apush unit 6 new south to industrial revolution

crucial mistakes nlu/ kol

Recruitment too wide → conflict un/skilled and AAs/women. Broad soc/polit/econ agendas. Too many small, disorg. strikes

high tariffs

Repub admin passed high tariffs to protect Am manufacturers, protected N industries. Ex: Morrill Tariff

new west into national economy

Raw goods to be refined elsewhere wealth→ East- private capital doesn't develop West

helen hunt jackson's A Century of Dishonor

assimilation (Dawes Severalty Act 1887

laissez faire

businesses had freedom to det own policies/ procedures -Positive: inc immigration (need labor), inc empl, production of cheaper goods, inc quality of goods to inc demands -Negative: govn corruption, take adv of workers (child labor, low pay, dangerous working conditions → strikes, bad prices), monopolies (no level playing field), decline of small businesses, inc prices for consumers

dawes severalty act 1887

cleveland. authorized president to survey american indian tribal land. creates system of dependency, can't feed themselves. -Wipe out NA culture through immersing kids in white society by removal from tribes and placement in Christian boarding schools. Ex: Carlisle School, PA

company shop

company formed/ controlled union

horizontal integration

control of an entire industry by controlling one necessary aspect -Ex: Rockefeller buying all oil refineries

corporation charters

corporate form of business org gave business owners greater access to investment capital and the protection of limited liability (owner's personal assets protected from lawsuits. Only company's assets open to legal action). Corporations live on when founder dies. -Changed goals: working for yourself to career in corp structure -Creation of bureaucracy. Expansion of white-collar, middle-class jobs

national markets

created huge demand for products of industry and make large-scale investments in machinery and advanced techniques profitable -Ex: Bessemer process

injunctions

ct orders to end strikes Govn suppression of trade union activities

yellow-dog contracts

empl compelled to sign contracts promising not to join/ start a union

indian appropriation act 1871

end of US rec of NA tribes as indep nations

consequences of changes to traditional farming approaches new west

falling prices, rising costs. Resentment. -National Grange Movement (1868), Farmers Alliance, Ocala Platform (1890) -Bonanza Wheat Farming- inc surplus, not self-suffic- employment. Lower price of goods, no small farms, food to Europe/ dec Eur empl → immig to US

farm migration

farmers move en masse into Plains Regions Geography: no trees, erratic env., drought 1860s=disaster

homestead act 1862

govn gave 160 acres for 5 yrs for agric cultivation

goverment subsidies/ tax concessions

help of RRs justifies suspension of laws of laissez-faire/ direct involvement of fed/ state govns in their construction. Same arg w National Road. -homestead act 1862 -federal/ state land grants -federal subsidies -legal privileges

crop lien system

in this system, Storekeepers granted credit until the farm was harvested. To protect the creditor, the storekeeper took a mortgage, or lien, on the tenant's share of the crop. The system was abused and uneducated blacks were taken advantage of. The result, for Blacks, was not unlike slavery. (a form of debt slavery)

economic impacts RRs

inc immigration, settled the W, growth of towns/ cities, made remote areas more accessible

social impacts RRs

inc immigration, settled the W, growth of towns/ cities, made remote areas more accessible

entreprenuers

industrial giants contributed enormous amts of private capital and introduced new policies and techniques that spurred growth

captain of industry

leader, at the forefront of innovation, ability to (re)invent industry (Carnegie)

railroads

major role in transformation of nation's econ/ society. 1865-95, over 150k miles of new RR track laid down

collective bargaining

management and labor reps negotiate to reach agreement

management v labor unions? more pwr?

management had pwr bc govn support, preventative measures, control of public perceptions (newspapers)

impacts of homestead act 1862

more rapid settlement of W, more econ opporutniies for women (business owners, drs, lawyers W) → voting in W territs. Too many farms → failure, suprlus of wheat/ corn. Trade w Eur, immig to US. Govn pushed rapid consturction of RRs to transport raw materials and finihsed proudcts as well as settlers to create national markets → created towns and hastened statehood process for W territs

bessemer process

new process pioneered in Britain by Sir Francis Bessemer and brought to US by Carnegie. Allowed US to produce more steel than Brit/ France.

slow-downs/ sabotage

of production/ property

closed shop

only empl union members

blacklists

prevented union org/ activists from emp opportunities

vertical integration

process of monopolizing business by controlling all aspects of production. Hinders growth of smaller sub-industries. -Ex: from mining ore to finished steel beams

scabs

replacement workers

robber baron

ruthless, unethical actions to rise to the top (Rockefeller, Vanderbilt)

indian wars 1866-1890

sand creek massacre, indian appropriation act 1871, ghost dance movement, wounded knee, chief joseph's war

new immigrants 1880-1910

second wave of immigrants from From southern and eastern europe. congregated in ethnic urban neighborhoods many native born americans responded with nativist views and anti-immigrant capaigns. Some of them introduced urban reforms to help immigrants assimilate

na/us relations

semi-soverign/ basic rights/ legal protenction technically

lockouts

shut down to prevent union gathering

sand creek massacre (CO) 1864

slaguhter of Cheyenne women, elderly, and children after treaty signed by US militia

wounded knee massacre

the massacre of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota in 1890. end of NA wars

henry grady

themes of his speech -Social reform/ progress -Deconstruction of econ oligarchy → equality/ industrial growth -Political/ democratic reform

new sources of power

widespread deposits of coal, oil, steam provided inexpensive sources of fuel for factories. Electric light bulb lengthened the day- inc production

fed govns role RRs

LARGE bc creates Congressional legislation for contracts, land grants, etc.

changes to traditional farming approaches new west

-Diff in farming tools, techniques bc new inventions- barbed wire -Conflict btwn farmers/ ranchers exaggerated -W- ranch// E- farmers -Traditional farms replaced by commercial farms. What E indust do but in W (1860s). Capitalists

new south expectations

-Northerners: no slaves, more social justice -Southerners: suppressed culture, decreased states' rights ideology, white supremacy

j rockefeller (oil)

-Paid substitute to serve for him in Civil War while he built his business. Founded Standard Oil Company -Found way to refine oil cheaply (1861 barrel=$10, went to $0.10 later that yr). Lowered price to outmatch competitors. Ruined them then bought out competitiors. -Standard Oil controlled 90% nat oil refining. Raised prices. -Used extralegal means trusts, holding companies, horiz/vert integration

carnegie (steel)

-Poor immigrant Scot, dom steel industry using Bessemer Process to produce stronger, cheaper steel -Used surplus capital to buy Mesabi Range for iron ore -Costs before=$160/ton, after=$17/ton. Allowed for RR construction, W migration, heavy machinery, cities (skyscrapers, elevators), bridges (Brooklyn, St. Louis) → JOBS -Made his workers work 12 hr shifts to compete w Rockefeller in amassing wealth → Homestead Strike

political impacts of legal privileges/ federal subsidies

-RRs infrastructure leg in their favor -Corruption on fed level (ex: Credit Mobilier) -Limited competition → monopolies and trusts

social new south

-S whites racially superior- SC decisions Plessy v Ferguson -AAs incorp into society- no bc segregation, Jim Crow Laws, Miscegenation Laws -AAs = accomodations in public- no bc Reconst Acts removed

c vanderbilt (RR)

-Started in Ferrying service in NY -Moved to RR just before Civil War. Earned huge war profits, gained land grants, extended RR lines in W and bought competing RR companies to consolidate RR lines under his control -Ruined competitors by owning majority share in their stocks and closing lines -Built Grand Central Terminal- inc NYC's importance as final destination

political goals new south (democratize)

-Tax exemptions -Move away from oligarchy- deconstruct planter class -Enfranchise AAs/ poor whites -Fair expression of will of majority

afl (1888)

-Time: after Panic of 1873 and Great Railway Strike of 1877. -Leader: Samuel Gompers -Who?: skilled workers, only white males. EXCLUSIVE. -Goals: 8 hr day, higher wages, better conditions, closed shop (only union workers). NO SOC/ POLIT GOALS. -Methods: negotiations, walk-outs as last resort -Not a threat to public. -Successes: org skilled workers, 4 mil and growing, STILL EXISTS.

american railway union (1894)

-Time: after Panic of 1893 -Leader: Debbs -Who?: skilled or unskilled RR workers -Goals: 8 hr day, higher pay (40% wage cuts/ higher rents), safter conditions. -Methods: strikes, property destruction -Pullman Strike: unions=bad and easy to destroy. No public sympathy. -Failed: asking for too much during recession, go n support for management, interacting w themselves and passengers (not society), strike affected all.

nlu (1866)

-Time: econ upheaval, fed: reunification -Leader: William Sylvis -Who?: skilled or unskilled, no women, discrim AAs, indust/ agric -Goals: TOO BROAD. 8 hr day, better working cond, Greenbacks, rights/ voting for AAs/ women, worker co-ops -Methods: strikes, lobbying -Public Perception: too radical -Successes: repeal of 1884 Contract Labor Act, 8 hr workday for fed empl -Failed (1872): leader died, radical soc goals regarding gender/ race relations in unstable polit env

economic goals of new south

-Undo econ oligarchy/ promote econ diversity/ elim large plantations- failed bc sharecropping system perpetuated planter class supremacy -Promote indust growth- achieved to min extent bc despite some growth, econ remained dependent on agric -Connect to nat econ- succeeded by adopting standard gauge rails -Diversify agric- failed bc farmers only grew more cotton -Acquire source of low wage labor- achieved by suppressing AAs through justice system -Obtain self-sufficiency- failed bc S indust remained reliant on N financing and most remained in poverty

legal privileges (6)

1. Charters from states 2. Special banking privileges to raise $ 3. Right of "emminent domain" to legally make compulsory purchases 4. Given state/ fed tax exemptions. Tariff remissions 5. Monopoly protection from competitors 6. More $ raised by fed, state, county, and municipial subscriptions.

labor unions background

1865, dramatic indust = new workers, new conditions. An org to solve common problems would de more than indiv bargaining. Earlier, undsuccessful attempts to org in 1830s taught them valueable lessons and gained court recognition in MA (Commonwealth v Hunt 1842) that unions were not illegal conspiracies. After CW, labor used radical Repub platform to bring abt major soc/ econ changes, but govn aligned itself w business. Most unions FAILED to bring abt change but instead alienated public/ govn.

statistics industrial america

1869-1913: GNP rose by 56% 1860-1900: wheat/corn production spurred by new agric tech inc 200% Bituminous coal production- 2000% Petroleum production- 9000% Steel production (RRs, cities)- 10,000%

federal/ state land grants

80+ RRs received 170 mil+ acres of public land -RR became largest land owners- inc value of govn land. -Preferred rates for mails/ transporting troops -S states subsidized RR Ex: TX alone gave RR 27 mil acres

booker t washington

A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights. Washington also stated in his famous "Atlanta Compromise" speech in 1895 that blacks had to accept segregation in the short term as they focused on economic gain to achieve political equality in the future. Served as important role models for later leaders of the civil rights movement.

great railroad strike of 1877

A group of railroad workers on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad rose up and began to strike due to wage cuts. This spread up and down the railroad line across the nation. Railroad roadhouse were torched. President Rutherford B. Hayes sent in troops to stop the strike. 100 people died in the strike

yankee ingenuity (inventiveness)

Am inventors protected by govn patents (liscense to be sole manufacturer of product for a guaranteed period of time) created numerous inventions (electric lights, vulcanized rubber, telephone, steel plower, the modern press, etc.) to spur industry and commercial agric 1865-1900: 500k patents

f. jackson turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

new west economy mining and cattle

Bursts of econ boom/ rapid wealth Opportunity for change Emergence of cattle kingdom, cattle trails

actual politics new south

By 1876, Dems were polit dom -Literacy tests, poll taxes, Grandfather Clauses -Threats/ VIolence on masses of voters, ppl can't exercise polit rights -White Dem pwr remained, ppl in govn didn't rep popular will -Election fraud (Mississippi elections), keeps white supremacy

western mining

CA, NA, Dakotas → wealth of natural resources nec for indust production (copper, lumber, iron ore, tin, lead, gold, silver)

was the new south really new

Change in the South after Reconstruction was minimal because economically, there was minimal conversion to industrialization, as there were few industrial cities and an intentional use of low wage labor, which hindered social and economic growth and maintained a small oligarchy. Politically, the federal government promised democratic expansion through new state constitutions and the 15th Amendment, but in reality, literacy tests, all-white primary elections, poll taxes, fraud, violence, and Grandfather clauses excluded most AAs from voting, leading to an increase in segregation laws that maintained white, Dem dominance. Socially, although the federal government promised freedom, equality, due process, and citizenship under the 13th and 14th Amendments, state governments wrote Jim Crows and Miscegenation Laws, using loopholes of the 13th Amendment to subvert freedom. This was furthered by the Supreme Court, which tacitly sanctioned Southern actions, as was the case in Plessy v Ferguson and the Civil RIghts cases of 1883, which remained on books for over 100 years until Coving v VA and Brown v Board of Ed (1954). Therefore, the term, "the New South," is inaccurate and hypocritical.

rise of industrial america (1865-1900) background

Civil War put US on path to industrial supremacy bc 1st modern, technological war -Created a partnership btwn business and govn and led to the 2nd Industrial Revolution. -The N produced the war materials. The presence of a banking and investment system (70% of nation's wealth) made N econ superior. -Lincoln's Re-elec Platform was designed to broaden his base of polit support w N Dems and was enacted during the war when Repubs were the dom party. -Morrill Tariff, Transcont RR leg, National Banking Act, Homestead Act: strong foundation for indust by dec competition and connecting E/W

ghost dance movement 1890

Harsher reserve policies→ Ghost Dance Movement 1890: last effort by NAs to resist US policies/ drive whites off their land through relig ceremonies that combined Christian and NA beliefs, caused suspicion of US atuhorities, believed rebellion being plotted... led to Wounded Knee Massacre

immigration

Immigrant Groups: Chinese (W), Mexicans (W), Irish, German (KS), Polish (WS,IL), Swedes (MN) Slowed Eur indust bc human resources/ talent to US. ex: Bell and Carnegie (Scotland). Provided massiv amts of cheap/ unskilled labor, kept huge amts of capital and growth of income ineq 1875: US #4 in production 1880: US #1 1880-1910: peak immig

civil war profits

Investments/ Foreign Investments: govn contracts helped created large amts $ nec for large scale investments (textiles, RR, steel, coal)

federal subsidies

Lincoln lent $65 mil directly to 1st Transcont RR before war. Btwn 1861-1870, land grants were further subsidies Until 1880, NY, IL, and MO (plus local govns) contrib $70 mil in direct subsidies

nez perce

Native American Tribe that will flee capture from U.S. Troops, who almost make it to Canada led by Chief Joseph

violence in west

Tension btwn settlers/ NAs- soc/ ethnic violence, assaults on NAs, Hispanic, Chinese

industrial workers of the world

This radical union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity. socialist

klu (1869)

Time: Reconstruction -Leader: Terrence Powerderly -Who?: skilled or unskilled (not drs. Lawyers, bankers, liquor distr), incl. AAs/ women. TOTAL INCLUSION. -Goals: TOO BROAD. 8 hr day, no monopolies, no child/ convict labor, worker co-ops, = pay men/ women, higher wages, Greenbacks -Methods: arbitration, strikes -Haymarket Riot: assoc w radicalism/ anarchism. Terrorists, killed police. -Disruptive. Too many strikes. -Successes: 1880- Federal Arbitration Law, Bureau of Statistics -Failed (1893): banned unions in Chicago, radical, local strikes, assoc w terrorism/ anarchy, poor leadership

plessy v ferguson

U.S. Supreme Court decision supporting the legality of Jim Crow laws that permitted or required separate but equal facilities for blacks and whites.

communications advancements

telegraph, telepone, typewriter, mail service vastly improved comminication essential for business growht. -Inc empl for women/ nat econ

industrial combinations

a method of economic organization by which a common control, of greater or less completeness, is exercised over a number of firms which either have operated hitherto, or could operate, independently.

open shop

all empl non-union

boycotss

also strieks/ picketing public support agnst a company