to be excecuted in 1953 for espionage. The engineer and his wife who were accused,of running an espionage ring in New York City that gave atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. The case and the execution were highly controversial. Later evidence has shown that Julius was definitely guilty, but doubts remain about Ethel.They are the only Americans ever executed during peacetime for espionage, as well as the only Americans to be given the death penalty for espionage. This is significant because this case caused many Americans to realize that the red-hunting situation had gone too far and also showed the role anti Semitism played in the red scare.

House of Burgesses

The first colonial assembly, which begins the idea of representative government in the New World, the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts.

Bill of rights

The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.

baby boomers

The large group of people born in US from 1946-1964. During this period, about 76 million children born. US population rose 20%. Baby boom meant increased consumer demand and expanding economic growth 8: 1941-1960

Judicial Review

The power of a court to determine the constitutionality of a governmental action

National Recovery Administration

The most ambitious attempt to control and plan the economy was the National Recovery Administration (NRA), established by Congress right after Roosevelt took office. The key idea behind the NRA was to reduce competition and fix prices and wages for everyone's benefit, along with sponsoring enough public works projects to ensure recovery. The NRA's goal required government, business, and labor to hammer out detailed regulations for each industry. Because NRA broke with the cherished American tradition of free competition and aroused conflicts among business people, consumers, and bureaucrats, it was not a success and the NRA was declared unconstitutional by the supreme court.

Era of Good Feelings

The period after the end of the War of 1812 in which partisan animosity nearly vanished.

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Nationalism called for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficiency in government and society; it urged protection of children, women, and workers; accepted "good" trusts; and exalted the expert and the executive. Additionally, it encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor.

Keynesian economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms. FDR did not follow this philosophy until 1937, where he announced a bold program to stimulate the economy by planned deficit spending. This policy reversal marked a major turnign point in the government's relation to the economy and became the economic norm for decades.

"good and Bad" trusts

Theodore Roosevelt's leadership boiled everything down to a case of right versus wrong and good versus bad. If a trust controlled an entire industry but provided good service at reasonable rates, it was a "good" trust to be left alone. Only the "bad" trusts that jacked up rates and exploited consumers would come under attack

John Dewey

Theory:"Learning through Experience" Dewey is considered the "father" of progressive education practice that promotes individuality, free activity, and learning through experiences, such as project-based learning, cooperative learning, and arts integration activities. He theorized that school is primarily a social institution and a process of living, not an institution to prepare for future living. He believed that schools should teach children to be problem-solvers by helping them learn to think as opposed to helping them learn only the content of a lesson. He also believed that students should be active decision-makers in their education. Dewey advanced the notion that teachers have rights and must have more academic autonomy. He wanted education reforms.

Alien and Sedition Acts

These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at war with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

reservationists

These were Republicans who wanted no part with the League of Nations unless there were some changes. They were a burden to the vote on the League of Nations and had a part in its failure to pass.

old immigrants

These were immigrants that came during the first phase of immigration (1840s) who were usually Irish and German. These people were second generation, which meant that they have assimilated into America, gotten into politics, and opened their own shops. Their position in government and hypocritical nature made them hostile to new immigrants, passing laws against them.

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry.and portrayed the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at that time The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act, and prompted President T. Roosevelt to sign the Meat Inspection Act.

Halfway Covenant

This Puritan doctrine responded to the declining religious fervor of second and third generation Puritans by providing partial church membership for the children and grandchildren of church members. Puritan preachers hoped that this plan would maintain some of the church's influence in society.Formula devised by Puritan ministers in 1662

Embargo Act of 1807

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

Henry Clay

This great American statesman and orator represented Kentucky in both the House of Representatives and Senate. He was a leading war hawk advocating war with Great Britain in 1812. After the war, he advocated his "American System" for modernizing the economy, especially tariffs to protect industry, a national bank, and internal improvements to promote canals, ports and railroads. He was a founder and leader of the Whig Party that Challenged Jaksonian Democrats in the 1830s and 1840s. Although his multiple attempts to become president were unsuccessful, he secured a reputation as the "Great Compromiser" for his role in drafting the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the compromise tariff of 1833 (that relieved the nullification crisis) Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. Part of the "Immortal Trio."

no taxation without representation

This is a principle dating back to the Magna Carta that means if citizens are not represented in the government, then the government should not have the authority to tax them. The American colonists cited this principle when they opposed the authority of the British Parliament to tax them.

Article X

This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

"lost generation"

This term originated with Gertrude Stein who, after being unimpressed by the skills of a young car mechanic, asked the garage owner where the young man had been trained. The garage owner told her that while young men were easy to train, it was those in their mid-twenties to thirties, the men who had been through World War I, whom he considered a "lost generation" A nickname coined by Gertrude Stein,and was popularized by Ernest Hemingway it described American writers and artists who had lost their illusions of glory and honor during WWI This group included : F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Steinbeck, T. S. Eliot, John Dos Passos, Waldo Peirce, Isadora Duncan, Abraham Walkowitz, Alan Seeger, and Erich Maria Remarque. The 1926 publication of Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises popularized the term, as Hemingway used it as an epigraph. (The novel serves to epitomize the post-war expatriate generation. ) 'who is calling who a lost generation?'" Hemminway refering to u.s. citizens greed and lazyness.

Scottsboro boys

This term refers to a group of young black men (ages 12 to 21) who were accused of raping 2 white girls on a train - in 1938 ... The incident occurred in the South (Alabama) ... Even though the overwhelming evidence indicated the boys were innocent, they were none-the-less found guilty (by an all-white jury) ... The case gained world-wide attention and lasted for over six years, through a series of trials ... Eventually, four of the young men were paroled (after serving six years in jail), though several of them spent up to fifteen years in jail for the crime.

Coxey's Army

This term was given to supporters of Jacob Coxey. Coxey vividly dramatized the plight of the unemployed in the United States by leading a march on Washington to demand relief during the depression of the mid-1890s. His march may well have contributed to the groundswell of support for the Populist Party that enabled it to elect six senators and seven congressmen in 1894.

Progressive Movement

This was a period of widespread political reform that lasted from the 1890s through the first two decades of the 20th century. The movement actually comprised a number of efforts on the local, state, and national levels, and included both Democrats and Republicans who championed such causes as tax reform, woman suffrage, political reform, industrial regulation, the minimum wage, the eight-hour work day, and workers' compensation. The reform-minded enthusiasm of this era came to an end as the United States entered World War I in 1917, and energies were redirected into the war effort.

Missouri Compromise

This was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. The South won Missouri as a slave state, and the North won Maine and prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' . It showed that compromise again prevented break up.

Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones

Toledo Mayor that helped established the Ohio Oil Company which was later bought by Standard Oil Company, making Jones a wealthy man. -asked his workers to work hard, be honest, and follow the golden rule -opened free kindergartens, built parks, instituted an eight-hour day for city workers, and reformed the city government -was not well liked by other businessmen, the average citizen supported him. When his term was over Jones was not renominated by the Republicans.

Employment Act of 1946

Towards the end of the war, Truman urged Congress to enact a series of progressive measures, including national health insurance, an increase in the minimum wage, and a bill to commit the U.S. government to maintaining full employment. After much debate, the watered-down version of the bill was enacted. It created the Council of Economic Advisers to counsel both the president and Congress on means of promoting national economic welfare

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Herbert Hoover

U.S. president during stock market crash, who rejected the Progressive emphasis on activist government to pursue a program of minimal business regulation, low taxes, and high tariffs; encouraged businesses to regulate themselves, his belief in "rugged individualism" kept him from giving people direct relief during the Great Depression.

John L. Lewis

United Mine Workers of America leader who organized the first important unskilled workers labor union, he led the coal miners strike; He and the Congress of Industrial Organizations wanted workers' civil rights, a fair slice of the economic pie, and the right to bargain collectively; called in to represent union during sit-down strike

William Randolph Hearst

United States newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism (1863-1951). A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

virtual representation

Virtual representation means that a representative is not elected by his constituents, but he resembles them in his political beliefs and goals. Actual representation mean that a representative is elected by his constituents. The colonies only had virtual representation in the British government.

French and Indian War

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

"Crime of '73"

When Congress stopped the coinage of the silver dollar against the will of the farmers and westerners who wanted unlimited coinage of silver. With no silver coming into the federal government, no silver money could be produced. The whole event happened in 1873. Westerners from silver-mining states joined with debtors in demanding a return to the " Dollar of Our Daddies." This demand was essentially a call for inflation, which was solved by contraction(reduction of the greenbacks) and the Treasury's accumulation of gold. A compromise over the coinage of silver came with the Bland-Allison Act of 1878. The law instructed the Treasury to coin between 2 million and 4 million dollars in silver each month

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Freedom emphasized business competition and small government. It sought to reign in federal authority, release individual energy, and restore competition. It echoed many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one.

Korean War

World War II divided Korea into a Communist, northern half and an American-occupied southern half, divided at the 38th parallel. The Korean War (1950-1953) began when the North Korean Communist army crossed the 38th Parallel and invaded non-Communist South Korea. As Kim Il-sung's North Korean army, armed with Soviet tanks, quickly overran South Korea, the United States came to South Korea's aid. General Douglas MacArthur, who had been overseeing the post-WWII occupation of Japan, commanded the US forces which now began to hold off the North Koreans at Pusan, at the southernmost tip of Korea. Although Korea was not strategically essential to the United States, the political environment at this stage of the Cold War was such that policymakers did not want to appear "soft on Communism." Nominally, the US intervened as part of a "police action" run by a UN (United Nations) international peace- keeping force; in actuality, the UN was simply being manipulated by US and NATO anti-Communist interests. MacArthur crushed the North Korean army in a pincer movement and recaptured Seoul, the capital of South Korea. Instead of being satisfied with his rapid reconquest of South Korea, MacArthur crossed the 38TH Parallel and pursued the North Korean army all the way to the northernmost provinces of North Korea. Afraid that the US was interested in taking North Korea as a base for operations against Manchuria, the People's Republic of China secretly sent an army across the Yalu River. Truman fired MacArthur, and the fighting raged on for another two years. Only after Eisenhower, who was a war hero and was unafraid of Republican criticism (since he himself was a Republican), became President, could the US make substantial concessions to the Communists. In 1953 a peace treaty was signed at Panmunjom that ended the Korean War, returning Korea to a divided status essentially the same as before the war. Neither the war nor its outcome did much to lessen the era's Cold War tension.

Charles and Mary Beard

Wrote The Rise of American Civilization (1927), Historians best know for their study of American History stating that it was economics values not political philosophies that laid the base for our government adn modern society.

Zimmerman Note (Telegram)

a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the United States. The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence. Revelation of the contents outraged American public opinion and helped generate support for the United States declaration of war on Germany in April. Also promised Mexico the recovery of land lost to America in exchange for their help in the war.

Indian Reorganization Act

a U.S. federal legislation which secured certain rights to Native Americans, including Alaska Natives. These include a reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. The Act also restored to Native Americans the management of their assets (being mainly land) and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations.

containment

a U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Universal Negro Improvement Assc.

a black nationalist fraternal organization founded by Marcus Garvey. The organization enjoyed its greatest strength in the 1920s, prior to Garvey's deportation from the United States of America, after which its prestige and influence declined. Since a schism in 1949, there have been two organizations claiming the name.

Scoopes trial

a famous American legal case in 1925 in which a high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach evolution in any state-funded school. The trial was deliberately staged in order to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held. Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution, but he purposefully incriminated himself so that the case could have a defendant. The trial set modernists, who said evolution was consistent with religion, against fundamentalists who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge. The case was thus seen as both a theological contest and a trial on the veracity of modern science regarding the creation-evolution controversy. The trial is perhaps best known today for serving as the inspiration for the play, and later the movie, Inherit the Wind, both of which were critical successes.

Tenure of Office Act

a federal law (in force from 1867 to 1887) that was intended to restrict the power of the President of the United States to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate. The law was enacted on March 3, 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. It purported to deny the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by a past president, without the advice and consent of the Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress.

Muller v. Oregon

a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it relates to both sex discrimination and labor laws. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health.

Common Sense

a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that criticized monarchies and convinced many American colonists of the need to break away from Britain

pragmatism (William James)

a philosophical principle, first expressed by William James, that expressed the evolutionary idea that truth arose from the testing of new ideas, the value of which lay in their practical consequences. Ideas gain validity from their social consequences and practical applications. It reflected the American quality- the inventive, experimental spirit that judged ideas on their results and their ability to adapt to changing social needs and environments

Marshall Plan

a plan ,named after Secretary of State George Marshall,for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.The plan was in operation for four years beginning in April 1948. The goals of the United States were to rebuild a war-devastated region, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again It was one of the first elements of European integration, as it erased trade barriers and set up institutions to coordinate the economy on a continental level—that is, it stimulated the total political reconstruction of western Europe

Open Door Policy

a policy, proposed by the United States in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China this was done because England and US were afraid that that trade with China would be affected by all of the other countries looking at china like a dog looking at a bone. ( This happened after Japan defeated them in war and the other countries saw that China could not effectively defend itself against others.)

"share the wealth"

a program advocated by Louisiana Senator Huey P. Long that appealed to desperate lower middle class Americans during the Great Depression. One version proposed confiscating large personal fortunes, guaranteeing every family a cash grant of $5,000 and every worker an annual income of $2,5000, providing pensions to the aged, reducing work hours, paying veterans' bonuses and ensuring college education for every qualified student. The figures didn't add up and offered little to promote economic recovery.

Shay's Rebellion

a rebellion by debtor farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays, against Boston creditors. it began in 1786 and lasted half a year, threatening the economic interests of the business elite and contributing to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.

non-importation agreements

a widespread boycott against British goods; it showed American unity, as they spontaneously united for the first time under a common action; the practice was highly effective and some acts were repealed

Pinckney Treaty

agreement between Spain and the United States, fixing the southern boundary of the United States at 31° N latitude and establishing commercial arrangements favorable to the United States. U.S. citizens were accorded free navigation of the Mississippi River through Spanish territory as well as privilege of a tax-free deposit. This treaty showed that the U.S. was slowly becoming a world player, as they made a treaty with Britain the previous year.

George Kennan

an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War.He was the US ambassador to Russia, notified Truman of Soviet ambitions to expand empire and overthrow other political forces; established concern for Soviet policy in Eastern Europe, Germany, and the Middle East He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

Louis Sullivan

an American architect, and has been called the "father of skyscrapers"

Charles Lindbergh

an American aviator, engineer , and Pulitzer Prize winner who became an international hero when he made the first solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927. Young and old looked up to this hero because he epitomized traditional values while using new technology.

Gospel of Wealth

an article written in 1889 by Andrew Carnegie and published in the North American Review. Purpose was to make the new self made rich aware of their responsibility to society and warning of dropping their money here and there with different organizations and people who were not properly educated to put the money to good use. (In other words use your money to help others to become more educated in order to help themselves not just give them money to be dependent on others.) Attemts at socialist economies have proved to be failures. "This is not wealth but only competence, which it should be the aim of all to acquire."

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 after WWI to promote cooperation and peace among nations. Suggested originally by Woodrow Wilson but the U S never joined. and it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed

Bacon's Rebellion

an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a protest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley

Harlem Renaissance

black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes.

McCarthyism

became a synonym for public charges of disloyalty without sufficient regard for evidence The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.

Pullman Strike

because of the panic of 1893 and the depression there was a decrease in business for the Pullman Palacde car company. This resulted in a nationwide conflict in the summer of 1894 between the new American Railway Union (ARU) and railroads. It shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic west of Detroit, Michigan. The conflict began in the town of Pullman, Illinois, on May 11 when nearly 4,000 employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages because they also lived in the planned community that their boss owned and he did not reduce the rent he charged when he reduced the wages.

Elijah-Mohammad (Black Muslims)

born Elijah Robert Poole; October 7, 1897 Director and leader of the Nation of Islam from 1934 until his death in 1975, Elijah taught black to take responsibility of their own lives and reject dependence on whites, similar to Garvey's teachings. He was a mentor to Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan, Muhammad Ali; and his son Warith Deen Mohammed.

Hoovervilles

camps and shantytowns of unemployed and homeless on the outskirts of major cities during the early days of the Depression; they were symbols of the failure of Hoover's program and the way the nation held him responsible for the hard times.

cash and carry

countries such as Britain and France would have to pay for American goods in cash and provide transportation for them. This would keep US ships out of the war zone and eliminate the need for war loans

W.E.B. DuBois

first black Ph.D. from Harvard; a founder of the NAACP; said that blacks should strive for equal opportunities now and not later; differed from Booker T. Washington's ideas in terms of how black should fight segregation

Youngstown Sheet and Tube v Sawyer

during the Korean War, President Truman issued an executive order directing Secretary of Commerce Charles Sawyer to seize and operate most of the nation's steel mills. the Court found that there was no congressional statute that authorized the President to take possession of private property. The Court also held that the President's military power as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces did not extend to labor disputes.

radical reconstruction

efforts made in the United States between 1865 and 1877 to restructure the political, legal, and economic systems in the states that had seceded from the Union. The U.S. Civil War (1861-65) ended Slavery, but it left unanswered how the 11 Southern states would conduct their internal affairs after readmission to the Union. Though some legal protections for newly freed slaves were incorporated into the Constitution by the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, by 1877, conservative Southern whites had reclaimed power and had begun to disenfranchise blacks.

quota system

established by the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921, a system limiting immigration to the United States by permitting no more immigrants from a country than 3 percent of the number of that country's residents living in the United States in 1910; the Immigration Act of 1924 reduced the quota to 2 percent of the number of a country's residents living in the United States in 1890

Treaty of Varsailles

forced Germany to accept blame for WWI and to pay reparations; (Adolf Hitler would later take advantage of this source of Bitterness the "war guilt" caused in the Germans) led to the break-up of Austria-Hungary germany can't maintain army, established new nations and league of nations, shrink German colonies, Woodrow Wilson himself went to Paris to negoiate the treaty and did not take any prominent republicians with him in his delegation. he also urged the us to vote for democrates in the upcomming election to help support him to get through the war this also offended them because they had been working with him. (maybe this lead to some of the republicians not being in support of the league of nations) this did cause democrates to loose spots in the house and senate. 14 republicans and 2 democratic opposed being in the League of nations US didn't sign

charter colonies

founded by a government charter granted to a company or a group of people; British government had some control

populist (people's ) party

founded in 1892 advocated variety of reform issues, including free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators supported mainly by farmers in the South and West, the People's party was the successor of the Greenback-Labor party of the 1880s.

Intolerable Acts

passed in 1774, were the combination of the four Coercive Acts, meant to punish the colonists after the 1773, Boston Tea Party and the unrelated Quebec Act. The Intolerable Acts were seen by American colonists as a blueprint for a British plan to deny the Americans representative government. They were the impetus for the convening of the First Continental Congress.

Niagara movement

group of African American thinkers founded in 1905 that pushed for immediate racial reforms, particularly in education and voting practices

Emilio Aguinaldo

he was a Philippinian nationalist who was a member of the secret Katipunan brotherhood; he won several victories against the Spaniards in 1896; he agreed to exile to Hong Kong, but continued to try to fight against the Spaniards from there; in the face of the Spanish-American War, he hoped for independence for the Philippines, but did not lend troops to the American side of the war as Americans hoped he would; he declared independence for the Philippines on June 12, 1898; the United States refused to recognize his authority, so he declared war on American forces in 1899; he was captured in 1901 and forced to pledge allegiance to America

George Whitefield

ignited the Great Awakening with his rousing sermons on the hellish torments of the damned; he stressed that God was all-powerful and would save only those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ and those who did not would be cast into hell; ordinary people who had faith and sincerity could understand the Christian gospels without depending on ministers to lead them

Salem Witch trials

in the 1680's and 1690's adolescent girls of Salem, Massachusetts, accused several West Indian servants of voodoo lore, and hundreds of people (mostly women) of witchcraft (exercising of satanic powers), ending with 19 being put to death, and the girls who had been the accusers, admitting that they fabricated their story.Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. This was one of the many examples of hysteria and chaos that broke out due to the tensions that built in Puritan communities.

muckrakers

included Frank Norris (The Octopus), Ida Tarbell (A History of the Standard Oil Company), Lincoln Steffens (The Shame of the Cities), and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle). They were bright young reporters at the turn of the twentieth century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt, but boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in American society. Their subjects included business manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, and the illegal deeds of the trusts, and helped spur the passage of reform legislation. (1906)

United Nations

is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

it was made in 1928 concerning the difficult problems of arms limitation and war; was signed by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Japan, and a number of other countries. The pact renounced aggressive war, prohibiting the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" except in matters of self-defense. The pact was the result of a determined American effort to avoid involvement in the European alliance system.

Young Men's Christian Association

its most influential period since its conception could be between the 1870s and 1930s. It is during this time that they most successfully promoted "evangelical Christianity in weekday and Sunday services, while promoting good sportsmanship in athletic contests in gyms (where basketball and volleyball were invented) and swimming pools." Later in this period, and continuing on through the 20th century, the organization has "become interdenominational and more concerned with promoting morality and good citizenship than a distinctive interpretation of Christianity. Today it is more focused on inspiring youths and their families to exercise and be healthy

Sioux Wars

lasted from 1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians were led by Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indian were finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.

black codes

legislation passed by Southern states at the end of the Civil War to control the labor, migration and other activities of newly-freed slaves.

Credit Moblier Scandal

major scandal of the gilded age. A dummy construction company formed in the 1860s by corrupt Union Pacific Railroad officials who hired themselves as contractors at inflated rates to gain huge profits. The railroad executives also bribed dozens of congressmen and members of Ulysses S. Grant's cabinet, including Vice President Schuyler Colfax. Eventually exposed in 1872, the affair forced many politicians to resign and became the worst scandal that occurred during Grant's presidency.

yeomen farmers

majority of Southern white society; small farmers with little or no slaves, had fertile lands but no access to marketplaces

brain trust

name applied to college professors from Columbia University such as Rexford Tugwell, Adolf Berle, and Raymond Moley who were Specialists in law, economics, and welfare, they advised Roosevelt on economic matters early in the New Deal; the Brain Trust took on the role of an "unofficial Cabinet" in the Roosevelt Administration.

scalawags

name given to Southerners, often Unionists, accused of plundering the treasuries of the Southern states through their political influence

U-2 incident

occurred during the Cold War on 1 May 1960, during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower and during the leadership of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, when a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down over the airspace of the Soviet Union. The United States government at first denied the plane's purpose and mission, but then was forced to admit its role as a covert surveillance aircraft when the Soviet government produced its intact remains and surviving pilot, Francis Gary Powers, as well as photos of military bases in Russia taken by Powers. Coming roughly two weeks before the scheduled opening of an East-West summit in Paris, the incident was a great embarrassment to the United States and prompted a marked deterioration in its relations with the Soviet Union. The Four Power Paris Summit between president Dwight Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed, in large part because Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize for the incident. Khrushchev left the talks on 16 May.

headright system

parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Greensboro sit-ins

peaceful protest by black students against segregation at lunch counters. At segregated Woolworth's counter in Greensboro, NC, February of 1960 4 black college students from the NC Agricultural and Technical College staged a sit-in to protest the segregation in public places. Each day they sat down at whites only lunch counter, ordered foood, and naturally they were not served because they were not white, they sat waiting for the food that would not be served to them and refused to move.Each day, they came back with many more protesters. Sometimes, there were over 100. Led to the formation of the SNCC and sit-ins at Woolworth food counters across the country. Despite white harassment, it eventually led to the desegregation of lunch counters.

21st amendment

repeal of prohibition

Sussex/Arabic Pledges

pledges by the Germans before US entrance into WWI to stop using submarine warfare against US ships and to pledge not to destroy any more American citizens, in time they violated these pledges 1934-1941

18 amendment

prohibition of alcohol. started by Protestant congregations and women's groups who wished to eliminate the consumption of alcohol in the United States.

Great Puritan Migration

refers to the migration in this period of English settlers, primarily Puritans to Massachusetts and the warm islands of the West Indies, especially the sugar rich island of Barbados, 1630-40. They came in family groups, rather than as isolated individuals and were motivated chiefly by a quest for freedom to practice their Puritan religion

spheres of influence

sections of a country where foreign nations enjoy special rights. China was split into these during the age of imperialism

Chatanugua movement

sought to bring learning, culture and, later, entertainment to the small towns and villages of America during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Volstead Act

specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

Jim Crow- Laws

state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans. The separation in practice led to conditions for African Americans that tended to be inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages. -These Laws followed the 1800-1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans with no pretense of equality. -the laws were overruled by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

hundred days

term applied to the first weeks of the Roosevelt Administration, during which Congress passed 13 emergency relief and reform measures that were the backbone of the early New Deal; these included the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Glass Stegal Act (FDIC), Agricultural Adjustment Act, Federal Emergency Relief Act, and the National Industrial Recovery Act.

redemption (redeemers)

terms used by white Southerners to describe a political coalition in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era which followed the American Civil War. Redeemers were the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, the conservative, pro-business faction in the Democratic Party, who sought to oust the Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers, and scalawags.

Andrew Mellon

the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics)

Harvard College

the first American college, established in 1636 by Puritan theologians who wanted to create a training center for ministers. The school was named for John Harvard, a Charleston minister, who had left it his library and half his estate

Teheran Conference

the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran. It was the first World War II conference among the Big Three (the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom) in which Stalin was present

Middle Passage

the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade.

"forty acres and a mule"

this slogan was created in 1864 and 1865 when the federal government settled nearly 10000 black families on abandoned plantation land often times receiving a single mule for their property. It was an attempt to give the black families a new start

george ripley

transcendentalist, established a utopian community known as Brook Farm in 1841

warsaw pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. (In response to NATO)

Peter Zenger trial

was a NY publisher defended by Andrew Hamilton. Was ruled that criticisms of the government were not libelous or slanderous if factually true. Removed some restrictions on freedom of the press 1: 1607-1763

Walthan System

was a labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early 19th Century. Made possible by inventions such as the spinning jenny, spinning mule, and water frame in England around the time of the American Revolution, the textile industry was among the earliest mechanized industries, and models of production and labor sources were first explored here.

phony war

was a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground

Henry Wallace

was the 33rd Vice President of the United States (1941-1945), the Secretary of Agriculture (1933-1940), and the Secretary of Commerce (1945-1946). In the 1948 presidential election, Wallace was the nominee of the Progressive Party. He was head of the progressive party, another faction that branched off from the dem party before the election of 1948; was a liberal democrat who were frustrated that truman's domestic policies were ineffective and were against his foreign anti-communist policies

A Century of Dishonor

written by Helen Hunt Jackson in 1881 as an attempt to expose and change the United States policies in regard to Native Americans. She gave a copy to every member of congress for free, It was written as an attempt to change the governments policies toward native americans. Most people critized it and dismissed it as sentimental, but congress did take some action to help the situation but not to the extent and without the impact that Helen wanted which caused her to write another book called "Ramona"

Jack Kerouac

• 1922-69 • was a serious Roman Catholic, but also had extended interest in Buddhism • Wrote On the Road in 1957 which he described as two Catholic buddies searching for God • Also wrote Dharma Bums in 1958 which introduced a lot of people to Buddhism • Discussed in 3/26 lecture. Connected with the Beat Generation (postwar hipsters who prepared the way for hippies by writing spontaneous prose, doing drugs, practicing free love (including homosexuality) and renouncing obligations of home and the work place before the 60s. The media may have interpreted the term "beat" in negative terms ("beat down" or "beat up") but Kerouac insisted on a poor positive reading - "beatific." Kerouac was born in Lowell MA into a family of French-Canadian Catholics... came to Buddhism through Thoreau's Walden which inspired him to further explore Buddhism. He urged fellow Beats to "dig" the Buddha. Kerouac returned to Roman Catholicism at the end of his life, but Buddhism *Zen and Yogacara school) influenced many of his works. He wrote On the Road (1957) andDharma Bums (1958).