PSYC&100 General Psychology: Chapter 6

Reflex

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

Classical conditioning

Fixed interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

Stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Operant conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

Associative learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

Secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

Punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

Cognitive map

mental picture of the layout of the environment

Variable ratio reinforcement schedule

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

Acquisition

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

Model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

Neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

Negative reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Higher-order conditioning

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Emotion can be a conditioned response

Latent learning

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

Continuous

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.

The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

Instinct

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.

John B. Watson

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

Punishment

Variable interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

Reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

Classical conditioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

Unconditioned response (UCR)

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

Habituation

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

After seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

Determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

Knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

Negative reinforcement

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

Partial

Stimulus discrimination

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

Law of effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

Learning

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

Extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

Primary reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

Vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

Vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

Conditioned response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

Spontaneous recovery

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

Continuous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

Negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

Observational learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

Observational

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable interval

Partial reinforcement

rewarding behavior only some of the time

Shaping

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

Rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

Stimulus generalization

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.

The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."