APUSH Unit 4 Test

The Republican-dominated U.S. Congress took advantage of southerners' absence to institute which of the following reforms during the Civil War? Select one: A. A neomercantilist program of government assisted economic development B. The chartering for the Third Bank of the United States C. A prohibition on the sale and manufacture of alcoholic beverages D. A prohibition on slavery in all the states of the Union

A. A neomercantilist program of government assisted economic development

What happened in Christiana, Pennsylvania, in 1851? Select one: A. About twenty African Americans fought a gun battle with slave catchers, killing two; a jury subsequently acquitted one defendant, and the government dropped charges against the rest. B. Frederick Douglass declared that "the only way to make a Fugitive Slave Law a dead letter is to make a half dozen or more dead kidnappers." C. Abolitionist Theodore Parker defied the Fugitive Slave Act by helping two slaves escape to freedom. D. Rioters marched into a courthouse, forced their way into the courtroom, and freed a fugitive slave facing trial.

A. About twenty African Americans fought a gun battle with slave catchers, killing two; a jury subsequently acquitted one defendant, and the government dropped charges against the rest.

Which of the following characterizes the plantation labor system of the southern cotton industry? Select one: A. African American slaves worked from sunup to sundown all year long. B. Native Americans formed an important subgroup of southern plantation laborers. C. Immigrants formed an important subgroup of southern plantation laborers. D. African American slaves were unable to escape the labor system due to planter violence.

A. African American slaves worked from sunup to sundown all year long.

From 1854 to 1856, which of the following was the fundamental principle all Republicans agreed on? Select one: A. An absolute opposition to the expansion of slavery into any new territories B. The extension of voting rights to all adult male citizens, regardless of race C. The eventual abolition of slavery throughout the United States D. The exclusion of Roman Catholic immigrants from entering the United States

A. An absolute opposition to the expansion of slavery into any new territories

Which of the following pairs is properly matched? Select one: A. Benjamin Banneker—mathematician and surveyor; helped lay out Washington, D.C. B. Joshua Johnston—wealthy businessman C. Horace King—won praise for his portraiture D. Paul Cuffee—accused of slave revolt

A. Benjamin Banneker—mathematician and surveyor; helped lay out Washington, D.C.

Which of the following groups composed the largest percentage of registered voters in Alabama and Mississippi in the late 1860s? Select one: A. Black Republicans B. White Republicans C. Former Confederates D. White Unionists

A. Black Republicans

How did planters attempt to resolve a labor crisis in the cotton South in the early nineteenth century? Select one: A. By buying domestic slaves from the Chesapeake region B. By resorting to buying slaves from the British in Canada C. By refusing to take part illegally in the international slave trade D. By beginning to import European peasant immigrants as servants

A. By buying domestic slaves from the Chesapeake region

Which politician's death marked the waning of Radical Reconstruction? Select one: A. Charles Sumner B. Andrew Johnson C. William Seward D. Abraham Lincoln

A. Charles Sumner

Which of the following were core institutions for African American society in the mid-nineteenth-century South? Select one: A. Church and family B. The American Anti-Slavery Society and Christianity C. Friendships and kinship D. Marriage and resistance movements

A. Church and family

Which general is properly paired with a battle he led? Select one: A. Confederate general Robert E. Lee—Antietam B. Union general George B. McClellan—Shiloh C. Confederate general Stonewall Jackson—Fredericksburg D. Confederate general P. G. T. Beauregard—Gettysburg

A. Confederate general Robert E. Lee—Antietam

Which factor led to planters' need to smuggle slaves into the country rather than import them legally? Select one: A. Congressional legislation B. A Supreme Court ruling C. State legislation D. Missouri's application for statehood

A. Congressional legislation

Which of the following statements describes the Freedmen's Bureau, which originated in 1865? Select one: A. Created by Congress, it helped ex-slaves adjust to freedom and secure their basic civil rights. B. Founded by ex-Confederate states, the organization helped rebuild the South. C. Created by private citizens, the agency provided aid to former slaves. D. It was originally proposed in Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan, which Congress defeated.

A. Created by Congress, it helped ex-slaves adjust to freedom and secure their basic civil rights.

By 1860, the majority of African Americans lived and worked as slaves in which of the following regions? Select one: A. Deep South B. Upper South C. Northeast D. Midwest

A. Deep South

Why was the South unable to convince England to provide it with more support during the Civil war? Select one: A. England needed Union wheat more than the South's cotton. B. The English public was indifferent to the war. C. The British thought the South were likely to win and withdrew. D. England's agriculture was self-sufficient.

A. England needed Union wheat more than the South's cotton.

What was the outcome of the midterm election in 1858? Select one: A. Republicans won control of the U.S. House of Representatives. B. Lincoln was elected to the Senate by the Illinois state legislature. C. Douglas's Freeport Doctrine won favor from both proslavery and antislavery supporters. D. Republican candidates won control of both the U.S. House and the U.S. Senate.

A. Republicans won control of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Why did Republicans nominate Rutherford B. Hayes for president in 1876? Select one: A. He had won a reputation for honesty and appeared to be safe from charges of corruption. B. His state, New York, was crucial to winning the election. C. His relationship with Grant would protect prominent but corrupt Republicans. D. He promised to end Reconstruction, which had become a Republican liability.

A. He had won a reputation for honesty and appeared to be safe from charges of corruption.

Which of the following statements describes President Buchanan's handling of the Kansas issue? Select one: A. He tried but failed to have Kansas admitted as a slave state and fractured the Democratic Party. B. He supported the actions of the New England Emigrant Aid Society and John Brown. C. Buchanan supported the efforts of Senator Douglas to resolve the controversy fairly. D. Unlike Pierce, Buchanan denounced the Lecompton constitution as being fraudulent.

A. He tried but failed to have Kansas admitted as a slave state and fractured the Democratic Party.

In 1854, why did Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduce a bill to extinguish Native American rights in the Great Plains and organize the northern segment of the Louisiana Purchase into a large territory called Nebraska? Select one: A. He wanted to build a transcontinental railroad from Chicago to Northern California. B. He wanted to negate the Missouri Compromise and open the area to slaveholders. C. He wanted to win support for his presidential candidacy among northern Democrats. D. He wanted to disprove the allegation that the Great Plains area was a desert and thus unsuitable for settlement.

A. He wanted to build a transcontinental railroad from Chicago to Northern California.

How did Abraham Lincoln fare in the 1864 presidential election? Select one: A. He was swept to victory in the wake of Sherman's capture of Atlanta. B. Abraham Lincoln lost the popular vote to McClellan, but he won the electoral vote. C. Lincoln won by a slim margin, thanks to the votes of Union soldiers. D. He won despite the fact that three out of every four Union soldiers voted against him.

A. He was swept to victory in the wake of Sherman's capture of Atlanta.

Which of the following statements describes the historical significance of Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin? Select one: A. It sparked an unprecedented discussion about race and slavery in the United States and abroad. B. The novel was made into an emotionally charged stage play that was banned throughout the North and South. C. It portrayed slaves as good-natured but unintelligent and unable to care for themselves. D. The book did not sell well until after the Civil War had begun, but it eventually made Stowe a rich woman.

A. It sparked an unprecedented discussion about race and slavery in the United States and abroad.

Many African American slaves who converted to Christianity compared themselves to which of the following groups? Select one: A. Jews B. Native Americans C. Mormons D. The Irish

A. Jews

During Reconstruction, why was southern Democrats' dismissal of black politicians as ignorant field hands misguided? Select one: A. Many had been free artisans or tradesmen. B. The majority of politicians were free blacks from the North. C. While all had been slaves, some had been house servants. D. Those elected to public office had served in the Union army.

A. Many had been free artisans or tradesmen.

Which of the following statements describes the place of emancipation in the Union's war aims in 1861 and 1862? Select one: A. Moderate Republican leaders began to redefine the war as a struggle, not only against Confederate armies, but also against the institution of slavery. B. Radical Republicans argued that slaves would starve if they were emancipated in wartime and that freedom would have to wait. C. Most abolitionists rejected the idea of emancipation in wartime, fearing that a backlash would place slaves in even greater danger. D. Most abolitionists welcomed the South's secession because it removed the stain of slavery from the Union.

A. Moderate Republican leaders began to redefine the war as a struggle, not only against Confederate armies, but also against the institution of slavery.

Why was the enlistment of African Americans in the Union army and their deployment in battle delayed until 1863? Select one: A. Most Union generals doubted that they would make good soldiers. B. The Union did not have enough funds to equip and pay destitute black soldiers. C. Lincoln feared that free blacks from the North would be captured and enslaved. D. Abolitionists feared that the white officers would treat the black troops as disposable.

A. Most Union generals doubted that they would make good soldiers.

Which of these statements most accurately describes the experiences of free blacks in the early nineteenth-century United States? Select one: A. Most held low-wage jobs as farmworkers, day laborers, or laundresses. B. They constituted a majority of the African American population in the South by 1820. C. Most northern states passed laws banning free blacks from owning or running a business. D. Many free blacks would have settled in Africa had they been able to afford the trip.

A. Most held low-wage jobs as farmworkers, day laborers, or laundresses.

Which statement describes the sharecropping system that emerged to replace slavery in the South after the Civil War? Select one: A. Most sharecroppers believed it was preferable to a wage labor system. B. Through sharecropping, freed slaves were able to advance very well economically. C. Sharecroppers were often worse off than slaves had been. D. It created an equal partnership between tenant farmer and owner.

A. Most sharecroppers believed it was preferable to a wage labor system.

What was the Confederacy seeking to achieve with the war in 1861? Select one: A. Permanent independence and "to be let alone" B. The annexation of all the border states and of the Southwest as far as the Pacific C. Expansion into the Caribbean, Central America, and northern Mexico D. Reestablishment of the Union with ironclad guarantees for slavery

A. Permanent independence and "to be let alone"

Why did a labor crisis develop in the Cotton South in the first few decades of the 1800s? Select one: A. Planters heading west needed many new slaves to clear, plant, and harvest the land. B. Disease killed tens of thousands of slaves every year in the Deep South. C. Patriot planters had gradually emancipated their slaves after the Revolutionary War. D. Americans sent thousands of slaves to Africa, creating a shortage of slave labor.

A. Planters heading west needed many new slaves to clear, plant, and harvest the land.

The Republican state Reconstruction governments in the South made significant and long-lasting achievements in Select one: A. public education. B. black leadership development. C. African American civil rights. D. labor organizing.

A. public education.

Which statement characterizes the typical relationship between slaves and their masters in the 1850s? Select one: A. Slaves were investments and therefore were generally provided with clothes, shelter, and enough food to keep them healthy. B. White women felt so guilty about their husbands' transgressions with female slaves that they treated those slave women with extra kindness. C. Accounts of sexual contact between masters and their slaves were greatly exaggerated and rarely occurred. D. Tobacco planters in Virginia usually treated their slaves more harshly than Mississippi cotton planters.

A. Slaves were investments and therefore were generally provided with clothes, shelter, and enough food to keep them healthy.

Which of these groups accounted for the largest percentage of the white population in the mid-nineteenth-century Cotton South? Select one: A. Tenant farmers and day laborers B. Yeoman farmers C. Plantation owners D. Middling planters

A. Tenant farmers and day laborers

Which of the following border states quickly joined the Confederacy in 1861? Select one: A. Tennessee B. Kentucky C. Maryland D. Missouri

A. Tennessee

Why was it necessary to add the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution following the Civil War? Select one: A. The Constitution had condoned slavery and allowed states to set voting requirements. B. The Constitution outlawed the federal government's interference with state laws. C. The Bill of Rights gave state laws precedence over federal laws. D. It wasn't necessary; they were passed merely for emphasis and propaganda.

A. The Constitution had condoned slavery and allowed states to set voting requirements.

Which of the following statements describes the election of 1876? Select one: A. The Democratic candidate won the popular vote, but Republican officials in three southern states certified Republican victories, sending two sets of electoral votes to Congress. B. The Democratic candidate won the popular vote but not the electoral vote. C. President Grant ran for, but failed to win, an unprecedented third term. D. The Republican candidate won the popular vote, but several minor parties siphoned off enough electoral votes to force the election into the House of Representatives.

A. The Democratic candidate won the popular vote, but Republican officials in three southern states certified Republican victories, sending two sets of electoral votes to Congress.

The 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act led to which of the following outcomes? Select one: A. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was repealed. B. President Pierce signed the Ostend Manifesto. C. The Kansas and Nebraska territories were admitted as free states. D. Stephen Douglas's political career ended.

A. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was repealed.

Which of these factors contributed to the development of an increasingly homogenous African American culture in the rural South in the nineteenth century? Select one: A. The domestic slave trade B. The development of the Gullah dialect C. Marriage patterns D. Kinship relations

A. The domestic slave trade

The cotton boom that began in the 1810s set which of the following results in motion? Select one: A. The redistribution of the African American population B. The beginnings of a manumission movement in the South C. A wave of European immigration to the South D. An increase in the legal importation of slaves

A. The redistribution of the African American population

Why were many congressional leaders unwilling to consider breaking up plantations and distributing plots for independent farms to freed slaves? Select one: A. They hoped to restore cotton cultivation and the export of American cotton. B. The leaders did not think slaves were capable of farming their own land. C. Most congressional representatives wanted to see the Industrial Revolution transform the South. D. Freed slaves had expressed their desire to work in occupations other than farming.

A. They hoped to restore cotton cultivation and the export of American cotton.

Which of the following describes the outcome of the first Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861? Select one: A. Union troops panicked during a Confederate counterattack and retreated to Washington. B. Confederate troops captured many sightseers who had come from Washington to view the battle. C. Union troops under General McDowell swept the Confederates, led by General Beauregard, from the field. D. Both armies fell into total confusion, and the fighting ended in chaos with many casualties.

A. Union troops panicked during a Confederate counterattack and retreated to Washington.

Abraham Lincoln belonged to which political party during his four terms in the Illinois state legislature? Select one: A. Whigs B. Free-Soil C. Democrats D. Republican

A. Whigs

In the 1872 presidential election, the still disorganized Democratic Party Select one: A. allied with the reform-minded Liberal Republicans. B. exposed the Whiskey Ring scandals. C. demanded civil rights for African Americans. D. supported Samuel Tilden for president.

A. allied with the reform-minded Liberal Republicans.

The Civil Rights Act of 1866 Select one: A. asserted that all former slaves would receive equal protection under the law. B. required freedmen, like immigrants, to wait five years for U.S. citizenship. C. declared freedmen to be citizens and gave them full access to the courts. D. guaranteed suffrage for all adult freedmen.

A. asserted that all former slaves would receive equal protection under the law.

In 1858, in his so-called Freeport Doctrine, Stephen Douglas Select one: A. asserted that settlers could exclude slavery from a territory by not adopting local legislation to protect it. B. emphasized colonization of freed slaves as the only practical solution to the problem of slavery. C. declared, "This government was made by our fathers, by white men for the benefit of white men." D. stole Lincoln's thunder by advocating a plan for gradual emancipation with compensation for former slaveholders.

A. asserted that settlers could exclude slavery from a territory by not adopting local legislation to protect it.

President Buchanan responded to the secession crisis by Select one: A. declaring secession illegal but claiming that the federal government had no power to reverse it. B. supporting the secessionists and helping the Confederacy to secure diplomatic recognition. C. ignoring the situation and leaving it for Lincoln to resolve. D. ordering a naval assault on Charleston, which the Confederates repelled.

A. declaring secession illegal but claiming that the federal government had no power to reverse it.

One critical flaw of southern Reconstruction governments was their Select one: A. support of the convict leasing system. B. failure to address the issue of women's rights. C. failure to exclude religious institutions from government. D. emphasis on promoting public education for black but not white children.

A. support of the convict leasing system.

Many African American sharecroppers became trapped in a vicious cycle of debt after the Civil War mainly because Select one: A. they could not pay the high prices and interest that whites charged as the price of cotton declined in the 1870s. B. federal banking laws included "usury" regulations that in fact allowed southern banks to cheat freedmen. C. southern banks charged blacks much higher interest rates than they charged whites. D. state laws required blacks to pay for purchases by establishing credit lines that they could pay off only once annually.

A. they could not pay the high prices and interest that whites charged as the price of cotton declined in the 1870s.

Why did Democratic presidential candidate Lewis Cass propose the idea of squatter sovereignty in 1848? Select one: A. He was seeking a solution to the conflicts between whites and Native Americans in the West. B. Cass hoped the plan would maintain the unity of the contentious Democratic Party. C. Cass believed it would bring free-soilers back into mainstream political parties. D. He was promoting a policy that would grant free federal land to homesteaders in the west.

B. Cass hoped the plan would maintain the unity of the contentious Democratic Party.

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched? Select one: A. Fifteenth Amendment—gave African American males the right to vote B. Civil Rights Act of 1866—allowed formerly enslaved people full access to the courts C. Thirteenth Amendment—citizenship for African Americans D. Fourteenth Amendment—abolished slavery

B. Civil Rights Act of 1866—allowed formerly enslaved people full access to the courts

Through which of the following practices did southerners avoid giving former slaves the right to vote? Select one: A. Driving African American men out of the state B. Collecting poll taxes C. Waving the bloody shirt D. Ending right-to-work laws

B. Collecting poll taxes

The movement toward secession in the winter of 1860-1861 proceeded the most rapidly in the Select one: A. Upper South. B. Deep South. C. border states. D. Middle South.

B. Deep South.

Which of the following was the major cause of death for Civil War soldiers? Select one: A. Wounds received in battle B. Disease and infection C. Sniper attacks D. Renegade attacks from Indians

B. Disease and infection

Which of the following statements describes Virginia's secession after the outbreak of the war? Select one: A. The ordinance of secession passed at the convention by only one vote. B. Due to its strong patriotic history, Virginia was the last southern state to join the Confederacy. C. Many Virginia whites voted against secession but lost to those in favor of secession 88 to 55. D. One of Virginia's military heroes, Robert E. Lee, led the movement for secession.

B. Due to its strong patriotic history, Virginia was the last southern state to join the Confederacy.

Why did President Lincoln decide to suspend habeas corpus during the Civil War? Select one: A. He was aiming to demoralize the South. B. He believed it would stop disloyal activities, such as protests against the draft. C. He hoped to encourage voluntary enlistment in the Union army for the duration of the war. D. He needed to assure Americans that civil liberties would be protected.

B. He believed it would stop disloyal activities, such as protests against the draft.

Which of the following was the official reason Congress cited for impeaching Andrew Johnson? Select one: A. He attempted to undermine Radical Reconstruction. B. He infringed on the powers of Congress. C. He refused to support any of the Civil War amendments. D. Johnson dismissed Secretary of State William Seward.

B. He infringed on the powers of Congress.

Which of the following statements characterizes blacks' resistance to slavery by the 1820s? Select one: A. The frequency of escape to Spanish Florida and the frontier increased. B. In their situation, most blacks had no choice but to build the best possible lives for themselves. C. Many slaves planned or participated in revolts, knowing that some would be successful. D. Most slaves still clung to the hope of returning to Africa.

B. In their situation, most blacks had no choice but to build the best possible lives for themselves.

Which of the following statements describes Radical Reconstruction? Select one: A. It demonstrated that even Radical Republicans would sacrifice the rights of freed slaves. B. It aimed to reform the South and increase federal power. C. The program gave each freed slave forty acres of land and a mule. D. There was no way the South could have avoided the institution of Radical Reconstruction.

B. It aimed to reform the South and increase federal power.

Which of the following statements describes the Slidell mission to Mexico in December 1845? Select one: A. The mission prompted Mexico to offer to sell New Mexico and California for $30 million. B. It failed because Mexico had suspended diplomatic relations with the United States and refused to even see Slidell. C. The mission failed because Slidell was assassinated in Veracruz before he could reach the Mexican capital. D. It was a success, resulting in Mexico's acknowledgment of the U.S. annexation of Texas.

B. It failed because Mexico had suspended diplomatic relations with the United States and refused to even see Slidell.

How was the Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 different from Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan? Select one: A. It required loyalty oaths from 90 percent of a southern state's adult white men before that state could hold a constitutional convention. B. It stipulated that new southern governments could be formed only by those who had not fought against the North in the Civil War. C. This more generous plan specified that former slaveholders would receive compensation for their property losses. D. This proposal created an amnesty plan that was more lenient than Lincoln's earlier plan.

B. It stipulated that new southern governments could be formed only by those who had not fought against the North in the Civil War.

Which of the following describes the purpose of the U.S. Sanitary Commission? Select one: A. The office was established to enforce minimum standards of cleanliness in army camps and to supervise the burial of war dead. B. It was a voluntary organization in the North that provided medical services, distributed supplies and medicines, and recruited physicians and nurses. C. Northern evangelicals created the committee to supervise the morals of Union soldiers and to combat gambling, drinking, and consorting with prostitutes. D. The group was the first federal military medical evacuation system with emergency transportation and mobile field hospitals.

B. It was a voluntary organization in the North that provided medical services, distributed supplies and medicines, and recruited physicians and nurses.

Why was the battle of Fort Sumter in April 1861 significant? Select one: A. It was a major victory for the Union army and rallied the soldiers. B. It was the first battle of the Civil War. C. It marked a turning point of the war in the Confederates' favor. D. Lincoln called for 200,000 militiamen to enlist after the defeat.

B. It was the first battle of the Civil War.

Which man who sought the presidency in 1844 is matched with the correct description? Select one: A. Henry Clay—former Democratic president who unsuccessfully tried to win his party's nomination B. James Polk—expansionist, dark-horse candidate of the Democratic Party who won the election C. John Tyler—Whig candidate who eventually supported the annexation of Texas and narrowly lost the election D. James Birney—proslavery Whig president who unsuccessfully tried to win the Democratic Party's nomination

B. James Polk—expansionist, dark-horse candidate of the Democratic Party who won the election

Which of the following was the final outcome of the congressional campaigns and elections of 1866? Select one: A. Voters expressed their disapproval of the Freedmen's Bureau law and the Fourteenth Amendment. B. Johnson suffered a humiliating defeat as Republicans gained a three-to-one margin in Congress. C. Conservative Republicans and Democrats united to form the National Union Party and won 105 seats in the House. D. Johnson's personal campaigning from Washington to St. Louis and Chicago won back supporters to the Republican Party.

B. Johnson suffered a humiliating defeat as Republicans gained a three-to-one margin in Congress.

The creation of the Republican Party, the Pottawatomie massacre, and the negation of the Missouri Compromise were all consequences of the Select one: A. Dred Scott decision. B. Kansas-Nebraska Act. C. Ostend Manifesto. D. decisions of Roger Taney.

B. Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Which of the following statements describes the significance of the Battle of Antietam? Select one: A. More Confederate troops died in this battle than in the rest of the entire war. B. Lincoln removed McClellan from command after the battle for his timidity. C. McClellan's battle plans fell into Confederate hands before the battle took place. D. It was the first definitive Union victory in the eastern theater of the war.

B. Lincoln removed McClellan from command after the battle for his timidity.

In the aftermath of Lincoln's election to the presidency in 1860, southerners feared that following? Select one: A. racial mixture between white men and black women would occur. B. Lincoln would break his promise and interfere with slavery where it existed. C. the federal government would send the military to invade the South. D. Republicans would force industrialization on the South.

B. Lincoln would break his promise and interfere with slavery where it existed.

Which of the following areas is correctly matched with its primary crop? Select one: A. Chesapeake—rice B. Louisiana—sugar C. Kentucky and Tennessee—cotton D. Carolina low country—hemp

B. Louisiana—sugar

Which of the following statements characterizes the planter elite of the Upper South in the early and mid-1800s? Select one: A. Planters' embrace of republicanism weakened plantation aristocracy. B. Many elite planters considered themselves benevolent masters. C. Rice planters, in particular, valued Jeffersonian republican simplicity. D. Tidewater planters frequently questioned the morality of the domestic slave trade.

B. Many elite planters considered themselves benevolent masters.

Which of the following policies was implemented as part of the Compromise of 1850? Select one: A. Popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska B. Passage of a new Fugitive Slave Act C. Admittance of California as a slave state D. Abolition of slavery in Washington, D.C.

B. Passage of a new Fugitive Slave Act

Which of the following statements describes the movement toward emancipation within the Republican Party in 1862? Select one: A. Mounting Union casualties diminished popular support for emancipation, forcing Lincoln to slow his schedule for freeing slaves. B. Radical Republicans in Congress pushed moderates toward embracing their agenda of total abolition. C. Republicans were afraid that if they did not strongly support emancipation, northern Democrats would use their hesitancy against them in the upcoming elections. D. Lincoln led the Radical Republicans, who wanted to speed up the process of emancipation by abolishing slavery throughout the South.

B. Radical Republicans in Congress pushed moderates toward embracing their agenda of total abolition.

Which of the following scenarios took place in the federal government immediately after Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in April 1866? Select one: A. Radical Republicans formulated a plan to seek Johnson's impeachment. B. Republicans introduced an amendment declaring that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" were citizens. C. Republican leaders decided that they had accomplished all they could before the midterm election. D. Congressional Republicans enacted the Freedmen's Bureau law over Johnson's veto.

B. Republicans introduced an amendment declaring that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" were citizens.

Which of the following resulted from the Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg in 1863? Select one: A. The unburied bodies of dead Confederate soldiers caused a typhoid epidemic that killed hundreds of civilians. B. Republicans swept the 1863 elections in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New York C. The Confederate armies began to draft slaves into military service. D. President Lincoln restored George McClellan as head of the Union army.

B. Republicans swept the 1863 elections in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New York

What was the outcome of the 1868 election? Select one: A. Democrats swept the South, promising that southern states could reorganize their own governments. B. Republicans won the presidency and retained their two-thirds majority in both houses. C. Democrats gained a Senate majority but were unable to capture the presidency or the House. D. Republicans lost their two-thirds majority in the Senate due to the readmission of rebel states.

B. Republicans won the presidency and retained their two-thirds majority in both houses.

Which of the following was Elizabeth Cady Stanton's response to the denial of women's suffrage while freedmen and immigrant men were being enfranchised? Select one: A. She urged women to be patient and remain loyal to the Republican Party. B. She made a racist attack on the uneducated black men who could vote while educated white women could not. C. She felt that men were better suited to vote than women and supported the Republic Party. D. She understood the value of granting the right to vote to all men but still remained a supporter of women's suffrage.

B. She made a racist attack on the uneducated black men who could vote while educated white women could not.

Which of the following describes Lincoln's military strategy at the beginning of the Civil War? Select one: A. Use federal troops only for the purpose of defending Washington, D.C. B. Strike immediately against the Confederate capitol in Richmond, Virginia C. Attack cautiously to minimize casualties on both sides D. Adopt General Scott's plan of naval blockades and economic sanctions

B. Strike immediately against the Confederate capitol in Richmond, Virginia

Which of the following scenarios occurred during the 1856 presidential election? Select one: A. Millard Fillmore, running on the American (or Know-Nothing) Party ticket, divided the antislavery and nativist vote in all parts of the country. B. The Republicans emerged as a formidable replacement for the Whigs and came close to winning the election. C. Democrats forged a strong coalition with former southern Whigs based on popular sovereignty. D. The Republicans drew strong support from the West and the Midwest but little support from the Northeast or the South.

B. The Republicans emerged as a formidable replacement for the Whigs and came close to winning the election.

What did nineteenth-century American expansionists mean by the term Manifest Destiny? Select one: A. Americans were culturally equal to the native and Hispanic populations to the west. B. The citizens of the United States had a God-given right to conquer the land to the Pacific Ocean. C. The western boundaries of the United States should stop at the Rocky Mountains. D. Protestantism and the American form of government should be established in Mexico.

B. The citizens of the United States had a God-given right to conquer the land to the Pacific Ocean.

Which of the following statements characterizes the domestic slave trade in the nineteenth century? Select one: A. The market for domestic slaves declined during the early 1800s. B. The domestic market brought wealth to American traders. C. It included thousands of Native Americans held as slaves. D. The domestic slave trade was outlawed by Congress in 1807.

B. The domestic market brought wealth to American traders.

Why was the domestic slave trade crucial to the southern economy? Select one: A. The trade provided Native American slaves to the southern economy. B. The trade provided tens of thousands of new workers to build plantations. C. It provided a new source of income for Virginians who had abandoned tobacco cultivation. D. The trade encouraged thousands of free blacks to move to the Lower South.

B. The trade provided tens of thousands of new workers to build plantations.

Which of the following statements describes the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? Select one: A. It ceded California and New Mexico to the United States and required $50 million in Mexican reparations. B. The treaty purchased more than one-third of Mexico's territory for a mere $15 million. C. The treaty was passed by the House but rejected in the U.S. Senate. D. It prohibited slavery in all territories ceded by Mexico, including Texas.

B. The treaty purchased more than one-third of Mexico's territory for a mere $15 million.

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between the economies of the North and the South in the mid-nineteenth century? Select one: A. Southerners' wealth in slaves made the South's economy ten times stronger than the North's. B. The wealth of the industrializing Northeast was increasing more quickly than that of the South. C. The economy of the North was stronger and more prosperous than that of the South. D. Both the South and the North had equally strong economies in 1860.

B. The wealth of the industrializing Northeast was increasing more quickly than that of the South.

Why did President Johnson veto the Freedmen's Bureau law and Civil Rights Act in 1866? Select one: A. He believed they violated the core tenets of the Republican Party. B. These two pieces of legislation posed too great a challenge to his deeply racist views. C. He sought revenge against the Radical Republicans for opposing his Reconstruction plan. D. Johnson did not get along with the Radical Republicans.

B. These two pieces of legislation posed too great a challenge to his deeply racist views.

Children born in slave communities in the nineteenth-century South often shared which of these characteristics? Select one: A. Children were removed from their families at age three. B. They were named after family members. C. They were raised by their grandmothers. D. Children had few sources of support.

B. They were named after family members.

Popular sovereignty solved which of the following issues temporarily? Select one: A. Whether states had to abide by federal laws that conflicted with state laws B. Whether Congress had the authority to legislate slavery in the territories C. The dispute over state versus federal control over voter qualifications D. Whether states had the right to secede from the Union

B. Whether Congress had the authority to legislate slavery in the territories

Americans who migrated to the Oregon Territory in the 1840s settled in which of these regions? Select one: A. Columbia River Valley B. Willamette Valley C. Puget Sound D. The city of Independence

B. Willamette Valley

The popular 1844 phrase "Fifty-four forty or fight!" served as Select one: A. the charge of people involved in the gold rush. B. a push for American control of the entire Oregon territory. C. a political slogan for Martin Van Buren. D. the battle cry for the Mexican War.

B. a push for American control of the entire Oregon territory.

The Crittenden Compromise of 1861 included a proposal to Select one: A. prohibit slavery in any future territories acquired by the United States. B. amend the Constitution to protect slavery where it already existed. C. make Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln co-presidents of the United States. D. repeal the Kansas-Nebraska Act and eliminate the practice of popular sovereignty.

B. amend the Constitution to protect slavery where it already existed.

In the nineteenth-century South, free blacks lived primarily Select one: A. near the Texas border. B. in the coastal cities and the Upper South. C. in rural Mississippi. D. in Tennessee.

B. in the coastal cities and the Upper South.

The domestic slave trade affected the African American family unit before 1865 by Select one: A. separating adults but not children from their families. B. separating family members through sale and trade. C. destroying 75 percent of black marriages. D. destroying the sense of family.

B. separating family members through sale and trade.

The 1845 annexation of Texas provoked Select one: A. President Van Buren's resignation. B. the Mexican War. C. Polk's electoral victory. D. rebellion in the former Lone Star Republic.

B. the Mexican War.

Reconstruction ended in 1877 because Select one: A. the Democratic Party lost its political base in the South. B. the North lost interest in the cause. C. African American government leaders in the South were incompetent. D. the northern government had achieved all it had planned.

B. the North lost interest in the cause.

In 1845, Texans claimed that their boundary extended Select one: A. as far north as Oregon. B. to the Rio Grande on the south and west. C. as far west as the Pacific Ocean. D. to the Nueces River on the south and west.

B. to the Rio Grande on the south and west.

Which of the following statements characterizes the role played by African Americans in the Civil War? Select one: A. By 1865, many slaves had fought for the Confederacy in return for a promise of freedom. B. Black men refused to fight in the "white man's war," even after the Emancipation Proclamation. C. African Americans served in segregated regiments and fought courageously. D. Blacks were only allowed to take noncombat positions in the Union army.

C. African Americans served in segregated regiments and fought courageously.

Which of the following statements characterizes American settlement in California before the mid-1840s? Select one: A. Most Americans who went to California settled near the San Francisco Bay. B. Americans who settled in California often adopted mestizo culture. C. American settlement in California was fairly sparse in this period. D. Most Americans who went to California in the 1840s were prospecting for gold.

C. American settlement in California was fairly sparse in this period.

Which of the following describes the changes in slaves' living conditions in the early nineteenth century? Select one: A. Mutilations of black men increased as whites sought to deter runaways and slave revolts. B. Sexual abuse of black women increased because white males on the southwestern frontier knew the law would not punish them. C. As blacks formed stronger social, family, and cultural ties, they resisted the breakup of families through sale by their owners. D. Blacks lost the few work privileges they had gained in the eighteenth century, especially in the lowlands of South Carolina.

C. As blacks formed stronger social, family, and cultural ties, they resisted the breakup of families through sale by their owners.

At which of the following points did the states of the Lower South secede and organize a provisional government of the Confederate States of America headed by Jefferson Davis? Select one: A. Before the popular votes were counted and Lincoln's election became apparent B. After Lincoln rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise C. Before Buchanan left the White House and Lincoln was inaugurated D. Before the presidential election of 1860

C. Before Buchanan left the White House and Lincoln was inaugurated

Which of the following examples embodied the synthesis of African and American culture that existed in the South in the 1850s? Select one: A. Sexual relations between slave women and their masters B. Black and white children playing together C. Black evangelical Christianity D. The success of slave resistance

C. Black evangelical Christianity

How did the Union raise money to pay for most of its Civil War costs? Select one: A. By increasing tariffs on imports B. By raising taxes on the wealthy and businesses C. By issuing interest-paying treasury bonds D. By levying excise taxes on goods such as tobacco and alcohol

C. By issuing interest-paying treasury bonds

Which of the following pairs identified with the Radical Republicans? Select one: A. Lyman Trumbell and Nathan Bedford Forrest B. President Lincoln and Andrew Johnson C. Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens D. James M. Pike and Hiram Revels

C. Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens

Smallholding planters in the nineteenth-century South owned about how many slaves, on average? Select one: A. None B. Eight to ten C. One to five D. Fifteen to twenty

C. One to five

Why was the election of 1876 significant? Select one: A. It was disrupted by the third-party candidacy of Horace Greeley. B. The election was proof that most voters wanted to continue military Reconstruction in the South. C. The outcome was determined by an electoral commission established by Congress. D. It served as proof that southern Republican leaders were incompetent.

C. The outcome was determined by an electoral commission established by Congress.

During the 1850s, proslavery American expansionists attempted to acquire which of the following regions? Select one: A. Panama B. The Bahamas C. Cuba D. Haiti

C. Cuba

Which of the following developments occurred during the 1852 presidential campaign? Select one: A. The American Party nominated former president and ardent expansionist John Tyler for the presidency. B. Whigs renominated Millard Fillmore because of his vigorous enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act and support of popular sovereignty. C. Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce as a compromise candidate because he was a congenial man with southern sympathies. D. Northern and southern Whigs resolved their differences over the Compromise of 1850 and supported their nominee, Winfield Scott.

C. Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce as a compromise candidate because he was a congenial man with southern sympathies.

Which of these statements describes the status of African American women in the Reconstruction-era South? Select one: A. Emancipation may have increased the subordination of African American women in the black household. B. Most freedmen refused to allow their wives to work alongside them in the fields. C. Freedwomen valued their new right to marry legally and their opportunity to create a stable family life. D. In the Reconstruction-era South, freedwomen had the same rights and status as freedmen.

C. Freedwomen valued their new right to marry legally and their opportunity to create a stable family life.

In the cotton-growing regions of the South, which of the following was true of the gang-labor system of work? Select one: A. The labor system was primarily used on plantations with twenty or fewer slaves. B. It allowed slaves to work individually and at their own pace. C. Gang-labor depended upon the work of white overseers and black drivers. D. The system controlled slave laborers without the use of violent discipline or punishment.

C. Gang-labor depended upon the work of white overseers and black drivers.

Which of the following individuals expressed public support for John Brown's attempt to ignite a slave rebellion in Virginia in 1859? Select one: A. Abraham Lincoln B. John C. Breckinridge C. Henry David Thoreau D. William H. Seward

C. Henry David Thoreau

Which of the following statements describes the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850? Select one: A. It was quickly ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. B. The act prevented southern slave catchers from entering free states. C. It denied alleged runaways a jury trial or the right to testify in their own defense. D. Washington, D.C., was not subject to its enforcement.

C. It denied alleged runaways a jury trial or the right to testify in their own defense.

Why was the South on the cutting edge of the Market Revolution by 1840? Select one: A. Southern society was dominated by free labor. B. Planters were building factories to process cotton. C. It produced and exported over two-thirds of the world's cotton supply. D. Planters were using European immigrants as industrial workers.

C. It produced and exported over two-thirds of the world's cotton supply.

Which of the following describes Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan, which he announced in December 1863? Select one: A. The plan offered general amnesty to all Confederate citizens who agreed to comply with federal laws. B. The plan declared that a state could reorganize its government when 50 percent of its voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union. C. It specified that a state could return to the Union when 10 percent of its voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union. D. Lincoln created the plan to appeal to southern Democrats, many of whom had served with Lincoln in Congress.

C. It specified that a state could return to the Union when 10 percent of its voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union.

Which of the following made the Oregon Territory so appealing to Americans in the mid-1800s? Select one: A. The absence of Native Americans in the area B. Its proximity to California C. Its mild climate and rich soil D. The transcontinental railroad terminus there

C. Its mild climate and rich soil

Which of the following events took place in Kansas during the summer of 1856? Select one: A. A proslavery mob captured John Brown and other abolitionists and hanged them at Lawrence. B. Abolitionist vigilantes attacked the proslavery town of Lawrence. C. John Brown and his followers murdered and mutilated five proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie. D. John Brown led abolitionists in an assault on a federal arsenal at Topeka.

C. John Brown and his followers murdered and mutilated five proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie.

By the 1830s, which of the following was the dominant Indian tribe on the central and northern Plains? Select one: A. Arapahos B. Kiowas C. Lakota D. Apaches

C. Lakota

Which of the following methods was a highly uncommon form of slave resistance in the slave South? Select one: A. Individual acts of violence B. Running away C. Large-scale uprisings D. Feigning illness

C. Large-scale uprisings

The Alabama Constitution of 1819 did which of the following? Select one: A. Apportioned state legislative seats on the basis of a county's wealth B. Eliminated the use of the secret ballot C. Made county supervisors and sheriffs elected positions D. Gave all taxpaying white men the right to vote

C. Made county supervisors and sheriffs elected positions

Which of the following describes the South after the conclusion of the Civil War in 1865? Select one: A. The South remained largely unaffected by the battles that had taken place. B. Many slaves had fled, but slavery still remained as an institution. C. Many of the South's factories, railroads, and cities lay in ruins. D. The South lost only 26,000 soldiers in the war, compared to the 300,000 lost by the North.

C. Many of the South's factories, railroads, and cities lay in ruins.

How did the Franklin Pierce administration approach the settlement and organization of the Kansas Territory in 1854 and 1855? Select one: A. It invalidated an election in which proslavery Missourians had crossed into Kansas to vote. B. It favored the settlers sponsored by the New England Emigrant Aid Society. C. Pierce officially favored the legitimacy of the proslavery legislature in Lecompton. D. The administration chose to ignore the issue and played no role.

C. Pierce officially favored the legitimacy of the proslavery legislature in Lecompton.

Which action did President Polk take in 1845 as part of his California strategy? Select one: A. He arranged a secret treaty with Britain to divide California in return for British naval support against Mexico. B. President Polk sent troops under Zachary Taylor into Northern California as armed "explorers." C. Polk sent orders to the U.S. Navy in the Pacific to seize San Francisco Bay and other California ports in the event of war with Mexico. D. He informed the U.S. consul in Monterey that the United States would not welcome California's declaration of independence.

C. Polk sent orders to the U.S. Navy in the Pacific to seize San Francisco Bay and other California ports in the event of war with Mexico.

Why did the United States decline to annex Texas in 1837? Select one: A. Texans refused to legalize slavery, which was the only condition on which southern politicians would accept Texan statehood. B. President Van Buren could not convince the Whig-dominated Senate to accept the treaty. C. President Van Buren feared that annexation would spark an American civil war over the issue of slavery. D. The U.S. Congress refused annexation because it did not want to assume Texas' large Mexican population.

C. President Van Buren feared that annexation would spark an American civil war over the issue of slavery.

What did the Wilmot Proviso, introduced in Congress in 1846, propose to do? Select one: A. Permit slavery in any new state or territory where the voters wished to allow it B. Prohibit slavery in any new territory acquired by the United States C. Prohibit slavery in any territory the United States acquired from Mexico D. Protect existing slavery in the South and legislate its end by 1900

C. Prohibit slavery in any territory the United States acquired from Mexico

Which of the following statements characterizes the congressional impeachment of Andrew Johnson? Select one: A. In return for Johnson's promise not to oppose the Radical Republicans' plans, the Senate acquitted him. B. Moderate Republicans joined with the Radicals to impeach Johnson, but the Supreme Court overturned his impeachment on appeal. C. Radical Republicans failed to remove Johnson from office, but they damaged his power and authority. D. Johnson was the only president ever to be impeached and removed from office in American history.

C. Radical Republicans failed to remove Johnson from office, but they damaged his power and authority.

Which of these reforms originated with the Grant administration? Select one: A. Granting equal property rights for women B. Providing for the direct election of U.S. senators C. Securing the right to vote for all male U.S. citizens regardless of race D. Enacting compulsory school attendance laws for all states

C. Securing the right to vote for all male U.S. citizens regardless of race

Which of the following statements describes the American invasion of Mexico in 1846? Select one: A. American forces quickly conquered most of central and northern Mexico. B. Mexican troops routed the Americans at the Battle of Monterrey and forced their retreat. C. The Americans captured Matamoros, Monterrey, Tampico, and most of northeastern Mexico. D. Mexico held the line against American land forces, but U.S. naval forces had quick success.

C. The Americans captured Matamoros, Monterrey, Tampico, and most of northeastern Mexico.

According to the Constitution, which branch of government is responsible for readmitting states that have seceded from the Union? Select one: A. The judicial branch B. The legislative branch C. The Constitution does not address this question. D. The executive branch

C. The Constitution does not address this question.

The U.S. federal government participated in the expansion of slavery during the early to mid-1800s through which of the following? Select one: A. The American Colonization Society B. The international slave trade C. The Indian Removal Act D. The inland system

C. The Indian Removal Act

Which of these statements describes events that took place during the 1864 presidential campaign? Select one: A. Democrats rushed through the admission of Nevada to the Union, believing that its electoral votes might tip the election in their favor. B. Republicans split into two factions, with Radicals determined to abolish slavery and National Unionists willing to abandon emancipation if the South would lay down its arms. C. The Republicans temporarily changed their name to the National Union Party in order to attract the border states and Democratic votes. D. Republicans urged Union generals to avoid major battles and large numbers of casualties until after the voting to maintain public support for the war.

C. The Republicans temporarily changed their name to the National Union Party in order to attract the border states and Democratic votes.

Which of these factors created a major economic obstacle for small, family farmers aiming to improve their lot in the mid-nineteenth-century South? Select one: A. Export taxes on their products B. Poor distribution networks C. The cotton revolution D. Competition from immigrant labor

C. The cotton revolution

The 1857 Dred Scott decision had which of the following consequences? Select one: A. The decision's nullification of the Northwest Ordinance persuaded Stephen A. Douglas to disavow the popular sovereignty doctrine. B. It deprived the Republicans of their political platform by prohibiting slavery in any new territories. C. The decision persuaded many Republicans that the Supreme Court and President Buchanan were part of the "slave power" conspiracy. D. Chief Justice Roger Taney's influential majority opinion effectively smoothed over sectional tensions for two years.

C. The decision persuaded many Republicans that the Supreme Court and President Buchanan were part of the "slave power" conspiracy.

Which of these events spurred Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act in April 1866? Select one: A. Johnson's threat to impose Reconstruction through military force B. A precipitous decline in Johnson's political support C. The eruption of antiblack violence in various parts of the South D. The emergence of the Ku Klux Klan

C. The eruption of antiblack violence in various parts of the South

How did pro-annexation Democrats engineer the annexation of Texas in 1845? Select one: A. They arranged for the measure to come to a vote in the Senate when several anti-annexation senators were absent. B. The Democrats promised Whig congressmen that they would fund internal improvements in exchange for Whig votes. C. The party approved it through a joint resolution, which required only a majority vote in both houses of Congress. D. They bribed several major figures in the Mexican government to support annexation.

C. The party approved it through a joint resolution, which required only a majority vote in both houses of Congress.

Which of the following describes the Crittenden Compromise? Select one: A. It was a compromise Lincoln supported. B. It was eliminated due to President Buchanan's veto. C. The plan was a failed attempt to prevent secession. D. The plan outlined the Confederate constitution.

C. The plan was a failed attempt to prevent secession.

How did Oregon fever affect national politics in the United States in 1844? Select one: A. The idea of expansion into Oregon split both the Whig and the Democratic parties. B. Talk of expansion led to talk of the spread of slavery, which Congress prevented with a gag rule. C. The possibility of expansion into Texas became a major issue in the presidential election. D. Enthusiasm for settlement in Oregon nearly led to war with England.

C. The possibility of expansion into Texas became a major issue in the presidential election.

Which of these statements describes Southern rice planters of the mid-nineteenth century? Select one: A. Rice planters occupied the bottom rung of the plantation aristocracy. B. They lived only in the Upper South. C. They were at the apex of the plantation aristocracy. D. Rice planters avoided selling slaves or working slaves harshly.

C. They were at the apex of the plantation aristocracy.

Which of the following statements describes the class of propertyless whites living in the South in the mid-nineteenth century? Select one: A. Propertyless whites directly benefited from the institution of slavery. B. Propertyless whites were free but lived in conditions worse than that of many slaves. C. They worked hard physical jobs as day laborers and enjoyed little respect from other whites. D. Planters courted their loyalty by providing gifts and small favors to their families.

C. They worked hard physical jobs as day laborers and enjoyed little respect from other whites.

What was the goal of the Ku Klux Klan under the leadership of former Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest in 1866? Select one: A. To fight against the advancement of all blacks in the South B. To renew the Confederate cause and fight for independence from the Union C. To use any means to damage the Republican government of Tennessee D. To persuade the Republic government in Tennessee to repeal some Reconstruction legislation

C. To use any means to damage the Republican government of Tennessee

Which of the following statements describes the resettlement of former slaves in the South? Select one: A. Every former slave was given forty acres and a mule in compensation for their years of forced labor. B. Bands of ex-Confederate soldiers and plantation owners drove African Americans from the confiscated land that they were occupying. C. Under Johnson's amnesty plan, ex-Confederates were allowed to recover their land, and freedmen were forced to work for them or leave. D. The Freedmen's Bureau permanently resettled 10,000 African American families on "Sherman lands."

C. Under Johnson's amnesty plan, ex-Confederates were allowed to recover their land, and freedmen were forced to work for them or leave.

Which of the following describes the 1864 Shenandoah Valley campaign? Select one: A. Union troops were ordered not to attack Confederate troops so near Washington, D.C., during an election year. B. Both sides suffered their highest casualty rates of the entire war. C. Union troops led a scorched-earth campaign to punish farmers who had aided the South. D. The Confederate troops triumphed by using guerrilla tactics.

C. Union troops led a scorched-earth campaign to punish farmers who had aided the South.

What prevented white southerners from working to diversify their economy in the nineteenth century? Select one: A. Wealthy southern investors believed agricultural labor was more virtuous than industrial labor. B. Southerners did not want to exploit white workers economically. C. Wealthy planters believed that the plantation economy would continue to produce wealth indefinitely. D. Southerners resisted railroad construction because they believed it would divide large landholdings.

C. Wealthy planters believed that the plantation economy would continue to produce wealth indefinitely.

Granting suffrage to African American males caused Select one: A. joyful celebrations throughout the North. B. antiblack rioting in New York City. C. a split in the women's movement. D. hundreds of women's protests in the Northeast.

C. a split in the women's movement.

Under the task system, slaves were required to Select one: A. punish their fellow slaves who did not perform adequately. B. perform the same repetitive tasks every day. C. complete a precisely defined job each day. D. train their children to take over their tasks when they grew up.

C. complete a precisely defined job each day.

On July 4, 1861, in a statement to a special session of Congress, President Lincoln Select one: A. announced that one of the goals of the war was to end slavery in the South. B. promised a swift defeat of the Confederacy, provided that Congress cooperated with the administration. C. declared that the war was a noble crusade that would determine the fate of democracy throughout the world. D. warned that the North was prepared to fight a total war against the South.

C. declared that the war was a noble crusade that would determine the fate of democracy throughout the world.

The Confederacy financed the Civil War primarily by Select one: A. imposing a modest property tax and an export tax on cotton. B. selling bonds to wealthy planters. C. issuing paper currency that was not backed by gold or silver. D. borrowing heavily from Britain.

C. issuing paper currency that was not backed by gold or silver.

Approved by Congress in January 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment Select one: A. granted citizenship to slaves freed by the Emancipation Proclamation. B. balanced the power between the North and the South in the Senate. C. prohibited slavery throughout the United States. D. protected citizens through habeas corpus.

C. prohibited slavery throughout the United States.

The Emancipation Proclamation stated that Select one: A. all slaves in the United States would be freed. B. slaves in the border states would be freed. C. slaves in the rebel states would be freed. D. all fugitive slaves and all slaves captured by the Union army were free.

C. slaves in the rebel states would be freed.

Some southerners used the term scalawags to describe Select one: A. northerners in the South during Reconstruction. B. Freedmen's Bureau officials and teachers. C. southerners who supported the process of Reconstruction. D. freed slaves who were demanding equality.

C. southerners who supported the process of Reconstruction.

In an 1858 senate campaign speech, Abraham Lincoln Select one: A. predicted that the free states would defeat the slave states if a civil war broke out. B. assured the public that the Union could remain divided as free and slave states with little to no consequence. C. warned that the nation could not endure as "a house divided against itself," that is, half slave and half free. D. defended the Dred Scott decision as the only practical solution to the problems engendered by slavery.

C. warned that the nation could not endure as "a house divided against itself," that is, half slave and half free.

Which of these factors prompted many plantation masters to reduce reliance on violence and adopt positive incentives to motivate slaves in the 1830s and 1840s? Select one: A. Domestic ideology B. Frequent mass uprisings C. Christian values D. Abolitionist scrutiny

D. Abolitionist scrutiny

Which of the following statements describes the institution of slavery in the nineteenth-century South? Select one: A. Slave gangs proved to be less efficient than those who worked more independently. B. Throughout the nineteenth century, most white southerners owned some slaves. C. The percentage of white slave-owning families continually increased between 1800 and 1860. D. About 5 percent of southern whites owned 50 percent of the South's slave population.

D. About 5 percent of southern whites owned 50 percent of the South's slave population.

Which of these concepts became a central tenet of slave Christianity in the South in the nineteenth century? Select one: A. Original sin B. Predestination C. Obedience to authority D. All people as children of God

D. All people as children of God

After being placed in charge of all Union armies in 1864, General Grant and Abraham Lincoln crafted which of the following new military strategies? Select one: A. An avoidance of Union casualties to maintain northerners' support for the war B. The targeting of the Confederacy's industrial centers C. The destruction of the Confederacy's infrastructure D. An attack of every major Confederate army simultaneously

D. An attack of every major Confederate army simultaneously

What feature of the Lakota Sioux society protected it from the epidemics that decimated other Native American groups in the nineteenth century? Select one: A. A protein-rich diet of buffalo meat B. A knowledge of herbal medicines C. Ritual bathing practices D. Its small groups and nomadic lifestyle

D. Its small groups and nomadic lifestyle

Which of these statements describes the planter aristocrats who lived in the cotton-growing regions of the South in the mid-nineteenth century? Select one: A. Cotton planters consciously rejected the luxurious lifestyles adopted by the rice-growing aristocracy. B. Planter aristocrats in the Cotton Belt emphasized the hypocrisy of their Chesapeake counterparts. C. Cotton-planting aristocrats increasingly avoided interference in the lives of their slaves. D. Aristocratic planters took the lead in defending slavery as a benevolent social system.

D. Aristocratic planters took the lead in defending slavery as a benevolent social system.

Southern whites responded to the end of slavery by enacting Select one: A. the Ordinance of Nullification. B. the Civil Rights Act of 1866. C. the Freedmen's Bureau. D. Black Codes.

D. Black Codes.

Which of the following characterizes government economic and political decisions during the Civil War? Select one: A. The South left all major decisions in the hands of the state governments. B. Lincoln ruled with a keen eye on constitutional correctness. C. The North left most decisions in the hands of the voters. D. Both governments utilized their national power to make decisions.

D. Both governments utilized their national power to make decisions.

Slaves' practice of "taking root" involved which of the following? Select one: A. Cultivating their own food crops in small yards after their workday B. Adopting American culture and rejecting African influences C. Forming fictive kinship relationships for social support D. Building the best possible lives for themselves as slaves

D. Building the best possible lives for themselves as slaves

Despite stiff Mexican resistance, American forces also secured control of which future state in 1847? Select one: A. Idaho B. South Dakota C. Oregon D. California

D. California

Which of the following became critical community institutions for African Americans throughout the South during Reconstruction? Select one: A. Local boards of health B. City parks C. New black colleges D. Churches

D. Churches

Which issue caused a split in the Democratic Party during the election of 1864? Select one: A. Freedom for blacks B. Lincoln's policy toward dissenters C. George B. McClellan's candidacy D. Continuing the war

D. Continuing the war

Southern Republican state Reconstruction governments pursued which of the following goals? Select one: A. Strengthening cotton agriculture B. Giving ex-slaves a mule and forty acres of land C. Ending the sharecropping system D. Expanding the legal rights of married women.

D. Expanding the legal rights of married women.

Which of the following was the critical issue facing political parties in the late 1840s? Select one: A. Acquisition of Oregon B. Fate of Native Americans in the West C. Annexation of Texas D. Expansion of slavery

D. Expansion of slavery

From 1818 until the early 1840s, the Oregon Territory was administered under which of the following arrangements? Select one: A. It was a no man's land not formally claimed by any government. B. Russia controlled the territory as part of its Alaska claim. C. The Oregon Territory was a British protectorate. D. Great Britain and the United States controlled it jointly.

D. Great Britain and the United States controlled it jointly.

How did James Gadsden distinguish himself during Franklin Pierce's presidency? Select one: A. He tried to buy much of northwestern Mexico and Baja California from the Mexican government. B. He made arrangements to buy Cuba from Spain, but the deal fell through after it leaked to the anti-expansionist press. C. Gadsden negotiated the purchase the Hawaiian Islands from their native queen Liliuokalani. D. He bought a small amount of land from Mexico to facilitate a southern transcontinental railroad.

D. He bought a small amount of land from Mexico to facilitate a southern transcontinental railroad.

How did Abraham Lincoln respond to the Wade Davis Bill in 1864? Select one: A. Lincoln publicly refused to sign it and announced in a major speech that he sought a lenient approach to Reconstruction. B. Lincoln reluctantly agreed to accept it, but the Senate failed to pass it and it never came before him. C. He vetoed it, but his veto was overridden by Congress, which insisted that Confederates be punished. D. He did not sign it and he opened talks with key congressional representatives to find a compromise solution.

D. He did not sign it and he opened talks with key congressional representatives to find a compromise solution.

Why did radical abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison criticize the free-soil movement bitterly in the late 1840s? Select one: A. He wanted to cause a showdown with the South that would destroy slavery by force. B. The Free-Soil Party would not publicly declare support for women's rights. C. He distrusted the Free-Soil Party's presidential nominee, Martin Van Buren. D. He found its emphasis on freehold farming racist and insufficiently radical.

D. He found its emphasis on freehold farming racist and insufficiently radical.

Why did Robert E. Lee invade Maryland in August and September 1862? Select one: A. Lee was driven northward by McClellan, who had finally taken the offensive. B. Lee planned to seize Baltimore and then strike at Washington, D.C., from the north. C. His orders to Jackson had fallen into Union hands, and he needed to improvise a new strategy to confuse the enemy. D. He hoped that a victory over Union forces would humiliate Lincoln's government.

D. He hoped that a victory over Union forces would humiliate Lincoln's government.

Which of the following constituted a critical problem for the Confederacy during the Civil War? Select one: A. The lack of trained soldiers B. Its citizens' lack of conviction C. A lack of experienced military leaders D. High levels of inflation

D. High levels of inflation

Why did the Republican Party nominate Abraham Lincoln for the presidency in 1860? Select one: A. He appealed to both northern and southern voters. B. He had already defeated Stephen A. Douglas in the senatorial election in 1858. C. He was the most experienced and respected Republican politician. D. His egalitarian image would attract votes among farmers and workers.

D. His egalitarian image would attract votes among farmers and workers.

Which of the following attributes of American society did the planter aristocracy in the South value highly in the mid-nineteenth century? Select one: A. Universal suffrage B. Professional politicians C. Egalitarian society D. Inequality

D. Inequality

How did the battles that took place in Virginia from June 25 to July 1, 1862, unfold? Select one: A. Union troops under McClellan defeated Lee's Confederate army, but at a high cost in lives. B. Jackson routed Union troops in the Shenandoah Valley, allowing Lee to deflect a Union army under McClellan from its objective, which was the capture of Richmond. C. Jackson outmaneuvered Union troops under McClellan as they were approaching Richmond, allowing him to rout Banks's federal army protecting Washington. D. Lee ferociously attacked Union troops under McClellan as they were approaching Richmond.

D. Lee ferociously attacked Union troops under McClellan as they were approaching Richmond.

Who of the following people is correctly matched to his position on the extension of slavery during the debate over the admission of California into the Union in 1850? Select one: A. Stephen Douglas—restrict Southern slavery within its original boundaries B. John C. Calhoun—supported an extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean C. James Buchanan and other northern Democrats—argued that Congress had no authority to regulate slavery in the territories D. Lewis Cass—supported popular sovereignty to address the slavery issue

D. Lewis Cass—supported popular sovereignty to address the slavery issue

Which of the following statements characterizes the women's suffrage movement after the Civil War? Select one: A. Many feminists who had been abolitionists were disappointed that the Fifteenth Amendment made no reference to gender and permitted states to continue to deny suffrage to women. B. Disappointed with the Republican Party's failure to win voting rights for women, most suffragists aligned with the Democratic Party after 1869. C. Most feminists opposed the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment because it did not give equal protection to women. D. Most suffragists agreed that they should concentrate on securing voting rights for African American men as a means to press for the same rights for all women.

D. Most suffragists agreed that they should concentrate on securing voting rights for African American men as a means to press for the same rights for all women.

Which of the following scenarios unfolded at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863? Select one: A. Confederate troops flooded in from the west and, within a day, vastly outnumbered Union troops. B. Lee's army initially drove the Union troops from the battlefield but could not pursue Meade's army without reinforcements. C. Confederate forces refused to engage the Union army directly, resulting in a stalemate that ultimately led both sides to withdraw. D. Picket's charge at the heart of the Union line was a costly blunder that forced a Confederate retreat.

D. Picket's charge at the heart of the Union line was a costly blunder that forced a Confederate retreat.

Why did so many Confederate soldiers flee their units by 1865? Select one: A. Many soldiers were sympathetic to abolitionism and enlisted in the Union army. B. White soldiers refused to fight alongside blacks, who had served since the beginning of the war. C. The soldiers felt that the war had already been won by the Confederate army. D. Poor white soldiers resented fighting for the benefit of wealthy slave owners.

D. Poor white soldiers resented fighting for the benefit of wealthy slave owners.

Which of these factors explained the surplus of slaves in the Chesapeake region in the early nineteenth century? Select one: A. The profitability of the international slave trade B. The rapid contraction of the region's tobacco market C. Chesapeake planters' hesitancy to work their slaves too hard D. Population growth through natural reproduction

D. Population growth through natural reproduction

How did the Confederacy, with its agricultural economy, acquire the products and equipment it needed to supply its army? Select one: A. The confederates industrialized at a rapid pace in order to produce goods domestically. B. It relied on soldiers' families to supply them with the equipment they needed. C. The Confederacy made black-market arrangements with northern manufacturers. D. Profits from cotton exports provided funds to purchase imported products.

D. Profits from cotton exports provided funds to purchase imported products.

Ex-Confederates who sought to return political and economic control of the South to white southerners after the Civil War were known as Select one: A. carpetbaggers. B. secessionists. C. nullifiers. D. Redeemers.

D. Redeemers.

Which of the following statements characterizes African American marriage customs in the slave South? Select one: A. Many slaves married and moved into their own cabins without their white owners' permission. B. Marriage between cousins was very common among plantation slaves. C. African American marriage customs imitated those of white Christians. D. Slave couples often followed the African custom of "jumping the broom" to signify their union.

D. Slave couples often followed the African custom of "jumping the broom" to signify their union.

The notion of slavery as a "necessary evil" and a "positive good" was supported by which idea? Select one: A. In a slave-owning society, every free man is an aristocrat. B. Slavery gave whites the psychological satisfaction of knowing they ranked above blacks. C. Whites educated and Christianized slaves in return for their love, labor, and loyalty. D. Slavery allowed a civilized lifestyle for whites and cared for genetically inferior blacks.

D. Slavery allowed a civilized lifestyle for whites and cared for genetically inferior blacks.

Which of the following statements describes the American Party, or Know-Nothings, that emerged in the North in the 1850s? Select one: A. Its nickname referred to opponents' jibes that it "knew nothing" about solving the political crises of the 1850s. B. Only southern voters who were equally fearful of both immigrants and the "slave power" joined the party in large numbers. C. Despite gaining much attention, the Know-Nothings failed to win control of any state government or any seats in Congress. D. The American Party originated in anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic societies of the 1840s.

D. The American Party originated in anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic societies of the 1840s.

Which of the following statements characterizes the cotton planter class in Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas in the mid-nineteenth century? Select one: A. Planters refused to do physical labor on plantations. B. Planters lived in elegant mansions. C. Planters embraced the cultured gentility of the Chesapeake region. D. The goal of the planter class was to make money.

D. The goal of the planter class was to make money.

Why was the Civil Rights Act of 1875 significant? Select one: A. The act required the desegregation of both churches and schools throughout the South. B. It failed to address the issue of women's suffrage and add the word sex to the Constitution. C. It failed to achieve ratification and broke Charles Sumner's heart and health. D. The legislation was the last congressional effort to address civil rights until the 1960s.

D. The legislation was the last congressional effort to address civil rights until the 1960s.

Which of the following statements was true of the American South in 1860? Select one: A. Most whites in the South who did not own slaves were opposed to slavery. B. Most slaves did not have stable families. C. Most slaves lived in the Upper South. D. The vast majority of southern white families did not own any slaves.

D. The vast majority of southern white families did not own any slaves.

Why was the ship Alabama instrumental to the Confederate war effort? Select one: A. The warship, built in Boston, was captured by the Confederates and used in many victories. B. Its armor plating made it almost impervious to cannon fire in battle. C. It was a Confederate merchant ship that managed to break through the blockade. D. The warship captured or sank more than one hundred Union merchant ships.

D. The warship captured or sank more than one hundred Union merchant ships.

Which of the following is true of free blacks in the South? Select one: A. Their numbers decreased between 1800 and 1860. B. Most of them were forced to emigrate to the North because they were viewed as a threat to slavery. C. Most free African Americans distanced themselves from the masses of impoverished slaves. D. They became the backbone of the South's urban artisan workforce.

D. They became the backbone of the South's urban artisan workforce.

Which of these factors made enslaved African Americans reluctant to attempt to escape to the North? Select one: A. Slaves internalized their inferiority and felt incapable of successful flight. B. Slaves' embrace of the Golden Rule led them to treat their masters well. C. They knew that the civil war and abolitionism would come sooner rather than later. D. They hesitated to leave their families and communities behind.

D. They hesitated to leave their families and communities behind.

What prevented planter elites from exercising complete political dominance over the Cotton South in the 1830s and 1840s? Select one: A. The emergence of a new class of wealthy industrial elites in the South checked their power. B. The Cotton Revolution increased resentment on the part of poor whites toward planters' power and position. C. Plantation management required so much of their time that many planters had to refrain from political service. D. They lived in a republican society with democratic institutions that elicited input from all white men.

D. They lived in a republican society with democratic institutions that elicited input from all white men.

A secret organization that functioned as the grassroots wing of Radical Republicanism in the South was called the Select one: A. Carpetbaggers Club. B. Populist Party. C. Republican Brotherhood. D. Union League.

D. Union League.

Which pair of battles marked the turning point in the Civil War? Select one: A. Chancellorsville and the Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse B. First and Second Bull Run C. Fredericksburg and the Battle of the Wilderness D. Vicksburg and Gettysburg

D. Vicksburg and Gettysburg

The second Confiscation Act, passed in July 1862, declared that Select one: A. the Union army had permission to confiscate any Confederate property, including slaves. B. all the slaves in the Confederacy were officially the property of the United States. C. slaves who joined the Union army as soldiers would earn their emancipation. D. any slave who came to Union lines, through either flight or capture, would be forever free.

D. any slave who came to Union lines, through either flight or capture, would be forever free.

Under President Johnson's restoration plan, high-ranking Confederate leaders and wealthy southerners Select one: A. were generally imprisoned for a period of time ranging from one month to three years. B. could avoid punishment by taking a special oath of allegiance to the Union and the president. C. could request and expect to receive presidential pardons that exempted them from punishment. D. could serve as delegates to conventions that were called to consider ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.

D. could serve as delegates to conventions that were called to consider ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.

Those who participated in the creation and implementation of Radical Reconstruction intended to Select one: A. achieve a new southern society in the North's image . B. bring the South back into the Union with minimal bitterness. C. rebuild the South's shattered infrastructure. D. create a new South with full equality and without racism.

D. create a new South with full equality and without racism.

Americans who lined up behind the free-soil cause in the late 1840s Select one: A. called for the immediate abolition of the sinful institution of slavery. B. argued that Texas should be returned to Mexico to halt the spread of slavery. C. demanded that Texas be the final slave state admitted to the Union. D. declared that slavery threatened American republicanism by undermining family farms.

D. declared that slavery threatened American republicanism by undermining family farms.

Ratified in 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment Select one: A. prohibited state governments from using property requirements to disqualify blacks from voting. B. prohibited state governments from using literacy tests to prevent blacks from voting. C. granted voting rights to all adult African Americans in every state. D. forbade states from denying any citizen the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition as a slave.

D. forbade states from denying any citizen the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition as a slave.

During the early years of the Civil War, the term contraband came into use to describe Select one: A. slaves drafted by the Confederate government for noncombatant duty. B. northern free blacks who volunteered to serve in the Union army. C. slaves who were pressed into service. D. freedom-seeking slaves who fled from Confederate masters to Union armies.

D. freedom-seeking slaves who fled from Confederate masters to Union armies.

The Enrollment Act of 1863 Select one: A. created a draft system that was more fair in the South than in the North. B. allowed blacks to volunteer in the Union army. C. allowed southerners to avoid the draft if they owned twenty or more slaves. D. led to riots in New York City.

D. led to riots in New York City.

In the Reconstruction South, the Ku Klux Klan was Select one: A. organized in Texas in 1868 and spread quickly throughout the South. B. never the object of federal legislation to suppress it. C. careful to avoid arousing congressional ire. D. often indistinguishable from the Democratic Party.

D. often indistinguishable from the Democratic Party.

The Civil War has been described as the first total war in modern times. A total war is defined as Select one: A. one fought by people of the same country; no other nations are involved. B. a war that requires that every available man participate in the fighting. C. a war that involves land, sea, and air forces. D. one in which all the resources, including civilians, are mobilized for war.

D. one in which all the resources, including civilians, are mobilized for war.

The northern states responded to the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act by sponsoring Select one: A. a clamor for popular sovereignty. B. a proposal to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific. C. an economic boycott of the South. D. personal-liberty laws.

D. personal-liberty laws.

After his inauguration in March 1861, Lincoln Select one: A. declared his belief that slavery was evil and that he would oversee its elimination from the United States. B. reaffirmed his support for the Crittenden Compromise as the only practical approach to slavery. C. promised to stop collecting taxes and providing benefits in states that had seceded from the Union. D. stated that secession was illegal and declared that he would enforce federal law.

D. stated that secession was illegal and declared that he would enforce federal law.

Expecting freedom from slavery near the end of the Civil War, most African Americans were eager to Select one: A. elect African American politicians in order to secure their political rights. B. form charities to help former slaves establish independence from their masters. C. find the means to move to the North and seek employment. D. vote and secure land for economic independence.

D. vote and secure land for economic independence.

In his attack on Atlanta in the summer of 1864, Sherman's Union forces Select one: A. brutally executed more than 700 white women and children. B. fought until they reached a stalemate with Confederates later that year. C. retreated to fight Confederate forces in Alabama and Tennessee. D. waged a campaign that began in July and succeeded in early September.

D. waged a campaign that began in July and succeeded in early September.

James K. Polk's declaration that American blood had been shed "upon American soil" was his call for Select one: A. an end to the fighting in Kansas. B. war for Oregon. C. revolution in California. D. war with Mexico.

D. war with Mexico.